A MONTHLY

COMPILATION OF
IMPORTANT
CURRENT AFFAIRS
FOR UPSC

July 2018
Issue 38
Published by IASbaba

Are we witnessing a new era of global trade war? How will it

impact world trade? What will be its implications for India?
To know more of this and many other contemporary issues,
read on!
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PREFACE
With the present shift in examination pattern of UPSC Civil Services Examination, ‘General
Studies – II and General Studies III’ can safely be replaced with ‘Current Affairs’. Moreover,
following the recent trend of UPSC, almost all the questions are issue-based rather than news-
based. Therefore, the right approach to preparation is to prepare issues, rather than just
reading news.

Taking this into account, our website www.iasbaba.com will cover current affairs focusing more
on ‘issues’ on a daily basis. This will help you pick up relevant news items of the day from
various national dailies such as The Hindu, Indian Express, Business Standard, LiveMint,
Business Line and other important Online sources. Over time, some of these news items will
become important issues.

UPSC has the knack of picking such issues and asking general opinion based questions.
Answering such questions will require general awareness and an overall understanding of the
issue. Therefore, we intend to create the right understanding among aspirants – ‘How to cover
these issues?

This is the 38th edition of IASbaba’s Monthly Magazine. This edition covers all important issues
that were in news in the month of JULY 2018 which can be accessed from
https://iasbaba.com/current-affairs-for-ias-upsc-exams/

VALUE ADDITIONS FROM IASBABA

 Must Read and Connecting the dots.
 Also, we have introduced Prelim and mains focused snippets and Test Your Knowledge
(Prelims MCQs based on daily current affairs) which shall guide you for better revision.
 ‘Must Read’ section, will give you important links to be read from exam perspective.
This will make sure that, you don’t miss out on any important news/editorials from
various newspapers on daily basis.
 Under each news article, ‘Connecting the dots’ facilitates your thinking to connect and
ponder over various aspects of an issue. Basically, it helps you in understanding an issue
from multi-dimensional view-point. You will understand its importance while giving
Mains or Interview.
Must Read Articles: We have not included them in the magazine. Those following DNA on daily
basis may follow it- https://iasbaba.com/current-affairs-for-ias-upsc-exams/

“Tell my mistakes to me not to others, because these are to be corrected by me, not by them.”

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Contents
HISTORY/CULTURE.............................................................................................. 8
Bhakti saint Ramanuja ....................................................................................................................... 8
Saint Kabir's 500th Death Anniversary ............................................................................................ 9
Thanjavur painting and application of Raman spectroscopy ..................................................... 10
Ancient rock carving of Buddha: Swat Valley, Pakistan .............................................................. 11
Second century BCE Buddhist site at Thotlakonda in Visakhapatnam ..................................... 12
In pursuit to avoid deaths of Languages ....................................................................................... 14
Significance of Montagu-Chelmsford reforms ............................................................................. 16

POLITY/GOVERNANCE ...................................................................................... 19
Assessment: On the question of changing History or Constitution .......................................... 19
Assessment: ...................................................................................................................................... 22
1.Bhima-Koregaon issue and .......................................................................................................... 22
2.the fault in Unlawful Activities Prevention Act ......................................................................... 22
Reforms in the police forces ........................................................................................................... 24
Legalising Gambling? ....................................................................................................................... 25
SC verdict on Centre-Delhi power tussle (Part 1) ........................................................................ 27
Centre-Delhi power tussle (Part 2) ................................................................................................ 28
Government of NCT of Delhi v. Union of India............................................................................. 28
Bringing accessibility and transparency in the administration of justice ................................. 30
Institutions of Eminence.................................................................................................................. 31
Concerns over proposed amendments to Right To Information Act 2005 .............................. 32
Right to Information (Amendment) Bill, 2018.............................................................................. 33
Dilution of the Right to Information Act ....................................................................................... 34
About No-Confidence Motion ........................................................................................................ 37
Article 371A of the Indian Constitution: Special status to Nagaland ........................................ 37
Public Affairs Index 2018 ................................................................................................................. 38
West Bengal proposes to change its name as Bangla ................................................................. 38
SC on appointment of Lokpal.......................................................................................................... 40
Punjab seeks special category status............................................................................................. 42

SOCIAL ISSUE/WELFARE PROGRAMMES ........................................................... 43

Education and caste-based prejudice............................................................................................ 43

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College principals to have fixed tenures: UGC ............................................................................. 44

AISHE - All India Survey on Higher Education report 2017-18 ................................................... 44
Section 377 of Indian Penal Code .................................................................................................. 45
SC Order On Sec 377 ........................................................................................................................ 48
Adultery must remain a punishable offence ................................................................................ 50
DRUG MENACE: Can death penalty alone deter drug trafficking and smuggling? ................. 51
Repatriation of Prisoners: A pact on transfer of prisoners......................................................... 53
Assessment of March 2018 SC Verdict on SCs/STs Atrocities Act ............................................ 55
SC walking on tight rope between the narrow and the transformative approach ................. 57

WOMEN ISSUE .................................................................................................. 60

Crime against women-data and its flaws ...................................................................................... 60
Sabarimala temple ban unreasonable: SC .................................................................................... 62
Promoting women entrepreneurs in India ................................................................................... 64
NALSA Scheme: Compensation Scheme for Women Victims/Survivors of Sexual
Assault/Other Crimes-2018 ............................................................................................................ 67
ON RAPE AND CRIMES: Death Penalty is no solution ................................................................. 67

CHILDREN ISSUE ................................................................................................ 70

For ‘safe childhood’: Need for Moral Responsibility and Moral Accountability ..................... 70
Can mere policing alone end child abuse? ................................................................................... 72
Amendments to POCSO Act ............................................................................................................ 74

HEALTH ISSUE ................................................................................................... 75

Create leprosy awareness: SC......................................................................................................... 75
Ayushman Bharat National Health Protection Scheme (AB-NHPS) .......................................... 76
Operation Sagar Rani – find Formalin in fishes ............................................................................ 76
FSSAI: ‘The Eat Right Movement’ ................................................................................................... 77
Food safety @Temples .................................................................................................................... 78
Is Indian food clean? ........................................................................................................................ 79
Ban of Oxytocin................................................................................................................................. 81

GOVERNMENT SCHEMES .................................................................................. 82

Internationalizing higher education .............................................................................................. 82
Flawed Institutions of Eminence List? ........................................................................................... 84
Is India’s new higher education commission bill visionary? ....................................................... 87
Extended Gram Swaraj Abhiyan (EGSA) ........................................................................................ 89
Swachh Survekshan Grameen, 2018 ............................................................................................. 90
Future of Digital India ...................................................................................................................... 91

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INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS ............................................................................. 94

The new trade order: Tariff War .................................................................................................... 94
Afghanistan Jalalabad Incident ....................................................................................................... 96
Falling UNHRC ................................................................................................................................... 97
Israel adopts Jewish nation law ...................................................................................................... 99
2018 BRICS Media Forum, South Africa ........................................................................................ 99
10th BRICS Summit Johannesburg Declaration............................................................................ 99

INDIA AND THE WORLD .................................................................................. 102

INDIA-NEPAL: Time for India to play its cards right ................................................................... 102
Current India’s Foreign Policy status ........................................................................................... 103
Topsy-turvy world: Living in uncertain times ............................................................................. 106
India and South Korea.................................................................................................................... 109
India and US Sanctions: ................................................................................................................. 109
India and Sri Lanka ......................................................................................................................... 110
India and Africa ties........................................................................................................................ 112
India and China - to play a larger role in Africa .......................................................................... 113
Bhutan and India: Treaty of Friendship ....................................................................................... 116
Keeping friends close: India Iran Relations ................................................................................. 118

ECONOMY....................................................................................................... 120
GST: 1 year assessment ................................................................................................................. 120
Items under GST ............................................................................................................................. 121
Why inflated MSP can’t lead to Farm prosperity? ..................................................................... 122
Increased MSP to Farmers ............................................................................................................ 124
Need for reforming Indian financial structure ........................................................................... 124
Sunil Mehta Committee: NPA and stressed assets .................................................................... 126
WPI and CPI based inflation .......................................................................................................... 127
Important Value Addition: ............................................................................................................ 127
Is the time ripe for third wave of banking reforms in India? ................................................... 128
State of state government finances............................................................................................. 131
Basic Economics: What is the GDP deflator? ............................................................................. 133
2017-18 FDI inflows ....................................................................................................................... 135

AGRICULTURE ................................................................................................. 137

Alternative cereals can improve water use and nutrient supply in India ............................... 137
OECD Assessment: Does India’s Agriculture Policy need a Relook? ....................................... 137
Fair and remunerative price (FRP) for sugar cane raised ......................................................... 141

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Plight of farmers ............................................................................................................................. 142

Redressing farmers’ distress: Increasing MSPs (Price Policy) to Income Policy .................... 144
Zero Budget Natural Farming: Reducing cost of crop production ........................................... 146
Watershed development projects and Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana (PMKSY) ...... 147

ENVIRONMENT ............................................................................................... 149

Trees outside a forest .................................................................................................................... 149
In-house air pollution..................................................................................................................... 150
Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj statue ............................................................................................. 153
India to expand polar research to Arctic ..................................................................................... 153
Clean Ganga Fund........................................................................................................................... 154

ANIMALS/NATIONAL PARKS IN NEWS............................................................. 155

National Park in news: Bhitarkanika National Park ................................................................... 155
National Park in news: Bandipur National Park ......................................................................... 155
Animal in news: Sloth Bear ........................................................................................................... 156
Animal in news: Nilgiri tahr ........................................................................................................... 156
Animal in news: Golden jackal, Harrier birds, Indian black turtle and Softshell turtke ........ 157
International Whaling Commission (IWC)................................................................................... 158
Animal in news: Dhole ................................................................................................................... 159

INFRASTRUCTURE/ENERGY ............................................................................. 160

Need for Smart Urbanisation ........................................................................................................ 160
₹809 crore French loan for 15 Smart Cities projects ................................................................. 162
Ude Desh ka Aam Naagrik (UDAN) scheme ................................................................................ 163
Motor Vehicles (Amendment) Bill: Fixing pothole problem .................................................... 164
India is a popular hub for medical tourism ................................................................................. 166

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ............................................................................ 167

Human Space Flight Programme (HSP) and success of PAT ..................................................... 167
Long March-9 .................................................................................................................................. 167
Net Neutrality: ................................................................................................................................ 168
Modern Technology ....................................................................................................................... 168
ISRO’s upgraded Vikas engine ...................................................................................................... 169
Plants may soon create own fertilizer from thin air: study ...................................................... 169
SRIMAN: ‘Rent-a-lab’ policy .......................................................................................................... 170
Einstein was right: astronomers confirm key theory of relativity ........................................... 170
India: AI Superpower or Client Nation? ...................................................................................... 171
‘ISRO-like’ ocean mission planned ............................................................................................... 173

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DEFENCE ......................................................................................................... 175

Gearing up for space wars............................................................................................................. 175
INS Sahyadri and RIMPAC.............................................................................................................. 176
BrahMos and US made M777 guns.............................................................................................. 177
National Advanced Surface-to-Air Missile System (NASAMS) ................................................. 177
Private sector participation in defence equipment manufacturing ........................................ 178

DISASTER MANAGEMENT ............................................................................... 179

Role of Big Data in saving lives ..................................................................................................... 179
Tadipatri steel factory gas leak ..................................................................................................... 181
Flash Flood Guidance System ....................................................................................................... 181

INTERNAL SECURITY/SECURITY ....................................................................... 182

Tackling Lynching............................................................................................................................ 182
'Mobocracy': rule or domination by the masses ....................................................................... 183
Rajiv Gauba panel to check cases of mob lynching ................................................................... 184
ON RAPE AND CRIMES: Death Penalty is no solution ............................................................... 185
RBI on cryptocurrency ................................................................................................................... 187
Justice B.N. Srikrishna committee on Data Protection ............................................................. 187
National Register of Citizens ......................................................................................................... 188

ETHICS ............................................................................................................ 190

100th anniversary of Nelson Mandela ........................................................................................ 190

MISCELLANEOUS ............................................................................................. 193

Person in news:............................................................................................................................... 193
1. Bhakti saint Ramanuja ............................................................................................................... 193
2. Saint Kabir's 500th Death Anniversary .................................................................................... 193
3. Person in news: percussion maestro Kuzhalmannam Ramakrishnan ................................ 193
4. Person in news: Bharat Vatwani and Sonam Wangchuk gets 2018 Ramon Magsaysay
Awards ............................................................................................................................................. 193
5. Person in news: Hima Das ......................................................................................................... 194
6. Person in news: Commander Abhilash Tomy ........................................................................ 195
Tribe in news: Baiga tribe .............................................................................................................. 196
Tribe/community in news: Bru community ................................................................................ 196
Bru people to get voting rights ..................................................................................................... 197
“cVigil” app ...................................................................................................................................... 197
World’s largest mobile factory’ in Noida .................................................................................... 197

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Miscellaneous: ................................................................................................................................ 197

(TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE) .............................................................................. 199

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HISTORY/CULTURE

Bhakti Saint Ramanuja

Part of: GS Prelims and Mains I – Indian Art and Culture and Heritage

In news:
 Bhakti saint Ramanuja statue is set
to become the world’s second
tallest statue of a seated figure, at
216 feet.
 The figure has been assembled from
1,500 pieces and is located near
Shamshabad Airport.
 The year 2017 marksed 1000th birth
anniversary (millennium)

Important value additions

About Sri Ramanuja Acharya

 Birth place Sriperumbudur, TN
 He was the greatest Vaishnava acharya. (Vaishnava Theologist)
 Born in 1017 CE, Ramanujacharya was a Hindu theologian, philosopher, and one of the
most important exponents of the Sri Vaishnavism tradition within Hinduism.
 His guru - Yādava Prakāsa (part of Advaita Vedānta monastic tradition)
 Ramanuja followed the footsteps of Indian Alvārs tradition, the scholars Nāthamuni and
Yamunāchārya.
 Famus works – wrote bhāsya on the Brahma Sutras and the Bhagavad Gita, all in
Sanskrit.
 He is famous as the chief proponent of Vishishtadvaita (sub-school of Vedānta).
 According to him God is Sagunabrahman. He also advocated prabattimarga or path of
self-surrender to God. To attain salvation - through intense devotion to Vishnu.
 Rāmānuja‘s philosophical foundation was qualified monism, and is called Vishishtadvaita
in the Hindu tradition.
 The Visishtadvaita is so called because it inculcates the Advaita (or oneness of God) with
Visesha (or attributes). It is, therefore, qualified monism.

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 His ideas are one of three subschools in Vedānta, the other two are known as Ādi
Shankara’s Advaita (absolute monism) and Madhvāchārya’s Dvaita (dualism).

Saint Kabir's 500th Death Anniversary

Part of: GS Prelims and Mains I - Art and Culture

Key Pointers:
 Kabir Das - India's most revered 15th century mystic poet, saint and social reformer.
 His sayings not only influenced people's way of life but also contributed largely towards
'Hinduism Bhakti movement'.
 The language of his poetry was straightforward and understandable by the common
people. His verses were direct revelation of truth and full of spirituality. He believed in
simple life full of purity.
 He was against false rituals and superstitions of both Hindu and Muslim religions which
have no relevance with the enrichment of the human soul. He said that both are
ignorant of realty. He satirically denounced Brahmins and Mullahs and thus won the
hearts of poor people who were the victims of their exploitation.
 His writings significantly influenced the Bhakti movement. Some of his famous writings
include ‘Sakhi Granth’, ‘Anurag Sagar’, ‘Bijak’ and ‘Kabir Granthawali’.
 A religious community known as ‘Kabir Panth’ was founded by him and the members of
this forum are referred as ‘Kabir Panthis’, implying the followers of Kabir Das.
 Great saint, Ramananda was his Guru.
 Kabir was the first saint to reconcile Hinduism with Islam.
 Kabir died at Maghar in the Gorakhpur district of Uttar Pradesh in 1518 A.D.

Do you know?
 Last week Prime Minister Narendra Modi laid the foundation stone of the Sant Kabir
Academy in Uttar Pradesh.

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 Prime Minister has also inaugurated the two-day ‘Kabir Mahotsav’ at Maghar in Sant
Kabir Nagar district of Uttar Pradesh on June 28, 2018.
 The festival, organised by the Union Culture Ministry, will feature folk music, dance
performances and musical theatre in which artistes from all over the country will
participate.

Thanjavur painting and application of Raman spectroscopy

Part of: GS Prelims and Mains I and III – Art and Culture; Science and Tech

About:
 It was very tough to know whether the gold and gems used in Tanjavur painting were
authentic or fake without ruining the painting.
 But with Raman spectroscopy, there is an easy way to tell without taking it apart.

Important value additions:

About Thanjavur painting

 Thanjavur painting is a classical South Indian painting style (especially Thanjavur city of
Tamil Nadu)
 It is characterised by rich, flat and vivid colors, simple iconic composition, glittering gold
foils overlaid on delicate but extensive gesso work and inlay of glass beads and pieces or
very rarely precious and semi-precious gems.
 Tanjore Painting of India devised during the 16th century, under the sovereignty of the
Cholas.
 In Thanjavur paintings one can see the influence of Deccani, Vijayanagar, Maratha and
even European or Company styles of painting.
 They are locally known as ‘Palagai Padam’ as it is mainly done on solid wood planks.
 It got GI tag by the Government of India in 2007-08.
 The theme of Tanjore Painting of Hindu Gods and Goddesses, along with saints.
 The distinctive features were aristocratic or religious figures adorned with jewellery and
surrounded by elaborate architectural arches and doorways.
 Tanjore paintings are originally done on wood and are encrusted with semi-precious
stones. Later the paintings were executed on glass. The glass paintings are coloured
from outside inwards. The outlines and final touches have to be done first since the
artist paints the picture from the reverse side of the glass.

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Ancient rock carving of Buddha: Swat Valley, Pakistan

Part of: GS Prelims – Art and Culture; Place in news

In news:
 An ancient rock carving of the Buddha that was blown up by the Taliban as militants
overran Pakistan’s Swat valley a decade ago has been restored after an international
effort.
 The carving was half destroyed when the Tehreek-e-Taliban Pakistan swept into Swat in
2007, imposing its brutal Islamist rule.

Pic: https://deeshaasite.files.wordpress.com/2007/11/buddha_image1.jpg
(Swat valley Buddha that was blown up by the Taliban militants)

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Pic: https://images.firstpost.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Buddha-in-Pakistans-
Swat_AFP.jpg
(Picture of restored Buddha)

Key pointers:
 7th-century Buddha of Swat valley, Pakistan
 Seated serenely in the lotus position (meditative posture)
 considered one of the largest rock sculptures in South Asia
 foothills of the Himalayas
 Italian government helped to preserve the cultural heritage and restore the six-metre-
tall Buddha of Swat
 Swat, a picturesque valley in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province of Pakistan

Pic: https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQC5dhjv0OBp_S-
LeGfPOaSsu88ZXmU4qw75hVOjnwUXxMBU7o4

Second century BCE Buddhist site at Thotlakonda in Visakhapatnam

Part of: GS Prelims and Mains I – Protection and conservation of Cultural heritage sites

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In news:
 Heritage conservationists and members of Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural
Heritage (INTACH) has expressed concerns over proposed construction of amphitheatre,
rest rooms and information centre at second century BCE Buddhist site, Thotlakonda in
Visakhapatnam.
 Buildings might mar the original heritage site and are against the norms laid down by
the courts.
 Court had ordered - no construction or development activity of any sort shall be
permitted within the boundaries of the ancient site
 Tourism should be developed but not at the cost of protected areas

Pic: https://www.touristplaces.net.in/images/pp/5/p113753.jpg

Important Value Additions

 Thotlakonda site was first discovered in 1976
 The excavations conducted by ASI revealed the ruins of a well-established Theravada
(Hinayana Buddhism) monastery
 Under Article 49 of the Constitution, the State is under obligation to protect every
monument, place or object of artistic or historic interest declared to be of national
importance from spoilation, disfigurement, destruction, removal, disposal or export, as
the case may be. (DPSP)
 Under Article 51A(f) of the Constitution, there is fundamental duty to value and
preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture. (Fundamental Duties)

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In pursuit to avoid deaths of Languages

About:

Among various deaths, the deaths of Dalits and tribals who are trapped by hunger and
humiliation; the death of a tree or a forest sacrificed at the altar of development – are mourned
but not spoken about. Similarly, the death of language is literally shrouded in silence.

Concern: languages spiraling toward extinction

 The world’s indigenous languages are under threat of disappearing, with one language
dying every two weeks and many more at risk.
 Language is an important part of any society, because it enables people to communicate
and express themselves. When a language dies out, future generations lose a vital part
of the culture that is necessary to completely understand it. This makes language a
vulnerable aspect of cultural heritage, and it becomes especially important to preserve
it.

Impact of policy instruments

 Death of language too is a form of violence. Large parts of culture get exterminated
through slight shifts in policy instruments than through armed conflicts.
 The destruction of culture can be caused by something as small as a bureaucrat’s benign
decision.
 Even a well-intentioned language census can do much damage.

Note: The below article tries to assess how the Census of India has failed to adequately reflect
the linguistic composition of the country and why there should is a need for good policy action.

Background: Missing the crucial link

Over the last many decades, successive governments in India have carried out a decadal census.
 The 1931 Census was a landmark as it collected information on caste and community.
 War disrupted the exercise in 1941 and during 1951 census, the new Indian republic was
too busy.
 It was during the 1961 census that languages in the country were enumerated in full.
India learnt that a total of 1,652 mother tongues were being spoken.
 However, in 1971 census, using ill-founded logic, this figure was pegged at only 109. (as
only those languages who had more than 10,000 speakers were recognized and
respected)
 This practice, which had neither scientific basis nor was a fair decision, continued in
upcoming censuses.

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Do you know?
 The language enumeration takes place in the first year of every decade. a
 However, the findings are made public about seven years later as the processing of
language data is far more time consuming than handling economic or scientific data.

How recent Census has failed again?

Earlier this month, the Census of India made public the language data based on the 2011
Census.
 It took into account 120 crore speakers of a very large number of languages.
 Language division of the Census office deserves praise but the data presented leaves
behind a trail of questions.
 During the census, citizens submitted 19,569 names of mother tongues.
 Based on previous linguistic and sociological information, the authorities decided that of
these, 18,200 did not match “logically” with known information. Only a total of 1,369
names were picked as “being names of languages” , therefore, leaving out the rest
(nearly 60 lakhs citizens)
 And because of the classification regime, their linguistic citizenship has been dropped.

In addition to the 1,369 “mother tongue” names shortlisted, there were 1,474 other mother
tongue names and these are placed under generic label - "Others"

The classification system has not been able to identify what or which languages these are and
so they have been silenced by having an innocuous label slapped on them.

The 1,369 mother tongue have been grouped further under a total of 121 “group labels”, which
have been presented as “Languages”.

Of these, 22 are languages included in the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution, called
“Scheduled Languages”. The remainder, 99, are “Non-scheduled Languages”.

However, what is worrying is most of the groupings are forced.

For instance, under the heading “Hindi”, there are nearly 50 other languages.
 Bhojpuri (spoken by more than 5 crore people, and with its own cinema, theatre,
literature, vocabulary and style) comes under “Hindi”.
 Under Hindi too is the nearly 3 crore population from Rajasthan with its own
independent languages.
 The Powari/Pawri of tribals in Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh too has been added.
Even the Kumauni of Uttarakhand has been yoked to Hindi.

There is a similar and inflated figure for Sanskrit.

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Census has classified a total of 2,59,678 Indians as who speak English as their “mother tongue”
– which is a sign of semantics disaster. (Semantics refers to the branch of study within
linguistics that deals with language)

Role of UNESCO in protecting and promoting languages

From time to time, UNESCO tries to highlight the key role that language plays in widening
access to education, protecting livelihoods and preserving culture and knowledge traditions.
 In 1999/2000 – it proclaimed and observed February 21 as International Mother
Language Day
 In 2001 – the ‘Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity’ accepted the principle of
“Safeguarding the linguistic heritage of humanity and giving support to expression,
creation and dissemination in the greatest possible number of languages.”
 UNESCO has also launched a linguistic diversity network and supported research.
 It has also brought out an Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger, which highlights the
central place of language in the world’s heritage.

However, our language census has failed to be in consistent with these ideas and principles.

Conclusion:

Census in India should adequately reflect the linguistic composition of the country. It is not
good practice when data helps neither educators nor policy makers or the speakers of
languages themselves. The Census, a massive exercise that consumes so much time and energy,
needs to see how it can help in a greater inclusion of the marginal communities, how our
intangible heritage can be preserved, and how India’s linguistic diversity can become an integral
part of our national pride.

Connecting the dots

 Why is it important to preserve and promote India’s local and tribal languages? Also
examine the initiatives taken in this direction.

Significance of Montagu-Chelmsford reforms

About:
 This month marks the 100th year of the publication of the ‘Report on Indian
constitutional reforms’, commonly known as the Montagu-Chelmsford Report (MCR).

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 The below article provides the important contributions and significance of Montagu-
Chelmsford Report.

Do you know?
 Edwin Montagu, then Secretary of State for India, had advocated for increased
participation of Indians in the British Indian administration.
 After many meetings with Indian representatives, Montagu and the then Governor-
General, Lord Chelmsford, published the MCR on July 8, 1918.
 Government of India Act of 1919 is also known as Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms.

Significance of Montagu-Chelmsford Report (MCR)

The MCR stands out for proposing some of the most radical administrative changes.
1. MCR proposed for giving provincial legislatures the mantle of self-governance.
2. It advocated the need “to emancipate the local governments and legislatures from
central control; and to advance, by successive stages, in the direction of conferring
responsible government on the provinces.” (You can use this information while
answering on Local Self Government or failure of PRIs or Municipal bodies)
3. Montagu-Chelmsford Committee recommended for the “creation of municipalities and
local body institutions with sufficient autonomy to handle their local issues... bereft of
the intrusive control of the Government.”
4. They also suggested that administration of different Presidencies and associated
departments be placed under the control of legislatures.
5. Ultimately, the MCR established the framework for devolution of powers and gave
credence to the cry for self-governance.
6. Another one of the most far-reaching objectives of the report was to elucidate the
principle of accountable governance by directing that the “Government of India must
remain wholly responsible to Parliament.”

Some important features of Government of India Act 1919

1. It relaxed the central control over the provinces by demarcating and separating the
central and provincial subjects. The central and provincial legislatures were authorised
to make laws on their respective list of subjects. However, the structure of government
continued to be centralised and unitary.
2. It further divided the provincial subjects into two parts—transferred and reserved. The
transferred subjects were to be administered by the governor with the aid of ministers
responsible to the legislative Council. The reserved subjects, on the other hand, were to
be administered by the governor and his executive council without being responsible to
the legislative Council. This dual scheme of governance was known as ‘dyarchy’.

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3. It introduced, for the first time, bicameralism and direct elections in the country. Thus,
the Indian Legislative Council was replaced by a bicameral legislature consisting of an
Upper House (Council of State) and a Lower House (Legislative Assembly). The majority
of members of both the Houses were chosen by direct election.
4. It required that the three of the six members of the Viceroy’s executive Council (other
than the commander-in-chief) were to be Indian.
5. It separated, for the first time, provincial budgets from the Central budget and
authorised the provincial legislatures to enact their budgets.
6. It provided for the establishment of a public service commission. Hence, a Central Public
Service Commission was set up in 1926 for recruiting civil servants.

Conclusion
Thus MCR laid the platform for the development of a responsible government. The reforms
were accepted by 32nd session of the Indian National Congress, led by British theosophist
Annie Besant, as it is essential for the progress of British India.
The MCR also became the basis for the Government of India Act, 1935, and, ultimately, the
Constitution.
The key principles of responsible government, self-governance and federal structure grew out
of these reforms. The MCR on Indian constitutional reforms along with the Montagu
Declaration are, thus, worthy claimants of the title of the Magna Carta of modern India.
Connecting the dots
 Montagu-Chelmsford Report on Indian constitutional reforms is a watershed in India’s
constitutional history. Elucidate.

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POLITY/GOVERNANCE

Assessment: On the question of changing History or Constitution

About:
 According to Winston Churchill, ‘history is a narrative of facts that is written by the
victors’.
 Off recently, there are arguments that - when we read history (or anything for that
matter), we tend to assume what we are reading is true. A lot of people believe that
history is an unequivocal fact.
 However, the history of the world that we know and study lacks just as many facts as it
contains if not even more. It doesn’t mean history is not accurate; it's just that it doesn't
include every fact and every perspective.

The above arguments have some element of truth.

 In most of the cases, the voices and perspectives of the victors in history are much more
dominant than those who have been conquered, oppressed, and killed.
 In more recent history, modern historians have tried to do a better job at including the
voices of those who have been oppressed in our history.
 At other end, the current government and right wing intends to rewrite the history of
India and of the Constitution, if not today, then tomorrow. (This calls for assessment
whether Constitution and History need changes and be re-written?)

Does Indian Constitution really need changes or re-written?

 The Indian Constitution is large and unwieldy but it is considered to be one of the finest in
the world.
 The authors of the constitutional draft, especially B.N Rau and Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, were
known for their mastery of comparative law, history, politics, sociology and the literary
idiom.
 More importantly, the Constitution was the outcome of two major movements in Indian
history that shaped each other –
(i) series of colonial laws enacted to govern India; notably the Government of India Act,
1935 and
(ii) freedom struggle that brought together large numbers of Indians in a spectacular
anti-imperialist and nationalist project.

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 The historical struggle generated imaginations, aspirations and ideals that were indisputably
democratic.

The Constitution of India was an outcome of accommodation and consensus.

All-Parties Conference and Moti Lal Nehru Report

 As early as 1928, an All-Parties Conference established a committee chaired by Motilal
Nehru to consider and determine a future constitution for India.
 Among noteworthy recommendations of the committee was an integrated list of social,
economic and political rights, minority rights, and universal adult franchise.
 The Motilal Nehru Report dismissed the idea that non-literacy could pose a problem for
universal adult franchise.
 They believed - Political experience can only be acquired by active participation in
political institutions and does not entirely depend on literacy.

The Nehru report deeply inspired the Constituent Assembly, which met in the wake of
momentous movements for Independence in the 1940s.
Objective resolution of Jawaharlal Nehru
 While introducing the objective resolution, Jawaharlal Nehru acknowledged that the
strength of the people was behind the Assembly and committed that the Constitution
will meet the aspirations of the nation, not any party or group, but the people as a
whole.

Efforts of Constitution Framers

 Despite tremendous violence sparked by Partition and major destruction of lives and
property, the makers of the Constitution continued to hold fast to the values of the
freedom struggle: democracy, fundamental rights, minority rights, limited government,
rule of law, and an independent judiciary.

That is why the Indian Constitution has held a fractious body politic together, when country
after country in the post-colonial world has fallen prey to authoritarianism.
It has enthused us; it has enabled us to make the transition from subject to citizen. There is
cause for celebration.

Critics to Constitution
 However, not all Indians rejoiced and were on same page.
 Certain right wing groups argued and lamented that Constitution does not mention
unique constitutional developments in ancient Bharat: Manu’s laws written much
before the laws of Lycurgus of Sparta or Solon of Persia (sic).

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 Right wing organizations undervalued/considered Constitution unworthy and criticized

it. It articulated intense desire to chart a new constitution when in power.

Of course, constitutions can be changed if they prove wanting. But there must be good reasons
for doing so.
Rewriting a Constitution to wipe out or obliterate a history that records the non-participation of
the religious right in the making of democratic constitutionalism, is hardly reason enough.

Dr. Ambedkar views and words

What would a constitution that reflects ancient Indian culture look like?
Ambedkar warned –
 No democratic constitution can be modelled on the Hindu tradition of state and village
panchayats.
 What is the village, Ambedkar asked, but a sink of localism, a den of ignorance, narrow-
mindedness and communalism?

Sets Universal values –

 The Constitution is a normative document, but the values it espouses are universal and
‘thin’. They do not reflect the belief system of one section of the population even if it is
in a majority. Nor do these values dismiss the value systems of minority groups.

On Constitutional Morality –
 Dr. Ambedkar talked of constitutional morality.
 He said citizen will have deep respect or admiration for Constitution when they realize
true intent of Constitution which helps them to possess freedom and rights. When they
realize Constitution composes of thin conception of ‘good’ that can hold a plural and
diverse people together.

Democracy is only a top-dressing for the Constitution of India

 For Ambedkar, democracy is only a top-dressing on an Indian soil which is essentially
undemocratic.
 It is the institutionalisation of constitutional democracy that has changed the way
Indians think of themselves in relation to each other, and in relation to the state. The
Constitution has managed to inculcate democratic sensibilities and spark yearnings for
more democracy, not less.

Dr Ambedkar said - power is one thing, wisdom is quite another thing. When deciding the
destiny of nations, dignities of people, dignities of leaders and dignities of parties ought to
count for nothing. The destiny of the country should count for everything.

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Therefore, those who thinking to change the Constitution should reflect on Dr. Ambedkar's
words.

Connecting the dots:

 Do you agree with the view that Democracy is a mere top-dressing for the Constitution
of India? Elaborate your views.
 The Constitution of India was an outcome of accommodation and consensus. Do you
agree? Elaborate your response.
 Essay - ‘history is a narrative of facts that is written by the victors’.

Assessment:

 Bhima-Koregaon issue and

 the fault in Unlawful Activities Prevention Act

(MAINS FOCUS)

Introduction:
 The below article highlights how the Unlawful Activities Prevention Act (UAPA) has been
misused and calls for the changes/amendment, thereby to safeguard and protect
personal liberty or civil rights of individual/s.

Background:
 During Constituent Assembly meeting, some of the members warned and objected to
the wide range of restrictions that had been imposed upon fundamental rights in the
draft Constitution.
 Multiple “Public Safety Acts” and “Defence of India Acts” drew attention of the
Assembly, whether such laws (which were favourite weapons of the colonial regime) are
needed for India?

The arrest of five activists in the Bhima Koregaon case and the charges filed against them under
the Unlawful Activities Prevention Act - throws the fears expressed in the CA into sharp relief.

Do we need such “exceptional” laws?

 It may not be in sync with best democratic practices, but almost all contemporary liberal
democratic regimes have an assemblage of such “exceptional” laws.
 Often referred to as “extraordinary” laws, such laws are designed to, and legitimised by,
the persistence of extraordinary situations.

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 Internal strife of a violent, destabilising nature, civil war, threats to national security and
terror activities formed some of the reasons for the enactment of extraordinary laws
globally.

Concern: Based on the first impression, it seems like a fair proposition to have such laws but if
we dig deep, these laws may be monstrous in their implications, they may violate civil liberties,
but are still needed to deal with exceptional situations.

How UAPA fails?: Problem with UAPA

 The UAPA authorises the government to ban “unlawful organisations” and “terrorist
organisations” (subject to judicial review), and penalises membership of such
organisations. The problems begin with the definitional clause itself.
 Under vague and nebulous definitions of terror and unlawful activity, they often
encompass a wide range of nonviolent political activity and suppress contrarian,
dissenting ideological or political perspectives.
 They allow for detentions without a chargesheet, create strong presumptions against
bail, admit in-custody confessions and tacitly sanction torture. Over the years, their
victims have been many innocents, whose stories ought to bear upon the collective
conscience of this nation.
 “Membership” of unlawful and terrorist organisations is a criminal offence, and in the
latter case, it can be punished with life imprisonment. But the Act fails entirely to define
what “membership” entails.
 It can consider anyone as a “member” if he/she possesses literature or books about a
banned organisation; if he/she express sympathy with its aims; if he/she met other,
“active” members; if he/she is present at any meetings.

The latest victim of one of our most enduring, exceptional laws – the Unlawful Activities
Prevention Act (UAPA) – are the arrests made in the context of caste-based violence in the
Bhima Koregaon town of Maharashtra.

Conclusion:

In 2011, the Supreme Court attempted to narrow the scope of above mentioned provisions,
holding that “membership” was limited to cases where an individual engaged in active
incitement to violence. Anything broader than that, it ruled, would violate the constitutional
guarantees of freedom of speech and of association.

There are more than one occasion in recent years, where terror accused have been acquitted
after spending more than a decade in jail. This is something for which there can be no

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compensation or restitution; and it is only made possible because the law places an
unbreakable shackle upon personal liberty.

This too was something that the framers of the Constitution foresaw, and wished to avoid.
However, as the CA debates reveal, the provision was meant to be used in rare and exceptional
cases.

The framers did not intend — and the Constitution does not contemplate — the kind of perfect
storm that exists when broad and vague provisions of public security laws are combined with
statutory bars upon the grant of bail, and a legal system that takes years to complete a criminal
trial.

The purpose of a Constitution and a bill of rights, however, is to establish a “culture of

justification” where the state cannot abuse its power. Civil and political rights are based upon
the understanding that at no point should so much power, and so much discretion, be vested in
the state that it utterly overwhelms the individual.

The power to keep citizens incarcerated for long periods of time, on vague charges, and without
affording them an opportunity to answer their accusers in a swift and fair trial, is an anathema
to democracy and the rule of law.

The UAPA’s stringent provisions need amendments. The Bhima-Koregaon arrests provide us
with yet another opportunity to rethink a legal regime that has obliterated the distinction
between the normal and the abnormal.

Connecting the dots:

 Do you think the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act should have no place in democratic
India? Substantiate your view.
 Rather than a tool to moderate political antagonism, Unlawful Activities (Prevention)
Act serves to strengthen the repressive arm of the state. Do you agree? Critically
examine.

Reforms in the police forces

Part of: GS Mains II – Governance; transparency & accountability and institutional and other
measures

In news:

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 Supreme Court advised the State governments to consult UPSC for selecting police
chiefs

Key pointers:
According to Supreme Court,
 State governments have to send the names of the probables (to UPSC) three months
before the incumbent Directors-General of Police (DGP) is to retire.
 The UPSC will prepare a list of three officers fit to be DGP (giving due weightage to merit
and seniority) and send it back. (in conformity to Prakash Singh judgement)
 The State, in turn, shall ‘immediately’ appoint one of the persons shortlisted by the
commission.

The directive from Supreme Court is primarily to “ensure that State governments do not
exercise unwarranted influence or pressure on the police.”

Pic link:
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Legalising Gambling?

Part of: GS Mains II – Polity and governance

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In news:

Law Commission of India (headed by Supreme Court judge B.S. Chauhan) report to the
government –
 Allow gambling in sports but regulate it.
 Since it is impossible to stop illegal gambling, the only viable option left is to “regulate”
gambling in sports.
 Recommended “cashless” gambling in sports as a means to increase revenue and deal a
blow to unlawful gambling.
 Revenue from gambling should be taxable under laws such as the Income Tax Act and
the Goods and Services Tax Act.
 Suggested that the revenue generated can be used for public welfare measures.
 Transactions between gamblers and operators should be linked to their Aadhaar and
PAN cards so that the government could keep an eye on them.
 According to the Commission, foreign exchange management and foreign direct
investment laws and policies should be amended to encourage investment in the
casino/online gaming industry. This would propel tourism and employment.
 The Commission said regulations should protect vulnerable groups, minors and those
below the poverty line, those who draw their sustenance from social welfare measures,
subsidies and Jan Dhan account-holders from exploitation through gambling.

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SC verdict on Centre-Delhi power tussle (Part 1)

Part of: GS Prelims and Mains II - Inter-state relations; Role of Judiciary; Distribution of powers

In news:

Supreme Court pronounced its verdict on the ongoing tussle between the Centre and the
democratically elected Arvind Kejriwal government over who wields the power to administer
and govern the national capital.

Key pointers:
 SC ruled that Delhi government has power in all areas except land, police and public
order and the Lt. Governor is bound by the aid and advice of the NCT govt in areas
other than those exempted.
 The new five-judge bench adhered to Supreme Court's nine judge Bench decision of
1996 in NDMC versus State of Punjab to hold that Delhi is not a State but 'special'.
 LGs/Governors cannot usurp rights of an elected state government. Real authority to
take decisions lies in the elected govt. This is the meaning of 'aid and advice'. Titular
head has to act in accordance to aid and advice.

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 L-G cannot send every difference of opinion to President. The L-G needs to be only
informed of NCT government's decision. There is no need of his concurrence.

Do you know?
 Article 239AA deals with Special Status of Delhi
 Under Article 163, the governor has to act on the aid and advice of the council of
minister except in the case where he has to exercise his discretion

Centre-Delhi power tussle (Part 2)

Part of: GS Prelims and Mains II – Indian Polity; Centre-State/UTs relations; Governance

In news:
 Recently, we read that Supreme Court in its verdict pronounced that Delhi government
has power in all areas except land, police and public order and the Lt. Governor is
bound by the aid and advice of the NCT govt in areas other than those exempted.
 However, issue of ‘services’ continue to remain the bone of contention with neither
side willing to relent on the right to exercise control over bureaucrats, mainly those
belonging to the All India Services cadre, posted in the Capital.

Do you know?
 Article 239AA deals with Special Status of Delhi
 Under Article 163, the governor has to act on the aid and advice of the council of
minister except in the case where he has to exercise his discretion

Government of NCT of Delhi v. Union of India

Background:
Delhi forms a unique category. Its governance has been a vexatious issue since Independence.
 In July 1947, the Pattabhi Sitaramayya committee was set up to report on
Constitutional changes in the administrative structure of the Chief Commissioner's
Provinces. This included Delhi.
 The Committee was of the opinion that the “province which contains the metropolis of
India should not be deprived of the right of self-government enjoyed by the rest of
their countrymen living in the smallest of villages.”
 However, members of the Drafting Committee of the Constituent Assembly, including
Nehru and Ambedkar, felt that the national capital could not be placed under a local
government.

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 Deshbandhu Gupta – the sole representative of Delhi in the Assembly, made vociferous
demands for full-statehood. However, ultimately the Constituent Assembly classified
Delhi as a Union Territory.
 Numerous amendments to the Constitution have changed the nature of government in
Delhi over the years. These culminated in the 69th Amendment of 1991, by which
Article 239AA was introduced.

Special status of Delhi

 Article 239AA of the Constitution provides for a legislative assembly in Delhi and the
Article provides the legal framework within which Delhi is to be governed.
 Article 239AA(3)(a) vests the Delhi Assembly with the power to make laws for the whole
or any part of the National Capital Territory with respect to any of the matters
enumerated in the 'State List' or in the 'Concurrent List' (except police, public order and
land).
 Article 239AA(4) provides for a council of ministers “to aid and advise the L-G”. The
proviso to the Article provides that “in case of difference of opinion between the L-G
and his ministers on any matter, the L-G shall refer it to the President for decision.”

Bone of contention:
 The primary dispute before the Court was related to the interpretation of the phrases
“any of the matters” and “aid and advise”.
 Additionally, the scope of the L-G’s discretion to refer matters to the President was a
point in issue.

The Judgement:

“Nations fail when institutions of governance fail. The working of a democratic institution is
impacted by the statesmanship (or the lack of it) shown by those in whom the electorate vests
the trust to govern” – writes Justice D.Y. Chandrachud.

The above view is in concurrent to recent judgment of the Supreme Court on the powers of the
Delhi government and the lieutenant governor.

Supreme Court's verdict:

 Delhi government has power in all areas except land, police and public order.
 Lt. Governor is bound by the aid and advice of the NCT govt in areas other than those
exempted.
 It noted that there is no room for anarchy or absolutism in a democracy.

Conclusion:

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The respect for institutions has been declining in India in recent years, but respect for the
Supreme Court continues to be very high.

Cutting to the heart of all the political and constitutional wrangling, the judgment unanimously
affirms the principle of an elected representative being vested with the power to administer
democratically.

It negates the bureaucratic usurpation of power that sought to operate in constitutional

interstices, at the instance of an inimical central government.

Connecting the dots:

 The circumstances in which the L-G may have a difference of opinion with the Delhi
government remain unclear. Do you agree? Discuss.
 Discuss the essentials of the 69th Constitutional Amendment Act and anomalies, if any
that have led to recent reported conflicts between the elected representatives and the
institution of the Lieutenant Governor in the administration of Delhi. Do you think that
this will give rise to a new trend in the functioning of the Indian federal politics?

Bringing accessibility and transparency in the administration of justice

Part of: GS Mains II – Governance and Justice – transparency & accountability and institutional
and other measures; Judiciary reforms

In news:
 Supreme Court is ready to go live on camera while the government mooted a separate
TV channel for live-streaming court proceedings.
 Live-streaming of court proceedings is an extension of the ‘open court’ system.

Advantages of live-streaming:
 Litigants, law students and the public can watch live proceedings as they happen.
 Live stream would keep a check on lawyers’ conduct inside the courtrooms. With the
entire country watching them, there would be fewer interruptions, raised voices and
adjournments from the lawyers.

Exceptions – No live-streaming of cases involving national security concerns, matrimonial

disputes and rape cases, as it affect justice and amount to a violation of the fundamental right
to privacy.

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Institutions of Eminence

Part of: GS Prelims and Mains II – Development and management of social sector

In news:

Six higher education institutions have been named Institutions of Eminence (IoE) by the Centre.
1. Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bengaluru
2. Indian Institutes of Technology, Mumbai
3. IIT, Delhi
4. Jio Institute of the Reliance Foundation
5. Manipal Academy of Higher Education
6. BITS, Pilani
(Last three are private institutions)

Do you know?
 An empowered committee, under former Chief Election Commissioner N. Gopalaswami,
recommended these institutions.

Pic:
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Important value additions:

 The institutions of eminence will have greater autonomy compared to other higher
education institutions. They can be free from the clutches of the overarching regulatory

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regime of bodies such as University Grants Commission (UGC), AICTE, and Medical
Council Of India (MCI).
 More autonomy in designing syllabi and deciding fee structure. Teachers would also be
allowed to take up consultancy work among others.
 Public institutions will get financial support from the human resource development
ministry.
 The private institutions under the project will enjoy two key freedoms: one, they can
offer as much salary as they want to their teaching staff; and two, the course fee can be
completely market linked. The government institutions, however, will have to follow the
UGC scale of pay for permanent employees. For contractual staff including professors on
contract, they too can pay as much as they wish.
 If a new institutions fails to make enough progress in the first 18 to 20 months, then the
government will cancel its candidature. And the disqualified institution will be replaced
from a reserve list of institutions.

Concerns over proposed amendments to Right To Information Act 2005

Introduction:

RTI Act provides for setting out the practical regime of right to information for citizens to secure
access to information under the control of public authorities, in order to promote transparency
and accountability in the working of every public authority.

Since 2005, the Act has helped to –

 transform the relationship between the citizen and government,
 dismantle illegitimate concentrations of power,
 legitimise the demand for answers, and
 assist people in changing centuries of feudal and colonial relationships.

But public servants, troubled by accountability, have seen this as interference. As a result, the
RTI Act has been under constant threat of amendments.

One such proposal looks to amend RTI - for Introduction, Consideration, and Passing.

Concerns:
1. The proposed amendments have been kept secret; there has not even been a hint of
public consultation. Any amendment to the law should have been discussed before it
went to the cabinet, as in the “pre legislative consultation policy” of the government of
India.

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2. The word “Consideration” is a cleverly put indirect or coy term which can be misused.
3. Recently some legislative measures are pushed under the garb of money Bills that have
destabilised access to information such as Aadhaar and electoral bonds.

The spirit of RTI is not just the filing of an RTI application and getting an answer. It actually
mandates the replacement of a prevailing culture of secrecy with a culture of transparency.

Section 4(2) of the RTI Act is poorly implemented.

Section 4(2) says: “It shall be a constant endeavour of every public authority... to provide as
much information suomotu to the public at regular intervals... so that the public have minimum
resort to the use of this Act to obtain information.”
However, there are attempts to undermine the RTI Act in letter and spirit.

Conclusion:
The use of the RTI has led to more than 70 citizens fighting corruption losing their lives, but the
government remains unaffected. People have been demanding a strong whistle-blower
protection law, but like the Lokpal, the Whistle Blowers Protection Act has been ignored, with
attempts to amend the law that will completely negate its intent. People of India should not
lose what has been gained through the RTI.

Connecting the dots:

 Last year, the RTI law completed 12 years of its enactment. What is your assessment of
the performance of the RTI law in these years? What are the concerns? Discuss.

Right to Information (Amendment) Bill, 2018

Part of: GS Prelims and Mains II – Governance issues; Statutory, regulatory and various quasi-
judicial bodies

In news:
 The Amendment Bill proposes to give the Centre the power to set the tenure and
salaries of State and Central Information Commissioners.
 Opposition parties opposed the amendments – it will dilute the RTI law and compromise
the independence of the Information Commissions.

Fast recap:
From previous day’s editorial - Concerns over proposed amendments to Right To Information
Act 2005 - we learnt that:

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 Government also intend to amend RTI - for Introduction, Consideration, and Passing.
 The proposed amendments have been kept secret and there has not even been a hint of
public consultation or pre legislative consultation.

Do you know?
 The current law gives Information Commissioners a tenure of five years and salaries
which match those of Election Commissioners.
 The proposed RTI amendment Bill seeks to amend that.

Argument given by the government –

 Election Commission is a constitutional body, the Information Commissions are
statutory bodies.
 They both have differing mandates and hence their status and service conditions need
to be rationalised accordingly.

About CIC
The Central Information Commission (CIC) set up under the Right to Information Act is the
authorised body, established in 2005, under the Government of India to act upon complaints
from those individuals who have not been able to submit information requests to a Central
Public Information Officer or State Public Information Officer due to either the officer not
having been appointed, or because the respective Central Assistant Public Information Officer
or State Assistant Public Information Officer refused to receive the application for information
under the RTI Act.

Dilution of the Right to Information Act

Introduction:

India, the largest democracy in the world, became the 56th country to introduce the Right to
Information Act (RTI Act) on October 12, 2005.

This act is one of the most advanced right to information legislations in the world. It has been
seen as the key to strengthening participatory democracy and ushering in people-centred
governance.

Thus, the RTI serves as the oxygen for democracy and development.

Past attempt of dilution:

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Repeated attempts have been made to amend this Act to, perhaps, diminish its power and
disarm citizens.

Concerted efforts were made to remove 'file notings' from the purview of the RTI Act in 2006
and again in 2009 to stop 'vexatious' and 'frivolous' RTI queries.

However, on both occasions, the proposed amendments were withdrawn in view of the
widespread resistance.

The RTI (Amendment) Bill 2018:

It proposed to do away with the parity given to the information commissions with the election
commissions.
In the statement of objects and reasons of the Bill, it has been brought out that 'functions
carried out by the EC and ICs are completely different. Hence, their status and service
conditions need to be rationalised accordingly.
 According to the proposed amendment, the salaries, allowances and other terms and
conditions of service of the CIC and ICs 'shall be such as may be prescribed by the
Central government'.
 The tenure of information commissioners at the centre and the states is proposed to be
amended from 'a term of five years' to 'terms as may be prescribed by the central
government'.
 The RTI Act 2005 recognises the authority of states to select their SICs, but the proposed
Amendment Bill does not allow states to decide their term, status and salary as it
proposes the Centre will prescribe it from time to time. Such a measure will compromise
the autonomy in functioning.

Argument given by the government –

 The EC is a constitutional body established by Clause (1) of Article 324 of the Constitution,
while the CIC and state information commissions are statutory bodies established under the
provisions of the RTI Act, 2005.
 They both have differing mandates and hence their status and service conditions need to be
rationalised accordingly.
Concern:
The information commission functions as an adjudicator as well as regulator.
 If the commissions are to fulfill the objectives of the Act to empower the common man,
the rule of law must prevail. The public must perceive the information commissioner as
a public-friendly judge with high integrity, utmost degree of credibility, public trust,
professional excellence and capacity, leadership qualities and dynamism.

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 In its role of regulator, every commission is required to monitor the implementation of

the Act by the government and its agencies. The commissions are to report to the
legislature on how the Act has been implemented.
 In this regard, every commission has to keep its ears close to the ground, and remain
receptive to the view of the public, the media and non-government organisations, all of
whom have an important stake in information freedom.

Thus, an environment has to be created for the IC to function without any interference or
pressure.

Issue:
The proposed amendments to the RTI Act will compromise the independence and autonomy of
information commissions set up to adjudicate on appeals and complaints of people who have
been denied their rights.
The argument that the CIC cannot have the stature of the EC, which is a constitutional body, is
flawed as it is the requirement of the job done at these commissions.

Way ahead:

The mechanism of access to information will depend on effectiveness of this system. It should
therefore be ensured that the Commission and its functionaries perform their duties
independently and with complete autonomy.

For this, the status of information commission should be elevated to that of the Election
Commission of India.

Conclusion:

In a democratic society, people are the most powerful element and the right to information
empowers them to realise the fruits of democracy. Efforts, therefore, have to be made to have
an open regime accountable to its people. Dilution of RTI in any form will be detrimental to
openness.

Connecting the dots:

 The RTI Act, 2005 is truly heralded as one of the most advanced right to information
legislations in the world. However, recent amendments proposed by the government is
a regressive step. Discuss.

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About No-Confidence Motion

Part of: GS Prelims and Mains II – Indian Polity; Parliament

Key Pointers:

What is a No-Confidence Motion?

 According to the rules of the Indian Parliament, a government must always have
majority support in the Lok Sabha in order to remain in power.
 This means that the government must demonstrate its strength on the floor of the
House.
 If a member of the House feels that the government does not enjoy this majority, then
they can move a ‘no-confidence’ motion.
 A minimum of 50 members have to accept the motion. If not, then the motion fails and
the member who moved the motion is informed about it.

If the motion is accepted, then the onus is on the government to defeat the motion in order to
prove its majority.

If it is passed by the House, then the council of ministers has to resign. Conversely, the prime
minister can also move a ‘confidence’ motion in order to prove the strength of the government
in the Lok Sabha.

Article 371A of the Indian Constitution: Special status to Nagaland

Part of: GS Prelims and Mains - Indian Polity

Key pointers:
 Article 371 (A) is a special provision granted to the state of Nagaland as a partial
fulfillment of the 1960 agreement that later created the State in 1963.

 In this regard not only the customary law, social practice and belief of the people of
Nagaland but also the resources of the state is verdantly remain safeguarded from the
intervention of the union government and its various policies unless the State Assembly
so decides by resolution.

The part XXI of the Indian Constitution Article 371(A) - Special provision with respect to the
State of Nagaland states that –
Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution, –

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No Act of Parliament in respect of –

(i) religious or social practices of the Nagas,

(ii) Naga customary law and procedure,

(iii) administration of civil and criminal justice involving decisions according to Naga
customary law,

(iv) ownership and transfer of land and its resources, shall apply to the State of Nagaland
unless the Legislative Assembly of Nagaland by a resolution so decides;

The Governor of Nagaland shall have special responsibility with respect to law and order in the
State of Nagaland for so long as in his opinion internal disturbances occurring in the Naga Hills-
Tuensang Area immediately before the formation of that State continue therein or in any part
thereof and in the discharge of his functions in relation thereto the Governor shall, after
consulting the Council of Ministers, exercise his individual judgment as to the action to be
taken.

Public Affairs Index 2018

Part of: Prelims and GS mains II – Governance, transparency and accountability

In news:

Public Affairs Index 2018

 It is an index on the quality of governance, released by Bengaluru-based think tank
Public Affairs Centre.
 Kerala tops list (for the third time) of best governed large State in the country.
 Tamil Nadu and Telangana stood second and third respectively.
 Karnataka retained its fourth spot.

States are ranked based on 10 themes, 30 focus subjects and 100 indicators, such as power,
water, road and housing; Women and Children, Environment etc.

West Bengal proposes to change its name as Bangla

Part of: GS Prelims and Mains II – Indian Polity; Central State Relations

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In news:
 West Bengal Assembly has passed a resolution to change the name of the State as
‘Bangla’.
 The state government will forward the proposal to the Centre, which notifies new
names of places including states.

Important Value Addition

What is the procedure of changing a name of state?
 Process for changing the name of a state can be initiated by state itself. However, by
virtue of article 3, the parliament has power to change the name of a state even if such
proposal does not come from the concerned state.

What happens when name change is initiated by the state assembly?

 The state assembly would first pass a resolution for such change and this passed
resolution would be sent to central government.
 Central Government will create a bill and this bill will be sent back to the state
legislature to express its views in a stipulated time.
 The state legislature will need to give its views within this time as fixed by president.
Once this time is expired, the president will recommend to introduce that bill in
parliament. Once introduced, the bill will be passed, and president would give assent.
Thus, the name of state would be changed.

Do you know?
 Article 3 empowers the parliament make changes in area, boundaries, territory, name of
states even if such proposal does not come from the concerned state.
 For this purpose, the central government can simply get a bill passed in the parliament.
 However, constitution mandates that whenever such things need to be done, states
must be given an opportunity to express their views.
 Thus, first central government will create a bill, but this bill can be introduced in
parliament only by recommendation of the president.
 Before making such recommendation, President would send this bill to concerned state
legislature and give it a fixed time to express its view on that matter. However, state’s
view has no actual impact for fate of such bill. Whether the state says yes or no, once
the time given to it has passed, the President may recommend the bill to be introduced
in any house of parliament. Once passed the name of state gets changed.

History:
 Orissa became Odisha in 2011, but that was just a de-anglicisation of the state’s name.

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 Madras was renamed Tamil Nadu in 1969 and Mysore as Karnataka in 1973, but those
also involved re-organisation of territories.

SC on appointment of Lokpal

Part of: Functions and responsibilities of the Government; Separation of powers between
various organs; Governance issues

In news:
 The Supreme Court of India has reprimanded the central government over the delay in
appointment of Lokpal.
 SC has expressed dissatisfaction over the government’s stand on completing the
appointment of the Lokpal.

About Lokpal:
 Lokpal is the central governing body that has jurisdiction over all members of
parliament and central government employees in case of corruption.
 Lokpal is an ombudsman to protect the common man from corruption in public service
and power centres.

Do you know?
 Lokayukta is similar to the Lokpal, but functions on a state level.
 Government failed to appoint a Lokpal despite an April 2017 judgment by the Supreme
Court.
 The Supreme Court has sent across a timely message that efforts to cleanse the
economy must be matched by equally strong measures to cleanse public life too.

The main function of Lokpal and Lokayukta is –

 to address complaints of corruption,
 to make inquiries, investigations, and
 to conduct trials for the case on respective state and central government
 to help in curbing the corruption in the central and state government

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Issue of Lokpal appointment
 According to the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013, a five-member panel to select the
anti-corruption ombudsman, comprising the Prime Minister, the Lok Sabha Speaker, the
Leader of the Opposition, the Chief Justice of India and an eminent jurist.
 The post leader of opposition is not recognised, as no party (other than ruling party)
secured the 10% of total seats in Loksabha and it is the main reason behind delay in
appointment.
 The only reason for the delay in the appointment of the Lokpal is that a minor
amendment to the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013, to enable the leader of the largest
party in the opposition in the Lok Sabha to join the five-member selection committee, is
yet to be passed.
 A parliamentary committee has endorsed the amendment, which is on the same lines as
the mechanism for the selection panels for the Central Vigilance Commissioner and the
Chief Information Commissioner.

Think:
 Should the court take over and appoint the Lokpal?

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Punjab seeks special category status

Part of: issues and challenges pertaining to the federal structure, devolution of powers and
finances up to local levels and challenges therein

In news:
 Punjab government asks Centre to grant it special category status under the Pradhan
Mantri Rashtriya Swasthya Suraksha Mission.
 We know that Punjab is struggling to check the menace of drugs.
 Punjab government allege that – Punjab State is a victim of proxy war waged by Pakistan
 If Punjab gets special category status, that would make it eligible for higher grant from
the Centre.

Do you know?
 Jammu and Kashmir, hilly and Northeastern States are under special category status.
They get a higher share of central grants due to their disturbed status, difficult terrain or
due to sharing border with Pakistan.

About Special Category Status

 The concept of a special category state was first introduced in 1969 when the 5th
Finance Commission sought to provide certain disadvantaged states with preferential
treatment in the form of central assistance and tax breaks.
 Initially three states Assam, Nagaland and Jammu & Kashmir were granted special status
but since then eight more have been included (Arunachal Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh,
Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Sikkim, Tripura and Uttarakhand).

The rationale for special status is that certain states, because of inherent features, have a low
resource base and cannot mobilize resources for development. Some of the features required
for special status are:
 hilly and difficult terrain;
 low population density or sizeable share of tribal population;
 strategic location along borders with neighbouring countries;
 economic and infrastructural backwardness; and
 non-viable nature of state finances.

Think:
 Differentiate between the special status and special category status.
 Benefits which special category status states are getting.

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SOCIAL ISSUE/WELFARE PROGRAMMES

Education and caste-based prejudice

Introduction:

Even as a brave new India forges ahead with smartphones and cities, caste remains a major
force shaping social relations and politics.

Over the last few years, crimes against Dalits have been on the rise. Even in 2018, Indian
society doesn’t seem to have moved on from caste-based oppression and violence.

National Crime Records Bureau data also shows the number of crimes reported against Dalits
had risen.

Recent incidents of violence against Dalits

 Bhima Koregaon clashes between Dalits and upper castes
 Recently, three adolescent Dalit boys were brutally assaulted and paraded naked after
they were caught having swum in a well forbidden for use by Dalits.

Concerns: Perpetrators of violence against members of oppressed groups document their act
themselves, apparently to establish their brazenness. They intended to warn others against
transgressing traditionally-maintained boundaries of upper caste authority.

They don’t believe that history has moved on, towards new social norms. There is something in
the current political ethos that persuades them to hope for a return to old times.

The episode reminds us of the role that wells used to play in India’s social life before the advent
of piped water. Wells were often demarcated as caste territories. To have a well of your own, in
your courtyard, was a symbol of status.

Failure of education curriculum in reducing caste-based prejudice

Education in most states does precious little to deal with caste issues in any depth or detail.
Indeed, caste remains a curricular taboo. It is not supposed to be discussed directly. Nor is it
acknowledged as a major social institution, shaping relationships as important as marriage.

Schools, colleges and other educational institutions desist from engaging with caste in the false
hope that education will remove the social inequality.

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From friendships to politics, the influence of caste can be observed everywhere. Many young
people feel undisturbed by it. The rhetoric of being fair, open and unprejudiced is well-
established in colleges, but no real learning about caste-based practices takes place.

The belief persists that including the caste system in the curriculum will only reinforce it. Many
schools and colleges are established by caste associations, and they too prefer to let the magic
of caste remain subtle, percolating into the young mind quietly.

B R Ambedkar was right in seeing caste as a barrier to India’s intellectual growth, apart from
being the lever of oppression.

Connecting the dots:

 “Has education helped to speed up economic and social mobility among the lower-
placed castes?” Critically examine.
 “Has education helped to reduce caste-based prejudice?” Critically analyze.

College principals to have fixed tenures: UGC

Part of: GS Prelims

In news:
 College principals across the country could enjoy a minimum fixed tenure of five years,
according to recent University Grants Commission
 A college principal shall be appointed for a period of five years, extendable for another
term of five years on the basis of performance assessment by a committee appointed by
the (respective) university.
 Presently college principals do not have a fixed tenure.
 These regulations would replace the UGC Regulations of 2010.
 All universities in the country have been mandated to amend their statutes to give
effect to these amendments within six months.

AISHE - All India Survey on Higher Education report 2017-18

Part of: GS Prelims and Mains II – Social and Welfare issue

Highlights of AISHE report:

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 The total number of teachers in higher educational institutions in India has come down
by about 2.34-lakh in the last three years.
 Widespread concern over the continuing vacancies in universities

 The reason could be that professors who are retiring are not being replaced, and fresh
vacancies at all levels are not being filled up.
 Critics argue that - 2017-18 figure may have gone down because only teachers who
provided their Aadhar numbers were been shown as teachers from this year onward.

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Section 377 of Indian Penal Code

Part of: GS Prelims and Mains II – Social issue; Indian Polity

In news:
 Choice of a partner is a person’s fundamental right, and it can be a same-sex partner
(says SC judge at hearing on Section 377 case).
 In Hadiya case (March 2018 judgement), SC held that neither the state nor one’s
parents could influence an adult’s choice of partner. That would be a violation of the
fundamental right to privacy.

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Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code is a colonial-era provision which criminalises
homosexuality.
Hadiya, a Hindu girl from Kerala, converted to Islam and chose to marry a Muslim man.

Important Value Addition

Background:
Section 377 of the IPC states, “Whoever voluntarily has carnal inter­course against the order of
nature with any man, woman or animal, shall be punished with 1[imprisonment for life], or with
impris-onment of either description for a term which may extend to ten years, and shall also be
liable to fine.” This archaic British law dates back to 1861 and criminalises sexual activities
against the order of nature and the ambit of this law extends to any sexual union involving
penile insertion.

In 2009, in a landmark judgment, the Delhi High Court described Section 377 as a violation of
the fundamental rights guaranteed by the Constitution. Following this, religious groups moved
the Supreme Court for a direction against the verdict.

In 2013, Supreme Court overruled the Delhi High Court’s order and reinforced criminalisation of
homosexuality stating that Parliament’s job was to scrap laws. This judgment by the apex court
was highly criticised by the LGBTQ community in India and was seen as a setback for human
rights.

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In January 2018, the Supreme Court said a larger group of judges would re-consider the
previous judgment and examine Section 377’s constitutional validity.

SC bench to decide constitutionality of Section 377, whether Section 377 stood in conformity
with Articles 21 (right to life), 19 (right to liberty) and 14 (right to equality) of the Constitution.

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SC Order On Sec 377

Supreme Court bench recently concluded its hearing on Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code
(IPC)

What is Section 377? (Fast recap)

Section 377 reads as follows: “Whoever voluntarily has carnal intercourse against the order of
nature with any man, woman or animal, shall be punished with imprisonment for life, or with
imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to ten years, and shall also be
liable to a fine.”

Do you know?
 Section 377 of the IPC traces its history back nearly 500 years.
 Section 377 is modelled on Britain’s Buggery Act of 1533.
 The prime architect of that Act was the (in)famous Thomas Cromwell. Cromwell’s Act
made it a capital offence.

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 Thomas Macaulay, architect of India’s IPC in 1860, was the one who added this law into
the code at his discretion and without much debate.
 Thomas Macaulay is often credited with bringing English education to India.
 Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code came into force in 1862.

The terms “carnal intercourse” and “against the order of nature” are not defined precisely
anywhere in the code.
It had led to – wide variety of definition and misinterpretations of the law – in most of the cases
during British India and independent India.

Background:
 In a landmark judgement in 2009, the Delhi high court found Section 377 to be
inconsistent with the fundamental rights under Article 13(1) of the Constitution .
 Additionally, it was found to be in violation of the right to privacy and dignity (Article
21), freedom of expression and right to equality (Article 19 (1) and Articles 14 and 15).
 The judgement also stated that it would unfairly target the LBGTQ+ community because
the acts that are criminalized are closely associated with homosexuality.

In summary, the Delhi high court found Section 377 to be unconstitutional.

 Four years later, a two-judge bench of the Supreme Court overruled the Delhi high court
judgement on the grounds that it was legally unsustainable.
 The bench took a literal and technical view rather than the wider sweep that the Delhi
high court had applied, putting legal technicality above judgement and wisdom.

One side (the literalists) holds that Parliament must enact laws that the judiciary should
enforce, and, therefore, it is up to Parliament to change the law.

The other side (the pragmatists) has always maintained, as the incumbent government just
stated, that the courts must opine if Parliament is unable or unwilling to modernize a 150-year-
old law.

Though the 172nd report of the Law Commission of India recommended the deletion of Section
377, no action was taken.

Earlier this month, the Supreme Court began to hear a clutch of appeals challenging the
constitutional validity of Section 377.

According to the new bench –

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 “If Section 377 of the IPC goes away entirely, there will be anarchy. We are solely on
consensual acts between man-man, man-woman. Consent is the fulcrum here. You
cannot impose your sexual orientation on others without their consent.”
 A section of people could not live in fear of the law which shrink their rights to choice,
privacy and dignity.

Conclusion:

Section 377 criminalises a section of people for being a sexual minority. A cross-section of the
people has approached the Supreme Court against the penal provision. They are not just
seeking protection as sexual minorities, but recognition of characteristics inherent in all human
beings. They argue that the right to sexuality, sexual autonomy and freedom to choose a sexual
partner form the cornerstone of human dignity. Section 377 has a “chilling effect” on the right
of equality, liberty, life, dignity and non-discrimination on the ground of sex.

The pertinent question before the court is, what is the ‘order of nature’ meant by Section 377
in its text. Once the Constitution Bench decides that homosexuality is also an order of nature
and upholds the fundamental right to sexuality, sexual orientation and choice of same-sex
partners, the doors are opened for individuals to approach the court in future on the larger
issues of legalising same-sex marriages, inheritance, adoption, and reservation in employment.
Clearly, the verdict on Section 377 will bring subtle tectonic shifts in India’s whole social
landscape.

Connecting the dots:

 In India, Section 377 of the IPC was introduced not as a reflection of existing Indian
values and traditions, but rather, it was imposed upon Indian society due to the moral
values of the colonisers. Indian society prior to enactment of the IPC had a much greater
tolerance of homosexuality. Comment.
 Do you think the constitutional ideals of equality and justice have been compromised by
criminalising homosexuality in India? Discuss the issue in light of the controversy
surrounding section 377 of the Indian Penal Code.

Adultery must remain a punishable offence

Part of: GS Prelims and Mains II – Social issue; Governance

In news:

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 On question of whether Adultery should remain a punishable offence, the Centre said -
‘Dropping it from IPC will erode the sanctity of marriage and can be detrimental to the
intrinsic Indian ethos’.
 Section 497 of IPC deals with provision punishing adultery. It supports, safeguards and
protects the institution of marriage” considering the “unique structure and culture of
Indian society.”
 Centre has argued that striking down Section 497 would destroy the fabric of society
itself.

DRUG MENACE: Can death penalty alone deter drug trafficking and smuggling?

Introduction:
 Punjab government recently recommended to the Union government the death penalty
for first time offenders convicted for drug trafficking and smuggling.
 The below article tries to assess - whether such harsher punishments can help States to
deal with drug problem?
 Currently, the law on drugs is covered by the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic
Substances Act, 1985 (NDPS Act).
 Deterrence by harsh punishments has consistently failed, especially in the context of the
NDPS Act.

About Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985 (NDPS Act)
 The Act’s primary objective is to deter drug trafficking.
 The law contains every trick in the book to meet the above objective - strict liability
offences, mandatory minimum sentences, even the death penalty for certain repeat
offences, to name a few.
 The system has responded to the law by maintaining a high rate of conviction and
imprisonment.
 In 2015, 41.7% of all prisoners in Punjab were in jail for various offences related to this
law. The conviction rate recorded for NDPS cases in Patiala for the same year was
90.7%. Punjab continues to be plagued by drug-related deaths, as recently as June when
23 persons died of drug-related causes.

Do you know?
 The death penalty was introduced in the NDPS Act in 1989, to deter narco-terrorism.
 The legislators even at that time believed that the only way to tackle the growing drug
menace was to incorporate the harshest possible punishments in the law.

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Flaws in the NDPS Act?

1. Offences involving commercial quantities of drugs

 The law provides a mandatory minimum sentence of 10 years for offences involving
commercial quantities of drugs.
 In other words, people found with commercial quantities of drugs were assumed as
drug traffickers.
 It created a situation where many offences involving commercial quantity were, in fact,
not trafficking offences at all. As a result, sentencing in pharmaceutical drug cases
changed drastically across Punjab. (Unauthorised possession of 20 bottles of cough
syrup led to a 10-year prison sentence)
 Flaw – Given how the law interprets, it is hard to say whether the people imprisoned are
traffickers, peddlers, mules or users.

2. Possession alone can lead to conviction

 Under the law, proving possession alone is sufficient, the prosecution does not have to
prove intent to lead to conviction.
 Since intent is harder to prove than a criminal act alone, strict liability ensures higher
convictions. There have been misuse by Punjab police as they rarely examine the intent
of the criminal act.

Conclusion:
The way investigation is conducted right now, it is impossible to tell whether the person is a
peddler or smuggler, or an addict feeding his habit.

Therefore, Cabinet’s proposal or Punjab government’s recommendation to make the law even
harsher is one more attempt to play to the gallery. It may alleviate people’s concerns for the
time being, but it will not yield the results.

To ensure that traffickers are caught instead of users, the law must make intent an ingredient
of offences under the NDPS Act. The burden of proof should be on the prosecution to prove
that the accused possessed the drug for a particular purpose. Possession alone should not be
sufficient to constitute an offence under the Act.

The Act is also blatantly unforgiving of anyone found in possession of any drug. Section 27 of
the Act makes consuming any narcotic drug or psychotropic substance a criminal offence.
The state should consider decriminalising addiction and developing an effective treatment
strategy by consulting experts, partner agencies and users, and allocating adequate resources.

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Connecting the dots:

 The problem of drug addiction has become a serious threat in many states of India.
What in your opinion are the factors responsible for this menace? Does it portray a
worrying picture of India’s internal security preparedness? Critically examine.
 Drug menace has the capacity to ruin India’s demographic dividend. Can harsher
punishments like mandatory imprisonment and death penalty help States to deal with
drug problem? Examine.

Repatriation of Prisoners: A pact on transfer of prisoners

About: Repatriation of Prisoners Act, 2003

 The Act deals with allowing convicted foreign nationals a chance to get transferred to
their home countries, and prisoners of Indian origin in other states to be brought back
to India, to serve the remaining part of their sentences.
 The transfer of such prisoners to their own native countries shall facilitate their social
rehabilitation.

Do you know?
A sentence served in a foreign land, far away from family, familiar food and language, has been
globally perceived to be more onerous than one served at home.

Global conventions
 The right to return to one’s home country is assured under Article 12(4) of the
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.
 Vienna Convention on Consular Relations, 1963, provides for information to consulate,
consular protection and consultation upon arrest, detention and during trial in a foreign
country including entitlement to travel documents.
 Similarly, the UN Model Agreement on the Transfer of Foreign Prisoners and
Recommendations on the Treatment of Foreign Prisoners 1985, lays emphasis on the
social rehabilitation of foreign prisoners through early repatriation to their home
countries to serve their remaining sentence.
 Articles 17 and 45 under UN Conventions of 2004 state that - state parties should
consider entering into bilateral or multilateral agreements for transfer to their territory
of persons sentenced to imprisonment or other forms of deprivation of liberty for
completion of their sentences.

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In consonance with these international humanitarian commitments, most countries have

legislated on a Repatriation of Prisoners Act.

Indian conditions
India legislated its Repatriation of Prisoners Act in 2003 and it came into force from 2004.
 The first part deals with the transfer of sentenced foreign national prisoners from India,
while the second deals with the transfer of sentenced Indian nationals into India.
 It explains the eligibility for transfer, the transfer process and obligations upon the
transferring and receiving states with regard to consent, communication and custody of
a prisoner.

Every sentenced foreign prisoner in an Indian prison and every Indian national in a prison
abroad is technically eligible for repatriation to a prison in their home country under these
conditions:
 they are willing;
 have no pending appeals;
 the offence is not an offence under military law;
 the sentence is not a death sentence;
 they have at least six months of their sentence still left to serve, and
 their transfer has the consent of both treaty countries.

The Act is a significant one for India where there is considerable outflow and inflow by blue-
and white-collar workers, fishermen, students, stateless persons and other groups, throughout
the year. Several come into conflict with the law.

The Government of India has so far signed bilateral Agreements on Transfer of Sentenced
Persons with United Kingdom, Mauritius, Bulgaria, France, Egypt, Sri Lanka, Cambodia, South
Korea, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Bangladesh, Brazil, Israel, Bosnia & Herzegovina, UAE, Italy, Turkey,
Maldives-, Thailand, Russian Federation, Kuwait, Vietnam, Australia, Hong Kong, Qatar,
Mongolia, Kazakhstan and Bahrain.

Key facts:
 There were as many as 7,850 Indian nationals in the prisons of 78 countries.
 According to India’s National Crime Records Bureau, 6,185 foreign national prisoners in
India; 66% of them were from Bangladesh alone.
 Despite the call of alarming numbers and the scope of treaties, there were only nine
foreign prisoners repatriated from India in 2015, six from the U.K. and one each from
France, Germany and the UAE.

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 Between 2003 and March 2018, only 63 of 171 prisoner applicants abroad have been
transferred to India.

Conclusion:

Effecting transfers under the Repatriation of Prisoners Act, presents a win-win situation for
India as it need not spend unduly on the housing of foreign national prisoners. It can also save
the cost of providing consular services abroad by bringing back Indian prisoners. It can
simultaneously satisfy the public expectation of bringing nationals home and the meeting of
international humanitarian commitments.

Connecting the dots:

 According to you, what is the difference between Extradition and Repatriation? Do you
think there is a need for effective repatriation of prisoners? Discuss the steps taken at
domestic an international level in this regard.

Assessment of March 2018 SC Verdict on SCs/STs Atrocities Act

Introduction:

March 2018 Supreme Court verdict on framing guidelines on how to deal with a person accused
under the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989, said
–
 “An innocent should not be punished. There should not be terror in society… We do not
want any member of the Scheduled Castes (SCs)/Scheduled Tribes (STs) to be deprived
of his rights.”
 And the verdict called for “an inbuilt provision” to protect those falsely accused
innocent people under the Act.

Fast recap:
We earlier have read that -
 The SC/ST Prevention of Atrocities Act protects SCs and STs against discrimination and
atrocities.
 However, the SC/ST act can never be called a successful legislation. Dalits and Tribals
still face discrimination.
 On the other side, there is widespread concern over misuse of the provisions of the Act
against innocent persons. (with regard to automatic arrests of those accused under the
Act)

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 As per the Supreme Court of India, the SC/ST act has become an instrument of
“blackmail” and is being used by some to exact “vengeance” and satisfy vested
interests.

Therefore, the demand for “an inbuilt provision” to protect those falsely accused under the
Act was raised – first by a parliamentary committee in December 2014 and now in March 2018,
the apex court did so.
Concern:
All the three organs of the state are united with regard to this demand and this marks the
collapse of the constitutional scheme to protect the weaker sections.
 One, because the judgment is concerned with a limited aspect of the Act — protecting
innocent officers and employees in government and private sectors from the misuse of
the Act
 Two, as judgment conveys a false and dangerous message that the Atrocities Act is “a
charter for exploitation or oppression,” and “an instrument of blackmail or to wreak
personal vengeance”.

Critics to SC verdict argue that –

 One must consider why a fence was put up in the first place before pulling it down?
 court appears to have mistaken a large number of acquittals in atrocities cases to be
false cases
 there is no precise data on the scale and extent to which the Act has been misused by
SC/ST employees
 a single case got transformed itself into a judicial exercise of policymaking in a surprising
manner
 The SC court had all the power to initiate suo motu proceedings to examine the issue, or
refer the matter to a larger bench. This could have enabled the court as well as the
government to delve into the relevant facts and data. But the Court failed to do so.
 The court’s single-minded mission was to end “terror in society”.

Do you know?
 Article 338 in the Constitution of India deals with Special Officer for Scheduled Castes,
Scheduled Tribes etc
 Article also says - the Union and every State Government shall consult the Commission
[National Commission for Scheduled Castes] on all major policy matters affecting
Scheduled Castes.
 Article 338A, which created the National Commission for Scheduled Tribes, provides the
same procedure in case of STs.

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 Constitution (123rd Amendment) seeks to create the new National Commission for
Backward Classes under a new Article 338B, also has such provision.

Therefore, when the court wears the policy-making hat in matters related to SC/STs, it too is
constitutionally-bound to consult these commissions.
Conclusion:
The task of balancing the rights of innocent persons facing false accusations and the need to
accord legitimacy to the Atrocities Act requires compassion, equanimity, reverence for the
Constitution and awareness so even impromptu (unarranged or unplanned) comments from
the top court will acquire the force of law. Unfortunately, the March 20 verdict lost that
balance.
Connecting the dots
 The Supreme Court has recently diluted the SC and ST Act, 1989. Discuss the rationale
behind. Do you think the judgment needs a review? Analyze.

SC walking on tight rope between the narrow and the transformative approach

Introduction
Supreme Court is in the spotlight with cases dealing with –
 Aadhaar and relationship between the individual and the state
 challenge to Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code
 Sabarimala case
 constitutional challenge to adultery

All the above cases have placed the court at the heart of the culture wars.

While the Aadhaar challenge was argued on the relatively straightforward basis of when and to
what extent the state can exercise its coercive power over individuals, the other 2 cases
(section 377 and Sabarimala) have seen clashes between the invocation of personal rights and
the claims of cultural and religious groups.

This is set to continue with the forthcoming adultery hearings, where the state’s objection to
the decriminalisation of adultery is premised on the argument that it would destroy the
institution of marriage.

Supreme Court dealing with complex task

With cases dealing with constitutional rights of an individual against the state, the task of the
court is clear: the Court can strike down laws or rules if it is breaching the constitutional rights.

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However, when the Court is called upon to settle a battle in the culture wars, the task is filled
with greater complexity.
 This is because these conflicts often represent deep, long-standing and irreconcilable
divisions in society, touching issues of personal belief and conviction.
 Any indecisive or ill-suited resolution by the apex court in matters involving personal
belief will create anger and frustration (especially in alienated communities) and risks an
erosion of faith in the neutrality and impartiality of state institutions.

The framers of the Constitution consciously refrained from such complex situation by not
addressing them directly.

For instance, the framers deliberately placed the provision for a uniform civil code in the
unenforceable “Directive Principles” chapter, thinking that it was too divisive to be made a
fundamental right.

Following a narrow approach

In order to avoid the complexity and risk, there is a popular school of thought that asks the
court to tread with particular caution when questions of culture are at stake.

According to this school of thought, the court while dealing with such sensible matters should
limit its reasoning to technical points of law, avoid constitutional questions, decide only the
case before it consciously and refrain from expressing any opinion on the validity of any
personal belief or conviction.

The role of the court, in short, is to do everything it can to lower the stakes, and take a
pragmatic, problem-solving approach to the conflict rather than an ideal-oriented, expansive
one.

Adopting the transformative approach

There is, however, a rival philosophy of constitutional adjudication.

This philosophy holds that the Constitution is a transformative document, whose goal is to
erase and remedy long-standing legacies of injustice. A particular feature of these injustices is
their deep-rooted, social and institutional character.
In the Indian context, the most obvious example is that of caste. The pervasive and corrosive
influence of caste-discrimination in our society not only prompted the inclusion of a specific
article in the Constitution abolishing untouchability (Article 17), but over and above that, gave
rise to a constitutional vision of equality that specifically included affirmative action.

Conclusion:

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In both the 377 and Sabarimala hearings the transformative approach was articulated.

Arguments presented by mental health professionals (that decades of social exclusion and
ostracism of the LGBT community could not be remedied simply by “decriminalisation”) were
accepted.

The counsel declared that no institution — public or private — would henceforth be permitted
to discriminate on grounds of sexual orientation, or deny any person their civil rights.

By doing this, it would accomplish two crucial things:

(i) a small step towards removing the structural and institutional barriers that continued to
stand between the LGBT community and equal moral membership in the community
(ii) it would serve as a public acknowledgement of a wrong that society had been complicit
in, and which society was not determined to remedy

Similarly, in the Sabarimala case, counsel have urged the court to hold that religion cannot be
invoked to shield a discriminatory practice from constitutional scrutiny; and that, at the end of
the day, constitutional morality must prevail over precepts that are rooted in any particular
religion.
In these cases, therefore, the court is faced with a stark choice between the narrow and the
transformative approaches to navigating the choppy waters of culture and the Constitution.
Which direction it chooses to take depends upon what it believes the Constitution is for — and
will have profound consequences in the years to come.

Connecting the dots

 Judiciary should consciously refrain itself from complex cases that can instigate clashes
between the invocation of personal rights and the claims of cultural and religious
groups. Do you agree with this view? Give arguments in favour of your answer with
suitable examples.

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WOMEN ISSUE

Crime against women-data and its flaws

In news-
 Recently the Thomson Reuters Foundation put out the results of its 2018 The World’s
Most Dangerous Countries for Women survey.
 It found India to be the most dangerous country in the world for women.

Introduction
 The data on the status of women, following an international survey suggest that India to
be the most dangerous country in the world for women.
 The recent social media and news debate shows that India is asking all the wrong
questions about sexual crime and misunderstanding its answers too.

Amidst all the political reactions, some analysts examined the data and concluded that by
international comparison, India cannot be the world’s most dangerous.

Do you know?
 The survey conducted by Thomson Reuters Foundation about The World’s Most
Dangerous Countries for Women took into consideration 5 key areas.

They are:
1. Healthcare
2. economic resources and discrimination
3. customary practices
4. sexual violence and harassment
5. non-sexual violence and human trafficking

India, which was ranked fourth most dangerous in 2011, is now the world’s most dangerous
country for women.

What are the concerns about sexual crime in India?

In December 2012, a student was gang-raped in a Delhi bus and left to die, this horrific incident
later turned to be the watershed moment for women’s rights. Public displays of misogyny and
sexism have not abated but public disapproval of it is now far stronger.

In India support for victims remains contingent upon other allegiances — religious, for instance.

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Findings of the report and its lacunae

1. India has not evolved much on the use and misunderstanding of data on sexual crime.
2. The problem is two-fold: There is the part that official data is not taking into its account,
and the part that it is misunderstood.
3. It is fair to accept that in a deeply patriarchal and often violent country, women might
fear speaking out about sexual crime, and also fear reporting it to the police. But the
Delhi gang rape incident of 2012 has changed things on the ground to an extent.
4. There is increased awareness in addition to reporting of sexual crimes.
5. In this regard, the Thomson Reuters Foundation’s note that crimes against women grew
between 2007 and 2016 in India might actually be capturing some progressive rather
than regressive trends.
6. In a recent household survey it was found that less than 1% of sexual crime was
reported to the police and 98% of the sexual violence women experienced was by their
husbands even while marital rape is not recognised as a crime in India.
7. All the official data captured isn’t necessarily about crime. In an analysis of the cases
decided by Delhi local courts it was found that most of it relates to cases involving
consensual sex between sometimes inter-religious or inter-caste couples, matches set
by the couples themselves often to their families’ disapproval.
8. The enduring issue of some men being charged with rape after a “breach of promise to
marry”, yet another example of the price on a woman’s “chastity” — have had the
opposite effect of under-reporting; it inflated the number of rape cases to an
unspecifiable extent.

Way ahead

The above mentioned issues do not add up to the positive image.

If there is some “over-reporting” of rape in India, it stems from the deep discomfort the country
continues to have over women’s sexual autonomy.

Now it is time for us to look into the question If Indian women are really free? And it’s no more
about whether Indian women are safe.

Connecting the dots:

 That India is considered as one of the most dangerous counties in the world for women,
is a matter of serious introspection. In this regard, examine the factors that have led to
this perception and also the possible remedial measures.

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Sabarimala temple ban unreasonable: SC

Part of: GS Mains II – Fundamental Rights; role of Judiciary; Discrimination; Society and
Secularism

In news:

The Supreme Court of India has repeatedly struck down discriminatory religious practices, the
latest of which is the woman’s right to enter the famous Sabarimala temple.

Issue: women aged between 10 and 50 were banned from entering a temple because they are
considered ‘impure’ (due to menstrual cycle)

SC’s verdict:
 The SC Bench was supposed to decide whether Rule 3 (b) of the Kerala Hindu Places of
Public Worship (Authorisation of Entry) Rules, 1965 allows a ‘religious denomination’ to
ban entry of women between the age of 10 to 50 years. If so, does this amount to
discrimination and violation of the fundamental rights to equality and gender justice.
 SC bench has said - exclusion of women aged between 10 and 50 from entering a
temple because they are considered ‘impure’ amounts to the practice of untouchability,
a social evil abolished by law.
 Sabarimala temple drew funds from the Consolidated Fund, had people coming from all
over the world and thus, qualified to be called a “public place of worship.”
 Therefore, ‘exclusion of women amounts to the practice of untouchability’

CJI quoted Article 25 (1) which mandates freedom of conscience and right to practise religion.
“All persons are equally entitled to freedom of conscience and the right freely to profess,
practise and propagate religion…”

Important Value Additions:

Tradition in conflict with the constitution:

 Preventing women’s entry to the Sabarimala temple with an irrational and obsolete
notion of “purity” clearly offends the equality clauses in the Constitution.
 It denotes a patriarchal and partisan approach.
 The entry prohibition takes away the woman’s right against discrimination guaranteed
under Article 15(1) of the Constitution.
 It curtails her religious freedom assured by Article 25(1).

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 Prohibition of women’s entry to the shrine solely on the basis of womanhood and the
biological features associated with womanhood is derogatory to women, which Article
51A(e) aims to renounce. The classification based on age is, in essence, an act of
discrimination based on sex.
 Dr. B. R. Ambedkar famously said that public temples, like public roads and schools, are
places meant for public access and so the question of entry is, essentially, a question of
equality.
 The managerial rights of religious authorities under Article 26(b) of the Constitution
cannot override the individual woman’s religious freedom guaranteed under Article
25(1). The former is intended to safeguard, not annihilate, the latter.

Pic:
https://d39gegkjaqduz9.cloudfront.net/TH/2018/07/19/DEL/Delhi/TH/5_07/dc27cb64_225567
7_101_mr.jpg

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Sabarimala temple ban: because of celibate nature of the deity

We have already read many articles on this issue.
Issue:
 Women aged between 10 and 50 were banned from entering a temple because they are
considered ‘impure’ (due to menstrual cycle)
 The above can be viewed as discriminatory practices and violation of the fundamental
rights to equality and gender justice. -- Article 15(1)
 SC bench had also said that exclusion of women from entering a temple because they
are considered ‘impure’ amounts to the practice of untouchability, a social evil
abolished by law.
 It denotes a patriarchal and partisan approach.
 It curtails her religious freedom assured by Article 25(1).
 Prohibition of women’s entry to the shrine solely on the basis of womanhood and the
biological features associated with womanhood is derogatory to women, which Article
51A(e) aims to renounce.

Do you know?
 Article 25 (1) which mandates freedom of conscience and right to practise religion. “All
persons are equally entitled to freedom of conscience and the right freely to profess,
practise and propagate religion…”

Critics views:
Critics now argue that the prohibition on the entry of women of a certain age into the
Sabarimala temple is not based on misogyny but the celibate nature of the deity.
 Misogyny - dislike of, contempt for, or ingrained prejudice against women
 Celibate - abstaining from marriage and sexual relations, typically for religious reasons
or a person who abstains from marriage and sexual relations

Lord Ayyappa at the Sabarimala temple is a “Naishtika Brahmachari” and devotees who come
to offer him worship should appear to be brahmacharis. Hinduism is a faith of tolerance and not
discriminatory.

Women should accept the prohibition out of respect for the age-old tradition.

Promoting women entrepreneurs in India

Introduction:

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Today’s women have broken the glass ceiling and scaled new frontiers in business and industry,
bringing fresh ideas into the commercial and tech landscape of India. These innovations are
actively reshaping engineering, technology, design, handicrafts, weaving, shoe-making,
agriculture, organic farming and other cultural and creative industries.

The recent World Economic Forum meeting at Davos adds to this notion of the new age women
entrepreneur, putting out a call to bring up an equal number of women, in the labour force.
This equalisation can enhance the Gross Domestic Product of a developing country like India by
over 27 per cent.

Indian context:
As professional entrepreneurs, women are truly living their dreams. India has developed a
vibrant entrepreneurial landscape aided by several progressive initiatives and measures
instituted by the government.
Today, with more than 20,000 start-ups, India has emerged as the second largest start-up
ecosystem in the world and is expected to grow at 10-12 per cent year-on-year.
It is heartening to see that India jumped 50 places in the overall ‘Ease of Doing Business’
rankings and this is just another reason to keep plouging ahead full steam towards ensuring a
groundswell for women leadership in the country.

Women in India:
With women comprising over 48 per cent of the country’s population, it is impossible to think
of economic growth without women as the fundamental drivers of change.
It is projected that by 2025, India’s GDP will get an additional boost of 16 per cent, by
integrating women into the workforce.
The theme of the 8th edition of Global Entrepreneurship Summit, ‘Women first, Prosperity for
all’ highlighted that when women do better, countries do better.
 According to the Sixth Economic Census by the National Sample Survey Organisation
(NSSO), only 14 per cent businesses in India are run by women.
 It is estimated that over 90 per cent of finance requirement for women entrepreneurs is
met through informal channels since they are unable to source formal, collateral free
and transparent financing for their enterprises.
 The Mastercard Index of Women Entrepreneurs 2018 (MIWE) has observed that cultural
bias and a lack of access to financial services were amongst the major hindrances for
women business owners in India.

Govt initiatives:

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Over the past few years, India has witnessed record growth in women entrepreneurship. The
government initiatives includes-
 Stand-Up India- It has covered 12 villages in 4 months.
 MUDRA
 NITI Aayog’s recent Women Entrepreneurship Platform (WEP)
Above are steps in the right direction.

Several women-led leadership and mentorship programs such as empoWer, SAHA Fund and
Sonder Connect are also gaining traction in India.

Way ahead:
There is an urgent need to create an enabling environment for women to pursue their
entrepreneurial aspirations through progressive policies.
The Indian start-up landscape, with over eight million women entrepreneurs, is at an inflection
point where an accelerated pro-women change is of vital importance.
 We must focus on establishing necessary infrastructure, such as women-centric incubator
and accelerator models, actualising mentorship initiatives, increasing investment
opportunities, as well as redrafting educational policies and skilling initiatives, making them
more contemporary and relevant.
 Access to new age alternate funding for women entrepreneurs such as women specific
venture funds and crowd funding is important for encouraging their growth.
 We need to encourage women to invest in other female-led companies to balance gender
disparity, co-creating both mentorship and networking platforms.
 With emerging technologies such as hashgraph, blockchain, Artificial Intelligence (A.I), deep
learning and Internet of Things (IoT), it is of vital importance that the skillset of women be
expanded to match the current market trends.

Each small step that we take today will bring us closer towards fulfilling the larger vision for
India of our Agenda 25x25 — 25 per cent women entrepreneurs by 2025.
To achieve inclusive and equitable socio-economic growth, we must ensure that at least 25 per
cent of entrepreneurs in the country are women by 2025.

Connecting the dots:

 There is an urgent need to create an enabling environment for women to pursue their
entrepreneurial aspirations through progressive policies. Discuss.

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NALSA Scheme: Compensation Scheme for Women Victims/Survivors of Sexual

Assault/Other Crimes-2018

Introduction:
Compensation Scheme for Women Victims/Survivors of Sexual Assault/Other Crimes-2018
 It is scheme, proposed by the National Legal Services Authority, for compensating
victims of sexual assault and acid attack.
 Supreme Court recently said that the scheme should be modified to "some extent" to
make it applicable to child victims of such assaults.

Important Value Additions

About the scheme:
 As per NALSA's scheme, victim of gangrape in any part of the country would now get a
minimum compensation of Rs 5 lakh and up to a maximum of Rs 10 lakh.
 Similarly, in case of rape and unnatural sexual assault, the victim would get a minimum
of Rs 4 lakh and maximum of Rs 7 lakh as compensation.
 The scheme also says that victim of acid attacks, in case of disfigurement of face, would
get a minimum compensation of Rs 7 lakh, while the upper limit would be Rs 8 lakh.
 In acid attack cases, if the injury was more than 50 per cent, a minimum compensation
of Rs 5 lakh would be given, while the maximum would be Rs 8 lakh.

Do you know?
 Nirbhaya Fund was announced by the Centre in 2013 after the December 16, 2012
gangrape and murder case in Delhi to support the initiatives on women's safety across
the country.

ON RAPE AND CRIMES: Death Penalty is no solution

Introduction:

Remember the Supreme Court’s recent order on mob lynching?

 On July 17, a Supreme Court bench termed incidents of mob-lynching in India as
‘horrendous acts of mobocracy’
 It directed the Parliament to draft a new legislation to effectively deal with incidents of
mob lynching.
 The apex court also directed the police to register an FIR under Section 153A of the IPC
and do everything in their power to ensure that social order was maintained.

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The judgment endorses the belief that “it is the fear of law that prevents crimes”. However,
effective policing of mob violence may not be the only cause for failure.

Is Death penalty a solution?

The political class has recently shown increasing liking or affinity for the death penalty.
 Earlier this month, Punjab Chief Minister suggested the death penalty for first-time
drug offenders.
 In 2016, the Nitish Kumar government in Bihar introduced the death penalty for illicit
liquor trade without any evidence to suggest its efficacy.
 This year, BJP MP Subramanian Swamy moved, and then withdrew, a private member’s
Bill in the Rajya Sabha for death penalty for cow slaughter.
 More prominently, a Presidential ordinance was introduced by the Union government to
impose the death penalty for the rape of girls under 12 years of age.

In doing so, our political class has opted too often in the recent past to declare certain
categories of criminals worth eliminating.
Unfortunately, courts have often joined the chorus and actively sought and encouraged harsher
punishments.

Death penalty is not the answer

 In January, the Uttarakhand High Court recommended that the State introduce the
death penalty for cases of child rape.
 The courts have in the recent past showcased language with helpless frustration.
‘Monstrous,’ ‘beastly,’ ‘diabolical’ and ‘unfathomable’ have been used to refer to
offenders.

Such language is then read and highlighted across media, feeding the public with an idea that -
violence is the only means of justice.
Judicially expressed disgust does not aid in understanding crime, or preventing its recurrence.
Do you know?
 2013 Justice Verma Committee restrained to recommend death penalty for rape.
 Law Commission recommended restricting the death penalty only to crimes against the
state.

It should not be forgotten that the death penalty has never been a deterrent against any sort of
crime.
There is little empirical evidence to show that those about to commit a capital offence would
stop themselves merely out of the fear of being hanged. Further, there is a legitimate concern
that the country’s judicial system has not been consistent in awarding the death penalty.

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Lengthy prison sentences, constituting both well-deserved consequences for grave crimes and a
life-long opportunity for penitence, will adequately meet the ends of justice.

The court must resist being the avenger for society in favour of nurturing a culture where
justice and retribution are not the same.

The way ahead:

India’s growing violence culture can be best reversed by enhancing conviction rates through
reforms in the police and judicial systems.

Need of the hour: greater allocation of state resources towards the setting up of fast-track
courts; more one-stop crisis centres; proper witness protection; more expansive compensation
for rape survivors, and an overhaul of existing child protection services.

There is no question that the country deserves much better legal protection, but the death
penalty is not the answer.

Connecting the dots

 With more than 150 countries abolishing death penalty, is there a stressing demand in
India to abolish death penalty. Critically analyse.
 Violence can breed justice as well as injustice. Elucidate.

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CHILDREN ISSUE

For ‘safe childhood’: Need for Moral Responsibility and Moral Accountability

Introduction:
 Twenty people have been killed by raging mobs, on the suspicion of being child-lifters,
across the country in the last few weeks.
 The below article is excerpt of views by Nobel Peace Laureate Kailash Satyarthi,
founder of Global March against Child Labour and Kailash Satyarthi Children's
Foundation.

Disappointing facts:
 Today, people live in an uncertain world, who suspects that their children could be
abducted for prostitution, organ trade, forced beggary or any other form of slavery.
 Eight children go missing every hour in India to remain untraced and four are sexually
abused. These figures are enough to cause fear among the masses.
 Children are not safe in homes, schools, neighbourhoods, workplaces, shelter homes, or
even inside the places of worship and faith institutions. There are instances of children
getting abused by a family member or friend.
 There is lack of trust in the state as it has failed many times to bring the perpetrators to
justice.

Therefore, fears triggered by such insecurities quickly take the form of collective frustration.
Mob action, condemnable no doubt, is the most violent expression of such frustration.

However, there is a need to develop a culture of moral responsibility. It is important that we

don’t take the law into our hands and to follow the legal, judicial system for justice. But it is
necessary to point to the apathy among our institutions toward child safety.

Failure of the State?

Mob action is the most violent expression of fears about the safety of our children; it shows a
lack of trust in the state.
Reports on incidents like
 the sale of a baby by the Missionaries of Charity home;
 the rape of minor girls by a self-styled godman in Delhi; and
 the rape of a nine-year-old girl by a Maulana in a madrassa

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These raises a basic question: Why are many of these residential religious institutions allowed
to run without stringent regulations and checks?
 The government has information on 1.4 lakh missing children on one hand and on the
other, has a database of three lakh children staying in state and NGO-run children’s
homes. However, it has failed to effectively use simple technological solutions like
facial recognition software and try to reunite missing children with their families.
 The world’s largest democracy has failed to pass more stringent laws against child
trafficking and child pornography.

The missing links

 Many unfortunate incidents like those in Kathua, Unnao and Mandsaur attracted public
outrage. However, none questioned why an eight-year-old was grazing horses and not
attending school as per constitutional right to education.
 Or how a school in Mandsaur could have been so unsafe for a little girl. Or why a
political party not just tolerates but protects alleged rapists for so long.
 Demanding capital punishment for the perpetrators of child rape is the easiest way to
show social media heroism.
 However, there are very few incidents where an individual or institution ever took moral
responsibility for such a pathetic situation on child safety.
 Therefore, the urgent need is - a culture of moral responsibility and accountability
among our institutions, as opposed to the prevalent culture of superficial, convenient
responses.

“Moral responsibility is an individual decision and moral accountability is a culture”.

Mahatma Gandhi called off the Non-Cooperation Movement against the British because some
of his supporters turned violent in Chauri Chaura.

Martin Luther King Jr. repeatedly called for compassion and hope despite facing vicious racist
insults.

More recently, Nelson Mandela adopted the approach of reconciliation to bring about justice,
despite being a brutalised victim of apartheid.

“A culture of accountability can be created if the society and the state are guided by a moral
compass”.

Connecting the dots:

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 Numerous legislations regarding ‘Rights of children’ in India have failed to tap the real
essence of ‘Right to have a Childhood’. In the light of the statement critically discuss
how effective the Indian legislations have been in securing the ‘Rights of children’?

Can mere policing alone end child abuse?

Introduction:
 Police in India are caught up in the different nature of crimes committed in the country.
 If there are crimes such as frequent thefts in an area, it can be solved by increasing
manpower, improving patrolling and using technology. But if the task is to deal with the
recurrent rapes especially of minors, the above time tested methods prove to be futile.

Do you know?
 In 80-85 per cent cases of child rapes in our country, the offender is a known person. He
can be a neighbour, someone from the local community, a relative or even a family
member staying under the same roof.
 This horrific data, from the National Crime Records Bureau, simply shows even the best
of police systems and toughest of laws cannot ensure prevention of sexual violence
against children.

Issues in dealing with child abuses

 The legal system in the country can punish the perpetrator only after the crimes are
committed and before that damage has already been done.
 A jail sentence to the accused comes after years of legal battle, if at all, and hardly helps
the victim in dealing with lifelong trauma.
 Indian penal laws on sexual violence were last changed in 2013. It was a comprehensive
and well thought out amendment; even the definition of rape was widened. Some
crimes, mainly crimes involving women, like stalking and human trafficking were made
punishable.
 But 5 years down the lane after Nirbhaya rape case in 2012 we are presented with more
horrific crimes in Kathua, Unnao and other places.

Steps taken to tackle sexual violence

 Rape is punishable with death if the victim is below 12 years of age, this has become the
law of the land now.
 Today we have higher representation of women in the police force. Exclusive women
police stations have been established.

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 Gender sensitisation has become an essential part of the training curriculum in all police
academies.
 Special cells to deal with crime against women and children are functional at all levels,
starting from the Ministry of Home Affairs in Delhi to the office of SP in each district.

Have above steps really made difference in reducing sexual violence?

 During an awareness campaign conducted by the Odisha Police on sexual violence
against children, many heart-rending stories were narrated by the victims. In most
cases, the offender was either a relative or someone from the neighbourhood.
 A sexual offence by a known person is one of the worst things that can happen to a
child. Due to the physical and social proximity with the offender, the crime gets
perpetuated and the victims suffer continuously.
 Many a time, especially when the offender is a family member, the victims don’t resist
or report due to fear of social stigma. Sometimes they are not supported by their own
family.
 Sometimes minors do not even understand that they are being wronged. Even when
such issues come to light, many families try to hush them up and offenders go
unpunished.
 In many such incidents, victims are forced to change their statements in court just
because the matter has been ‘amicably settled’ among the elders, who are mostly men.

What can be done to reverse the horrifying scenario?

 In social crimes, the family and the community have an equally important role to play.
 Simple things like educating kids about ‘good touch’ and ‘bad touch’ can immensely help
in preventing sexual abuse.
 Societal norms make it difficult for any fruitful discussion on sex including safety in the
household. Children are left to fend for themselves.
 Similarly, families need to be educated that kids may need protection from people
around them as the perpetrator is lurking in the vicinity all the time.
 Continuous community awareness programmes are highly essential in educating the
possible victims, the affected families and even the likely offenders
 Community based programs like Anganwadi and Women Self Help Groups need to be
recalibrated so that they can function as crèche because many rapes take place in urban
slums, because children are left alone or with some person known to the parents.
 A regular discussion in the community on the issue of child sexual abuse can help
change the mindset.

The way ahead

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The perceived stigma attached to a victim has functioned as an escape tool for offenders.
 The recent “Me Too campaign” on social media has given courage to many women
across the globe to speak up against the wrongs they suffered for years.

 The community awareness programs also have a similar impact. For example recently in
a few cases of sexual abuse in Odisha, the victims said that the recent campaign gave
them the courage to speak up.

Along with stricter laws and effective policing, support from the family and society is needed to
control the menace of child sexual abuse.

Only when children are empowered to speak, when families are supportive and when the
community is aware and joins hands with the police and other agencies, will we be able to keep
our children safe.

Connecting the dots:

 The use of mere policing to deal with child sexual abuse has proved to be insufficient.
Critically analyse.
 Numerous legislations regarding ‘Rights of children’ in India have failed to tap the real
essence of ‘Right to have a Childhood’. In the light of the statement critically discuss
how effective the Indian legislations have been in securing the ‘Rights of children’?

Amendments to POCSO Act

Part of : GS Prelims and Mains II – Child welfare; vulnerable sections

In news:
 Women and Child Development (WCD) Ministry has proposed amendments to POCSO
Act.
 Proposal to enhance punishment in cases of sexual assault of male children.
 The move is being seen as an effort to bring in a gender-neutral law while dealing with
cases of sexual assaults.
 Boys who are sexually abused as children spend a lifetime in silence because of the
stigma and shame attached to male survivors speaking out

Ministry is also working on the proposal to amend the Act to award death penalty to those
convicted of raping children below 12 years.

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HEALTH ISSUE
Create leprosy awareness: SC

Part of: GS Prelims and Mains II – Health and Social issue

Leprosy on rise:
 India earned an honourable mention in a new WHO report on neglected tropical
diseases (NTD), it is also one of the handful of countries around the world that have
shown an increase in leprosy cases.
 The number of leprosy cases in India went up from 1,25,785 to 1,27,326 between 2014
and 2015.

About Leprosy:
 Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae, an acid-fast,
rod-shaped bacillus.
 The disease mainly affects the skin, the peripheral nerves, mucosa of the upper
respiratory tract, and the eyes.
 Leprosy is curable and treatment in the early stages can prevent disability.
 Leprosy is curable with multidrug therapy (MDT).
 Leprosy is transmitted via droplets, from the nose and mouth, during close and frequent
contacts with untreated cases.

In news:
 Recently, Supreme Court directed the government to create awareness that leprosy is
curable and not contagious.
 SC ordered All India Radio and Doordarshan to air programmes nationally as well as
regionally in the States.
 Persons suffering from leprosy deserved the empathy from authorities as well as the
society at large. They deserved to be treated with equality.

National Leprosy Eradication Programme

 It is a centrally sponsored Health Scheme of the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare,
Govt. of India with the objective to arrest the disease activity in all the known cases of
leprosy through early diagnosis and treatment.

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Ayushman Bharat National Health Protection Scheme (AB-NHPS)

Part of: GS Prelims and Mains II – Government schemes and policies; Health

About:

PM Modi’s ambitious scheme aims to provide coverage of ₹5 lakh per family annually and benefiting more
than 10 crore poor families in the country.

AB-NHPM will subsume the on-going centrally sponsored schemes — Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana
(RSBY) and the Senior Citizen Health Insurance Scheme (SCHIS).

Salient features of the AB-NHPM scheme:

 This scheme has the benefit cover of Rs. 5 lakh per family per year. The target beneficiaries of the
proposed scheme will be more than 10 crore families belonging to poor and vulnerable population
based on SECC database.
 The Rs. 5 lakh per family a year cover will take care of almost all secondary care and most of tertiary
care procedures. To ensure that nobody is left out (especially women, children and elderly) there
will be no cap on family size and age in the scheme.
 The benefit cover will also include pre- and post-hospitalisation expenses.
 All pre-existing conditions will be covered from day one of the policy.
 A defined transport allowance per hospitalisation will also be paid to the beneficiary.
 Also, benefits of the scheme are portable across the country and a beneficiary covered under the
scheme will be allowed to take cashless benefits from any public/private empanelled hospital
across the country.
 AB-NHPM will be an entitlement based scheme with entitlement decided on the basis of
deprivation criteria in the SECC database.

Operation Sagar Rani – find Formalin in fishes

Part of: GS prelims – Health and social issue; Science and Technology

(Recap) June 25th 2018 DNA – Operation Sagar Rani

From the previous article, we know that –

 Contaminated fishes preserved using formalin (formaldehyde) were seized in Kerala and also in
Tamil Nadu.
 Formalin, a cancer-inducing chemical, is used to prolong the shelf-life of fish.

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 Formalin causes irritation in the eyes, throat, skin and stomach. In the long run continued exposure
causes harm to the kidneys, liver and can even cause cancers.
 Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) officials have been undertaking tests (under
Operation Sagar Rani)
 It ensures the safety of fish sold in the market and ensures that it was handled hygienically at the
handling and distribution centres.

Pic link:
https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/b8n79s/article24369379.ece/alternates/FREE_615/vbk
-fish11

FSSAI: ‘The Eat Right Movement’

Part of: GS prelims – Health and social issue; Science and Technology

In news:
 Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) unveiled ‘The Eat Right
Movement’, built on two broad pillars of ‘Eat Healthy’ and ‘Eat Safe’.
 The programme aims to engage and enable citizens to improve their health and well-
being by making the right food choices.

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 Its aim is to cut down salt/sugar and oil consumption by 30% in three years

We have already read about FSSAI’s Operation Sagar Rani, now ‘The Eat Right Movement’
programme - ‘Eat Healthy’ and ‘Eat Safe’.

Do you know?
 The draft Food Safety and Standards (Labeling and Display) Regulations 2018 made
labelling of salt mandatory, introduced a special red labelling for high in fat, sugar or salt
(HFSS), introduced front of pack labelling among others.

Food safety @Temples

Part of: GS prelims – Health and social issue

In news:
 Now, temple prasadam to get validation of their safety and quality in the form of
certification by the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI)
 Temples will be soon selling prasadam in food grade containers that will have ‘best
before’ dates.
 There would also be regular inspections from the Food Safety Department (FSD) to
ensure quality and quantity in the prasadam being sold.

Fast recap:
 Operation Sagar Rani - Formalin, an unsafe chemical is being used by fishermen in
Kerala as well as in TN for preserving the fish harvests for longer. FSSAI has been running
tests under Operation Sagar Rani to ensure that the fishes being sold in the market are
safe for consumption.
 ‘The Eat Right Movement’ – FSSAI unveiled ‘The Eat Right Movement’, built on two
broad pillars of ‘Eat Healthy’ and ‘Eat Safe’. Its aim is to cut down salt/sugar and oil
consumption by 30% in three years.
 The draft Food Safety and Standards (Labeling and Display) Regulations 2018 made
labelling of salt mandatory, introduced a special red labelling for high in fat, sugar or salt
(HFSS), introduced front of pack labelling among others.
 Project Dhoop - Launched by Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) to
spread awareness about availing Vitamin D through natural sunlight and consuming
fortified food among school-going children

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Is Indian food clean?

In news:
 Huge quantities of fish laced with the substance, formalin—a known carcinogenic
chemical primarily used for stopping decomposition of corpses—have been seized
across the country.
Introduction

What is formalin?
 Formalin is derived from formaldehyde, which is a substance that is carcinogenic to
humans.
 Mixed in the right proportion with water, the paste is used for embalming and
preventing the decay of dead cells. Formalin, which contains 37–40% formaldehyde, is
used in mortuaries and labs.
Formalin is often used to preserve fish, which is an easily perishable food whose value depends
on its freshness. And when fish is imported from another state, to prevent rot during transport,
fish traders resort to using formalin, even though formalin consumption is harmful to human
beings.

How does formalin affect humans?

 There are several risks associated with ingesting formalin – having even 30 ml of a
solution, which contains as little as 37% formalin, can kill a fully grown adult.
 Once ingested, formalin releases toxins into the body, and the sustained ingestion of
formalin can eventually lead to cancer.
 Breathing even the smallest amount of formaldehyde gas can lead to pneumonia and
bronchitis.
 If formaldehyde is present in the air at a level more than 0.1 ppm, people could
experience a burning sensation in their eyes, nose and throat, apart from coughing and
sneezing. They could also experience nausea and skin irritation.
 If formalin reaches the stomach, a person could experience stomach ache and nausea.
Even if the fish or vegetables treated with formalin are cooked, it doesn’t stop the
formalin from releasing the toxins into the body.
The recent seizure of huge quantities of fish laced with formalin leads us to the bigger problem
of food adulteration in India.

Do you know?

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The technical definition of food adulteration according to the Food and Safety Standards
Authority of India (FSSAI) is, "The addition or subtraction of any substance to or from food, so
that the natural composition and quality of food substance is affected."

Food adulteration can be intentional when done to add volume, texture, taste or stability to the
items. Or it can be due to carelessness or poor maintenance of the facility/logistics on part of
the food manufacturer/ distributor. The bottom line is that it can cause serious long term
damage to your health.

Recent figures presented by the health ministry in Parliament suggest that almost one in four
food samples tested in 2016-17 have been found to be adulterated. And it is rising—from 19.5
per cent in 2014-15 to 23.4 per cent in 2016-17

Food adulteration, why is it a concern?

 Food is one of the basic necessities for sustenance of life. Pure, fresh and healthy diet is
most essential for the health of the people. It is no wonder to say that community
health is national wealth.
 The Supreme Court has said that access to food free from harmful substances such as
pesticides is a fundamental right.
 Consumption of adulterated food might be playing a role in the alarming rise of heart,
kidney and liver diseases, diabetes and cancer in the country.
Note
 Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) is an autonomous body established
under the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India.
 The FSSAI has been established under the Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006 which is
a consolidating statute related to food safety and regulation in India.
 FSSAI is responsible for protecting and promoting public health through the regulation
and supervision of food safety.

Issues with the adulteration

 The crackdown on formalin, however, has been restricted to banning fish from the
breeding states rather than trying to uproot the menace.
 Food adulteration in India has reached dangerous levels with nothing edible spared
from the unscrupulous practice.
 Rampant adulteration using toxic chemicals and synthetic colours is ruining people’s
health.
 In addition to lack of awareness among the public, the regulatory, monitoring and
enforcement mechanisms are just not up to the mark.

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The Food Safety and Standard Act 2006, which replaced the Prevention of Food Adulteration
Act 1954 repealed the life imprisonment clause for offenders provided in the previous act and
the penal provision for various offences was placed in the nature of monetary terms. Penalties
for very serious offences were diluted to the punishment between three months to six years.

Way ahead

Prevention is the key, and it can only be achieved with the help of a robust quality control
system and action against violators.

The new Consumer Protection Bill with stringent punishment for adulteration should be passed
in Parliament.

The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India’s proposal for life imprisonment sentences for
adulterers should be implemented.

Development of stricter monitoring programs to screen all food products for safety is the only
way to secure food supply and address the growing concern over food adulteration. Without
access to healthy foods, a nutritious diet that is necessary for good health is out of reach.

Connecting the dots

 What is food adulteration? How far has the government faired in cracking down this
menace and issues involved with it? Discuss

Ban of Oxytocin

Part of: GS Prelims and Mains – Health issue

In news:
 Government had banned oxytocin. The move came into effect from July 1, 2018.
 It is intended to curb the hormone injection’s misuse in cattle but the impact is being
felt by pregnant women, who require the medication the most.
 Often called the “love hormone”, oxytocin is released naturally in human bonding
activities such as sex, childbirth and breastfeeding.
 However, oxytocin was misused in the livestock industry, where activists say it causes
hormonal imbalances and shortens the lives of milch animals.

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GOVERNMENT SCHEMES
Internationalizing higher education

Introduction:

Since Independence, higher education system in India has witnessed various challenges –
 inadequate government funding
 poor quality
 increasing privatization and politicisation

Only IITs and IIMs (which constitutes a tiny segment of a system that enrolls 35 million
students) have shown some excellence.
However, things are changing now, at least at the Central government level and at the top of
the higher education system.

Towards innovation
 The National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF), implemented in 2016, is India’s
first government-supported ranking of colleges and universities.
 It may in the future guide government financial support for higher education.
 It will provide the basis for differentiating among colleges and universities.
 It will force participating institutions to submit data on critical areas, permitting
government to make key decisions.

What needs to be done to create elite, globally competitive world-class universities in India?
Apart from NIRF, two additional initiatives try to create world-class universities –
 Institutions of Eminence (IoE) project; and
 Graded Autonomy project

Institutions of Eminence (IoE) project

 IOE project will recognise 20 universities, 10 public and 10 private, and provide
significant government funds to the public institutions (no extra money to the privates)
and give enhanced autonomy for them.
 It is similar to many of the “excellence initiatives” common worldwide in providing extra
funding in return for innovative ideas to the winners.

Graded Autonomy project

 The Graded Autonomy programme provides considerable freedom for academic,
financial and administrative innovation to the colleges and universities participating.

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 Given the often stifling bureaucracy of higher education, it will be a significant stimulus
for innovation. Both public and private institutions are involved.
 The Graded Autonomy programme makes it easier to hire international faculty,
traditionally very difficult to do.

Do you know?
 Traditionally, colleges and universities have been restricted from deep international
collaboration.
 There has been little emphasis on attracting international students — only 47,575
international students study in India compared to the almost 400,000 in China.

Other initiatives:

Study in India initiative

 It seeks to attract international students mainly from a group of African and Asian
countries.
 It aims at doubling India’s tiny share of global student mobility from 1% to 2%.

Government-to-government MoU
 India is moving towards signing a pact on mutual recognition of academic qualifications
with 30 countries.
 Recently a government-to-government MoU was signed between India and France to
mutually recognise academic qualifications, a historic development.

Challenges
 India’s plan to upgrade 20 or more Indian universities to world-class quality will be
complex.
 It will also take time and consistent funding, probably at a scale beyond what is
envisaged in current plans.
 Universities should be granted with increased autonomy and freedom from the
bureaucratic shackles of government.
 Innovative ideas from the top universities has been little evident.
 Internationalisation is central to academic success in the 21st century — and India has
been notably weak.
 The inability in recent years to pass legislation relating to foreign branch campuses and
other relationships with overseas universities is an indication of the problem.

Carefully studying what has worked abroad may also provide useful ideas. India has shown
academic innovations over the years, but on a limited scale and never in the comprehensive
universities.

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Several Indian universities are finally awakening to the challenges of the 21st century. At least
several innovative programmes, backed by government, are in the works. Implementing them
effectively remains the key challenge.

Connecting the dots:

 Why Indian universities faring so poorly? How can Indian Universities Improve their
Global Standing?
 Why autonomy is important for universities? Analyse. Also discuss the emerging trends
in higher education in India as far as autonomy of universities is concerned.
 Why doesn’t India have globally competitive institutions of education? Examine. What
would it take to transform higher education in India? Analyse.

Flawed Institutions of Eminence List?

About:

We recently read that 6 higher education institutions have been named Institutions of
Eminence (IoE) by the Centre.
7. Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bengaluru
8. Indian Institutes of Technology, Mumbai
9. IIT, Delhi
10. Jio Institute of the Reliance Foundation
11. Manipal Academy of Higher Education
12. BITS, Pilani
(Last three are private institutions)

Advantage IoE

Education institutions which are in government’s list of ‘Institutes of Eminence’ (IoEs) will have
greater autonomy compared to other higher education institutions.
 They can be free from the clutches of the overarching regulatory regime of bodies such
as University Grants Commission (UGC), AICTE, and Medical Council of India (MCI).
 More autonomy in designing syllabi and deciding fee structure. Teachers would also be
allowed to take up consultancy work among others.
 Public institutions will get financial support from the human resource development
ministry.
 The private institutions under the project will enjoy two key freedoms: one, they can
offer as much salary as they want to their teaching staff; and two, the course fee can be

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completely market linked. The government institutions, however, will have to follow the
UGC scale of pay for permanent employees. For contractual staff including professors on
contract, they too can pay as much as they wish.
 If a new institutions fails to make enough progress in the first 18 to 20 months, then the
government will cancel its candidature. And the disqualified institution will be replaced
from a reserve list of institutions.

Failing role of regulators

It is the responsibility of Regulators to ensure that we have a socially desirable outcome but in
the case of higher education in India, the opposite seems to have happened.

The University Grants Commission (UGC) has, over more than half a century, micromanaged
this space, leading to a large number of publicly funded universities, producing low-level
‘knowledge’, which have shattered the aspirations of our youth.

Successive governments have tried to revamp the regulatory environment for higher education.
The latest offering is in the form of a proposed Higher Education Commission of India (HECI),
replacing UGC.

The main intention is to leave the HECI to focus on quality while leaving funding of public
institutions to the Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD).

Concerns:
 The above arrangement has raised concerns about the possibility of biasness that the
government may use its discretion to reward institutions according to its ideological
predilections.
 Even though the issue was ever-present hazard in a democracy but the recent move
whereby an elected government exercises it’s right to allocate funds has raised more
concerns.
One can only pressure it to be impartial and accountable in its actions.

The way ahead:

Even though ‘excellence’ is difficult to measure, it is not difficult to identify.

“In the world of ideas, excellence lies in the ability to participate as an equal in the global
knowledge commons”.

 The emphasis here must be on engagement; it is not necessary that institutions should
produce knowledge in every field or that its members abide by every idea and protocol

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in the fields chosen. Whether the criterion of equal engagement is met by the majority
of our universities is a moot question.
 We should wait and see whether HECI is going to be more than just old wine in a new
bottle.

Flawed IoE list?

The government’s IoE list already suffers from a serious lack of credibility, as the most obvious
question that arises is: Where are the universities?
 The IoE list has totally disregarded universities which embodies knowledge across a
wide range of disciplines.
 The emphasis should be on depth of knowledge across a broad horizon, rather than
dominated by engineering schools.

These engineering schools, notably the IITs, have done us proud but cannot be equated with
the great universities of the world for the simple reason that they are focussed on a narrow
domain.
 The IISc’s scope is of course broader than that of the IITs but it does not embrace the
social sciences and the humanities, the presence of which would be considered
necessary for an institution to be considered a university.
 While BITS Pilani made significant contribution to the country at a time when it
desperately needed engineers, it still doesn’t have the breadth of disciplines to be
considered a university.

However, the presence of the two other institutions on the list leaves one confused and
surprised.
 One of them has been conferred the status solely on grounds of greenfield category
institutions.
 The other is known largely for its practice of charging capitation fees. Eminence is not
usually understood in terms of money.

Conclusion:

Even before the HECI is a reality, we can get an overview of what to expect when such a limited
approach to education guides the hand of the state.

While there may be no political partisanship involved in the matter of finding eminence only in
engineering schools, the choices do reflect short-sightedness when the social sciences and the
humanities are completely ignored.

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Connecting the dots:

 Can the newly proposed Higher education Commission of India (HECI) is going to be
more than just old wine in a new bottle. Examine.
 Critically analyze the role of University Grant Commission in light of higher education in
India.

Is India’s new higher education commission bill visionary?

In News-

Recently, The Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD) has put out the draft Higher
Education Commission of India (Repeal of University Grants Commission) Act, 2018.

Introduction

The Constitution of India mandates Central Government to take steps for coordination and
determination of standards in institutions for higher education or research and scientific and
technical institutions.

For promoting uniform development of quality of education in higher educational institutions,

there is a need for creation of a Body that lays down uniform standards, and ensures
maintenance of the same through systematic monitoring and promotion.

The existing regulatory structure as reflected by the mandate given to University Grants
Commission required redefinition based on the changing priorities of higher education and
allows its growth.

Hence this Act provides for establishing the Higher Education Commission of India repealing the
University Grants Commission Act, 1956.

Do you know?
 The UGC, was formally established in November 1956 as a statutory body of the
Government of India through an Act of Parliament for the coordination, determination
and maintenance of standards of university education in India.
 The UGC has the unique distinction of being the only grant-giving agency in the country
which has been vested with two responsibilities: that of providing funds and that of
coordination, determination and maintenance of standards in institutions of higher
education.

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The UGC`s mandate includes:

 Promoting and coordinating university education.
 Determining and maintaining standards of teaching, examination and research in
universities.
 Framing regulations on minimum standards of education.
 Monitoring developments in the field of collegiate and university education; disbursing
grants to the universities and colleges.
 Serving as a vital link between the Union and state governments and institutions of
higher learning.
 Advising the Central and State governments on the measures necessary for
improvement of university education.

Flaws in the proposed Higher education commission of India bill

The default status of a good university is to be autonomous. The spirit of Clause 15 (3) of the
draft Act is no different to Section 12 of the UGC Act where wide powers are given to the
Commission.

The standards laid down by regulators are applied to all the universities but they cater to only
institutions at the bottom of the period. That is the reason why the IITs, IIMs and other good
institutions suffer at the thought of UGC control.

The draft bill for the National Commission for Higher Education and Research (NCHER) 2012 had
proposed a separate autonomous body for allocations of funds. It would have been good step if
the current draft took that into consideration instead of MHRD handling the funds.

National Knowledge Commission and Yashpal Committee had, in 2008, recommended the
setting up of a single regulatory authority. Presently, there are 13 regulators in the area of
higher education, each functioning independently and often times issuing contradictory
regulations. For ex- The draft act does not mention about the regulator for technical education

Accreditation is an important tool for quality improvement in learning outcomes. National

Accreditation Regulatory Authority Bill in 2012 had proposed for creating an autonomous
accrediting agency but the draft bill attempts to establish as a subordinate body.

UGC Act specifies that degrees can be awarded only by a university deemed to be a university
and an institution specially empowered by Parliament in this behalf. The present draft removes
that restriction and by virtue of authorisation by UGC, any higher education institution in India,
whether university or not, can become entitled to award diploma, degree etc. This could lead to
a free-for-all situation.

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The present UGC Act empowers it under Section 22 (3) to define a degree, including its duration
and nomenclature. The present draft removes that provision which can create chaos as
different authorities will be free to give different nomenclature to a degree/diploma with
variable duration.

The draft allows any university, including private and deemed-to-be-universities, to affiliate.
This could lead to an unhealthy competition and scramble for colleges for affiliation, especially
by private universities, for purely commercial reasons.
The skill programmes and courses are terminal in nature and given the stigma that society
unfortunately attaches to working with the hands, it has failed to get mass acceptability. The
draft could have provided more powers to the Commission in mainstreaming skills into the
education system.

Way ahead
Online education and blended learning are the order of the day and probably also of the future.
Madhav Menon Committee had recommended open and distance learning in place of highly
capital intensive conventional class room education. The present draft has retained that
provision which is a good sign going ahead with the much needed reforms.

Connecting the dots:

 Critically analyze the role of University Grant Commission in light of higher education in
India. Also suggest the broad framework which should be adhered to by the policy.
 Why doesn’t India have globally competitive institutions of education? Examine. What
would it take to transform higher education in India? Analyse.

Extended Gram Swaraj Abhiyan (EGSA)

Part of: GS Prelims and Mains II – Government schemes and policies; Rural development

In news:

Gram Swaraj Abhiyan (GSA) and EGSA

 Launched on April 14, the Gram Swaraj Abhiyan (GSA) aims to improve socio-economic
conditions of villages.
 GSA aims to provide poor households with electricity, insurance, LPG connections and
other such facilities.

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The Centre’s model-village scheme will now include 12 welfare flagship programmes and has
been extended to more villages. [therefore the name - Extended Gram Swaraj Abhiyan (EGSA)]

Phase I – Gram Swaraj Abhiyan (GSA)

 The first phase, between April and May, comprised seven schemes — LPG connection,
free LED bulbs and electricity, Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana, accident and life
insurances and Mission Indradhanush, a vaccination programme.

Phase II – EGSA
 The second phase added five new initiatives – which will concentrate on improving
schools, health services and nutrition and launching agricultural projects and a skill
development programme.
 The second phase will cover 49,175 villages, up from 16,850 in the first phase.

Recently, govt. deployed 800 IAS officers for village outreach (to ensure delivery of Central
welfare schemes via EGSA)

Swachh Survekshan Grameen, 2018

Part of: GS Prelims and Mains II and III – Government schemes and programmes; Social and
Welfare, Health; Environment and Pollution

In news:
 The Centre has launched the Swachh Survekshan Grameen, 2018.
 It is a nationwide survey of rural India to rank the cleanest and dirtiest States and
districts on the basis of qualitative and quantitative evaluation.
 This is the first comprehensive survey for rural India, which has been launched after
three successful editions of a similar survey in urban India.
 6, 980 villages across 698 districts will be surveyed

Do you know?
The rankings will be based on three basic parameters:
 direct observation of public places by independent surveyors,
 service-level progress using data from the Swachh Bharat Mission’s information system
and
 citizens’ feedback

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The feedback will be solicited through village meetings, online feedback and direct interviews,
as well as discussions with key influencers such as local officials, elected representatives and
anganwadi workers.

An audio-visual publicity campaign, featuring Swachh Bharat ambassadors Amitabh Bachchan

and Sachin Tendulkar, was also launched.

Future of Digital India

In news-
 The national telecom policy, rechristened as the National Digital Communications Policy
(NDCP-2018), is expected to be announced shortly after Cabinet approval.

Introduction
 The government recently has added more services through the UMANG (Unified Mobile
Application for New-age Governance) app for smartphones. This app offers 242 services
from 57 departments in 12 states.
 Though this initiative must be lauded for its unprecedented progress, there is a cause of
concern, a recent global survey on Internet/App usage by global research firm Pew
Research Centre ranks India lowest amongst the 39 large economies surveyed.

Do you know?
 UMANG App aims to bring 162 government services on a single mobile app, with a
larger goal to make the government accessible on the mobile phone of our citizens.

UMANG at a glance:
 Uniform User Friendly Interface across Government services
 242 services of 57 department/ applications and 8 States
 Single mobile app to access 1200+ services of various government services from Centre,
State and utility services
 Supports 13 Indian languages and caters to on-demand scalability
 Will soon support feature phones without internet connectivity through USSD

Where India is lacking?

1. Although the Digital India initiatives are focused on reducing the digital divide, a multi-
pronged strategy is required for India to emerge as a leading digital economy

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2. Government had introduced three national telecom policies—NTP 1994, NTP 1999 and
NTP 2012—in the past and the Broadband Policy in 2004.
3. But there has been a failure in the implementation of the stated objectives.
4. Free roaming was part of the NTP 2012 objectives, but it has not been fully
implemented (Outgoing calls while roaming are still charged).
5. Another example: NTP 2012 stated that broadband Internet should have a minimum
download speed of 2 Mbps, while to-date, an Internet speed of 512kbps is considered
broadband in India. In comparison, leading economies have already increased the
minimum speed to 7-20 Mbps.
6. The government, regulator TRAI, and telecom firms have failed miserably in providing
basic mobile call quality let alone the superlative internet speeds.
7. The telecom sector has been in financial turmoil with debts rising, because of mindless
spectrum auctions pushing the telcos into bankruptcy.
8. The hyper-competitive environment has led to some operators going out of business.

Note
The cumulative taxes paid by Indian telcos are the highest in the world. The telcos pay over 32
per cent of their revenue as taxes (including spectrum usage charges, licence fees, GST etc.) to
the government, compared to 3-8 per cent in other countries. The government must attempt to
reduce the tax burden on the telcos.

What can be done?

1. The government could consider delaying the NDCP-18. Instead, it could prioritize and
draw up specific actions for improving the health of the sector before the new policy is
introduced.
2. State-owned firms Bharat Sanchar Nigam (BSNL) and MTNL are making losses for several
years with no sign of revival.
3. Spectrum being a scarce resource, the government should look at improving efficiency
in the spectrum held by BSNL/MTNL by allowing private players with the right checks
and balances.
4. For high-speed Internet access, fixed broadband can be an alternative. BharatNet, a
special purpose vehicle envisaged in 2011, was an ambitious plan to connect all the
2,50,000 gram panchayats through a high-speed optical network. This initiative is
moving at a snail’s pace and should be stepped up.
5. Reliance is planning to disrupt broadband through an advanced fibre-based solution
(1Gbps speed), and aims to be an all-in-one broadband service by encompassing IPTV,
landline, video conferencing etc. BSNL currently the leader in fixed broadband service,
will face tough competition from reliance given its disrupting potential in the mobile
communications.

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6. Most of the e-governance websites and apps are not intuitive and even e-literate
citizens would find it challenging to navigate them. or the rural populace to become an
integral part of Digital India, simpler, innovative and intuitive user experiences must be
created.

Conclusion

The National Knowledge Network (NKN), a government initiative, can play a key role in bringing
students, researchers, academics and the government on a common platform for improving the
quality of experience.

The government would do well to encourage the NKN to pursue cognitive science programmes
that would look at easy ways to communicate and represent information through artificial
intelligence and human-computer interaction. Such an initiative will immensely help the semi-
literate/illiterate population.

For India to emerge as a dominant digital economy, the government needs to prioritize
achievable targets and ensure the implementation of the initiatives.

Connecting the dots:

 What do you understand by the term ‘digital divide’? What are its implications for a
developing economy like India? Also explain the potential of the Digital India scheme to
transform the life of a common Indian.

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INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

The new trade order: Tariff War

In news:
 U.S. and China launched tit-for-tat tariffs on each other’s imports.
 US increased 25% duties on Chinese machinery, electronics and hi-tech equipment,
including autos, computer hard drives and LEDs.
 Economists have warned that the escalating trade frictions could throttle global growth.

From previous articles, we already know that –

 Below picture shows US trade war with allies and partners.

Pic link:
https://d39gegkjaqduz9.cloudfront.net/TH/2018/07/06/HYD/Hyderabad/TH/5_12/63fe6f34_2
224070_101_mr.jpg

Assessment: Why US (Trump administration) is launching its trade wars?

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Since the start of the year, U.S. President Donald Trump has lashed out at allies and adversaries
alike on trade.

Often, as with India, the U.S. has pushed for enhanced security cooperation at the same time it
declared trade relations a national security threat.

There are at least three possible explanations for trade wars launched by Trump administration:

1. complaints about Chinese practices

2. preoccupation with meaningless bilateral trade deficits
3. a straightforward desire to block trade

Wall of Protectionism

Among the above three options, the best possibility point to the last one - simple
protectionism. (Because of below reasons)
 One, even though U.S. has significant concerns about Chinese economic practices, such
as China’s aggressive approach to acquiring intellectual property from American
businesses, it has not imposed tariffs on China alone. EU and Canada has also attracted
high tariffs.
 Two, Trump places a high priority on bilateral trade deficits. For instance, Chinese
products attracted higher tariffs. However, countries with which the U.S. runs a trade
surplus have also not been immune from trade attacks; Canada is a prime example.
 This then leaves the simpler explanation that Mr. Trump is fond of tariffs and believes
that American industry will do better behind a wall of protection.

Failure of Global trading systems

Global trading system such as General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade and World Trade
Organization were never designed to block a major world power from running amok. They
relied on the principal players in global trade respecting the system.

The WTO Dispute Settlement Mechanism has failed to act quickly to address the mounting
spats about trade protectionism emanating from the U.S. – a major reason why countries
around the world have not waited for verdicts from their WTO complaints and have instead
proceeded with retaliation.

Connecting the dots:

 Tit-for-tat tariffs/trade war between US and other countries has intensified recently.
Discuss the implications of such trade war on developing countries like India.

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 We are witnessing a trend of increasing protectionism and isolationism by the

developed countries of the world. What reasons can be attributed to this trend? How
will it affect India’s interests? Examine.

Afghanistan Jalalabad Incident

Introduction:
 Recently, a suicide bomber targeted a group of Sikhs and Hindus on their way to meet
Afghanistan's president in the eastern Afghan city of Jalalabad.
 17 out of 19 dead in the attack were from the minority Sikh and Hindu community.
 The suicide attack is yet another warning from the Islamic State to the war-torn
country’s unsound or deteriorating political and security apparatus.
 What more interesting is that the attack claimed the life of the only Sikh candidate
running for elections this year. The incident speaks volumes of the plight of minorities in
a country once celebrated for its diversity.

Background:

Sikhs and Hindus have long suffered widespread discrimination in the conservative Muslim
country and been targeted by Islamic extremists. Today the community is comprised of only
around 1,000 people.

Under Taliban rule in the late 1990s, they were told to identify themselves by wearing yellow
armbands, but the dictate was not wholly enforced. In recent years, large numbers of Sikhs and
Hindus have sought asylum in India, which has a Hindu majority and a large Sikh population.

Failed peace process:

Over the past few months, the Afghan government has been trying to reach out to the Taliban
to begin a peace process.
 Mr. Ghani first offered the militants pardon in return for giving up weapons, which the
group rejected.
 Recently, he announced a unilateral ceasefire (in the run-up to Id last month) which saw
some Taliban-led attacks come down. However, the IS, which controls some areas has
stepped up assaults.
 IS had threatened to attack schools in response to U.S. and Afghan military operations in
its controlled provinces.

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 A day before the Jalalabad attack, a boys’ school were set on fire and militants
beheaded three workers.

Major concern:

The IS set up its Afghan affiliate as a South Asian outpost when its so-called caliphate in Iraq
and Syria came under strain. Afghanistan is relatively easier terrain for the IS to recruit fighters
from and occupy turf.

When the government and the Taliban were fighting each other, the IS built a network in
certain provinces and started targeting minorities.

Most of its previous attacks were aimed at the Shia minority. Now, by attacking Sikhs and
Hindus, the IS has re-emphasised its worldview and renewed its threat to any attempt to make
peace in Afghanistan.

If the IS is allowed to grow, Afghanistan’s descent into total chaos will only be a matter of time.

Connecting the dots:

 A stable Afghanistan is key to India’s policy towards Central Asian countries. Comment.
Also examine the associated challenges.

Falling UNHRC

Introduction:

From previous articles, we read that –

 United States announced its withdrawal from the United Nations Human Rights Council
(UNHRC) terming it “hypocritical and self-serving.”
 The withdrawal of the U.S. sent shock waves through the international community,
foreign-policy think-tanks and human rights non-governmental organisations. However,
some feel this was the right decision and are now advocating withdrawal by other
countries; this includes those in India.

About UNHRC
 UNHRC is a United Nations body whose mission is to promote and protect human rights
around the world.
 It is an inter-governmental body within the United Nations system.

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 It meets at the UN Office at Geneva. The headquarters of UNHRC is in Geneva,

Switzerland.
 UNHRC was established by the UN General Assembly in 2006. It is made up of 47
member nations.

Analysis of HRC functioning:

The commission's record of performance is somewhat mixed. It has done a laudable job of
creating an awareness of human rights in the country and sensitizing public servants and
political authorities. But its record has been uninspiring in many other spheres of its work and,
over the years, there has been a steady decline of its credibility.
 The main criticism against HRC is that - it is made up of states not known for their
human rights records. (who are outstandingly bad violators of human rights - China,
Cuba and Jordan)
 Current members include Saudi Arabia, the Philippines, Pakistan, and the United
Kingdom — a few of the 47 states elected by the General Assembly, based on
geographic quotas. (increased number of non-Western members)
 Countries grossly violating human rights are still elected as members to the body.
 UNHRC’s agenda is considered biased by the US and other countries.
 The ‘Universal Periodic Review’ process, where all states are scrutinised, is currently in
its third cycle (2017-2021). No state is exempt from this process, including Security
Council members.
 The special procedures system of fact-finders and analysts is breaking down under its
own weight and lack of rigor in many instances.
 It has neglected, for instance, Egypt’s draconian four-year crackdown to crush all dissent
and Venezuela’s decimation of its once-vibrant democracy.

Some of the achievement of Commissions

Resolutions adopted by the commission have highlighted most important subjects dealing with
- Myanmar’s ethnic cleaning of its Rohingya population, Syria’s targeting of hospitals and other
civilian institutions, the Saudi-led coalition’s bombing and starving of Yemeni civilians, and
South Sudanese fighters’ slaughter of civilians because of their ethnicity. (including LGBTIQ
rights and discrimination on the basis of religion)

Another aspect overseen by the HRC is the appointment of special rapporteurs — independent
mandate holders — on issues including internal displacement, torture, racial discrimination, as
well as country specific mandates.

Connecting the dots:

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 ‘Rising humanitarian crisis and afflictions on people pose a serious question on working
of international organizations in the name of Human Rights Organizations’. In the light
of the statement, critically discuss the role of United Nations Human Rights Commission
(UNHRC) and other similar organizations. Do you think such organizations have proved
inefficient?
 “The UNO needs structural and functional reforms that are needed to be infused into as
new issues and forces impinge on its functioning”. Comment

Israel adopts Jewish nation law

Part of: GS Prelims and Mains II – International Affairs

In news:
 Israel’s Parliament adopted a law defining the country as the nation state of the Jewish
people.
 This move has provoked fears that it could lead to discrimination against Arabs.
 Arab lawmakers and Palestinians called the law “racist” and said it legalised “apartheid”
 The legislation, adopted by Israel’s parliament makes Hebrew the country’s national
language and defines the establishment of Jewish communities as being in the national
interest.
 Arabic, previously considered an official language, was granted only special status.
 Legislation stipulates only Jews have right of self-determination in the country

2018 BRICS Media Forum, South Africa

Key decisions at BRICS forum:

 decision to establish a BRICS Media Academy and a BRICS news portal
 theme — ‘Fostering an Inclusive, Just World Order’
 Forum to commemorate former South African President Nelson Mandela’s 100th birth
anniversary

10th BRICS Summit Johannesburg Declaration

Introduction:

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 Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa (BRICS) have existed as a coherent economic
group since 2009.
 BRICS has grown in influence, expanded the arc of its interests, and established new
institutions and partnerships in its first decade.
 More importantly, it has created for its members the habits of working together. Intra-
BRICS cooperation is on a rising trajectory.

Yet, the fact remains that BRICS is still far from achieving its initial goals:
(i) reform of global financial governance,
(ii) democratisation of the United Nations, and
(iii) expansion of the Security Council

— partially because two of its members (China and Russia) do not want the other three
members (India, South Africa and Brazil) to obtain parity in the global pecking order.

10th BRICS Summit Highlights:

The summit saw the BRICS leaders discuss various international and regional issues of common
concern and adopted the 'Johannesburg Declaration' by consensus.
The declaration reaffirms principles of democracy, inclusiveness and agrees to fight
unilateralism and protectionism.
 10th summit framed its deliberations against U.S. President Donald Trump’s
unconventional approach on world affairs, particularly the looming trade wars.
 Stressed for rules-based, transparent, non-discriminatory, open and inclusive
multilateral trading based on the World Trade Organisation.
 Broader commitment to cooperate for strengthening multilateralism, the rule of law
and an equitable international order.
 To help nations to prepare for the Fourth Industrial Revolution.
 Articulated the need for a new strategy on employment, education and skill
development as the digital revolution unfolds.
 BRICS Partnership on New Industrial Revolution (PartNIR) to engage with the private
sector and young innovators working at the cutting edge of technology today.
 BRICS Business Council to enhance trade and economic cooperation in diverse sectors
ranging from manufacturing and energy to financial services and regional aviation.
 Commitment towards an inclusive and “people-centred approach” on development.
 Steady progress in interactions through sports, films, education, culture and tourism.

Africa and BRICS Plus

 BRICS outreach to Africa began at the last summit hosted by South Africa, in 2013 and
has picked up momentum now.

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 African nations expect BRICS to play more crucial and broader role.
 African nations requested for big loans from the New Development Bank (NDB) for their
infrastructure projects.
 So far, the NDB has dispersed loans totalling $5.1 billion — all to its members only.

China introduced “BRICS Plus” format last year by inviting a few countries from different
regions – Argentina, Jamaica, Turkey, Indonesia and Egypt.
BRICS Plus has potential to evolve and an immediate benefit is the immense opportunities it
provides for networking among leaders.

Conclusion:
BRICS will continue to be an influential voice as long as its convergences prevail over its
divergences.
 Changing power equations within BRICS
 By lowering China’s dominance (esp. China-Russia proximity)
 Brazil played a low-profile role
 Sovereign equality of all members

India is playing “a delicate geopolitical game with the U.S., China and Russia as their spheres of
influence wax and wane” across regions.

No decision was taken to set up the BRICS credit rating agency that India favours.

The India-South Africa partnership helped to ensure that the Johannesburg Declaration was
balanced and well-rounded in its orientation.

The critical question is whether BRICS’s exertions will have appreciable impact on G-7 (the
grouping of the developed countries), which is in disarray and especially on the US
Administration.

Connecting the dots:

 Why is BRICS and its Bank important for developing countries, especially India? Critically
evaluate.
 The Johannesburg Declaration in the recently concluded BRICS summit is a diplomatic
win for India and holds immense significance to obtain parity in the global pecking
order. Do you agree? Comment.

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INDIA AND THE WORLD

INDIA-NEPAL: Time for India to play its cards right

Background:
 In the year 2015, India-Nepal relations hit a low over the promulgation of the
constitution and the Madhesi agitation.
 Nepal Prime Minister K.P. Sharma Oli, who assumed power in October 2015, accused
Delhi of enforcing a nearly six-month-long ‘blockade’ between end 2015 and early 2016,
in support of Madhesis.
 An entire generation of young Nepalis, who were already alienated from India due to
the opening of newer education destinations, saw the blockade as a move against a
neighbour which had not got its act right.

Nepal decides to get freedom from being ‘India-locked’

 Nepal had historically remained ‘India-locked’, rather than being termed landlocked, as
it is dependent on India for transit to the seas.
 Being landlocked is not much of an issue as one can get sea-locked, like the Maldives,
but to be completely dependent on a single country for transit rights (especially after
blockade) became an issue to resolve.
 Therefore, Nepal government set vision to transform their land-locked Himalayan nation
into a land-and-water-linked country and looks up to both China and India to meet that
vision.

Nepal-China Nexus
 In 2016 visit, Oli (for the first time) managed to push the agenda of a trade and transit
agreement with China on the lines with special agreements with India.
 With the U.S. influence decreasing, globalisation on the world stage was captured well
by China in 2017.
 China became the enabler of connectivity, world trade and dependency as it pushed its
Belt and Road Initiative (BRI).

With Southeast Asia well covered and inroads made in Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh, for
China, Nepal is the obvious next country for engagement. Nepal continues to remain the best
conduit for Indian markets for China.

Therefore,
 Nepal will be connected with China through a railway network in addition to roads.

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 While optical fibre cables already connect Nepal and China, transmission lines will
connect the two countries, providing Nepal a much needed alternative to sell excess
power.
 Rail and road networks will also provide Nepal an alternative for petroleum products
that continue to remain the highest imported product.

For Nepal, nurturing the relationship with China is more out of compulsion than choice.

The way ahead for India

Therefore, now the onus is on India to rethink on a long-term basis how to recalibrate its
relationship with Nepal.
 Nepal is a place of opportunity for people from the border towns of India.
 The impact of the Nepal blockade in Indian border towns was so intense that it forced
Indian traders to tap their own channels to end it.
 The perspective has to change in New Delhi to factor in Nepal’s concerns on the open
border.
 India needs to also realise the new reality that its monopoly over geopolitics in Nepal is
over, and there is another relationship that Nepal is nurturing.

It is time for India to be proactive and redefine its engagement rather than continue to be
reactive.

Connecting the dots:

 India’s approach to its ties with Nepal needs recalibration keeping in mind the
geostrategic significance of the landlocked nation. Examine.
 The current state of India’s relations with Nepal is unhealthy. The initiative to reduce
suspicion and generate political comfort must come from the larger nation, which is
India in this case. Discuss.

Current India’s Foreign Policy status

Introduction:

For India, it is very vital to maintain equilibrium with the U.S., China, Russia, the European
Union and members of the ASEAN.
 With U.S., China, Russia – because, they carry geostrategic heft, with the U.S. still being
the number one outside power balancer in almost every region of the world.
 With EU and ASEAN, as they two are economic powerhouses.

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India needs all of them, not one at the cost of the other.

Losing its eminent position

India has lost its eminent position in South Asia as a consequence of reckless adventurism in its
neighbourhood.
 Today, the neighbourhood is bending towards China, with India looking on like a hapless
bystander.
 For instance, India’s monopoly over geopolitics in Nepal is over, and there is another
relationship that Nepal is nurturing.
 Even in Afghanistan, where the attention of what remains of the ‘Western Alliance’ is
focussed, India is a non-player.
 (We can consider the case of Sri Lanka and Maldives too)

India has also lost its pre-eminent position in the developing world as a consequence of its
wilful abandonment of the leadership of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) and other such
institutions of the postcolonial world order. (PM Modi obtusely skipped NAM in 2016)

Background:

India emerged as the natural leader of the newly liberated nations emerging from the ravages
of imperialism and neocolonialism in the late 1940s and early ’50s, a position it maintained with
great care and perseverance even after the collapse of the Soviet Union when strategic thinkers
were characterising the victory of the West as the end of history.
The below article examines the cardinal errors one by one –

India’s strained relations

 Neither during the Obama years nor during the current term of Trump administration
has a single “big” idea emerged that could take the India-U.S. relationship forward.
 India has failed to clearly understand the Donald Trump phenomenon and India does
not fit into the calculus of Trump’s new paradigm.

The mimicry of Mr. Modi by Mr. Trump, the snub on the ‘2+2’ dialogue, and U.S. envoy to the
United Nations Nikki Haley’s aggressive speech on Iran should therefore come as no surprise.

NDA government had also failed to foster good ties with Russia and China.
 Russia holding anti-terror exercises with Pakistan in DRUZBA-2017
 the ill-conceived boycott of the Belt and Road Forum in Beijing in 2017 invited the wrath
of China via the Doklam standoff

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 Prime Minister had to travel to Wuhan and Sochi to effectively pay ‘court’ to Presidents
Xi Jinping and Vladimir Putin, respectively.

The worst casualty has, however, been India’s neighbourhood. In the past four years, the BJP
government has swung from the sublime to the ridiculous on Pakistan, blockaded Nepal for not
declaring itself as a Hindu Rashtra, lost Sri Lanka to the Chinese, been belittled by the Maldives
and even Seychelles. Europe, Africa, Latin and South America have fallen off the map.

The list is interminable. India’s foreign policy is up a creek without a paddle.

Arguments in favour of present government under PM Modi

Under PM Modi, India’s foreign policy has been on an upward trajectory.

Country’s stature has grown significantly due to his leadership in the foreign policymaking
process and charismatic role as India’s diplomat number one.

PM’s vision is to turn India into a leading power and a net provider of security and prosperity.
 India is now widely acknowledged as an actor living up to its true potential, reflecting
the aspirations of contemporary Indians.
 Two areas where Indian foreign policy has leapfrogged under Mr. Modi are cultural and
commercial diplomacy.
 Well-thought-out policy reforms and emotional engagements with the Indian diaspora
have added a force multiplier to nation’s soft power.
 By tapping into the transnational Hindu and Buddhist civilisational linkages and
harnessing them for strategic benefits in our extended neighbourhood, Mr. Modi has
reified India’s image as a repository of ancient wisdom that generates global public
goods.
 Record levels of inward FDI flows and improvements in a range of global ranking indices
bear testament to Mr. Modi’s success in economic diplomacy.

In geopolitics, Mr. Modi has made decisive choices –

 He has broken free of taboos that restrained India from capitalising on closer defence
and strategic cooperation with the U.S., Japan and Israel.
 Casting aside the obsolete concept of non-alignment and entering into deeper
circumstantial partnerships to expand India’s geostrategic footprint are no minor
accomplishments.
 India is working its way to becoming a third power centre in the world alongside the U.S.
and China. India under Modi also challenged the U.S. whenever it has hampered Indian
interests through trade barriers and economic sanctions.

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Challenges:

India is facing a unique combination of diplomatic, security and strategic challenges today.
 The growing economic, defence and strategic partnership with the U.S. is being
questioned on account of the transactional nature of the Trump administration, its
unreasonable trade demands, its focus on other issues such as North Korea, and its
sanctions related to Iran and Russia that are unmindful of India’s interests and costs.
 India’s hitherto reliable and largest defence partner, Russia, is becoming increasingly
enmeshed with China and Pakistan.
 India’s neighbours, including the Maldives, Nepal and Sri Lanka, are exploiting new
opportunities to leverage their possibilities with China vis-à-vis India.

The picture is complicated. There are strong sui generis challenges and headwinds, requiring
course modulation and adaptation.

Conclusion:

Foreign policymaking always faces challenges in an evolving world. India will also need to
strengthen itself further economically and in its defence capacity, including in technology and
production. It will also need to improve its capacity for implementation of agreed upon
cooperation projects.

Connecting the dots:

 What is your assessment of the foreign policy being pursued by the Indian government?
Do you perceive any ideological shift? Examine.
 Discuss the paradigm shift in India’s foreign policy with reference to the changes
brought by the new government.

Topsy-turvy world: Living in uncertain times

Introduction:

We live in an uncertain time, an age of disruption and much of the world seems to be in a state
of bewildering confusion.

The world has witnessed major political upheavals; escalating levels of violence; technology has
become the biggest disruptor of all; many large firms are being challenged by start-ups;

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Artificial Intelligence is threatening everything that we are aware of. These breed uncertainty,
apart from confusion.

Age of disruption
 Till very recently, North Korea was seen by the U.S., and much of the West, as the
principal part of the “axis of evil”. But with recent (simple) meeting in Singapore, U.S.
has announced that North Korea no longer poses a nuclear threat, nor is it the “biggest
and the most dangerous problem” for the U.S.
 Russia’s Vladimir Putin is pitted against almost the entire Western world, and is being
blamed for an array of human rights violations.
 Afghanistan is rocked almost daily by terror attacks by the Taliban, the Tehreek-e-
Taliban Pakistan, or the Islamic State.
 West Asia is embroiled in several wars. Syria is the worst-affected and has almost
ceased to be a state. Tensions between Iran and Saudi Arabia have intensified. Tensions
between Israel and the Muslim world have peaked.
 The war launched by the Saudi Arabia-led alliance of Arab States against Yemen is
turning into a war without end.
 In South Asia, even tiny countries like the Maldives are challenging bigger neighbours
like India.
 Political uncertainty in Europe. Germany, which appeared the most stable of European
countries till recently, is in deep crisis politically.
 France and much of southern Europe are experiencing fluid political situation.

Upside-Down World

In a world of utter confusion, autocracies or dictatorships have remained more stable, while
democracies seem increasingly dysfunctional.

Under President Xi Jinping, China, for instance, is making steady progress, despite the
occasional dip in economic forecasts.

Mr. Xi and the Chinese Communist Party are on achieving several milestones such as –
 ‘wiping out poverty and becoming a moderately prosperous society by 2021’ (100th
anniversary of the founding of the party)
 a ‘Made in China target to be completed by 2025’
 turning ‘China into a fully developed nation by 2049’ (100th anniversary of the founding
of the People’s Republic of China)

Russia is, again, not constrained by contrarian pulls and pressures.

 It has entered into a strategic relationship with China
 It is seeking to consolidate its influence in Eurasia

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 It has been able to stand up to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and the West.
 Its economy is also on the mend.

Other dictatorial regimes, such as Turkey, are proving more resilient than democratic regimes
across the world, and better able to manage turmoil within and outside their borders.
Most democracies, on the other hand, reveal a far from homogeneous state of affairs, with
ruling and opposition parties increasingly working at cross purposes.
 For instance, in Germany’s coalition government, different parties pulling in different
directions.
 In the U.K., for instance, the Conservative and Labour parties face serious internal
divisions.
 In the U.S., both Republicans and Democrats appear in poor shape.

Indian democracy, unfortunately, is not an exception. The Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)
currently projects an image of a strong centralised party. Most other parties are split by internal
dissensions. Yet, the BJP has been unable to ensure the smooth functioning of Parliament.

Concerns for India

 India’s position in its region is reducing; neighbourhood is bending towards China, with
India looking on like a hapless bystander.
 Neither during the Obama years nor during the current term of Trump administration
has a single “big” idea emerged that could take the India-U.S. relationship forward.
 India has failed to clearly understand the Donald Trump phenomenon and India does
not fit into the calculus of Trump’s new paradigm.
 US insisting India to abide by U.S. sanctions on Iran; postponed the 2+2 dialogue.
 There are signs of renewed engagement between Pakistan and the U.S.
 India’s relations with China: Despite the Wuhan summit, our relations with China remain
equivocal. The Doklam stand-off has yet to be resolved.
 U.S. continues to insist that India resile from its commitment to buy the Triumf missile
defence systems from Russia.

Conclusion:

Without a serious debate in Parliament, it would be difficult for the government to reach a
consensus on how to deal with this kind of situations.

India needs a national consensus to tide over the crisis and withstand U.S. pressure, since
succumbing to it would be detrimental to our claims to ‘strategic autonomy’.

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The time has, hence, come for the government to seek out the Opposition to debate some of
these issues inside Parliament, so that foreign policy, at least, remains on an even keel and is
not buffeted by the cross-winds of adversarial party politics in the country.

In other words, India needs strategic cohesion, and Government-Opposition dialogue is vital for
this.

Connecting the dots:

 India needs strategic cohesion, and Government-Opposition dialogue to tackle the
growing uncertainity of its foreign policy. Do you agree? Elucidate.
 What is your assessment of the foreign policy being pursued by the Indian government?
Do you perceive any ideological shift? Examine.

India and South Korea

Part of: GS prelims and mains II – International Relations; India and the World

Key pointers:
 Both the countries pledged to double trade in the next decade

The two sides signed 11 MoUs and agreements

 expanding the 2010 Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement
 joint vision statement that committed to more military exchanges and enhancing
defence projects together

India and US Sanctions:

Part of: GS Prelims and Mains II - India and the world; International Relations

In news:
 In tightrope walk, India schedules talks with Iran and U.S.
 The below pic provides all the info.

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Pic:
https://d39gegkjaqduz9.cloudfront.net/TH/2018/07/14/DEL/Delhi/TH/5_11/2b4abb9d_224394
8_101_mr.jpg

Do you know?
 India is going ahead with the purchase of S-400 air defence systems from Russia despite
American concerns.
 The U.S. has passed the CAATSA (Countering America’s Adversaries Through Sanctions
Act) that proposes to impose sanctions on nations that have significant defence
relations with Russia.

India and Sri Lanka

Part of: GS Prelims and Mains II - India and the world; International Relations

In news:
 India has sought Sri Lanka’s cooperation in swift completion of joint ventures

India-assisted projects such as –

 proposed joint venture to run the Mattala airport in Sri Lanka’s Southern Province;
 an LNG terminal near Colombo, and
 the joint development of the oil storage facility in the eastern port town of Trincomalee

From below map locate following places –

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 Galle
 Trincomalee
 Colombo
 Palk Strait
 Palk Bay
 Gulf of Mannar

Pic: http://smartraveller.gov.au/Maps/Sri_Lanka.png

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India and Africa ties

Part of: GS Prelims and Mains II – International relations and India and the world

In news:
PM Modi to attend BRICS summit in South Africa and also visit Uganda and Rwanda

India and Rwanda

 India to sign a defence framework agreement with Rwanda
 The defence agreement is expected to enhance ties between the two countries, which
became Strategic Partners in January 2017
 Other areas of cooperation - dairy cooperation, leather exports, agriculture and cultural
ties
 PM Modi to visit the genocide memorial centre in Kigali, remembering the one million
Rwandans killed in the Hutu-Tutsi conflict during the 1994 pogrom.
 India was expected to enhance the Lines of Credit for Rwanda, which have already
topped $400 million for development cooperation.
 India has yet to set up a long-promised embassy in Kigali, despite specific promise to do
so

Map work:
Locate and observe the following:
 Rwanda doesn’t touch Indian Ocean
 It is a land-locked country
 Located a few degrees south of the Equator, Rwanda is bordered by Uganda, Tanzania,
Burundi and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
 Rwanda is in the African Great Lakes region and is highly elevated; its geography is
dominated by mountains in the west and savanna to the east, with numerous lakes
throughout the country.
 African Great Lakes located around the Great Rift Valley - Lake Victoria to Lake Kivu

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Pic: https://cdn.britannica.com/700x450/95/7195-004-DD38439B.jpg

India and Rwanda: Girinka programme

In news:
 PM Modi gifts 200 cows to Rwanda (under Girinka scheme of African nation)
 The Girinka (meaning ‘May you have a cow’) programme started in 2006 to provide one
cow to every poor family for their nutritional and financial security.

India and China - to play a larger role in Africa

Key pointers:
 Africa’s global outreach and its engagement were earlier confined to developed world.
 But now this is changing as African countries seeking other partners.
 Emerging powers in Asia sees this as an opportunity to tap into.
 Proof - Recent visits by India and China to Africa underscore both the countries are
shaping new narratives of engaging with Africa.

Growing engagements with Africa

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 Ahead of the 10th BRICS Summit, Indian PM visited Rwanda and Uganda, while China
visited Senegal and Rwanda, with a stopover in Mauritius.
 With the 10th BRICS Summit in Johannesburg, South Africa – the bloc of emerging
market economies will also be opening a new chapter in their all-round cooperation.
 PM Modi had earlier visited Mozambique, South Africa, Tanzania and Kenya in 2016.
 In the last four years, there have been 23 outgoing visits to Africa by the President, the
Vice President and the Prime Minister.
 Recent PM visit to Rwanda is the first ever Prime Ministerial visit and India elevated its
ties to that of a strategic partnership last year.
 First China-Africa Defence and Security Forum was held in Beijing last month (June 2018)
which saw a host of African ministers and army chiefs in attendance.

Do you know?
 Africa exports raw materials and imports manufactured goods.
 For both China and India, bolstering economic ties are of paramount importance.
 Africa’s trading patterns with the Asian giants still remain rather traditional.

Difference approach
 Indian engagement lays emphasis on the long term — enhancing Africa’s productive
capacities, diversifying skills and knowledge, and investing in small- and medium-sized
enterprises.
 China’s approach is more traditional — resource-extraction, infrastructure development
and elite-level wealth creation.
 China is currently Africa’s largest trading partner ($166 billion in 2011).
 India-Africa trade: $62.66 billion (2017-2018)

The Indian private sector has yet to take full advantage of the investment climate in Africa.
Africa is also important with regard to security and geo-strategic considerations for both India
and China.
 India’s security and defence cooperation with Africa is mainly limited to maritime
cooperation in the form of anti-piracy operations off the coast of Somalia, deployment
of Indian forces to UN peacekeeping missions in Africa, regular shipping visits, and
joint-naval patrolling in the Western Indian Ocean Region.

 China supports Africa’s military transformation by providing equipment, advanced

technology, and independent capacity-building in security — and the China-Africa
Defence and Security Forum is an important development.

Both India and China are laying emphasis on infrastructure and connectivity projects in priority
regions of the world as the next phase of economic globalisation.

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 In China’s ambitious Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), East Africa and the Indian Ocean
Region are key focus areas.
 India’s key focus areas – cross-border connectivity with Eastern African countries and
Indian Ocean island countries.
 India desires to foster more robust people-to-people connections, increase investment-
led trade and business opportunities, and strengthen bilateral partnerships.
 India is also seeking to reinvigorate its cultural links with East Africa under the rubric of
Project ‘Mausam’, an initiative of the Ministry of Culture.

India-Africa cross border connectivity programmes –

1. Project ‘Mausam’ which seeks to revive lost linkages with the Indian Ocean ‘world’ (East
Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia).

2. Maritime-port connectivity under the government’s Security and Growth for All in the
Region (SAGAR) and the SagarMala initiative.

3. Digital connectivity under the Pan African e-Network project on tele-education and
tele-medicine (launched in 2004)

4. Air connectivity in the form of direct flights from Indian cities to African destinations.

5. Asia Africa Growth Corridor (AAGC) – a trilateral initiative (India, Japan and many
African nations) – to develop ‘industrial corridors’, ‘institutional networks’ for the
growth of Asia and Africa, and to promote development cooperation.

Conclusion:
From the above it can be concluded that –
 the centre of gravity of global politics and economics shifts to the Indo-Pacific region
 emerging powers like India and China will begin to play a larger role in Africa
 There are significant differences in their approaches, however the challenge for them
would be to develop partnerships with African nations in a way that makes Africa a part
of their growth stories.

Map work:
East African nations

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Pic: https://www.eachamber.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/region-map.jpg

Connecting the dots:

 India’s engagement with the African countries is one that of shared history of
colonialism and struggle against the imperial powers. It makes India the natural partner
for the Africans. However, on the contrary, it is China that has made deep inroads into
the African continent. Why? Analyse. (For Model answer, refer to Q.3 in below link –
https://iasbaba.com/2018/02/synopsis-iasbabas-tlp-2018-upsc-mains-general-studies-
questions-30th-january-2018-day-47/)
 What strategic importance does Indo-African ties hold for India seen in the larger
framework of global south-south cooperation? Also discuss the recent developments
between India and East African countries.

Bhutan and India: Treaty of Friendship

Introduction:
 Bhutan and India have a unique relationship matched by no two other countries, thanks
to the Treaty of Friendship signed in Darjeeling in 1949.

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 The below article just gives the glimpse or background how both the countries had
fostered their ties and how the relationship lays the foundation for their future
development in the 21st century.

History
 After India gained independence, Bhutan was one of the first countries to reach out to
the new India.
 Formal bilateral relations between Bhutan and India were established in January 1968
with the appointment of a special officer of the Government of India to Bhutan.
 The basis for bilateral relations between India and Bhutan is formed by the Indo-Bhutan
Treaty of 1949.
 On August 8, 1949 Bhutan and India signed the Treaty of Friendship, calling for peace
between the two nations and non-interference in each other’s internal affairs.
 However, Bhutan agreed to let India “guide” its foreign policy and decided that both
nations would consult each other closely on foreign and defence affairs. The treaty also
established free trade and extradition protocols.

The Treaty of 2007

 The treaty of 1949 between India and Bhutan was updated in 2007. The most significant
change was in Article 2.
 Article 2 was the most important provision in the treaty, according to which, “The
Government of India undertakes to exercise no interference in the internal
administration of Bhutan.
 On its part, the Government of Bhutan agrees to be guided by the advice of the
Government of India in regard to its external relations.
 The point that had provoked some amount of criticism or controversy pertains to the
second part of this Article since it tries to qualify Bhutan’s external relations.

The new Article 2 is worded as follows:

“In keeping with the abiding ties of close friendship and cooperation between Bhutan and India,
the Government of the Kingdom of Bhutan and the Government of the Republic of India shall
cooperate closely with each other on issues relating to their national interests. Neither
Government shall allow the use of its territory for activities harmful to the national security and
interest of the other.”
Conclusion:
The updated India-Bhutan Friendship Treaty not only reflects the contemporary nature of the
relationship but also lays the foundation for their future development in the 21st century.

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Amongst others, the Treaty provides for perpetual peace and friendship, free trade and
commerce, and equal justice to each other’s citizens.

Connecting the dots

 Bhutan is India’s most trusted partner but it shouldn’t be taken for granted. Critically
analyse relation between both countries.

Keeping friends close: India Iran Relations

In a recent interview, former Vice-President Hamid Ansari said –

 India’s relationship with Iran has been built carefully by all past governments as Iran for
us is not just an energy supplier… For us, Iran is a land power on the other side of
Pakistan that provides us with an alternative route to Afghanistan.

India-Iran relations:
For India, relations with Iran have a domestic political dimension. As the largest Shia country
and home to some of the holiest shrines of the Shia community, Iran remains influential among
India’s large Shia population.
India and Iran have always shared deep social, cultural, economic and political connections and
relations that have enriched both civilizations. The use of the Persian language at the Mughal
courts is just one example of Iranian cultural influence in north India. A growing number of
Iranian students are enrolled at universities in India, most notably in Pune and Bengaluru.

It is noteworthy that Iran was one of the first countries with which India signed a Friendship
Treaty in March 1950.

Significance of India-Iran relations

 Energy and to decrease the dependence on Saudi for oil
 Chabahar port
 Role in Afghanistan and Iran-Afghan railway link connectivity
 Geopolitical and strategic position etc

Recent developments:

The US has told India and other countries to cut oil imports from Iran to “zero” by November 4
or face sanctions.

U.S. Ambassador to the UN, Nikki Haley has threatened India to drastically reduce its energy
imports from Iran by November 4 or else India would be subject to American sanctions.

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US threat is in direct conflict with India’s strategic interests in the region and an insult to Indian
sovereignty.

Recently, India-Iran relations have improved considerably because of growing energy and trade
dependency and greater recognition on both sides of the conjunction of strategic interests.
India should not allow relations with a potential regional ally to be disrupted by empty
American threats.

Connecting the dots

 What should be India’s approach to Iran keeping in mind the recalibrated stance of the
US in the region? Discuss.

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ECONOMY
GST: 1 year assessment

Part of: GS Mains III – Indian Economy; Government policy/schemes

(MAINS + PRELIMS FOCUS)

Introduction:

GST was launched with the intention to achieve:

 Higher and efficient tax collection;
 lead to ease of doing business;
 eliminate cascading effect;
 make markets efficient;
 lead to lower prices.

The indirect tax regime (GST) was presented as a win-win situation for everyone.

So was the GST able to achieve the above objectives?

 According to the article - it is important not to expect instant results as there will be
many short comings when a complex reform is rolled out. However, it is important to
assess - Whether the economy is heading in the right direction?

Performance of GST after 1 year:

 Businesses have not yet experienced ‘ease of doing business’
 IT functioning of the GST Network (GSTN) – unsatisfactory and delays in access
 Complexity of the tax filing system
 even though 17 taxes were replaced by one tax, simplification did not follow
 has led to reverse charge mechanism (RCM)
 Both big and small businesses facing severe difficulties
 Frequent problems and changes made by GST Council – leading to confusions
 Separate taxing system - Composition Scheme and anti-profiteering clause – was
brought in
 Failure and postponement of e-waybill system
 Prices have not fallen, rather GST has contributed to inflation
 Complex tax structure
 cascading effect continues

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Crux:

For a year now, there have been reports every day of new problems cropping up and
clarifications being sought from the authorities. In some cases, court cases are being filed.
 Prices have not fallen. GST has contributed to inflation because services are now taxed
higher — the rate has risen to 18% from 15%.
 Restaurants misused the ITC and it was replaced by a different scheme. It also prompted
government to legislate the anti-profiteering clause. But it is proving hard to implement;
industry is resisting it.
 Even though essential goods are exempt under the GST, as basic goods and services
prices rise, all prices increase. For instance, if diesel or truck prices rise, transport costs
increase. All prices rise even if they are exempt under the GST, examples being the cost
of cereals and vegetables.
 The tax rate structure (0%, 5%, 12%, 18% and 28%) is also so complex. There are
different rates for gold and jewellery. Some petro-goods and alcohol (human
consumption) are not a part of the GST. Electricity and real estate are also out of the
GST.
 The multiplicity of tax rates and exemptions means that the cascading effect continues.

Conclusion:
 India does not have a full GST which is applicable from raw material to the final
good/service. The chain is broken in many places. Partial GST may not meet the
objectives effectively.
 The GST is not bigger than the policy changes introduced in 1991 and hence not the
biggest reform.
 It is not yielding more revenue to enable governments to spend more on services for the
poor.
 Further, by damaging the unorganised sectors, it has set back output and employment
in the economy rather than leading to a higher growth rate.

These problems emanate from introducing a very complex tax in a complex economy. In brief,
while there are a few gains, the economy is not headed in the right direction because of the
faulty design of the GST.

Items under GST

Part of: GS Prelims – Current affairs and Indian Economy

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Keep track of items under GST (We never know, UPSC might ask question on similar lines of previous
year Prelims GST question :D)

Why inflated MSP can’t lead to Farm prosperity?

Introduction:

Government had decided to offer a minimum support price (MSP) of at least 1.5 times the
expenses borne by farmers for all crops. (in Union Budget 2018)

Niti Aayog, in consultation with Central and State Governments, had to put in place a fool-proof
mechanism so that farmers will get adequate price for their produce.

PM Modi recently assured that the Cabinet would soon decide on fixing the MSP for kharif
crops at 150% of the production cost.

However, question arises –

 Even though the above intent to tackle farm distress is laudable, can hefty hikes in MSPs
be counterproductive?
 Many have questioned the rationale behind raising the MSP at 1.5 times of the
production cost.

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Why hefty hikes in MSPs could be counterproductive?

 It could push domestic prices out of sync with global prices and destroy market
discipline in crop choice, cost control and efficiency.
 If the MSP scheme takes the form of actual procurement, state outlay would have to
cover, over and above the cost of procurement, the cost of storage, transport, spoilage
and pilferage, besides significant costs such as market taxes and loading and unloading
charges.
 A rise in the MSP will lead to increase in food inflation.
 Farmers would still be exploited in case of overproduction when middlemen cartels
purchase their produce at a much lesser rate.
 MSP would only benefit a margin of farmers and not those who hold small tracts of
land. There are chances that all farmers will not reap the benefits of maximum MSP.
Besides, the fact that the MSP of only Kharif crops has been increased, it is unlikely that
a large pool of farmers will benefit. There are chances that there will be a large-scale
disparity between the income of farmers belonging to a different state.

Policy should pursue what is best for Indian farming, not populist glory.

The way ahead:

Policy focus should be rather on investment — in efficient water management and irrigation,
plant breeding and genetics, crop husbandry, market linkages — and in breaking the
middleman’s hold over the farm-to-consumer value chain, replacing it with farmer-led
enterprises, whether cooperatives or producer companies, that allow farmers to capture a
share of the value added to their produce along its journey to the dining table/factory.

Since, government attempts to make every village electrified, agro-processing industry in rural
areas is a real possibility, not just climate-controlled storage.

Productivity should be raised in every crop, considering the rise in demand for superior foods
with rising income levels.

Good roads in rural areas, together with a rational approach to trade, would allow conversion
of local gluts into supplies to the global markets that enhance farmer incomes.

It can be reiterated that the long-term solution to farmer distress would be through improving
the supply chain, establishing agro-processing zones and creating a better agri-logistic platform.

Connecting the dots:

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 Can Government's efforts to increase MSP by 1.5 times for all crops alone tackle farm
distress? Discuss what more needs to be done.
 India needs both price and income support for farmers to tackle farm distress. Do you
agree? Discuss.

Increased MSP to Farmers

Part of: GS Prelims and Mains II and III – Government policies and schemes; Social Reforms;
Farmer issue

About:
 We kept reading - farmers’ groups agitating on the lack of announcement on MSP rates.
 Government had decided to offer a minimum support price (MSP) of at least 1.5 times
the expenses borne by farmers for all crops. (Union Budget 2018)
 So finally the Union Cabinet has approved a hike in MSPs for kharif crops so that they
are 50% higher than the cost of production, not including land costs.
 The decision was taken by the Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs headed by
Prime Minister Narendra Modi.

Do you know?
 The minimum support prices are announced by the Government of India at the
beginning of the sowing season for certain crops on the basis of the recommendations
of the Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices (CACP).

Outcomes:
 Increase in MSP is likely to inflate the food subsidy bill
 hike would boost farmers’ income and purchasing capacity
 inflation might rise due to higher food prices
 It could push domestic prices out of sync with global prices and destroy market
discipline in crop choice, cost control and efficiency

Need for reforming Indian financial structure

(Mains Focus)

Introduction:

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RBI’s Financial Stability Report: highlights the following –

 Indian banks will continue to be under pressure because of their bad loans.
 Bad loans will continue to increase in the current financial year while capital adequacy
will decline.

It also highlighted that most of the current policy attention focused on first three of four
components of a recovery in financial sector health— recognition, resolution, recapitalization
and reform.

Even as the challenges of recognition, resolution and recapitalization continue to dominate the
public debate, there is also a need for a debate on the financial structure reforms that India
needs in its next round of economic growth.

Background: Indian Financial Structure in post-independence

There have been two different financial structures till now.

1. Financial structure which came up during the era of planned industrialization.
2. Financial structure that came up after the radical economic reforms of 1991.

Financial structure which came up during the era of planned industrialization.

 The then government set up specialist financial institutions—Industrial Finance
Corporation of India, Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation of India and
Industrial Development Bank of India—to provide funds to new projects at a time when
local financial markets were not developed enough to provide long-term finance for
new industrial projects.
 These financial institutions focused on project finance while the commercial banks
provided working capital.

Financial structure that came up during second era: after the radical economic reforms of
1991.
 Former RBI governor M. Narasimham committee provided a road map for a complete
overhaul of the Indian financial system.
 According to Narasimhan committee, a financial system that had evolved within a
system of credit planning would be out of sync with a market economy.
 Narasimhan committee pushed India in the direction of universal banking, as the
specialist financial institutions either converted themselves into commercial banks or
withered into insignificance.

Concern:

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The experience of the past decade clearly shows that commercial banks have struggled to
profitably lend to long-term projects. They are now weighed down with soured loans to steel,
telecom, power and infrastructure projects.

Public sector banks were forced to lend to these projects during the previous credit bubble
times.

Commercial banks have been unable to convert their short-term liabilities to long-term assets
for a variety of reasons. The limitations of universal banking are evident now.

What next? Is there a need to create new generation of development finance institutions?
 The old financial institutions could lend cheaply because they had access to subsidized
capital—either from international agencies or directly from RBI.
 These options are neither possible nor recommended now.
 To blindly transplant the old financial structure into a market economy is not a good
idea.

The way ahead:

What India perhaps needs is a newer generation of financial agencies that can help build
national infrastructure without landing in a balance sheet mess.

The other alternative is deeper bond markets to provide finance to large projects.

There is a need for a financial structure in which large companies borrow from the bond
markets while smaller companies get their funding from commercial banks.

The Indian bond market has shown some signs of life in recent years, especially after banks
went slow on fresh lending because of their balance sheet troubles. The risks of depending on
commercial banks to fund large projects are still evident.

Connecting the dots:

 There has been an impetus on streamlining bond markets to provide finance to large
projects. In this light, discuss the potential of bonds in India.

Sunil Mehta Committee: NPA and stressed assets

Part of: GS Prelims and Mains III – Indian Economy

Key pointers:

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 Sunil Mehta Committee – deals with faster resolution of stressed assets

 The committee has recommended the creation of an asset management company for
the resolution of stressed loans worth more than ₹500 crore
 The committee had also laid out a plan to resolve SME loans within 90 days.

WPI and CPI based inflation

Part of: GS Prelims and Mains III – Indian Economy and related issues; Inflation

Key pointers:
 Wholesale price inflation touches a four-year high (highest since December 2013)
 Main reason for high inflation – rising fuel prices (especially crude petroleum and
natural gas segment)

Important Value Addition:

We keep coming across these two terms – Wholesale Price Index (WPI) based inflation and
Consumer Price Index (CPI) based inflation – in news often. Let us know what these are.

Know the basics:

 What is a price index?
 What is the purpose of a price index?
 What is 'Wholesale Price Index'?
 What is Consumer Price Index (CPI)?
 Difference between WPI and CPI inflation
 Does RBI use WPI or CPI Inflation to manage monetary policy?
 WPI Inflation Vs CPI Inflation: Which should you keep in mind?

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Visit: https://iasbaba.com/2016/09/iasbabas-daily-current-affairs-20th-september-2016/

Is the time ripe for third wave of banking reforms in India?

Introduction

India carried out nationalization of its Banks in 1969 and 1980 with the stated objective of
‘controlling the commanding heights of the economy’. As a result eighty percentage (20) banks
were nationalised and brought into the fold of government.

Access to banking for the poor was the main aim and rural development was the focus. This
culminated in the establishment of new institutions such as NABARD AND SIDBI. But they
have not been successful in meeting the true ends as they act more as banks for the
governments doing more treasury business than banking for the target groups.

Next phase of big bang reforms started when the Narasimhan committee recommendations
were accepted which resulted in the privatization of banks to induce competition. Banks
competed alright but not for serving the unserved population, rather for profits.

Technology was introduced. The costs of technology being huge, they had to be recovered from
the customers.

Charges for services started rising. Internet facilities were introduced. Convenience banking and
convenience charges became the order of the day.

Issues with the Indian banking

1. Technology became the master and banks became servants. Huge numbers of
complaints started and banking Ombudsman had to be appointed by the regulator.
Banks were supposed to be financial intermediaries but this intermediation was taken
to the extreme, introducing universal banking providing for sale of third party products.
2. The year 2014 saw the ‘Jandhan’ as new avatar of ‘no-frill’ savings bank accounts. Credit
to the needy sectors and persons showed signs of improvement but for a short period.
3. The vitality of financial sector was lost during the last ten years with irresponsible
lending to corporate houses, several at the behest of government and vested interests
resulting in unsustainable non-performing loans currently standing at Rs 10 lakh crore.
4. Mechanical application of accountability to credit decisions has left bank managers shy
of taking normal business risks. This has led to committee decisions on credit to large
conglomerates making no one accountable for their failure.

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5. The central issue of banking today is reducing government ownership in banks. With
82% of the total banking in public space, the government is the active owner. Its
omnipresent role results in conflict of interests.
6. The bureaucracy and the political system have developed a vested interest in
maintaining the status quo – over 60% of the work of the banking division in the
Ministry of Finance relates to Parliament work, a largely unproductive use of time.

Do you know?

SARFAESI Act 2002:

SARFAESI Act or Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of

Securities Interest Act, 2002 lets the banks as well as other financial institutions of India auction
commercial or residential properties for the purpose of loan recovery. ARC, the first asset
reconstruction company, was established under this act.

The SARFAESI Act, 2002 was framed to allow the financial houses to assess the asset quality in
different ways. In other words, the act was made to identify and rectify the problem of Non-
Performing Assets (NPAs) through multiple mechanisms.

The SARFAESI Act provides provisions in details for the formation and actions of Asset
Securitization Companies as well as Reconstruction Companies. The act details the scope of
capital requirements, funding and activities. Reserve Bank of India regulates the institutions
established under the SARFAESI Act.

The Act, to insulate assets in a legal way, addresses the financial assets of banks and other
secured creditors. According to multiple provisions under the act, the financial institutions
enjoy the rights and power to handle different types of bad asset issues. The prime objectives
of the SARFAESI Act under Insolvency Law In India are as follows:
1. The Act details the procedures for NPAs’ transfer to the asset reconstruction companies
for the purpose of asset reconstruction.
2. The Act specifies the legal framework for scanning activities in India.
3. The Act confers powers to the financial institutions to take custody of the immovable
property, which is charged or hypothecated, for debt recovery.
4. The Act imposes the security interest without any intervention from the court.

IBC CODE 2016

The Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016 (IBC) is the bankruptcy law of India which seeks to
consolidate the existing framework by creating a single law for insolvency and bankruptcy. The

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bankruptcy code is a one stop solution for resolving insolvencies which at present is a long
process and does not offer an economically viable arrangement

Insolvency Resolution: The Code outlines separate insolvency resolution processes for
individuals, companies and partnership firms. The process may be initiated by either the debtor
or the creditors. A maximum time limit, for completion of the insolvency resolution process, has
been set for corporates and individuals. For companies, the process will have to be completed
in 180 days, which may be extended by 90 days, if a majority of the creditors agree. For start-
ups (other than partnership firms), small companies and other companies (with asset less than
Rs. 1 crore), resolution process would be completed within 90 days of initiation of request
which may be extended by 45 days.

Insolvency regulator: The Code establishes the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India, to
oversee the insolvency proceedings in the country and regulate the entities registered under it.
The Board will have 10 members, including representatives from the Ministries of Finance and
Law, and the Reserve Bank of India.

Insolvency professionals: The insolvency process will be managed by licensed professionals.

These professionals will also control the assets of the debtor during the insolvency process.
Bankruptcy and Insolvency Adjudicator: The Code proposes two separate tribunals to oversee
the process of insolvency resolution, for individuals and companies:
(i) The National Company Law Tribunal for Companies and Limited Liability Partnership
firms
(ii) The Debt Recovery Tribunal for individuals and partnerships.

The way ahead

 Single dwelling house of any small enterprise should be prevented from Sarfaesi
proceedings in regard to micro enterprises, particularly when the bank did not cover the
loan under the Credit Guarantee Fund Trust for Micro and Small Enterprises (CGTMSE)
 Let the ownership take responsibility for all the lapses and regulator admitting to laxity.
 The ICAI should work on realistic accounting policies and accounting standards and
disclosure norms.
 The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) should restart the bank inspections, as in the 1980s
when a few large advances and branches were also being inspected. Prompt action
should follow on lapses noticed.
 Governance improvement in banks should be the main agenda on the reforms. The RBI
should stop sending its persons to the Boards of Banks. The board should review its
performance once in six months against the director’s own commitment each year.

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 Vigorous media campaigns should be conducted and supporting measures assuring

service to every type of customer on time and at transparent cost by GOI and RBI to fill
the trust deficit gap.
 Safety, security, easy access at affordable cost of both deposit and credit services should
reign supreme on the reform agenda.
 The RBI may appoint a high-level committee of a few of the past governors and reputed
economists excluding bureaucrats to come up with a reform agenda within the next
three months.

Connecting the dots

 What is the Twin Balance Sheet (TBS) challenge? How can the new Indian Bankruptcy
Code (IBC) and the announcement of recapitalisation package for Public Sector Banks
(PSBs) address the same? Elaborate.

State of state government finances

Introduction

State governments collectively spend much more than the Union government every year, but
state budgets do not attract the attention they deserve. However, at the aggregate level, the
state of state government finances has wider implications.

Reserve Bank of India (RBI) recently released annual study of state government finances. It
shows that states missed the fiscal deficit target of 3% of gross domestic product (GDP) for the
third year in a row.

The fiscal deficit of states is estimated to be at 3.1% of GDP in 2017-18. This higher fiscal deficit
at the state level in recent years has moderated the benefit of fiscal consolidation by the
Central government.

Do you know?

After the implementation of the fiscal responsibility and budget management rules (FRBM) in
the last decade, state governments improved their finances significantly.

What is FRBM act?

(FRBM) became an Act in 2003. The objective of the Act is to ensure inter-generational equity in
fiscal management, long run macroeconomic stability, better coordination between fiscal and
monetary policy, and transparency in fiscal operation of the Government.

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1. The FRBM rule specifies reduction of fiscal deficit to 3% of the GDP by 2008-09 with
annual reduction target of 0.3% of GDP per year by the Central government. Similarly,
revenue deficit has to be reduced by 0.5% of the GDP per year with complete
elimination to be achieved by 2008-09.
2. It is the responsibility of the government to adhere to these targets. The Finance
Minister has to explain the reasons and suggest corrective actions to be taken, in case of
breach.
3. FRBM Act provides a legal institutional framework for fiscal consolidation. It is now
mandatory for the Central government to take measures to reduce fiscal deficit, to
eliminate revenue deficit and to generate revenue surplus in the subsequent years. The
Act binds not only the present government but also the future Government to adhere to
the path of fiscal consolidation. The Government can move away from the path of fiscal
consolidation only in case of natural calamity, national security and other exceptional
grounds which Central Government may specify.
4. Further, the Act prohibits borrowing by the government from the Reserve Bank of India,
thereby, making monetary policy independent of fiscal policy.
5. The Act bans the purchase of primary issues of the Central Government securities by the
RBI after 2006, preventing monetization of government deficit. The Act also requires the
government to lay before the parliament three policy statements in each financial year
namely Medium Term Fiscal Policy Statement; Fiscal Policy Strategy Statement and
Macroeconomic Framework Policy Statement.
6. To impart fiscal discipline at the state level, the Twelfth Finance Commission gave
incentives to states through conditional debt restructuring and interest rate relief for
introducing Fiscal Responsibility Legislations (FRLs). All the states have implemented
their own FRLs.

Why there is shortfall in the finances recently?

1. The deterioration in 2015-16 and 2016-17 was largely due to the takeover of debt of
power distribution companies under the Ujwal Discom Assurance Yojana (Uday)
scheme, government finances in the last fiscal were affected by factors such as a
shortfall in revenue, implementation of pay commission recommendations and farm
loan waivers.

2. Fiscal slippage in recent years has also led to deterioration in the quality of expenditure,
with a rise in revenue expenditure which means that higher fiscal deficits have not
augmented state capacity, which can push growth.

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3. Expenditure on loan waivers cost state governments’ budget to the extent of 0.32% of
GDP. It also affects the ability of the state to undertake capital expenditure which can
affect growth in the medium term.

4. State governments are increasingly raising resources from the bond market; higher
issuance can complicate fiscal management. This could further raise the cost of
borrowing and affect their ability to undertake development work.

5. The proportion of state deficits in the general government deficit has gone up in recent
years. Large general government borrowing keeps interest rates elevated and affects
private investment.

The way ahead

The states have to resist populist farm loan waivers so that their finances could be in much
better shape. Instead the governments can provide world class logistical infrastructure in the
form of transport, adequate cold storage facilities, and better price discovery and so on

The government needs to significantly improve its tax to GDP ratio to be able to serve its
running cost without borrowing and thus maintain a primary surplus.

Primary deficit remains vulnerability for India. It signifies India’s state and Central governments
are not collecting enough revenue to cover their running costs.

India needs better fiscal management at both the state and Central levels to avoid crowding out
the private sector. This will enable higher investment and help attain higher sustainable growth.

Basic Economics: What is the GDP deflator?

Part of: GS Prelims – Current affairs and Indian Economy

What is GDP deflator?

 The GDP deflator, also called implicit price deflator, is a measure of inflation.
 It is the ratio of the value of goods and services an economy produces in a particular
year at current prices to that of prices that prevailed during the base year.
 This ratio helps show the extent to which the increase in gross domestic product has
happened on account of higher prices rather than increase in output.

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Since the deflator covers the entire range of goods and services produced in the economy — as
against the limited commodity baskets for the wholesale or consumer price indices — it is seen
as a more comprehensive measure of inflation.

Real vs nominal
 GDP GDP price deflator measures the difference between real GDP and nominal GDP.
Nominal GDP differs from real GDP as the former doesn’t include inflation, while the
latter does.
 As a result, nominal GDP will most often be higher than real GDP in an expanding
economy.

The formula to find the GDP price deflator:

 GDP price deflator = (nominal GDP ÷ real GDP) x 100

WPI, CPI

A consumer price index (CPI) measures changes over time in the general level of prices of goods
and services that households acquire for the purpose of consumption.

However, since CPI is based only a basket of select goods and is calculated on prices included in
it, it does not capture inflation across the economy as a whole.

The wholesale price index basket has no representation of the services sector and all the
constituents are only goods whose prices are captured at the wholesale/producer level.

Changes in consumption patterns or introduction of goods and services are automatically

reflected in the GDP deflator. This allows the GDP deflator to absorb changes to an economy’s
consumption or investment patterns. Often, the trends of the GDP deflator will be similar to
that of the CPI.

Specifically, for the GDP deflator, the ‘basket’ in each year is the set of all goods that were
produced domestically, weighted by the market value of the total consumption of each good.

Therefore, new expenditure patterns are allowed to show up in the deflator as people respond
to changing prices. The theory behind this approach is that the GDP deflator reflects up-to-date
expenditure patterns.

GDP deflator is available only on a quarterly basis along with GDP estimates, whereas CPI and
WPI data are released every month.

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2017-18 FDI inflows

Part of: GS Prelims and Mains III – Indian Economy; Foreign Investment inflows

In news:
According to RBI –
 Karnataka registered the biggest increase in Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) last year.
 Karnataka sees 300% jump in FDI inflows and Tamil Nadu FDI inflows increased.
 Gujarat, Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh all saw a drop in FDI inflows

Pic:
https://d39gegkjaqduz9.cloudfront.net/TH/2018/07/24/DEL/Delhi/TH/5_07/bfa29fc0_2268301
_101_mr.jpg

About Foreign direct investment:

 Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is a form of investment that involves the inoculation of
foreign funds into an enterprise that operates in a different country of origin from the
financier.

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 Foreign direct investment is vital part of an open and real international economic
system and a major promoter to development.

Determinates of FDI in Host Country:

Host Country Determinants:
 Policy framework for FDI
 Economic, political and social stability
 Rules regarding entry and operations.
 Standards of treatment of foreign affiliates.
 Policies on functioning and structure of markets (esp. competition and merger and
acquisition [M&A] Policies
 International agreements on FDI
 Privatization Policy
 Trade policy (barriers-tariff and non-tariff) and coherence of FDI and trade policies

Do you know?

 India had jumped one spot to 8th rank in the 2017 Global FDI Confidence Index.
 Governance and regulatory issues made up 7 of the top-10 factors that investors
consider when deciding on an investment destination according to the report.
 However, India in 2018 has fallen out of the top 10 destinations for FDI in terms of its
attractiveness, according to an AT Kearney (Global FDI Confidence Index) report.
 Reasons – Challenges with implementation of GST and impact of demonetization.
 Notable reforms done - elimination of the Foreign Investment Promotion Board, a
government agency responsible for reviewing all potential foreign investment, and the
liberalisation of foreign investment thresholds for the retail, aviation, and biomedical
industries,

Think:
 Difference between FDI and FII

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AGRICULTURE
Alternative cereals can improve water use and nutrient supply in India

Part of: GS Prelims and Mains III – Agriculture and irrigation; Environment and Conservation of
biodiversity

Key pointers: (according to a study)

 If Indian farmers were to switch from growing rice and wheat to ‘alternative cereals,’
such as maize, sorghum, and millet, it could reduce the demand for irrigation water by
33%.
 This could also improve nutritional availability to consumers.

Do you know?

Rice is the least water-efficient cereal when it came to producing nutrients, and was the main
driver in increasing irrigation stresses.

OECD Assessment: Does India’s Agriculture Policy need a Relook?

Introduction

Policymakers face twin challenges (with regard to addressing food security concerns) –
 One, to incentivise farmers to produce more and raise their productivity in a sustainable
manner;
 Two, to ensure that consumers have access to food at affordable prices, especially those
belong to the vulnerable sections

In order to find a fine balance between these twin objectives, India has followed myriad of
policies that impact both producers and consumers. These include –
 domestic marketing regulations (for example the APMC Act, Essential Commodities Act,
ECA);
 budgetary policies (such as input subsidies);
 trade policies (such as Minimum Export Prices, MEP or outright export bans and tariff
duties); and
 food subsidies for consumers through the public distribution system
However, studies have shown that many of these policies work in complex ways and highly
deviated to meet the primarily stated objectives.

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Therefore, policy-making should be based on more informed and evidence-based research.

Highlights of joint study by OECD and ICRIER

OECD and ICRIER jointly undertook research over two years to assess the nature of agricultural
policies and its impact on producers and consumers.

The report includes key policy indicators like - Producer Support Estimates (PSEs) and Consumer
Support Estimates (CSEs).

The report by OECD and ICRIER estimated PSEs and CSEs over the 17 year period (2000-01 to
2016-17), highlight that –
 India’s PSE, on average, during 2014-15 to 2016-17 was minus 6 per cent of farm
receipts. (India has Negative PSE)
 India is very much in the minority in this respect as most of the other countries studied
by the OECD have positive PSEs. (observe in figure below)

Do you know?
A positive PSE means that policies have helped producers receive higher revenues than would
have been the case otherwise, and negative PSE implies lower revenues for farmers due to the
set of policies adopted.

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Pic: https://images.indianexpress.com/2018/07/opedw.jpg

Graph 2 which captures temporal movements of PSE (in percentage) for India also show that –
 market price support (MPS) is negative
 whereas, input subsidies are positive

Conclusion: (very important)

India’s overall PSE (in percentage) is negative to the tune of 14 per cent on average over the
entire period from 2000-01 to 2016-17.

This indicates that despite positive input subsidies, farmers in India received 14 per cent less
revenue due to restrictive trade and marketing policies.

The negative PSEs were particularly large during 2007-08 to 2013-14 when benchmark global
prices were high but Indian domestic prices were relatively suppressed due to restrictive trade
and domestic marketing policies. (In other words, output prices that producers receive,
benchmarked against global prices of comparable products was very low).

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Therefore, we can deduce that there has been a pro-consumer bias in India’s trade and
marketing policies, which actually hurts the farmers and lowers their revenues compared to
what they would have received otherwise.

Policies have failed to meet the objective of - incentivising farmers to raise productivity,
building an efficient and sustainable agriculture that augments farmers’ incomes and fostering
rural growth and jobs all along the value chain.

The way ahead: (important)

1. Policy change is needed to “get the markets right” – by reforming its domestic
marketing regulations (ECA and APMC), promoting a competitive national market and
upgrading marketing infrastructure.
2. India also needs to review its restrictive export policies for agri-products which have
inflicted large negative price support to farmers during the period studied.
3. In order to protect consumers from potential price hikes when global prices are on the
rise, switching to an income policy approach through the Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT)
targeted to the vulnerable sections of population would generate better outcomes all
round, including for nutrition quality.
4. Indian agriculture and farmers would be much better-off if input subsidies are contained
and gradually reduced, and the equivalent savings are channelled simultaneously
towards higher investments in agri-R&D, extension, building rural infrastructure for
better markets and agri-value chains, as also on better water management to deal with
climate change.
5. Given that agriculture is a state subject, a greater degree of coordination is required
between the Centre and states, and also across various ministries (for example,
agriculture, food, water resources, fertilisers, rural development and food processing)
for a more holistic approach towards reforming agriculture.

With these policy changes, many of which are already underway, will make Indian agriculture
more competitive, more vibrant, sustainable and resilient, and will also augment farmers’
incomes on a sustained basis.
Reforms to domestic market regulations and direct benefit transfers for vulnerable sections of
the population could be the win-win solution.

Connecting the dots:

 On one hand, incentivizing farmers to produce more and raising their productivity in a
sustainable manner and on the other hand ensuring that consumers have access to food
at affordable prices, especially those belong to the vulnerable sections – have been
important challenges for Indian policymakers. Critically analyze how far India’s
agricultural policies have been able to meet above stated objectives. Also provide
suitable suggestions to meet those objectives.

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Fair and remunerative price (FRP) for sugar cane raised

Part of: GS Prelims and Mains III - Indian economy and agriculture; Farmer’s income

In news:
 Centre has raised the fair and remunerative price (FRP) for sugar cane for the next
season to ₹275 a quintal at a 10% recovery rate.
 This is the minimum price that mills must pay farmers.
 The decision was approved by the Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs at its
meeting chaired by Prime Minister.
 Mill owners say the current FRP is “unaffordable”.

Value addition:

What is the difference between FRP (fair and renumerative price) and MSP (minimum
support price)?
 Minimum Support Price (MSP) is a form of market intervention by the Government of
India to insure agricultural producers against any sharp fall in farm prices. The minimum
support prices are announced by the Government of India at the beginning of the
sowing season for certain crops on the basis of the recommendations of the
Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices (CACP). MSP is price fixed by Government
of India to protect the producer - farmers - against excessive fall in price during bumper
production years. The minimum support prices are a guarantee price for their produce
from the Government.
 FRP is the minimum price that the sugar mills have to pay to farmers. It is supposed to
signal to farmers the need to plant more or less cane for the coming year.
 In MSP the farmer is paid a sum which is 50% more than the input costs. There are
different methods of calculation of the input costs. Some methods take into
consideration the lease rate of the land, the labour cost invested by the farmer working
himself on farming, the intrest coat of the loan etc etc.
 The Fair and Remunerative Pricing is used in sugarcane industry to replace the MSP. This
is based on the Rangarajan Commitee report of reorganising the sugarcane industry.
The commitee found that in the production of sugar 70% of the input cost is sugarcane.
 In FRP the farmer is paid 70% of the total turnover of the company if only the sugar
turnover is considered and 75% of the total turnover if other products like bagasse and
molasses etc are also considered.

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This FRP method is useful in times when the sugar prices are high but the FRP method ask the
sugar companies to pay the farmer the MSP for sugar when the sugar and hence sugarcane
price is low. This is adversely affect the financial health of the sugar factories in times of low
sugar prices where the companies has to pay the MSP even though the sugar prices are low.

Plight of farmers

Introduction:
The below article presents the failures of present regime, especially with regard to farmers and
rural development.
 There has been a successive sluggish agricultural growth during this NDA regime.
 Agricultural production suffered due to consecutive droughts.
 Data on farmer suicides has not been released from more than 2 years.

Farmers of India have expressed their vote of no confidence against this government.

Status under NDA regime: unmet promises

Government has failed to act on any of its major election promises in 2014.
 Failed to give highest priority to agricultural growth
 Failed to increase farmers income
 Failed to give highest priority to rural development

Economic Survey 2018 had also highlighted that farmers’ real income has “remained stagnant”.
 The concrete promise of higher public investment in agriculture did not materialise
and in fact it has declined in terms of its share of GDP.
 The new farm insurance scheme, the Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana, has consumed
thrice as much money as earlier schemes without either increasing the proportion of
farmers who benefited from it, or giving a fair claim to the farmers.
 The promise of “welfare measures” — for farmers above 60, small farmers and farm
labourers — was forgotten.
 The National Land Use Policy was never enacted.
 The Agricultural Produce Market Committee (APMC) Act was not reformed.

The next big promise was of ensuring “50% profit over the cost of production” to the farmers.
After refusing to implement this promise on 2015, the government shifted the goalpost in the
2018 Budget by changing the definition of cost of production for the purpose of calculating the
Minimum Support Price (MSP).

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 Here again the Government failed to fulfil its promise of “cost+50%” as MSP, it did not
even maintain the routine annual increase in MSP.
 Even the recent hike in MSP this year is lower than the year-on-year increase announced
by the previous UPA government in 2008-09.
 The government’s failure to implement the MSP that it announced forced the farmers
into distress sale of Kharif and Rabi crops in 2017-18.
 Lackadaisical response by the government to nationwide droughts in 2014-15 and 2015-
16
 Revision of eligibility cap for compensation and cuts in contribution to States from the
National Disaster Relief Fund.
 Poor response to declaration of drought, improvement in ration delivery, or response to
drinking water crisis
 government’s lack of political will in implementing the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural
Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS)
 Modi government’s ill-advised and shoddily implemented policy of demonetisation dealt
a severe blow to agricultural markets, especially to fruit and vegetable markets, just
when the farmers were recovering from the consecutive droughts.
 Government’s crude attempt to regulate livestock market by imposing ban on livestock
movement and its protection to those guilty of lynching the suspected “cow smugglers”
has disrupted livestock economic cycle, leading to loss of income on the one hand and
aggravation of the widespread problem of animals destroying crops on the other.
 Government has diluted the Forest Rights Act and various other environmental and
forest conservation laws substantially in order to help the transfer of common land and
water resources from the adivasis to industry.

Conclusion:
All these have hit the rural poor in general and farm labourers in particular. This government
has justly acquired the reputation of being the most anti-farmer government in the history of
independent India.

Connecting the dots

 The condition of farm sector and farmers is stubbornly stagnated despite several
support measures. What could be the possible reasons for it? Analyze each reason and
suggest alternative, if any.
 With farmers’ agitations and suicide on rise, India is surely facing an agrarian crisis.
Discuss the root cause of the crisis. Also elaborate on what changes should be made in
our agricultural policy so as to improve the livelihood of farmers as well as to ensure
food security.

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Redressing farmers’ distress: Increasing MSPs (Price Policy) to Income Policy

Introduction:

The present government has increased the MSPs of 14 kharif crops to at least 50 per cent
above paid out costs of farmers, including the imputed cost of family labour (Cost A2+FL).

The Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices (CACP), a professional advisory body has toed
the government line. It has bypassed its own terms of reference (ToR) that require it to look at
demand and supply, domestic and international prices, costs, inter-crop price parity, etc while
recommending MSPs.

States like Uttar Pradesh have announced a much higher state-advised price.

Concerns:
 Increasing MSP doesn’t address the roots of the problem, which have to do with excess with
the farmers. An extended subsidy will only result in more output, adding to the stocks and
further depressing realisations.
 India’s agrarian crisis today — one of surpluses in most farm commodities — isn’t amenable
to traditional political fixes, such as announcing MSPs that may be fair and remunerative to
farmers, but are divorced from market realities.
 Market-distorting MSPs and subsidies or loan waivers aren’t the best way to help farmers.
What they need primarily is income support, which is better done through a flat per-acre
subsidy not specific to any crop or production-linked.

Issues:
Implementation issues- Whether these MSPs can be effectively implemented?
Market prices of most kharif crops are well below the announced MSPs.
Ensuring that farmers really get these MSPs will require a major coordination between the
Centre and states.
Given a robust procurement system does not exist for other crops it will become difficult for
the government to procure even 25 per cent of the production of various kharif crops, except in
paddy and cotton.

Cost issues:
 In the case of paddy alone, the government will incur an extra food subsidy bill of Rs
12,000-15,000 crore due to increased procurement.

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 The grain stocks are already brimming and the Food Corporation of India is saddled. 50-
60 per cent higher than the current buffer stock norms.
 Higher MSPs are likely to make exports globally uncompetitive, leading to further
accumulation of stocks at home, and greater economic inefficiency.

Example-
 Setting procurement prices higher than global prices is not a new phenomenon in global
history. The European Economic Community (EEC) has done this earlier leading to a glut
of butter and milk in EU countries.
 Lately, China also raised MSPs of wheat, rice and corn substantially above world prices,
leading to grain stocks piling up.
Wisdom lies in learning from the mistakes of other countries.

Way ahead:
 As Mr Arun Jaitley recently said, “If there is any area in the economy where we can give an
example to the world and to ourselves of cooperative federalism, it is the agriculture sector.
It can benefit people more than what GST has done”.
Coordination is needed amongst Union ministries that deal with agriculture, food, food
processing, fertilisers, water, rural development and trade. This will enable a holistic
approach to agriculture and farmers’ incomes. The process can start with the creation of an
agri-council/cabinet.
 Focus should be on long overdue agri- marketing reforms and revisiting the Essential
Commodity and APMC Acts to “get the markets right”. Getting the markets right will ensure
better and stable prices to farmers, as well as consumers, and also augment farmers’
incomes in a sustained manner.
 India needs to recognise that adressing farmers’ woes by raising procurement prices can
have a limit imposed by global prices, especially in a situation of surplus production. The
moment one crosses that limit, domestic stocks will start accumulating.
Time has come for India to devise an income policy (DBT) for farmers.
Case study:
Telangana’s Rythu Bandhu scheme with direct investment support is interesting. It can be
refined and made WTO compatible.

Conclusion:
It is time the government switch from price policy to income policy approach to redress
farmers’ distress.

Connecting the dots:

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 Increasing MSPs to help farmers has several limitations. Discuss. Also, highlight the need to
switch from price policy approach to income policy to redress farmers’ distress.

Zero Budget Natural Farming: Reducing cost of crop production

In news:
NITI Aayog has advised States to adopt zero-budget natural farming under two existing
schemes: the Paramparagat Krishi Yojana and the Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana.
It has recently sought for State governments’ support in reducing cost of crop production.

About ‘zero budget natural farming’ (ZBNF):

Pioneered by Subhash Palekar, an innovative farmer from Maharashtra.
 The technique replaces fertilisers and pesticides with concoctions of cow dung, cow urine,
jaggery and pulse flour, and ensure perfect soil conditions for plant growth.
 It does so by keeping the top soil covered with crop residues to increase water retention,
coating of seeds with cow dung and urine, concoction made of dung, urine, jaggery and
pulse flour to multiply soil microbes, concoction to protect plants from pests etc.

Case study:
 The technique has been tested across Andhra Pradesh where over 163,000 farmers on
some 150,000 acres of farmlands spread across six agro-climatic zones have successfully
demonstrated that farming without chemicals is a profitable possibility.
 The zero-budget technique has resulted in an increase in the yields of crops like cotton by
11 per cent, paddy by 12 per cent, groundnut 23 per cent, and chilli 34 per cent at less than
half the cost of cultivation.
ZBNF has been in vogue on a small scale across several farms in the country for over a decade
now, but the AP Government gave it the desired fillip.

Way ahead:
 Policy and political traction will be needed to pull farmers out from the corporate-
sponsored state-subsidised chemical abyss.
 While the core objective of scaling up investments in ZBNF is timely, the critical question
regarding bringing natural farming on top of agriculture research and extension agenda
remains.
 By diverting existing subsidies away from chemical fertilisers and other inputs to strengthen
the existing Krishi Vigyan Kendra network, NITI Aayog can garner the desired institutional
support for widespread dissemination of ZBNF.

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Challenge:
The most challenging task for NITI Aayog would be to neutralize the political-economy of green
revolution (fertiliser, pesticide and seed industry) in favor of an evergreen revolution. For the
over 60 per cent of the country’s population engaged in agriculture, this is a challenge worth
taking.

Conclusion:
NITI Aayog has taken a pragmatic view on reducing the cost of production instead. In the
context of the government’s commitment to double farmers’ income by 2022, reducing cost of
production through ‘zero budget natural farming’ (ZBNF) stands to enhance the profit margins
for farmers.

Connecting the dots:

 In the context of the government’s commitment to double farmers’ income by 2022, the
recent proposal for reducing cost of production through ‘zero budget natural farming’
(ZBNF), stands to enhance the profit margins for farmers.

Watershed development projects and Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana (PMKSY)

Part of: GS Prelims and Mains II – Government policies and interventions for development in
various sectors and issues arising out of their design and implementation.

In news:
According to a Parliamentary Standing Committee (PSC) report on Rural Development -
 Watershed development projects lagging behind badly (only 10% of projects complete)
 Watershed development is vital component of Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana
(PMKSY)

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Basics:
What is watershed management?
 A watershed is an area that separates water flowing into rivers or basins.
 Management of a watershed involves the rational utilisation of land and water
resources, through preventing soil run-off, increasing the productivity of crops, rain
water harvesting and recharging of ground water tables.

Important Value additions:

About Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY)
 PMKSY has been formulated with the vision of extending the coverage of irrigation ‘Har
Khet ko pani’ and improving water use efficiency ‘More crop per drop' in a focused
manner.

The major objective of PMKSY is to –

 achieve convergence of investments in irrigation at the field level,
 expand cultivable area under assured irrigation,
 improve on-farm water use efficiency to reduce wastage of water,
 enhance the adoption of precision-irrigation and other water saving technologies (More
crop per drop),
 enhance recharge of aquifers and
 introduce sustainable water conservation practices

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ENVIRONMENT

Trees outside a forest

There has been incidents of protests in some of India’s largest cities (these include Delhi and
Mumbai) to save natural trees in urban spaces.
 Hundreds of Delhi residents took to the streets in protest against a plan to have 14,000
trees cut for the “redevelopment” of government colonies in South Delhi.
 In Mumbai, citizens have been fighting for years to save over 2,000 trees in Aarey, slated
to be felled for another kind of development — to make way for a metro line car shed.

Do you know?
 Urban trees, which are outside of a lush forest, usually miss to get same ecological
attention as trees in forests or in national parks get.
 To most of us, city trees are to genuine forests what gardens are to jungles or fish tanks
are to the ocean--pocket-size imitations of the wild world, decorative perhaps but
playing no real role in the global ecosystem.
 But urban trees are a lot more important than that, and at the moment, they're in
decline.

Failing to protect city trees

The UN’s REDD, or Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in
Developing Countries, programme lays emphasis on planting and maintaining forests as a
means to counter climate change.

In India, forests are governed under the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980, State laws, and the
Indian Forest Act, 1927 – lay down elaborate rules for the conservation and diversion of
forests. (Usually, trees in cities come under State Tree Acts.)

Despite this, forests are the first targets when it comes to projects such as mining, dams,
highways, industrial projects and so on, to be offset by compensatory afforestation.

Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change had pronounced that – diversion of
forest should be seen as ‘reforestation’. As far as the issue of trees outside forest areas is
concerned — city trees — the situation is much worse.

Conclusion:

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As India moves towards more urbanisation, it is important to look at cities more as shared
habitats between humans and biodiversity, rather than a jungle of buildings.

Cities are becoming progressively more unliveable - with its year-round hazardous air quality
and an increase in cars and inhabitants.
To beat the urban heat island effect we need to ensure that we pay for planning as well as
planting. This means proper species selection and future maintenance of tall, mature trees.

Connecting the dots:

 Critically discuss the impact of ecological imbalance by deforestation and unsustainable
urbanization.

In-house air pollution

Introduction:

For many decades, it was one of the globe’s most underappreciated health menaces:
household pollution in developing countries, much of it smoke from cooking fires.

The dangerous smoke — from wood, dung, kerosene or charcoal fires used by 3 billion people
in villages and slums across Africa, Central America and Asia — was estimated by health officials
to shorten millions of lives every year.

Choice of cooking fuel

 The choice of cooking fuel in households (especially rural) has a huge impact on living
conditions especially for women and children.
 Factors such as socio-economic (availability and easy access, also determined by
household income and price of fuel, education and awareness), culture or lifestyle, and,
to a large extent, government policies also influence cooking fuel choice.

Affordable, reliable and clean energy for cooking is essential not only for reducing health and
environmental impacts but also helping women to do more productive work and developing
the rural economy.

Comparing the options

 Among the various fuel options available (firewood, pellet, biogas, kerosene, liquefied
petroleum gas or LPG, piped natural gas or PNG) biogas accounts for the lowest
effective greenhouse gas emission; PNG and then LPG are next.

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 Biogas and PNG are the best cooking energy options. LPG and kerosene are moderately
cleaner.
 Firewood and pellet are the most polluting.

Key facts:
 Cooking fuels emit substantial amounts of toxic pollutants (respirable particles, carbon
monoxide, oxides of nitrogen and sulphur, benzene, formaldehyde and polyaromatic
compounds) which contribute to indoor air pollution.
 Household air pollution causes non-communicable diseases including stroke, ischaemic
heart disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lung cancer.
 Close to half of deaths due to pneumonia among children under 5 years of age are
caused by particulate matter (soot) inhaled from household air pollution.
 In households with limited ventilation — common in rural household and semi-urban
areas — these pollutants could lead to severe health problems.

Initiatives taken to address in-house pollution

National level programmes to ensure that most switch to clean cooking fuels have been
initiated since the 1980s.

National Project on Biogas Development (NPBD)

 It was launched in 1981-82 by the Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources.

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 Though the socio-economic and environmental impact of biogas is well recognized,

NPBD has been receiving public attention and scrutiny in India because of its vast
potential on the one hand and its poor performance, high mortality and non-
functionality rates on the other.
 The programme has been hampered by mala fide practices, poor construction material,
a lack of maintenance, misrepresentation of achievements and a lack of accountability
and follow-up services.

Once again, in order to ensure access to clean energy —a key focus area for poverty alleviation
—the government launched a flagship programme, Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana in May
2016.

Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana

 It is a scheme of the Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas for providing LPG connections
to women from Below Poverty Line (BPL) households (with a cumulative target of
providing LPG connections to more than eight crore families).
 Further, the Petroleum and Natural Gas Regulatory Board (PNGRB) has been holding
auctions across cities for distribution of gas for cooking through PNG.

However, since conventionally, governments have been subsidising LPG and as such a
consumption-based subsidy is not available for biogas and PNG, it has led to a preference for
LPG over other cleaner, safer, more cost effective and locally available options (biogas in rural
areas).

Further, LPG import along with large subsidies are a drain on government resources which
hamper the focus on other social development programmes.

What can work?

 To promote biogas in rural and semi-urban areas, adopting the service-based
enterprise model with suitable resource availability offers a sustainable approach. It will
also help self-drive the programme.
 The model is being successfully implemented in Hoshiarpur, Punjab using a 100 cubic
meter biogas plant. The plant supplies clean and piped cooking biogas to 44 households
and a school every day.

Such models can also generate employment significantly at the grass-root level an important
additional benefit of running a biogas programme.
 Promoting and scaling up PNG in urban areas and making LPG just one of the options to
choose from rather than it having an edge over others.

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 To further enable a consumer to freely make cooking fuel choices, consumption-based

subsidies need to be replaced with a functional subsidy that is provided on the basis of
household income levels and local variables.

Possibility of leakages must also be eliminated by ensuring that subsidies of any kind are
provided only through direct benefit transfer. Such an approach will provide a neutral thrust
and promotion to different types of cooking fuels on the basis of their original virtues.

As India takes a long-term view on sustainability and energy security, it is important to create
an environment where its citizens are aware of the options and make their energy choices
based on the nature of the fuel and not because of socio-economic constraints.

Connecting the dots:

 Why having an LPG or PNG connection important for woman empowerment? In this
regard, do you think Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana can make a difference? Examine.
Also discuss its other advantages.

Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj statue

Part of: GS Prelims and Mains III – Environment and Biodiversity

In news:
 The revised proposal for the construction of the Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj statue in
the Arabian Sea has received environmental clearance (EC) from the Ministry of
Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC).
 However, the height of the statue has been reduced to 126 metres from the originally
proposed 190 metres.

India to expand polar research to Arctic

Three decades after its first mission to Antarctica, the Indian government now focusing
priorities to the other pole — the Arctic.

It has renamed the National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research (NCAOR) as National
Centre for Polar and Ocean Research.

About National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research (NCAOR)

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 Since 1998, NCAOR is charged with conducting expeditions to India’s base stations to
the continent.

Do you know?
 Countries bordering the Arctic Ocean are: Russia, Norway, Iceland, Greenland, Canada
and the United States.
 India is in talks with some of the Arctic circle countries to establish new observation
systems in Arctic region.
 Currently, India only has one Arctic observation station near Norway.
 India has three bases in Antarctica.
 India is already an observer at the Arctic Council — a forum of countries that decides on
managing the region’s resources and popular livelihood and, in 2015, set up an
underground observatory, called IndARC, at the Kongsfjorden fjord, half way between
Norway and the North Pole.
 IndArc is the country’s first moored-underwater observatory in the Artic.

Clean Ganga Fund

Part of: GS Prelims and Mains II and III – Government schemes and policies; Environment and
Conservation

In news:
 Nearly 90% of the Clean Ganga Fund is sourced from State and Central government
public sector units (PSU), according to information from the Lok Sabha.
 Out of 220 crore donated to the CGF (as of Jan 2018), Private companies contributed
around ₹20 crore and the public sector, Central public sector and Government
Departments contributed about ₹177 crore. The rest were from individual donations.

About the CGF

 The Clean Ganga Fund (CGF) was created in 2014 and envisioned as a source of funds
from private companies, individuals and institutions.
 Clean Ganga Fund is for pooling money to be used for cleaning up Ganga river.

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ANIMALS/NATIONAL PARKS IN NEWS

National Park in news: Bhitarkanika National Park

Part of: Prelims - Environment and Biodiversity; Animal Conservation; Mapping

Key points:
 Bhitarkanika National Park in Odisha
 The Bhitarkanika National Park is one of the largest habitats of endangered estuarine
crocodiles in the country .
 It is a prominent heronry (breeding ground for migratory birds) of the State.

About Saltwater crocodile

 The saltwater crocodile, also known as the estuarine crocodile, is the largest of all living
reptiles, as well as the largest riparian predator in the world.
 As its name implies, this species of crocodile can live in marine environments, but
usually resides in saline and brackish mangrove swamps, estuaries, deltas, lagoons, and
lower stretches of rivers. They have the broadest distribution of any modern crocodile,
ranging from the eastern coast of India throughout most of Southeast Asia and northern
Australia.
 IUCN status: Least Concerned

National Park in news: Bandipur National Park

Part of: GS Prelims and Mains III – Animal conservation; Biodiversity; Man-Animal Conflict

About:
 Bandipur National Park - located in state of Karnataka
 It is one of the premier Tiger Reserves in the country along with the adjoining Nagarhole
national park.

In news:
 There is a significant reduction in the number of roadkill in Bandipur ever since the ban
on night traffic through the tiger reserve was introduced in 2009.
 two national highways cuts through the tiger reserve

Do you know?

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 Bandipur, which was established in 1974 as a tiger reserve under Project Tiger, is a
national park.

Animal in news: Sloth Bear

Part of: Environment and Biodiversity

 Sloth bears (Melursus ursinus), found only in the Indian subcontinent, were exploited as
‘dancing bears’ in India until the practice was banned in 1972. But it is not illegal in
Nepal.

Animal in news: Nilgiri tahr

Part of: Prelims - Environment and Biodiversity; Animal Conservation

Pic: https://i.ytimg.com/vi/EQbG6_oZlRI/maxresdefault.jpg

Key pointers:
 IUCN Status: Endangered
 The present distribution of the Nilgiri tahr is limited to approximately 5% of the Western
Ghats in southern India, in Kerala and Tamil Nadu in southern India.
 It is found only in high altitudes in India’s Western Ghats
 The endangered wild goat could lose approximately 60% of its habitat, starting from the
2030s. (due to Climate change)
 Largest of the 3 tahr species
 State animal of Tamil nadu.

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 Threats - habitat loss, overgrazing, illegal hunting

Animal in news: Golden jackal, Harrier birds, Indian black turtle and Softshell turtke

Part of: Prelims - Environment and Biodiversity; Animal Conservation

In news:
 Destruction of mangrove cover in the Bandar Reserve Forest (BRF), Andhra Pradesh is
forcing the golden jackal (Canis aureus) out of its habitat, triggering a conflict with the
local communities.
 IUCN status – Least concern
 The conservation status of the animal is the ‘least concern’ and it preys on wild crab and
fish.

Indian black turtle also known as Indian pond terrapin is classified as Near Threatened by the
International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)

Softshell turtle is found in rivers and other water bodies. It is a vulnerable species that feeds
mostly on fish, amphibians and aquatic plants.

Key pointers:
 Black Softshell turtle (Nilssonia nigricans) : : IUCN status ‘Extinct in the wild’
 Indian softshell turtle (Nilssonia gangetica) : : IUCN status ‘Vulnerable’
 South Asian narrow-headed softshell turtle (Chitra indica) : : IUCN status ‘Endangered’

Harrier birds

 Harrier birds, a migratory raptor species that regularly visits vast swathes of India, are
declining.
 Every winter, several species of harrier birds travel thousands of kilometres to escape
frigid Central Asia for the grasslands of the subcontinent.
 At least five species of harriers were recorded in India over the years; India has one of
the largest roosting sites in the world for Pallid Harriers and Montagu’s Harriers.
 Rollapadu Bustard Sanctuary in Andhra Pradesh

Globally, of the 16 harrier species, only two are listed as endangered by the International Union
for Conservation of Nature, even though most of them are declining.

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International Whaling Commission (IWC)

Part of: Prelims - Environment and Biodiversity; Animal Conservation; International institution
About:
 The International Whaling Commission (IWC) is an international body set up by the
terms of the International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling (ICRW), which was
signed in Washington, D.C., United States, on December 2, 1946 to "provide for the
proper conservation of whale stocks and thus make possible the orderly development of
the whaling industry.

 In 1982 the IWC adopted a moratorium on commercial whaling. Currently, Japan,

Russia, and a number of other nations oppose this moratorium.

Do you know?
 The Indian Ocean Whale Sanctuary is an area in the Indian Ocean where the
International Whaling Commission (IWC) has banned all types of commercial whaling.
 The IWC has at present designated two such sanctuaries, the other being the Southern
Ocean Whale Sanctuary.
 India is member of IWC

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Animal in news: Dhole

Part of: Prelims - Environment and Biodiversity; Animal Conservation

Key pointers
 Dhole - Indian wild dog
 IUCN Status : Endangered
 Dhole is already extinct in about 10 Asian countries
 It is a canid native to Central, South and Southeast Asia
 less than 2,500 individuals surviving in the wild globally

Factors contributing to this decline include habitat loss, loss of prey, competition with other
species, persecution due to livestock predation and disease transfer from domestic dogs.
They occur in most of India south of the Ganges, particularly in the Central Indian Highlands and
the Western and Eastern Ghats. In northeast India, it is present in Arunachal Pradesh, Assam,
Meghalaya, and West Bengal and in the Indo-Gangetic Plain's Terai region. Dhole populations in
the Himalaya and northwest India are fragmented.

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INFRASTRUCTURE/ENERGY
Need for Smart Urbanisation

About:
India is witnessing some strange trends:
 Villagers across the nation are protesting against their inclusion in the nearby city’s
urban area by the local urban development authority. (The fruits of urban development
are seemingly rejected).
 Pollution in India’s urban areas seems to have sparked off a reverse migration.
 For example, farmers from Haryana who had migrated to Delhi and Gurugram for work
to escape an agricultural crisis are increasingly going back to their farms during winter,
unable to take the toxic pollution.

The annually recurring instances of floods in Mumbai, dengue in Delhi and lakes on fire in
Bengaluru paint a grim picture.
While work continues, admittedly slowly, on the Delhi-Mumbai Industrial Corridor project and
the bullet train, urban India’s challenges remain manifold.

Key facts:
 Over 34% of India’s current population lives in urban areas, rising by 3% since 2011.
 Population of fringe urban areas (smaller clusters with 10-50 lakh population) have
increased significantly compared to existing large urban agglomerations (those with a
population above 50 lakh) since 2005.
 India’s urban population could increase to 814 million by 2050.

Status of Urban Cities in India:

 Urban cities look and feel downtrodden, driven with poverty and poor infrastructure.
 Poor urban planning.
 With an increase in urban population will come rising demands for basic services such as
clean water, public transportation, sewage treatment and housing.
 Over 90 ‘Smart Cities’ have identified 2,864 projects which India lags on
implementation.
 Only about 148 projects are completed and over 70% still at various stages of
preparation.
 There is still an outstanding shortage of over 10 million affordable houses (despite the
government taking encouraging steps to incentivise their construction).

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Big Concerns:

1. Flawed definition
 One primary problem is that of the definition of what’s urban.
 Urban development comes under State governments and the Governor notifies an area
as urban (based on parameters such as population, density, revenue generated for the
local administration and percentage employed in non-agricultural activities).
 This notification leads to the creation of an urban local government or municipality,
classifying the area as a “statutory town”.

With such a vague definition, discretionary decisions yield a wide variance in what is considered
a town.
The Central government considers a settlement as urban if –
 it has a urban local government,
 a minimum population of 5,000;
 over 75% of its (male) population working in non-agricultural activities; and
 a population density of at least 400 per sq. km.

However, many States consider such “census towns” as rural, and establish governance through
a rural local government or panchayat.

2. Poor infrastructure and investment

 Another issue is the low level of urban infrastructure investment and capacity building.
 India spends about $17 per capita annually on urban infrastructure projects, against a
global benchmark of $100 and China’s $116.
 Governments have come and gone, announcing a variety of schemes, the Jawaharlal
Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission included, but implementation has been mostly
inadequate, with exploration of financing options limited as well.
 For example, Jaipur and Bengaluru collect only 5-20% of their potential property tax.
 Urban institutions also suffer from a shortage of skilled people.

3. No effective policies to deal with Urban Migration

 Finally, there needs to be a systemic policy to deal with urban migration.
 Internal migration in India is very closely linked to urban transitions, with such migration
helping reduce poverty or prevent households from slipping into it.
 Urban migration is not viewed positively in India, with policies often bluntly seeking to
reduce rural to urban migration.

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 It would be better to have policies and programmes to facilitate the integration of

migrants into the local urban fabric, and building city plans with a regular migration
forecast assumed.
 Lowering the cost of migration, along with eliminating discrimination against migrants,
while protecting their rights will help raise development across the board.

For examples, consider Delhi. While historically, urban policy sought to limit urban migration,
this is now changing with a focus on revitalising cities nearby such as Meerut, building transport
links and connectivity.

4. Poor and unplanned transition

 Our urban policymakers also need to be cognisant of the historical context of our urban
development. Our cities have been witness to multiple transitions over the last century
(especially during colonial era), with barely any time to recover and adapt.

 Transforming them into neatly organised urban spaces will not be easy.

Towards a new model

Perhaps we need a different model of urbanisation. The announcement of a new urbanisation
policy that seeks to rebuild Indian cities around clusters of human capital, instead of
considering them simply as an agglomeration of land use, is a welcome transition.
We need to empower our cities, with a focus on land policy reforms, granting urban local
bodies the freedom to raise financing and enforce local land usage norms. For an India to shine,
the transformation of its cities is necessary.

Connecting the dots

 Urbanisation in India is taking place at a much faster pace and urban India’s challenges
remain manifold. Analyze.
 Define Urbanisation. Highlight the problems that have been a consequences of rapid
urbanisation in India
 For an India to shine, the transformation of its cities is necessary. Elucidate.

₹809 crore French loan for 15 Smart Cities projects

Part of: GS prelims and mains III - Infrastructure

Key points:

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 Agence française de développement (AFD), the French development bank, signed a

€100 million loan agreement for Smart Cities Mission
 The loan, which amounts to ₹809 crore, will be given for projects in one of the four
sectors: sustainable mobility, public open spaces, urban governance and ICT and
organisational innovation in low-income settlements.

Ude Desh ka Aam Naagrik (UDAN) scheme

Key pointers:
 The Civil Aviation Ministry launched Regional Connectivity Scheme UDAN (Ude Desh ka
Aam Nagrik) in 2017.
 UDAN is an innovative scheme to develop the regional aviation market. It is a market-
based mechanism in which airlines bid for seat subsidies.
 This first-of-its-kind scheme globally will create affordable yet economically viable and
profitable flights on regional routes so that flying becomes affordable to the common
man even in small towns.

Important Value Addition:

About the Scheme:
 The UDAN scheme seeks to provide connectivity to un-served and under-served airports
of the country through revival of existing air-strips and airports.
 This first-of-its-kind scheme will ensure affordability, connectivity, growth and
development.
 It aims to increase ticketing volume from 80 million to 300 million by 2022.
 Under it regional connectivity will be developed on market-based mechanism under
which Airlines will bid for seat subsidies.
 It will create affordable yet economically viable and profitable flights on regional routes
so that flying becomes affordable to the common man even in small towns.
 Under it, airlines will have complete freedom to enter into code sharing with larger
airlines for connectivity and they will be exempted from various airport charges.
 Airlines will have exclusive rights for three years to fly on a particular regional route.
 On these routes for regional flights Airfares will be capped at 2500 rupees for an hour’s
flight.
 Central and State governments and airport operators will provide a financial stimulus in
the form of concessions to airlines
 The mechanism of Viability Gap Funding (VGF) will be provided to interested airlines to
kick-off operations from such airports so that the passenger fares are kept affordable

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 Government will provide subsidy to airlines for first three years of operations when they
will have exclusive flying rights on the selected routes.
 Once the market in these routes gets jump started, it will operate on a commercial basis
as per market forces of supply and demand.

Motor Vehicles (Amendment) Bill: Fixing pothole problem

Introduction:
 Road safety is a very crucial issue in India.
 An efficient transport system is a pre-requisite for sustained economic development.
Government data shows that in 2017, approx 1.5 lakh people lost their lives in a year on
India's road.
 According to official statistics, potholes claimed 11,836 lives and left 36,421 persons
injured in India from 2013 to 2016.

Hence the issue of road safety is a serious matter and there is an urgent need to pass the
proposed Motor Vehicles (Amendment) Bill, which attempts to address the issue of liability for
road defects.

Key facts:
 A State-wise analysis of data pertaining to road crashes due to potholes reveals that
Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra have maintained a fairly
consistent record of being among the top four in road crashes, injuries and deaths due
to faulty roads, particularly potholes.
 Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Odisha and West Bengal feature regularly among the top 10
States in the same category.
 Pothole-related deaths increase especially during the monsoon season.
 The government is committed to reduce the accidents and fatalities by 50% in five
years.

The irony of the situation is that instead of booking cases against contractors or engineers for
shoddy maintenance of roads, police reports often blame the victims or drivers for ‘death due
to negligence’. Negligence on the part of road owners or maintenance authorities is rarely
brought to book.

Absence of effective law

 The Indian Road Congress has prescribed over 100 sets of guidelines to ensure
standardised road construction, maintenance and management, including guidelines for

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repairing potholes. The challenge lies in ensuring that these guidelines are
implemented.
 The absence of a unified statute or law on road construction, engineering and
maintenance makes it nearly impossible to ensure that these guidelines are
implemented.

The existing legislation for road safety, the Motor Vehicles Act, has no provisions to ensure
accountability of road authorities for defects in the engineering, design and maintenance of
roads.

Thankfully, the Motor Vehicles (Amendment) Bill, 2017, which seeks to strengthen the Act, has
attempted to address the issue of liability for road defects.

The way ahead:

For any road crash injury or death caused by defective road design and engineering, the
designated authority responsible to construct and maintain the road is to be penalised with a
sum capped at ₹1 lakh.

The Bill directs that safety standards be prescribed by the Central government.

Unfortunately, road contractors and engineers will still not be held criminally liable for causing
deaths and injuries, which organisations like the SaveLIFE Foundation have been demanding.
But a fine, even if it is a small amount, is a step in the right direction.

The Motor Vehicles (Amendment) Bill, 2017 aims to rectify several systemic issues by providing
a uniform driver licensing system, protecting children and vulnerable road users, rationalising
penalties and creating a system of accountability in the construction of roads.

The Bill is not a panacea for all problems, but it is the first step towards ensuring that no deaths
are caused by road crashes.

What can be done?

 Potholes are usually caused by the presence of heavy traffic and water on roads.
 Good drainage system, use of standardised methodology and good quality material
when constructing roads.
 Regular maintenance and an effective system to ensure accountability.
 Incorporating the Safe System Approach in all aspects of road design, engineering and
construction. This approach takes into account the possibility of human error and
ensures that the surrounding environment and infrastructure are designed to save lives.

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Connecting the dots:

 The Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 needs overhauling. Discuss.
 In absolute numbers, more people die in road accidents in India than in any other
country. Discuss what measures can be taken to address these increasing fatalities and
also critically comment on the steps taken by the government in this regard.

India is a popular hub for medical tourism

Part of: GS Prelims and Mains II – Social/Health issues; Tourism/Infrastructure; Economy

In news:
India attracts a large number of foreign patients every year.
Reasons:
 A rare combination of advanced facilities,
 skilled doctors, and
 low cost of treatment

Bangladesh and Afghanistan continued to be the top countries from where the maximum
number foreign tourist arrivals (for medical purpose) was seen.
Other countries from where large numbers of medical tourists came to India include Iraq,
Oman, Maldives, Yemen, Uzbekistan and Sudan.

The NITI Aayog has identified medical value travel as a major source of foreign exchange
earnings.

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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Human Space Flight Programme (HSP) and success of PAT

 ISRO is developing its ambitious Human Space Flight Programme (HSP).

 Since the ISRO does not have a human-rated launch vehicle or the budget from the
government to undertake such a flight, it will not happen before 2024. Mission will be
carried out on board a home-grown GSLV-III rocket.
 ISRO recently succeeded in conducting the first ‘pad abort’ test (PAT)
 PAT is crew escape system and with its success ISRO is a small step closer to sending
Indians to space.
 Pad Abort Test [PAT] is for safe recovery of the crew in case of any exigency at the
launch pad and are necessary for a future manned mission.

Long March-9

Part of: GS Prelims – Science and Technology; Space Mission; International

In news:
 China is working on a super-powerful rocket that would be capable of delivering heavier
payloads into low orbit than NASA

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 By 2030, the Long March-9 rocket under development will be able to carry 140 tonnes
into low-Earth orbit
 Just know the name - Long March-9 rocket – belong to China

Net Neutrality:

In news:
 Government has approved the principle of net neutrality.
 The move will ensure open and free Internet in India.
 Telecom and Internet service providers must treat all data on the Internet equally, and
not discriminate or charge differently by user, content, site, platform, or application.
 They cannot engage in practices such as blocking, slowing down or granting preferential
speeds to any content.

Do you know?
 The Telecom Commission (TC) — which is the highest decision-making body in the
Department of Telecom (DoT) — approved the recommendation made by the Telecom
Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) eight months ago.
 TRAI, in November 2017, batted in favour of Net neutrality.

Important value additions:

The Telecom Commission is responsible for:
 Formulating the policy of Department of Telecommunications for approval of the
Government;
 Preparing the budget for the Department of Telecommunications for each financial year
and getting it approved by the Government;
 Implementation of Government's policy in all matters concerning telecommunication.

Modern Technology
Do you know?
 ISRO, J&K govt. to set up telemedicine centre at 12,700 feet, aided by top hospitals (to
cater to pilgrims en route to the Amarnath shrine.)

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ISRO’s upgraded Vikas engine

Part of: GS Prelims Science and Tech; space; achievements by ISRO

In news:
 All the three satellite launch vehicles of the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)
to be upgraded with high-thrust Vikas engine.
 The main beneficiary of the high-thrust Vikas engine is said to be the heavy-lifting GSLV-
Mark III launcher, which ISRO expects will put 4,000-kg satellites to space.

Key facts:
 The semi-cryogenic Vikas engine will improve the payload capability.
 The Vikas engine is used in the second stage of the light lifting PSLV; the second stage
and the four add-on stages of the medium-lift GSLV; and the twin-engine core liquid
stage of Mk-III.

Pic:
https://d39gegkjaqduz9.cloudfront.net/TH/2018/07/17/DEL/Delhi/TH/5_07/c12f1554_225116
2_101_mr.jpg

Plants may soon create own fertilizer from thin air: study

Part of: GS Prelims and mains III – Science and technology; Research and development

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In news:
 Research is being done to engineer plants that can develop their own fertilizer by using
atmospheric nitrogen to create chlorophyll for photosynthesis.
 Although there are no plants that can fix nitrogen from the air, there is a subset of
cyanobacteria that is able to do so, scientists said.

Do you know?
 Cyanothece bacteria has the ability to fix nitrogen because it has a circadian rhythm.
 Cyanothece photosynthesise during the day, converting sunlight to the chemical energy
they use as fuel, and fix nitrogen at night, after removing most of the oxygen created
during photosynthesis through respiration.
 The research team took the genes from Cyanothece, responsible for this day-night
mechanism, and put them into another type of cyanobacteria, Synechocystis, to coax it
into fixing nitrogen from the air too.

SRIMAN: ‘Rent-a-lab’ policy

Part of: GS Prelims and Mains III – Science and Tech; Government policies and schemes

In news:
 The government has proposed a new policy that could transform scientific instruments
in government labs into lucrative assets generating a steady rental income.
 It plans to lease out time on scientific instruments to researchers across the country.
 The policy, called the Scientific Research Infrastructure Management and Networks
(SRIMAN) would not apply to strategic sectors

Einstein was right: astronomers confirm key theory of relativity

Part of: GS Prelims and Mains III – Science and Technology

In news:
 A consortium of astronomers confirmed the prediction of Einstein's key theory of
relativity.
 Einstein had posited that large gravitational forces could stretch light, much like the
compression and stretching of sound waves we perceive with the change of pitch of a
passing train.
 Astronomers’ consortium said that black holes are so dense that their gravitational pull
can trap even light.

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 Einstein in his theory of general relativity predicted that a black hole can bend passing
light.

About the theory of general relativity:

 In 1915, Albert Einstein presented his theory of general relativity, which proposed that
gravity itself was the result of a warping of space-time by massive objects like stars and
planets.
 Einstein's theory of relativity indicates that all objects fall the same way regardless of
mass or composition.

Things predicted by General relativity include:

 As light gets closer to the sun, it bends towards the sun twice as much as classical
physics (the system used before general relativity) predicts.
 The perihelion or the planet Mercury rotates along its orbit more than is expected under
Newtonian physics. General relativity accounts for the difference between what is seen
and what is expected without it.
 Redshift from gravity: When light moves away from an object with gravity (moving away
from the center of the valley), it is stretched into longer wavelengths. This was
confirmed by the Pound-Rebka experiment.
 The Shapiro delay: Light appears to slow down when it passes close to a massive object.
This was first seen in the 1960s by space probes headed towards the planet Venus.
 Gravitational waves: They were first observed on 14 September 2015.

India: AI Superpower or Client Nation?

About:
According to Google CEO, AI (artificial intelligence) is set to play a crucial role in human
civilization. He equates its importance with that of fire or electricity. However, Stephan
Hawking feared that AI could end humanity.
Industrial revolution moved the centres of physical power from human and animal bodies to
machines. On the same line, AI is set to transform our economic, social and political
organisation.
Impact of AI
 Intelligent systems typically tend to centralise and monopolise control.
 AI economy might radically concentrate income and wealth. Globally, just one or two
concentrations of AI power may rule the world. Currently, these are in the U.S. and
China.

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 AI will add to the military might. Russian President Vladimir Putin claims that whoever
rules AI will rule the world. (AI powered military will have advantage over non-AI
military).

Therefore, many global digital industry leaders have called for assured basic income for all.

Where does India stand in the AI race?

 India is lagging behind in both data and the availability of skilled professionals capable of
handling data.
 In China and US, tech giants such as Baidu and Google are leading AI innovation. In India,
startups are the primary developers of AI. The absence of tech giants also makes it
essential that the government lends its support to development of this sector.
 Nor India has such large domestically owned commercial data systems. Soon, Walmart
and Amazon will own between them perhaps the most significant set of India’s
consumer-behavioural and other economic data, over which they will develop various
kinds of AI. In time, such AI will allow them to control practically everything, and every
actor, along various economic value chains linked to consumer goods.
 Budget allocation to the Digital India programme which will finance India’s AI
endeavours doubled this year to Rs 3,073 crore ($477.5 million). While this is welcome,
it cannot match with China’s ambitions. China announced the construction of an AI
technology park in Beijing worth $2.1 billion. This also exceeds US spending.

Who will help India build its AI for military and other security/strategic purposes?
 The digital/AI industry works in huge ecosystems with global digital corporations at the
centre (Amazon and Google, Alibaba and Baidu, Microsoft etc) and various start-ups and
specific digital/AI applications at the peripheries.
 Start-ups everywhere, including in India, are mostly vying to find a place in such huge
global ecosystems, anchored either in the U.S. or China, generally by being bought out.
 India currently lacks the expertise to do the research and apply it - and it also doesn't
have the vast networks of data to enable AI.
 Lastly, there is little awareness about the technology and the risks it poses to privacy
and security.
 Regulation of data - how it is collected and used - is still at a nascent stage, which makes
powerful technologies like AI vulnerable to misuse.

Conclusion:
A big nation like India cannot derive satisfaction from rapidly becoming a client country for AI,
whether as ready users of AI applications in different areas, or by offering outsourced R&D for
global digital/AI corporations through start-ups existentially eager to be bought out.

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What really counts is whether India owns the centres of systemic AI that comes from
controlling huge commercial data ecosystems. In this regard, India’s ambition to be an AI
superpower is, frankly, sinking fast.

Connecting the dots:

 Instead of becoming a client country for Artificial Intelligence (AI), India needs to build
its own AI. Discuss.

‘ISRO-like’ ocean mission planned

Part of: GS Prelims and Mains III – Science and Technology; Geography
In news:
 Centre draws up a five-year, ₹8,000 crore plan to explore the deep recesses of the
ocean.
 The Union Earth Sciences Ministry unveiled a blueprint of the ‘Deep Ocean Mission
(DOM)’.
 The mission proposes to explore the deep ocean, similar to the space exploration
started by ISRO about 35 years ago.

Proposed key deliverables to achieve these goals –

 Establish an offshore desalination plant that will work with tidal energy
 Developing a submersible vehicle that can go to a depth of at least 6,000 metres
 The focus will be on technologies for deep-sea mining, underwater vehicles, underwater
robotics and ocean climate change advisory services, among other aspects.

Do you know?
 India has been allotted a site of 1,50,000 sq. km in the Central Indian Ocean Basin
(CIOB) by the UN International Sea Bed Authority for exploitation of polymetallic
nodules (PMN).
 These are rocks scattered on the seabed containing iron, manganese, nickel and cobalt.
 It is envisaged that 10% of recovery of that large reserve can meet the energy
requirement of India for the next 100 years.
 It has been estimated that 380 million metric tonnes of polymetallic nodules are
available at the bottom of the seas in the Central Indian Ocean
 India’s Exclusive Economic Zone spreads over 2.2 million sq. km and in the deep sea, lies
“unexplored and unutilised.”

Important value addition:

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 Article 297 – Things of value within territorial waters or continental shelf and resources
of the exclusive economic zone to vest in the Union

 India was the first country in the world to have been given the Pioneer Area for
exploration of deep-sea mineral viz. Polymetallic nodules in the Central Indian Ocean
Basin in 1987.

India’s Exclusive Economic Zone

Pic: https://qph.fs.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-ff0cc396558c51551ba5f544383a2499-c

Pic: https://image.slidesharecdn.com/exclusiveeconomiczonesofindiapps-
160902114336/95/exclusive-economic-zones-of-india-6-638.jpg?cb=1472816817

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DEFENCE

Gearing up for space wars

(MAINS FOCUS)

U.S. President Donald Trump recently announced about the creation of a “space force” or a
sixth branch of the American armed forces.

The announcement has taken many by surprise within and outside the U.S.

America had aspirations to build space weapons right from the Cold War times. (An example
being the Strategic Defense Initiative of the Reagan Administration)

The important shift expects to deny the Russians and the Chinese advantages in space. In other
words, the intention of the U.S. is to see that it establishes and maintains dominance in space.

Concerns:
 Project space corps is easy to be said and tough to be implemented. It could undercut
ongoing missions.
 It could very well increase budgetary allocations in the future.
 Physical environment of space is not conducive to the conduct of military operations
without incurring serious losses in the form of spacecraft and debris.
 Energy requirements and technical demands of defending assets in space are enormous.

China and Russia’s responses

 China opposes the weaponisation of space, it knows that it is the prime target of this
incipient force.
 With a range of terrestrial interests in direct conflict with the Americans, Beijing will be
in no mood to allow U.S. space dominance.
 China’s space military programme has been dedicated to building “Assassin Mace”
technologies (an array of kinetic and non-kinetic means of attack) — capabilities that are
geared to help win wars rapidly.
 Russia has said that it will vigorously take on the U.S.. However, given its lack of the
resources for competition, it will in all probability, for tactical reasons, align itself with
China.

Implications for India

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 American military goals, which are still undefined in space, could still have
consequences for India.
 While India is officially committed to PAROS, or the prevention of an arms race in outer
space, it is yet to formulate a credible official response to the Trump plan.
 India has yet to establish a credible space command of its own. And, its inter-services
rivalries will have to be resolved about the command and control.
 Apart from US, India also has to be concerned about China’s space military programmes.
China does possess a formidable space military programme that far exceeds current
Indian capabilities.

Connecting the dots:

 Can space weapons play big role in India’s grand strategy? Will India come out with an
official white paper on space weapons?

INS Sahyadri and RIMPAC

Part of: GS Prelims – International; Defence; Security

About:
 RIMPAC - world’s largest international maritime warfare exercise
 26 Countries including India to participate in RIMPAC
 The exercise will be held from June 27 to August 2, 2018 in and around Hawaiian Islands
and Southern California.
 The theme for this year’s RIMPAC exercise is “Capable, Adaptive, Partners.”
 Four countries Brazil, Israel, Sri Lanka and Vietnamare are participating for first time.
 US had withdrawn invitation of Chinese navy in response to China’s continued illegal
militarisation of islands in disputed South China Sea.
 It is held once in two years.
 India is a member.

Do you know?
 Indigenously built stealth frigate, INS Sahyadri to participate in RIMPAC.
 2018 RIMPAC is the 26th edition of RIMPAC, hosted by the U.S. Indo-Pacific Command
(INDOPACOM)
 INS Sahyadri wins praise for integrating yoga into regime

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BrahMos and US made M777 guns

Part of: GS Prelims - Missiles and Defence

Key pointers:
 Short range ramjet supersonic cruise missile that can be launched from submarines,
ships, aircraft or land
 It is a joint venture between the Russian Federation's NPO Mashinostroeyenia and
India's Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) who have together
formed BrahMos Aerospace Private Limited.
 Brahmos is the world class weapon with multi-platform, multi-mission role.
 It is a joint venture between India and Russia and named after the Brahmaputra and
Moscow rivers.
 It is now capable of being launched from land, sea and air, completing the tactical cruise
missile triad for India.
 The land and sea variants of Brahmos are already operational with the Army and the
Navy.
 It has a strike range of around 290 km and is described as the world’s fastest supersonic
cruise missile.
Do you know?
 In November 2016, India signed a deal with the U.S. government under the Foreign
Military Sales (FMS) programme for 145 M777 guns at a cost of $737 million.

National Advanced Surface-to-Air Missile System (NASAMS)

Part of: GS Prelims and Mains III – Defence and Security

In news:
 India plans to procure missile shield from U.S.

 India is in talks with the U.S. to procure an advanced air defence system, called National
Advanced Surface-to-Air Missile System-II (NASAMS-II)

 It will be used to defend the National Capital Region (NCR) from aerial attacks.

Fast recap:
 NASAMS system will complement other systems such as the medium and long-range
surface-to-air missile (SAM) systems under procurement.

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 India is also in an advanced stage of talks with Russia for the procurement of very long
range S-400 air defence systems.
 Apart from these imports, India is also developing an indigenous Ballistic Missile
Defence (BMD) system.

Private sector participation in defence equipment manufacturing

Part of: GS Prelims and mains III – Defence and Security

In news:
Major step towards boosting private sector participation in domestic defence manufacturing:
 Defence Acquisition Council (DAC) approved the implementation of Strategic
Partnership guidelines.
 Strategic Partnership model aims to revitalise defence industrial ecosystem and
progressively build indigenous capabilities in the private sector to design, develop and
manufacture complex weapon system for future needs of armed forces.
 The SP model has four segments — submarines, single engine fighter aircraft,
helicopters and armoured carriers/main battle tanks — which would be specifically
opened up for the private sector.
 Under this policy one Indian private company would be selected in each segment which
would tie-up with shortlisted global equipment manufacturers to manufacture the
platforms in India under technology transfer.

Pic:
https://d39gegkjaqduz9.cloudfront.net/TH/2018/07/31/DEL/Delhi/TH/5_07/7613786d_2285133_101_
mr.jpg

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DISASTER MANAGEMENT
Role of Big Data in saving lives

Since 1970, more than two million people have been killed by natural disasters, especially in the
‘Ring of Fire’ region around the Pacific Ocean.

As per UN report, approximately 43,000 a year have been killed.

In 2004 alone, the Indian Ocean tsunami struck 14 countries, and killed more than 18,000
people in India.

Pic:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Pacific_Ring_of_Fire.svg/1200
px-Pacific_Ring_of_Fire.svg.png

Role of Big Data:

There is a way to dramatically cut down on the number of people impacted by such disasters,
and that is by using data.

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If we are to save lives and prevent damage to economies, it is critical to identify the most
vulnerable populations. Data on these communities can be used to pursue ‘risk-informed
development’.
 For instance, road infrastructure can be built by calculating the intensity of floods and
determining the types of materials needed to construct durable roads.
 India recently embarked on an initiative to establish a comprehensive disaster database
system.
 Now, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), working with partners, has
established National Disaster Loss and Damage databases in 16 countries.

Data also help identify the gaps and makes recommendations on where to allocate resources to
mitigate risks from disasters.
 For example, flood-resistant roads can only be constructed if governments consider and
review data about flood risks.
 With such information, they can allocate appropriate funds for better road construction.

Institution to study risks

 In 2015, the UNDP partnered with the Tohoku University and Fujitsu decided to create a
Global Centre for Disaster Statistics (GCDS).
 The aim is to gather and crunch ‘big data’ to meet the ambitious targets of the Sendai
Framework to reduce the risks from disasters.
 Fujitsu’s cloud-based ecosystem captures data from a variety of sources, including
unstructured sources like social media, high-resolution satellite imagery and drones.
 Specialised technical institutions like the Tohoku University can crunch and analyse
these data sets to provide insights for policymakers about the impacts of disasters. This
includes helping to monitor recovery, focussing on early warning, and assessing
resilience.

Conclusion:

Big data also provides a deeper understanding about how an economy is interconnected: how
devastation of a rice crop by a disaster can trigger a chain impact across several industries and
services, such as transportation, rice-trading, packaging and retail.

With such valuable information, governments can anticipate disasters and reduce risks through
preventive measures such as early warning systems, safety drills, and resilient infrastructure.

Connecting the dots:

 What is Big Data? Discuss it’s significance and possible applications.

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Tadipatri steel factory gas leak

Part of: GS Mains III – Disaster; Risk management

In news:

 Six die and four fell seriously ill due to poisonous gas leak at steel plant in Andhra
Pradesh’s Tadipatri
 Carbon monoxide gas leak caused the mishap at the steel plant in Andhra Pradesh.
 Gerdau Steel India Ltd factory - The plant’s owner Gerdau SA is based in Sao Paolo and is
one of the largest steel manufacturers in the Americas.

Flash Flood Guidance System

Part of: GS Mains III – Disaster management ; India and the world

In news:
 India has been designated as a nodal centre for preparing flash-flood forecasts by the
World Meteorological Organization (WMO).

 That means India will have to develop a customised model that can issue advance
warning of floods in Asian nations such as Vietnam, Sri Lanka, Myanmar and Thailand.

Do you know?
 Pakistan has refused to participate in the scheme.
 India currently has a warning system for tsunamis that also doubles up a warning system
for several Asian countries.
 The Central Water Commission, which monitors India’s dams, warns of rising water
levels in the reservoirs, which are usually taken to be signs of imminent floods.

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INTERNAL SECURITY/SECURITY
Tackling Lynching

Introduction:

India has witnessed killing of over 27 people in 15 cases of lynchings by frenzied mobs blinded
by viral rumours of child-kidnappers on the prowl across nine states — from Assam to Tamil
Nadu — in the last one year.

The Central government has finally moved to react to the lynchings reported from across the
length and breadth of the country, but its line of action is bafflingly weak.
 With over 200 million active WhatsApp users in India, the country seems to have a
serious problem with the spread of fake news, and nothing is being done about it.
 On the contrary, India told Facebook-owned WhatsApp to take "immediate action" after
a spate of these horrific lynchings sparked by false rumours was shared on the
messaging service.

Unfortunately, we cannot blame a messaging app which is used worldwide, if the government
itself fails to address the issues which are largely at play in the country.

Why political messaging and administrative alerts are key to stopping the string of lynchings?
1. WhatsApp alone cannot stop the lynchings. It is not clear how such a platform can take
measures to limit the spread of motivated or sensational messages. Also, whether such
checks would amount to legitimising surveillance and a loss of privacy — a rare
commodity in this digital age.
2. Even if it can do so without compromising privacy, the problem is not the medium.
Rumour has historically found its way around communication walls, and it can only be
effectively blocked through old-fashioned information campaigns and administrative
alertness.
3. Rumour’s potency predates mobile phones, even if there is no denying that
smartphones, with their ability to instantly transmit text and images, have a tendency,
in this era of fake news, to rapidly spread panic and anger. (One such example was
unrelated video of an act of violence that went viral was responsible for fuelling
communal hatred in Muzaffarnagar in 2013.)

Concerns:

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It is puzzling that district administrations and gram panchayats have not been asked to reach
out to locals to persuade them against falling for rumours, and to come to the authorities if
they have any fears.

One more key finding is that the proximity or distance of police from the scene of the crime
doesn’t make a difference.

In all 27 killings, the nearest station was 2-20 km from the spot — on an average, within 10 km.
Yet, police were unable to reach in time. In the handful of cases that they did, they were heavily
outnumbered. Clearly, the rumour and the mob moves faster than the police.

Conclusion:

WhatsApp in India can do everything it can, but at the end, it is the responsibility of the
government to find a solution and stop the spread of fake messages. New rules need to be
implemented and the police in the country need better tools to cope with false content being
spread as well.

India needs to take this up as a challenge and find a solution, as soon as possible. The
messaging needs to be amplified — merely appealing to WhatsApp is hardly the solution.

Connecting the dots:

 Mob violence and lynching are emerging as a serious law and order problem in India. By
giving suitable example, analyze the causes and consequences of such violence.
 The State’s legitimacy to govern is at risk with increase in incidents like lynching and
mob violence. Discuss.
 A draft anti-lynching law has been proposed. Discuss the need of such a law and
apprehensions associated with the provisions of the draft law. Further also analyze how
making law would not be enough, an effective enforcement machinery is the need of
the hour.

'Mobocracy': rule or domination by the masses

Part of: GS Mains II – Governance issues; Security; Welfare issues

In news:
 India's Supreme Court has recommended the government enact new laws to combat
mob violence, amid a sharp rise in the number of so-called vigilante attacks.

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 Supreme Court ruled that the State has a "sacrosanct duty to protect its citizens from
unruly elements and perpetrators of orchestrated lynching and vigilantism."
 "Horrendous acts of mobocracy cannot be permitted to inundate the law of the land"
 SC held that ‘lynching’ should be dealt as a "special and separate offense and provide
adequate punishment."

A special law in this field would instil a sense of fear for law amongst the people who involve
themselves in such kinds of activities.

There can be no trace of doubt that fear of law and veneration for the command of law
constitute the foundation of a civilized society.

It also recommended that cases of lynchings be heard in a fast track court with trials to be
concluded within six months and the highest possible sentences to be awarded.

Rising intolerance:
 Critics argue that the rise in mob violence has coincided with the electoral success of the
ruling Bharatiya Janata Party. They allege that the current government has helped foster
a culture of religious intolerance since coming to power in 2014.
 Populace of a great Republic like ours has lost the values of tolerance to sustain a
diverse culture.
 Rising wave of frenzied mobs — fed by fake news, self-professed morality and false
stories — would consume the country like a “typhoon-like monster.”

Rajiv Gauba panel to check cases of mob lynching

Part of: GS Prelims and Mains II and III – Social issues; Internal Security; Law and Order issue

In news:
 High-level committee headed by Rajiv Gauba, had been constituted to check cases of
“mob lynching”.
 The government said a Group of Ministers (GoM), headed by Union Home Minister will
consider the report of the committee and submit its recommendations to Prime
Minister.

Do you know?
 As per the Constitution, ‘Police’ and ‘Public Order’ are State subjects and State
governments are responsible for controlling crime, maintaining law and order and
protecting the life and property of the citizens.

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 Supreme Court condemned the recent spate of lynchings as “horrendous acts of

mobocracy” and told Parliament to make lynching a separate offence.

ON RAPE AND CRIMES: Death Penalty is no solution

Introduction:

Remember the Supreme Court’s recent order on mob lynching?

 On July 17, a Supreme Court bench termed incidents of mob-lynching in India as
‘horrendous acts of mobocracy’
 It directed the Parliament to draft a new legislation to effectively deal with incidents of
mob lynching.
 The apex court also directed the police to register an FIR under Section 153A of the IPC
and do everything in their power to ensure that social order was maintained.

The judgment endorses the belief that “it is the fear of law that prevents crimes”. However,
effective policing of mob violence may not be the only cause for failure.

Is Death penalty a solution?

The political class has recently shown increasing liking or affinity for the death penalty.
 Earlier this month, Punjab Chief Minister suggested the death penalty for first-time
drug offenders.
 In 2016, the Nitish Kumar government in Bihar introduced the death penalty for illicit
liquor trade without any evidence to suggest its efficacy.
 This year, BJP MP Subramanian Swamy moved, and then withdrew, a private member’s
Bill in the Rajya Sabha for death penalty for cow slaughter.
 More prominently, a Presidential ordinance was introduced by the Union government to
impose the death penalty for the rape of girls under 12 years of age.

In doing so, our political class has opted too often in the recent past to declare certain
categories of criminals worth eliminating.
Unfortunately, courts have often joined the chorus and actively sought and encouraged harsher
punishments.

Death penalty is not the answer

 In January, the Uttarakhand High Court recommended that the State introduce the
death penalty for cases of child rape.

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 The courts have in the recent past showcased language with helpless frustration.
‘Monstrous,’ ‘beastly,’ ‘diabolical’ and ‘unfathomable’ have been used to refer to
offenders.

Such language is then read and highlighted across media, feeding the public with an idea that -
violence is the only means of justice.
Judicially expressed disgust does not aid in understanding crime, or preventing its recurrence.
Do you know?
 2013 Justice Verma Committee restrained to recommend death penalty for rape.
 Law Commission recommended restricting the death penalty only to crimes against the
state.

It should not be forgotten that the death penalty has never been a deterrent against any sort of
crime.
There is little empirical evidence to show that those about to commit a capital offence would
stop themselves merely out of the fear of being hanged. Further, there is a legitimate concern
that the country’s judicial system has not been consistent in awarding the death penalty.
Lengthy prison sentences, constituting both well-deserved consequences for grave crimes and a
life-long opportunity for penitence, will adequately meet the ends of justice.

The court must resist being the avenger for society in favour of nurturing a culture where
justice and retribution are not the same.

The way ahead:

India’s growing violence culture can be best reversed by enhancing conviction rates through
reforms in the police and judicial systems.

Need of the hour: greater allocation of state resources towards the setting up of fast-track
courts; more one-stop crisis centres; proper witness protection; more expansive compensation
for rape survivors, and an overhaul of existing child protection services.

There is no question that the country deserves much better legal protection, but the death
penalty is not the answer.

Connecting the dots

 With more than 150 countries abolishing death penalty, is there a stressing demand in
India to abolish death penalty. Critically analyse.
 Violence can breed justice as well as injustice. Elucidate.

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RBI on cryptocurrency

Part of: GS Prelims and Mains III – Indian Economy; Cyber security

In news:
 RBI said dealing in cryptocurrency would encourage illegal transactions.
 Cryptocurrencies are “a stateless digital currency” in which encryption techniques are
used for trading and these ‘currencies’ operate independently of a Central bank like the
RBI, “rendering them immune from government interference.”

Do you know?
 A committee headed by Dinesh Sharma has been set up by the Centre to deal with
issues relating to cryptocurrencies.

Crypto Currencies
 Crypto Currencies or Virtual Currencies are type of unregulated digital money. They are
mainly decentralised peer-to-peer system, and transacted between users directly,
without an intermediary.
 These transactions are verified by network nodes and recorded in public distributed
ledger called blockchain.
 They are neither issued by central bank/public authority, nor is necessarily attached to
fiat currency, but is used and accepted among the members of a specific virtual
community.
 They are being transferred, stored or traded electronically.
 Example - Bitcoin, Litecoin, Darkcoin, Peercoin, Dogecoin, Primecoin etc

Justice B.N. Srikrishna committee on Data Protection

Part of: GS Prelims and Mains III – Security issue; Cyber Security

In news:
 Justice B.N. Srikrishna-headed expert panel on data protection
 Srikrishna panel submitted a draft personal data protection Bill, 2018
 It recommended that critical personal data of Indian citizens be processed in centres
located within the country.
 Government should notify categories of personal data that will be considered critical.
 The draft bill also provides for penalties for the data processor as well as compensation
to the data principal to be imposed for violations of the data protection law.

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Pic:
https://d39gegkjaqduz9.cloudfront.net/TH/2018/07/28/DEL/Delhi/TH/5_01/f6b31db9_227790
7_101_mr.jpg
Handle children’s data with care
 Justice Srikrishna committee on data privacy has made specific mention of the need for
separate and more stringent norms for protecting the data of children
 It recommended that companies be barred from certain types of data processing such
as behavioural monitoring, tracking, targeted advertising and any other type of
processing which is not in the best interest of the child.

National Register of Citizens

Part of: GS Prelims and Mains II and III – Welfare and Social issue; Internal Security

About NRC
 It is the register containing names of Indian Citizens. It was prepared first in 1951 after
the conduct of the Census of 1951.
 It is used to identify who is a bona fide Indian citizen and those who fail to enlist in the
register will be deemed illegal migrants.

Why is the National Register of Citizens (NRC) is being updated in Assam?

 The demands to update the NRC of 1951 were first raised by the All Assam Students’
Union (AASU) and Assam Gana Parishad more than three decades ago.

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 Since 1950s, there is lot of controversy regarding migration and citizenship issues.
Original inhabitants of Assam always fear that migrants from Bangladesh would
compete them with jobs, land and eventually hamper their culture.
 Therefore, in 1970s, All Assam Students’ Union spearheaded a massive drive, popularly
known as the Assam Agitation calling for the detection, deletion and deportation of
illegal Bangladeshi migrants.
 However, for a very long time, the provisions in the Assam accord were not
implemented.
 In 2013, the Supreme Court finally ordered to complete the exercise by December 31,
2017, leading to the present updation of NRC in Assam.

DRAFT NRC

 Over 40 lakh out of 3.29 crore applicants were left out of draft NRC in Assam
 The five year exercise was completed at a cost of ₹1,220 crore.
 The draft NRC was released in Guwahati by Registrar General of India and NRC State
Coordinator.
 The remaining 40,007,707 applicants, whose names didn't figure in the list will be given
ample opportunity through a process of claims and objections till September 28, and
their citizenship status will not be questioned till the final, error-free draft is prepared.

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ETHICS
100th anniversary of Nelson Mandela

Martin Luther King Jr. once said, “If a man hasn’t discovered something he will die for, he isn’t
fit to live.”

Meaning –

MLK Jr. is suggesting others or us to find what we value in life; family, friends, hopes, dreams,
etc. If one is living with no reason other than fear of death, there is no real value to the
individual’s life.

Living is about making an impression after death. Otherwise, once one dies with no one to
remember him or her, what’s the difference between him/her never existing in the first place?
So find something you value, love, treasure, and will engrave you in life even after death, much
like Anne Frank’s "I want to live even after death."

Nelson Mandela is an ideal example for such thought.

Remembering Mandela:
 Nelson Mandela was a man who cherished the ideal of a free society all his life; an ideal
that as he proclaimed at his trial in Pretoria, in April 1964, he hoped to live for, but if
need be, die for.
 During his lifetime, Mandela dedicated himself to the freedom struggle of the African
people, and in doing so, fought against White and Black domination in South Africa.
 But more than anything else, he fought for democracy as a plural society in which all
races, languages and opinions could live together in harmony, and with equal
opportunity.

However, what Nelson Mandela, as a political and moral leader, made possible for humanity
was to extend and expand our capacity to rethink politics in terms of an ethics of empathy, a
politics of forgiveness, and a revolution of values.

South Africa’s transition to democracy, under the leadership of Mandela, was a great work of
political creativity and moral wisdom.

Mandela’s legacy

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The two noted definitions of a human being — by Aristotle — that he is a political being and a
being endowed with speech, supplement each other in Mandela’s anti-apartheid practice of
freedom.

What Mandela understood through his life experience was that freedom cannot be speechless,
while violence is incapable of speech. That such an outspokenness (what the Greeks called
parrhesia) must be intimately connected with the ideal of freedom seems to be true in the
legendary life of Mandela.

Mandela was born a century ago in a world where outspokenness was not practised among
Blacks in South Africa.

Blacks were meant to learn through imitation and emulation, not through asking questions.

Mandela’s political future as a national leader was established and solidified by two facts: the
bus boycott in the 1940s in Alexandra and his meeting with Walter Sisulu, who was an African
nationalist who influenced many activists and ANC members. These two influences drove
Mandela to form the African National Congress (ANC) Youth League in 1944.

The next turning points in his political struggle was during the Sharpeville Massacre (1960),
when a hundred African demonstrators were killed, and both the ANC and the Pan-African
Congress were banned.

Mandela decided to go underground and create a new armed wing, the Umkhonto we Sizwe
(Spear of the Nation).

In the eyes of Mandela, the choice of turning the ANC into a violent organisation was to
acquire the best hope of reconciliation afterwards. Nevertheless, he was the first to criticise this
decision of his in the mid-1970s. Madela insisted on the ANC’s heritage of non-violence and
racial harmony.

The second memorable moment of his life and that of South African nation was when he
became, in 1994, South Africa’s first democratic and Black African President.

“Madiba”, as Mandela was known by his clan name, accomplished his heroic status by meeting
the challenges of his life and those of his time.

His relevance

As an activist, as a prisoner or as a leader in government, he remained intensely conscious of

his moral and political responsibilities as a man in search for excellence.

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Even after his death, on December 5, 2013, he has remained a global figure with a legacy — of a
politics of excellence.

If we celebrate the 100th anniversary of his birth today, it is not because we take leave of his
time and his struggle but mainly because his politics of excellence and his moral capital are
more relevant than ever to all those who continue to believe in the non-violent pursuit of
public happiness and in peace-making governance.

Connecting the dots

 Given below are two quotations of moral thinkers/philosophers. For each of these, bring
out what it means to you in the present context:
1. “If a man hasn’t discovered something he will die for, he isn’t fit to live.”
2. “Freedom cannot be speechless, while violence is incapable of speech.”
 Discuss the legacy of Nelson Mandela as the champion of a politics of excellence, non-
violent pursuit of public happiness and in peace-making governance.

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MISCELLANEOUS

Person in news:

1. Bhakti saint Ramanuja

Refer the link -

2. Saint Kabir's 500th Death Anniversary

Refer the link -

3. Person in news: percussion maestro Kuzhalmannam Ramakrishnan

Part of: GS Prelims – Art and culture

Key pointers:
 Kuzhalmannam Ramakrishnan developed a lightweight version of South Indian
percussion instrument mridangam.
 The patent office of Union government awarded the patent for the design to the
innovative product.
 The Controller General of Patents, Designs and Trademarks has given the patent under
‘drum’ category.
 Made of steel and fibre, Mr. Ramakrishnan has named the instrument as
‘sadmridangam.’
 According to him, the ‘sadmridangam’ weighs lesser than the traditional wooden
mridangam but there will be no compromise on the output.
 “Traditional mridangam is made out of the wood of jackfruit tree and the weight varies
between 15 kg and 30 kg. But ‘sadmridangam’ hardly weighs 5 kg.”

4. Person in news: Bharat Vatwani and Sonam Wangchuk gets 2018 Ramon
Magsaysay Awards

In News:

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 Two Indians Bharat Vatwani and Sonam Wangchuk are among six who have been
declared winners of 2018 Ramon Magsaysay Award, often referred to as Asian version
of the Nobel Prize.

Do you know?
 Sonam Wangchuk, a 51-year-old educational reformer from Ladakh, widely regarded as
the inspiration for Aamir Khan’s character, Phunsuk Wangdu in the film ‘3 Idiots,’ is one
of two Indians named for the 2018 Ramon Magsaysay Awards.
 The other is Bharat Vatwani, a psychiatrist who works for mentally ill street people in
Mumbai.

About the award:

Pic: https://img.timesnownews.com/story/1532606316-magsaysay-twitter.jpg?d=600x450
 It is Asia’s highest honour and is often regarded as the region’s equivalent of the Nobel
Prize. It was established in 1957 by trustees of the New York City based Rockefeller
Brothers Fund and Philippine government in the memory of Philippines’ third President
Ramon Magsaysay who had died in air disaster in March 1957.
 It is awarded annually to individuals or organizations from Asia region for their altruistic
and philanthropic service.
 It carries Medallion bearing the likeness of the late President Ramon Magsaysay, cash
prize and a certificate.

5. Person in news: Hima Das

In news:
 Hima Das, 18-year-old athlete from Assam, won World Under-20 championships gold at
Tampere in Finland.
 It is a remarkable achievement as Indians have never done well in sprints on the global
stage, even if athletes such as P.T. Usha dominated the 400 m at the Asian level.

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 Hima’s under-20 title was the country’s first-ever gold in a track event at any IAAF World
event.

Do you know?
 Hina Das (53.21 seconds, 400mtrs)
 Manjit Kaur hold National Record - 51.05 s (400mtrs)

Other athletes
 Discus thrower Vikas Gowda
 Javelin thrower Neeraj Chopra

6. Person in news: Commander Abhilash Tomy

Part of: GS Prelims

In news:
 Commander Abhilash Tomy of the Indian Navy, a well-known sailor, is participating in
the historic Golden Globe Race (GGR)
 Tomy is the only invitee from Asia to the GGR
 There are 18 participants, including one woman sailor, in the race.

Race on traditional means:

 The participants are required to sail around the world, single-handed and non-stop. The
uniqueness of the race is that boat designs and technology newer than 1968 is not
permitted, so the use of the Global Positioning System (GPS), satellite communication or
modern navigational aids is forbidden.
 Participants will rely on traditional means of navigation, such as physical maps and
observing stars, as they sail through the high seas in a 30,000-mile journey. The sailors
are provided with a satellite phone for medical emergencies.

Do you know?
 The GGR is being conducted by U.K.-based sailing pioneer Sir Robin Knox Johnston to
commemorate 50 years since the world’s first solo non-stop circumnavigation by him
on-board the Indian-built boat Suhaili, in 1968.
 Commander Tomy is the only Indian to complete solo, non-stop circumnavigation of the
globe in 2012-13, on-board the Indian Naval Sailing Vessel (INSV) Mhadei, and has
covered 53,000 nautical miles under sail.
 He is representing India in the indigenously built sailing vessel Thuriya, a replica of
Suhaili. The race is expected to end at Les Sables d’Olonne in April 2019.

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Fast recap: INSV Tarini

 We had read about INSV Tarini, the naval sail ship with an all-women crew
circumnavigating the globe.
 The expedition is named as ‘Navika Sagar Parikrama’
 Mhadei river of Goa

Tribe in news: Baiga tribe

Part of: GS prelims

Key points:
 Baiga tribe : : Madhya Pradesh
 Two tribal women from Baiga tribe were recently arrested for collecting edible
mushrooms from Sarai trees inside Madhya Pradesh's Kanha National Park.
 The two were found in prohibited area in the forest.

Tribe/community in news: Bru community

In news:
 The Brus had fled Mizoram in 1997 following an unrest.
 Multiple efforts have been made since then to repatriate them.
 Recently, Union Home Ministry committed to implement the agreement (BRU PACT)
signed to repatriate nearly 33,000 Bru refugees, currently living in camps in Tripura, to
Mizoram.
 The Central government will implement the agreement and all the benefits, including
cash assistance, would be given to the refugees who abide by it.

Do you know?
 As per the agreement, signed by the Central government and the governments of
Tripura and Mizoram besides the MBDPF leadership, each of the 5,407 families will get
₹5,000 per month along with free ration for two years, besides house-building
assistance of ₹1.5 lakh.
 A one-time financial assistance of ₹4 lakh will also be given to each family but the
amount will be kept as fixed deposit in the name of the family head.
 Around 8,000 Bru refugees have gone back to Mizoram since 1997 in six batches and
they have been living peacefully in the State.

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Bru people to get voting rights

Part of: GS Prelims – Geography; Indigenous Tribe

In news:
 More than 30,000 people belonging to the Bru community, who fled from Mizoram to
Tripura in 1997 in the wake of inter-community violence, will be given voting rights.
 Remember tribe/community name - Reang tribe (known in Mizoram as Brus)

“cVigil” app

GS Prelims:
 Election Commission launched an Android-based mobile application named “cVigil”.

 The app will help citizens to share proof of malpractices by political parties, their
candidates and activists when the Model Code of Conduct is in force.

World’s largest mobile factory’ in Noida

Part of: GS Prelims

Key pointers:
 Modi, Moon inaugurate world’s largest mobile factory’ in Noida
 Samsung aims to double production, make India export hub
 Samsung (South Korean electronics)
 In line with ‘Make in India’ initiative

Miscellaneous:

1. Underground lake detected on Mars: Scientists have spotted a sizeable salt-laden lake
under ice on the southern polar plain of red planet (Mars)

2. Nilgiri Mountain Railway (NMR) - figures in UNESCO’s list of World Heritage sites

Udhagamandalam, Coonoor and Mettupalayam stations had been identified and developed
as heritage stations

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3. The GST Council has announced some ‘relief’ for publishers in the form of reduction in GST
on e-book sales — from 18% to 5%. The reduction is applicable only to books that have a
print version as well.

4. Formal employment, as measured by the number of subscribers in the Employees’

Provident Fund (EPFO), Employees’ State Insurance Scheme (ESIC), and the National
Pension Scheme (NPS), witnessed double-digit growth in May 2018

5. International Rice Research Institute (IRRI)

 International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) is in the Philippines

 The Economic Survey 2017-18 recommended a number of steps to acknowledge the
“feminisation” of Indian agriculture.
 Department of Biotechnology (DBT), a Science Ministry body plans to send women
farmers to be trained in IRRI.

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(TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE)

Model questions: (Answers are provided at the end)

Q.1) Consider the following statements about Ramanuja

1. He is the main proponent of Vishishtadvaita philosophy
2. His ideas are one of three sub schools in Vedānta

Select the correct statements

a) Only 1
b) Only 2
c) Both 1 and 2
d) Neither 1 nor 2

Q.2) Match the following

1. Advaita a. Ramanuja
2. Dvaita b. Madhava
3. Visishtadvaita c. Shankara

Select the correct answer using code below

a) 1-a, 2-c, 3-b
b) 1-c, 2-b, 3-a
c) 1-b, 2-a, 3-c
d) 1-c, 2-a, 3-b

Q.3) Consider the following Statements:

1. Sankaracharya started a Hindu rivavalist movement and introduced the doctrine of
Advaitavada or monoism.
2. Ramanuja from Kannada region preached Dvaitavaad or dualism of Jivatma and
Parmatma.
3. Madhavacharya born near modern Chennai, preached Vishitadvaitvaad.

Which of the above statements are correct?

a) 1 only
b) 2 and 3
c) 3 only
d) All of the above

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Q.4) Consider the following statements

1. Sankaracharya gave doctrine of Advaita
2. Ramanuja considered God as Nirgunabrahma
3. Madhav considered God as Sagunabrahma

Select the correct code

a) Only 1
b) 1 and 2 only
c) 1 and 3 only
d) All of the above

Q.5) Consider the following statements with respect to RIMPAC

1. RIMPAC is the world's largest international maritime warfare exercise jointly hosted by
USA and China.
2. It is held once in two years.
3. India is a member of RIMPAC

Select the correct one

a) 1 and 2 only
b) 3 only
c) 2 and 3 only
d) 1, 2, and 3

Q.6) ‘Navika Sagar Parikrama’ which was in news is associated with –

a) the first ever attempt to circumnavigate the globe by an Indian crew.
b) the first time an indigenous ship is being used to circumnavigate the globe.
c) Indian Navy Commander Abhilash Tomy to complete solo, non-stop circumnavigation of
the globe.
d) the first-ever Indian circumnavigation of the globe by an all-women crew.

Q.7) Recently, Centre had constituted a Committee to deal with faster resolution of stressed
assets and Committee had recommended the creation of an asset management company.
The committee is headed by –
a) Rajesh Bindal Committee
b) Geetam Singh Committee
c) Preetham Reddy Committee
d) Sunil Mehta Committee

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Q.8) Prakash Singh judgement deals with –

a) Power sharing between NCT elected government and Lt. Governor
b) Higher education reforms
c) faster resolution of stressed assets and creation of creation of an asset management
company
d) Consulting UPSC for selecting police chiefs

Q.9) Bijak, is a famous work written by –

a) Surdas
b) Mirabai
c) Kabir
d) Ramanuja

Q.10) Consider the following statements regarding Ramananda:

1. His verses are included in Adi Granth
2. Simplification of worship and emancipation of people from the traditional caste rules
were his two important contributions to the Bhakti movement.
3. He opposed the caste system and chose his disciples from all sections of society
disregarding caste.

Which of the above statements are correct?

a) 1 and 2 only
b) 2 and 3 only
c) 1 and 3 only
d) All of the above

Q.11) In which of the following texts can we find Dohas written by Kabirdas?
1. Bijak
2. Adigranth
3. Sukhinda

Select the code from following:

a) 1 and 2
b) 2 and 3
c) 1 and 3
d) All of the above

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Q.12) Tanjore Paintings are one of the folk paintings of South India. Which of the following
statements regarding Tanjore Paintings are correct?
1. They are made entirely by white paint over a red background.
2. Semi-precious stones, gold and silver foil, glass pieces etc are used to decorate the
painting.
3. The theme of the paintings is usually religious.

Select the code from following:

a) 1 and 2
b) 2 and 3
c) 1 and 3
d) All of the above

Q.13) Consider the following:

1. Religious figures
2. Use of semi-precious stones
3. Usage of rice paste as base
4. Architectural arches

Which of the above characteristics is/arethe features of Tanjore Painting?

a) 1, 2 and 3 only
b) 1, 2 and 4 only
c) 2, 3 and 4 only
d) 2 and 3 only

Q.14) The Reang tribe also known as 'Bru' is found in which of the following states in India –
a) Chhattisgarh
b) Andaman and Nicobar
c) Tripura
d) Odisha

Q.15) Which of the following are correctly matched?

Tribe State
1. Reang Tripura
2. Bhutia Sikkim
3. Lepcha Arunachal Pradesh

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Select the correct code:

a) 1 and 2
b) 2 and 3
c) 1 and 3
d) 1, 2 and 3

Q.16) Consider the following statements about Leprosy

1. It is a viral infection
2. Loss of sensations over the affected skin is a typical feature associated with skin patches
caused due to leprosy

Select the correct statements

a) 1 only
b) 2 only
c) Both 1 and 2
d) Neither 1 nor 2

Q.17) Which of the following statements are correct regarding Leprosy?

1. The disease mainly affects the skin, the peripheral nerves, mucosa of the upper
respiratory tract, and the eyes.
2. A cure for leprosy is still not discovered and once infected a person can’t be treated.
3. Leprosy is communicable and can be transmitted by droplets from nose and mouth.

Select the code from below:

a) 1 and 2
b) 2 and 3
c) 1 and 3
d) All of the above

Q.18) Consider the following statements about Bhitarkanika National Park

1. It is included in the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites
2. It is unique in being a swamp with floating vegetation

Select the correct statements

a) 1 only
b) 2 only
c) Both 1 and 2
d) Neither 1 nor 2

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Q.19) The salt-water crocodile is found along the:

a) Eastern coast and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands
b) Western coast and Lakshadweep islands
c) Gulf of Kutch and Gulf of Khambhat along with some areas near Gulf of Mannar
d) All the Above

Q.20) Consider the following statements regarding Bhitarkanika National Park

a) It is surrounded by Gahirmatha Beach
b) It is known for salt water crocodiles
c) It is located in the mouth of Mahanadi Delta

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

a) 1 only
b) 2 and 3 only
c) 1 and 2 only
d) 1, 2 and 3

Q.21) With respect to Article 239AA of Constitution Delhi assembly can legislate on all those
matters listed in the State List and Concurrent List as are applicable to union territories,
excluding which of the following?
1. Public Order
2. Police
3. Land

Select the correct statements

a) 1 and 2
b) 2 and 3
c) 1 and 3
d) All of the above

Q.22) In what regard the Centre have special relationship with respect to NCT of Delhi as
compared to other states?
1. Centre appoints Lieutenant Governor of NCT of Delhi unilaterally while Governor of a
State is appointed only after consultation with the Chief Minister of the respective State.
2. Chief Minister of NCT of Delhi is appointed by the Lieutenant Governor of NCT of Delhi
while the Chief Minister of a State is appointed by the Governor of that State.

Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct?

a) 1 only

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b) 2 only
c) Both 1 and 2
d) Neither 1 nor 2

Q.23) Which among the following cereals are covered under MSP?
1. paddy
2. barley
3. jowar
4. bajra
5. maize
6. ragi
7. wheat

Choose the correct answer:

a) 1, 3, 4 and 6
b) 2, 3, 4 and 6
c) 1, 3, 4, 6 and 7
d) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7

Q.24) Government of India has declared the year 2018 as the National year of Millets. Which
of the following statements regarding Millets are correct?
1. Millets include coarse grains like Jowar, Bajra, Ragi, etc.
2. The cultivation of millet requires less water as compared to wheat and rice.
3. Millets are distributed under Public Distribution System (PDS) to improve nutritional
security.

Select the code from following:

a) 1 and 2
b) 2 and 3
c) 1 and 3
d) All of the above

Q.25) With regard to Gram Swaraj Abhiyan, Consider the following statements:
1. It is about to promote social harmony, spread awareness about pro-poor initiatives of
government.
2. Gram Shakti Abhiyan is part of this Gram Swaraj Abhiyan.

Which of the above statements is/are correct?

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a) 1 only
b) 2 only
c) Both 1 and 2
d) None
Q.26) Operation Sagar Rani deals with –
a) modernization of India's existing ports and development of 14 Coastal Employment
Zones
b) return of Druv helicopters from Maldives to India
c) safety of fish sold in the market
d) defence arrangements across Indian Ocean Rim region

Q.27) Government of India has announced World’s largest government funded Health
scheme of the World. Which of the following statements are correct regarding National
Health Protection Scheme?
1. It is intended to cover 10 crore poor and vulnerable families.
2. Under the scheme, beneficiary families will be provided 5 lakh cover per family annually
for treatment.
3. People will get medical treatment in secondary and tertiary hospitals.

Select the code from below:

a) 1 and 2
b) 2 and 3
c) 1 and 3
d) All of the above

Q.28) Consider the following statements with reference to the Ayushman Bharat-National
Health Protection Scheme (AB-NHPS)
1. The scheme will provide a cover of Rs.5 lakh per family per year.
2. Only hospitalization expenses will be a part of the cover.
3. It will subsume Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana (RSBY) and the Senior Citizen Health
Insurance Scheme (SCHIS).

Which of the statements given above are correct?

a) 1 and 2
b) 1 and 3
c) 2 and 3
d) 1, 2 and 3

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Q.29) Identify the person associated with the following achievements:

1. Leading artist in percussion -South Indian Instruments (Mridangam & Mridu).
2. Introduced 'Mridu', a unique percussion instrument in 2013.
3. Invented sadmridangam

Choose the correct answer

a) Vellore Ramabhadran
b) Tiruchi Sankaran
c) Kuzhalmannam Ramakrishnan
d) Bangalore Preetham

Q.30) Which of the following is/arepercussion musical instrument used inIndia?

1. Nagara
2. Dhol
3. Sarangi
4. Mridangam

Select the correct answer using the codes given below.

a) 1, 2 and 3 only
b) 3 and 4 only
c) 1, 2 and 4 only
d) 1, 2, 3 and 4

Q.31) Consider the following pairs (tribes and associated tiger reserves which they helped in
increasing the tiger population)
1. Baiga tribe : : Kanha National Park in M.P.
2. Soligas : : BRT Tiger reserve in Karnataka

Choose the correct answer:

a) 1 only
b) 2 only
c) Both 1 and 2
d) Neither 1 nor 2

Q.32) Koushal judgement is related to

a) Disability community
b) Women Harassment
c) Child Labour
d) LGBT community

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Q.33) Sahyog-HYEOBLYEOG’ is joint exercise between Indian and

a) Japan
b) China
c) CLMV Countries
d) South Korea

Q.34) China is bordered with which of the following countries?

1. South Korea
2. Afghanistan
3. Vietnam

Select the correct statements

a) 1 and 2
b) 2 and 3
c) 1 and 3
d) All of the above

Q.35) India has negative bilateral trade balance with

a) China
b) Bangladesh
c) Nepal
d) South Korea

Select the correct code:

a) 1, 2 and 3
b) 1, 2 and 4
c) 1 and 4 Only
d) All of the above

Q.36) Consider the following statements about Universal Periodic Review (UPR)
1. It is established by the Geneva-based UN Human Rights Council (HRC)
2. It is a process in which human rights record of each of the UN’s member countries is
peer-reviewed every four or five years
3. The recommendations accepted at the UPR in HRC are binding in nature

Select the correct statements

a) 1 and 2
b) 2 and 3

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c) 1 and 3
d) All of the above

Q.37) Which among the following are species endemic to the Western Ghats?
1. Malabar large-spotted civet
2. Lion-tailed macaque
3. Brown palm civet
4. Nilgiri tahr

Choose the correct answer using the codes below:

a) 2 and 4 only
b) 1, 2 and 4
c) 2, 3 and 4
d) 1, 2, 3 and 4

Q.38) Consider the following fauna of India:

1. Swamp deer
2. Nilgiri tahr
3. Blackbuck

Which of the following groups of animals belongs to the category of endangered species?
a) 1 and 2 only
b) 1 only
c) 2 only
d) 3 only

Q.39) Section 497 of the Indian Penal Code is concerned with

a) Offences Relating to Marriage
b) Criminal Breach of Contracts of Service
c) Defamation
d) Offences affecting the Human Body

Q.40) Which of the following are greenhouse gases?

1. Methane
2. Chlorofluorocarbons
3. Carbon dioxide
4. Ammonia
5. Carbon monoxide

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Select the correct codes:

a) 1, 2, 3 only
b) 1 and 2 only
c) 1, 2, 3 and 5
d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5

Q.41) Carbon monoxide is a poisonous gas. Which of the following statements regarding CO
are correct?
1. It is produced by incomplete combustion of fuel.
2. When inhaled, it combines with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin.
3. Exposure to CO causes chest pain and irritation; however, it is never fatal.

Select the code from following:

a) 1 and 2
b) 2 and 3
c) 1 and 3
d) All of the above

Q.42) The author of Buddhacharita was

a) Nagarjuna
b) Vasumitra
c) Nagasena
d) Asvagosha

Q.43) 7th-century Buddha seated serenely in the lotus position (meditative posture) was
recently in news. It is found in –
a) Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province, Afghanistan
b) Swat Valley, Pakistan
c) Lushan province , China
d) Khatakan Taung, Myanmar

Q.44) ‘Project Dhoop’ is launched by

a) NITI Aayog
b) Ministry of New and Renewable Energy
c) Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change
d) Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI)

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Q.45) Consider the following statements with respect to Food Safety and Standards Authority
of India (FSSAI)
1. It is established under the Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006
2. Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution is administrative ministry for
the implementation of FSSAI
3. ‘Operation Sagar Rani’ is launched by FSSAI

Select the correct statements

a) 1 Only
b) 1 and 2
c) 1 and 3
d) 1, 2 and 3

Q.46) Which of the following are not part of Open Defecation Free (ODF) States of India
1. Chhattisgarh
2. Haryana
3. Madhya Pradesh
4. Kerala
5. Uttarakhand

Select the correct code

a) 1, 2 and 3
b) 2, 3 and 5
c) 1 and 3
d) Only 1

Q.47) Swachh Survekshan under Swachh Bharat Mission-urban is undertaken by which of the
following ministry?
a) Ministry of Drinking water and Sanitation
b) Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
c) Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs
d) Ministry of Rural Development

Q.48) The Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) is in sync with which of the following ‘Goals of the
Sustainable Development Goal’?
a) Goal 1
b) Goal 3
c) Goal 7

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d) Goal 6

Q.49) India and Sri Lanka are separated by

a) Palk strait
b) 8 degree channel
c) 10 degree channel
d) Strait of Malacca

Q.50) Which of the following is correctly matched?

1. Hambantota – Sri Lanka
2. Chabahar - Afghanisatn
3. Duqm – Iran

Select the correct code:

a) 1 Only
b) 1 and 2
c) 1 and 3
d) 2 and 3

Q.51) Match List I with List II and select the correct answer using the code given below the
Lists:
List I List II
A. Black Softshell turtle 1. Endangered
B. Koalas 2. Vulnerable
C. Chitra indica 3. Extinct in the wild

A-B-C
a) 1-2-3
b) 3-2-1
c) 1-1-2
d) 3-1-2

Q.52) There has been a steady decline in the number of olive ridley turtles. This has been due
to
1. artificial illumination near beaches
2. widespread use of endosulfan
3. loss of nesting habitat

Select the correct answer using the codes given below

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a) 1 and 2 only
b) 1 and 3 only
c) 2 and 3 only
d) 1, 2 and 3

Q.53) Consider the following statements about International Whaling Commission (IWC).
1. IWC adopted a moratorium on commercial whaling, which was welcomed by all UN
members.
2. Indian Ocean Whale Sanctuary is the only designated sanctuary by IWC.

Which of the above statements is/are correct?

a) 1 only
b) 2 only
c) Both 1 and 2
d) None

Q.54) Consider the following statements about International Whaling Commission (IWC)
1. India is a member of the IWC
2. It is one of the United Nations Agencies
3. It acts under the Law of the Sea Convention

Select the INCORRECT statements

a) 1 and 2
b) 2 and 3
c) 1 and 3
d) All of the above

Q.55) India has always been sincere about its wildlife protection measures. India is a part of
which of the following International conventions related to wildlife?
1. Convention on Migratory Species (CMS)
2. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN)
3. Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of wild fauna and flora (CITES)
4. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization-World Heritage
Committee (UNESCO-WHC)
5. International Whaling Commission (IWC)

Select the correct code from the following:

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a) 2,3 and 4
b) 1,2 and 3
c) 3 and 5
d) All of the above

Q.56) Consider the following statements regarding ‘UDAN’ Scheme:

1. The scheme has been launched by Railway Ministry to connect remote areas of the
country with superfast tracks.
2. The acronym ‘UDAN’ stands for ‘Ude Desh ka Aam Naagrik’.
3. The scheme UDAN envisages providing connectivity to un-served and under-served
airports of the country through revival of existing air-strips and airports.

Which of the above statements are correct?

a) 1 and 2
b) 2 and 3
c) 1 and 3
d) All of the above

Q.57) NABH Nirman is in sync with which of the following?

a) UDAN (Ude Desh ka Aam Nagrik)
b) Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana
c) Pradhan Mantri Vaya Vandana Yojana
d) Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana

Q.58) Consider the following statements with respect to the Wholesale Price Index (WPI)
1. Price rise in both the Goods and Services are included in computing WPI
2. It is published by Office of the Economic Adviser, Ministry of Commerce and Industry
3. The current base year for WPI calculation is 2011-12

Which of the above statements is/are incorrect?

a) 1 and 2 only
b) 2 and 3 only
c) 1 and 3 only
d) All of the above

Q.59) Consider the following statements with respect to Inflation measurement in India.
1. RBI has adopted Consumer Price Index (Combined) as the key measure of inflation
2. This was done based on the recommendation of Urjit Patel Committee

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Which of the above statements is/are correct?

a) 1 only
b) 2 only
c) Both 1 and 2
d) Neither 1 nor 2

Q.60) Consider the following statements with reference to the Consumer Price Index.
1. It measures Inflation based on the final price paid by the consumer
2. Service tax and Value added Tax are not included in the computation of CPI

Which of the above statements is/are correct?

a) 1 only
b) 2 only
c) Both 1 and 2
d) Neither 1 nor 2

Q.61) Consider the following statements about the new series of Consumer Price Index
1. The new series is published by the RBI
2. It measures price rise against the base year prices of 2012

Which of the above statements is/are correct?

a) 1 only
b) 2 only
c) Both 1 and 2
d) Neither 1 nor 2

Q.62) With reference to inflation in India, which of the following statements is correct?
a) Controlling the inflation in India is the responsibility of the Government of India only
b) The Reserve Bank of India has no role in controlling the inflation
c) Decreased money circulation helps in controlling the inflation
d) Increased money circulation helps in controlling the inflation

Q.63) Consider the following statements about Brasilia Declaration

1. It is related to Road Safety
2. India is a signatory to the declaration

Select the correct statements

a) 1 Only

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b) 2 Only
c) Both 1 and 2
d) Neither 1 nor 2

Q.64) BrahMos is the fastest supersonic cruise missile in the world. Consider the following
statements regarding this:
1. The BrahMos is a medium-range scramjet supersonic cruise missile.
2. It can be launched from submarine, ships, aircraft, or land.
3. It is a joint venture between the DRDO of India and the Federal State Unitary Enterprise
NPO Mashinostroyenia (NPOM) of Russia.

Choose the correct answer using the codes given below.

a) 1 and 3 only
b) 2 and 3 only
c) 3 only
d) All the above

Q.65) Which of the following are Constitutional bodies?

1. UPSC
2. Finance Commission
3. CAG
4. CIC
5. Special Officer for Linguistic Minorities
Choose the appropriate code:
a) 1, 2 and 3 only
b) 1, 3 and 4 only
c) 1, 2, 3 and 5 only
d) 1, 3, 4 and 5 only

Q.66) Which among the below is not a non-constitutional body?

a) National Development Council
b) Central Information Commission
c) Central Vigilance Commission
d) Finance Commission

Q.67) Consider the following about Central Information commission:

1. The Central Information Commission has been constituted under the Right to
Information Act, 2005.

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2. The jurisdiction of the Commission extends over all Central Public Authorities.
3. The commission submits its report to the President of India.
Which among the following is/are correct?
a) 1 and 2
b) 1 and 3
c) 2 and 3
d) 1,2 and 3

Q.68) Which one of the following is not a nitrogen-fixing organism?

a) Anabaena
b) Nostoc
c) Azotobacter
d) Pseudomonas

Q.69) The case of Ban on ‘menstruating women’ in Sabarimala Temple violates women’s
rights under
a) Article 14, 16 and 25
b) Article 15, 17, 25
c) Article 14, 17 and 18
d) Article 14, 18, 21

Q.70) Which of the following Fundamental Rights are available only to Indian Citizens?
1. Equal opportunity in Public employment.
2. No discrimination on the ground of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth.
3. Protection of language and script
4. Right to establish and administer educational institutions

Select the code from below:

a) 1, 2 and 3
b) 2, 3 and 4
c) 1, 3 and 4
d) All of the above

Q.71) In India, Fair and Remunerative Price (FRP) is used for:

a) Pulses
b) Sugarcane
c) Bamboo
d) Gram

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Q.72) Consider the following rights provided to the linguistic minorities in the Constitution.
Which of these fall under the category of ‘Separate Domain’?
1. Right to administer educational institutions of their choice
2. Provision for facilities for instruction in mother-tongue at primary stage
3. Provision for a Special Officer for Linguistic Minorities
Select the correct code
a) 1 and 2
b) 2 and 3
c) 1 and 3
d) 1, 2 and 3

Q.73) Which of the following country is not a member of this council?

a) Canada
b) United states of America
c) Estonia
d) Finland

Q.74) Consider the following countries:

1. Denmark
2. Japan
3. Russian Federation
4. United Kingdom
5. United States of America

Which of the above are the members of the ‘Arctic Council’?

a) 1, 2 and 3
b) 1, 3 and 5
c) 2, 3 and 4
d) 1, 4 and 5

Q.75) ____________ is situated at 66½° south of the equator

a) Arctic Circle
b) Tropic of Capricorn
c) Antarctic Circle
d) Tropic of Cancer

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Q.76) Consider the following statements:

1. A no-confidence motion need not state the reasons on which it is based, unlike a
censure motion.
2. There is no mention of a No-Confidence Motion in the Constitution of India.
3. The Leader of the Opposition decides whether a No-Confidence Motion is in order or
not.
4. A No-Confidence Motion is moved only against the Council of Ministers

Choose the correct statement/s from the code below.

a) 1 and 3 only
b) 2, 3 and 4
c) 1, 2 and 3
d) 1, 2 and 4

Q.77) Consider the following and select the correct match:

1. Article 371-A: Special provision for Nagaland
2. Article 371-C: Special provision for Assam
3. Article 371- G: Special provision for Mizoram

Select the correct code

a) 1 only
b) 2 and 3
c) 1 and 3
d) 1, 2 and 3

Q.78) Below given are the countries which forms East African Community (EAC). Select the
country/countries that touches Indian Ocean:
1. Kenya
2. Tanzania
3. Uganda
4. Rwanda
5. Burundi

Choose the appropriate code:

a) 1 and 2 only
b) 1, 4 and 5 only
c) 2, 4 and 5 only
d) 3 only

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Q.79) African Great Lakes Region consists of

1. Burundi
2. Tanzania
3. Uganda
4. Zimbabwe

Select the correct code:

a) 1, 2 and 3
b) 2, 3 and 4
c) 1, 3 and 4
d) 1, 2 and 4

Q.80) Which among the following is the first Country in the world to adopt a Cryptocurrency
as Its Official Currency?
a) Japan
b) Germany
c) San Marino
d) Marshall Islands

Q.81) Consider the following statements about Bitcoin regulations in India

1. It is considered as a commodity derivative
2. Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) is the regulatory body for cryptocurrencies

Select the correct statements

a) 1 Only
b) 2 Only
c) Both 1 and 2
d) Neither 1 nor 2

Q.82) Consider the following statements about Cryptocurrency

1. It is a digital or virtual currency that uses cryptography for security.
2. It is not a legal tender in India
3. Bitcoin is a type of cryptocurrency

Select the correct statements

a) 1 and 2
b) 2 and 3
c) 1 and 3

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d) All of the above

Q.83) Stupas are known to be the first religious structures in India. Which of the following
statements regarding ‘Stupa’ are correct?
1. They are pre-Buddhist structures.
2. They are built only on the relics of Buddha.
3. They are built to commemorate important events in Buddha’s life

Select the correct code from the following:

a) 1 and 2
b) 2 and 3
c) 1 and 3
d) All of the above

Q.84) Second century BCE Buddhist site, Thotlakonda was in news recently. It is found in –
a) Telangana
b) Tamil Nadu
c) Andhra Pradesh
d) Kerala

Q.85) Which of the following characteristic feature given below is clearly a distinction
between Mahayana and Hinayana form of Buddhism?
a) Buddha was a Human being in Mahayana where as he is considered as God in Hinayana
b) Mahayana did not believe in idol worship
c) Buddha is considered as God in Mahayana sect where as he is just a human being in
Hinayana sect
d) None of the above

Q.86) ‘To protect monuments, places and objects of artistic or historic interest which are
declared to be of national importance’ – This provision is provided in:
a) DPSP
b) Fundamental Duties
c) Fundamental Rights
d) All of the above

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Q.87) Pradhan Mantri Kisan Sampada Yojana (PMKSY) is related to

a) Food Park and Processing
b) Irrigation in rural areas
c) Financial Inclusion
d) Rural Electrification

Q.88) Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana, PMKSY aims to bring rationality and investment
in irrigation and bring water in every field. Consider the following
1. Accelerated Irrigation Benefit Programme (AIBP)
2. Integrated Watershed Management Programme (IWMP)
3. On Farm Water Management (OFWM)

Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchana yojana is formulated by amalgamating which of the above
schemes
a) 1 and 2 only
b) 2 and 3 only
c) 1 and 3 only
d) 1, 2 and 3

Q.89) Consider the following regarding CPI and GDP deflator

1. CPI includes prices of goods consumed by representative consumer and excludes
imported goods prices whereas GDP deflator includes prices of imported goods
2. In CPI, goods purchased by consumers do not represent all the goods which are
produced in a country whereas GDP deflator takes into account all such goods and
services
3. In CPI weights are constant but they differ according to the production level of each
good in GDP deflator.

Select the correct statement/s

a) 1 and 2
b) 2 and 3
c) 1 and 3
d) All of the above

Q.90) Which among the following is/are part of State Subject?

1. Police
2. Public order

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3. Co-operative societies

Choose correct answer:

a) 1 only
b) 1 and 2 only
c) 1 and 3 only
d) 1, 2 and 3

Q.91) Consider the following statements with reference to the Foreign Direct Investment
1. FDI inflows are highly volatile as the capital can leave the country overnight
2. FDI is preferable over debt financing as it does not create interest obligations

Which of the following statements is/are correct?

a) 1 only
b) 2 only
c) Both 1 and 2
d) Neither 1 nor 2

Q.92) Which among the following statements is/are true in regard to FDI and FII?
1. FDI brings foreign capital, technology and management, FII brings only foreign Capital.
2. In FII, investments flow into stock market; whereas in FDI, investments flow directly in
primary market.
3. FDI investments are more stable compared to FIIs.

Choose the correct answer:

a) 1 only
b) 1 and 2 only
c) 2 and 3 only
d) 1, 2 and 3

Q.93) Which among the following is/are matched correctly?

1. World Development Report - World Bank
2. Global Financial Stability Report - IMF
3. World Investment Report - UNCTAD
4. Global Competitiveness Report - World Economic Forum

Select the correct answer using the codes given below:

a) 1 and 3 only
b) 1, 2 and 4 only

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c) 2 and 4 only
d) 1, 2, 3 and 4

Q.94) According to the Lokpal & Lokayuktas Act, 2013, which of the following statements
is/are correct?
1. The act extends to whole of India, excluding Jammu and Kashmir.
2. The act applies to public servants both in and outside India.
3. The act mandates for creation of Lokpal for Union and Lokayukta for states.

Choose the correct answer from the code given below:

a) 1 only
b) 1 and 2 only
c) 2 and 3 only
d) 1, 2 and 3

Q.95) Consider the following statements about Lokpal.

1. The Lokpal to consist of a Chairperson with a maximum of 8 members of which 50%
shall be judicial members.
2. Lokpal can suo motu proceed against any public servant.
3. Institutions which are financed fully or partly by Government are under the jurisdiction
of Lokpal, but institutions aided by Government are excluded.
4. The Lokpal will have the power of superintendence and direction over any investigating
agency, including the CBI, for cases referred to them by the Lokpal.

Select the correct answer using the code given below.

a) 1,2 and 3 only
b) 2, 3 and 4 only
c) 1, 3 and 4 only
d) All the above

Q.96) Consider the following statements regarding the jurisdiction of Lokayukta:

1. There is uniformity regarding the jurisdiction of lokayukta in all the states.
2. The authorities of the local bodies, corporations, companies and societies are included
in the jurisdiction of the lokayukta in most of the states.

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

a) 1 only
b) 2 only

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c) Both 1 and 2
d) Neither 1 nor 2

Q.97) Recently, some states are racing to gain special status which confers preferential
treatment in the form of central assistance and tax breaks. Which among the following are
the conditions to categorize states for special status?
1. hilly and difficult terrain
2. low population density or sizable share of tribal population
3. strategic location along borders with neighboring countries
4. economic and infrastructural backwardness
5. non-viable nature of state finances

Select the correct code given below:

a) 1, 2 and 3
b) 1, 2, 3 and 4
c) 1, 3 and 5
d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5

Q.98) Which of the following statements are correct about ‘Bandipur National Park’.
1. It is a man-made and man-managed wetland.
2. It is famous for migratory birds which come to visit the park during winters.
3. It is the only National Park, which is recognised as World Heritage Site in Andhra
Pradesh

Select the code from the following:

a) 1 and 2
b) 2 and 3
c) 1 and 3
d) None

Q.99) Which Articles in the Constitution grants us the Right to Freedom of Religion?
a) Article 14-18
b) Article 23-24
c) Article 25-28
d) Article 368

Q.100) Which of the following Fundamental Rights are available only to Indian Citizens?

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1. No discrimination on the basis of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth.

2. Equal opportunity in the matters of Public employment
3. Freedom of Speech and expression
4. Protection of life and personal Liberty

Select the code from below:

a) 2 only
b) 1,2 and 3
c) 1 and 2
d) All of the above

Q.101) India is a secular state. Which of the following statements regarding Indian Secularism
are correct?
1. There is no official religion of Indian state.
2. State does not discriminate against any citizen on the grounds of religion.
3. There is complete separation of the religion and the State.

Select the code from following:

a) 1 and 2
b) 2 and 3
c) 1 and 3
d) All of the above

Q.102) Which among the following constitutes the provisions under Right to freedom of
religion?
1. Right of minorities to establish and administer cultural and educational institutions.
2. Freedom to manage religious affairs
3. Freedom from payment of taxes for promotion of any religion
4. Protection of language, script and culture of religious minorities

Select the correct answer using the code given below.

a) 2 and 3 only
b) 2 and 4 only
c) 1, 2 and 3 only
d) 2, 3 and 4 only

Q.103) Consider the following about Compensation Scheme for Women Victims/Survivors of
Sexual Assault/Other Crimes-2018
1. It is scheme proposed by the National Legal Services Authority

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2. The scheme is for compensating all victims of sexual assault and acid attack

Choose the correct answer:

a) 1 only
b) 2 only
c) Both 1 and 2
d) Neither 1 nor 2

Q.104) Consider the following statements about Ports in India

1. The Major Ports are under the Union List of the Constitution of India
2. Non Major Ports are under the Concurrent List of the Constitution of India
3. Project MAUSAM and SAGAR are customer-oriented initiative of the Government of
India to modernize India's Ports so that port-led development can be augmented and
coastlines can be developed to contribute in India's growth

Select the correct statements

a) 1 and 2
b) 2 and 3
c) 1 and 3
d) All of the above

Q.105) Asia-Africa Growth Corridor (AAGC) is an economic cooperation between alĺ the
governments of African countries and which of the following countries?
1. India
2. China
3. Japan

Select the correct code:

a) 1 and 2
b) 2 and 3
c) 1 and 3
d) All of the above

Q.106) Which one of the following Acts of British India declared, for the first time, that its
objective was the gradual introduction of responsible government in India?
a) Indian Council Act. 1861
b) Indian Council Act, 1892
c) Indian Council Act. 1909
d) The Government of India Act of 1919

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Q.107) Which Article of the Constitution deals with the formation of new States and
alteration of areas, boundaries or names of existing States?
a) Article 4
b) Article 2
c) Article 3
d) Article 12

Q.108) Consider the following statements and select the correct answer:
a) Process for changing the name of a state can be initiated by state only.
b) Formation of new states, altering boundary and name is considered as Constitutional
Amendment under Art 368.
c) Parliament can redraw the political map of India according to its will.
d) Consent of States is necessary before changing their boundary or area.

Q.109) According to the Constitution of India, Article 3 authorises the Parliament to

reorganise the States. With this authority, the Parliament can
1. Alter the name of any state
2. Diminish the area of any state
3. Alter the boundaries of any state
4. Increase the area of any state

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

a) 1, 3 and 4
b) 1 and 3
c) 2, 3 and 4
d) All the above

Q.110) Consider the following statements with regard to Ramon Magsaysay Award
1. Bharat Vatwani and Sonam Wangchuk are among six who have been declared winners
of 2018 Ramon Magsaysay Award.
2. The award was established in 1957 in the memory of British Prime Minister Raman
Magsaysay, who started Communal Award during 1930s.

Choose the correct answer:

a) 1 only

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b) 2 only
c) Both 1 and 2
d) Neither 1 nor 2

Q.111) Which of the following correctly defines ‘Gravitational Lensing’?

a) The bending of light from a celestial body when it passes close to a massive object
b) Observing massive celestial bodies
c) Introducing a very large lens or series of lenses to view distant objects
d) None of the above

Q.112) GravityRAT was in news recently. What is it about?

a) Einstein's theory of general relativity.
b) A RAT that spies on computers.
c) NASA’s latest Mars lander designed to perch on the surface of the red planet and listen
for ‘Marsquakes’.
d) The most advanced computer mouse which can work with or without a surface.

Q.113) The government-appointed committee released a white paper as part of its work to
prepare a data protection framework. The committee is headed by
a) BN Srikrishna
b) Ratan Watal
c) Rajiv Kumar
d) Arvind Panagariya

Q.114) Which of the following are the potential impacts of climate change on water situation
in India?
a) Increased summer flows in river streams.
b) Frequent changes in river courses.
c) Changes in rainfall pattern.

Select the correct answer using code below

a) 1 and 2
b) 1 and 3
c) 2 and 3
d) 1,2 and 3

Q.115) Consider the following statements with reference to World Meteorological

Organization (WMO)
1. It is a specialized agency of the United Nations.

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2. It has established a Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) system to monitor trends in

Earth’s Atmosphere.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

a) Only 1
b) Only 2
c) Both 1 and 2
d) Neither 1 nor 2

Q.116) Which one among the below given bodies is not a statutory body?
a) National Commission for SCs/STs
b) National Commission for Women
c) National Commission for Protection of Child Rights
d) National Commission for Backward Classes

Q.117) Deep Ocean Mission to spur research activities in ocean science and develop
technology to harness ocean resources was launched by –
a) Ministry of Earth Sciences
b) Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries
c) Ministry of Geology and Mineral Resources
d) Ministry of Ocean Development and Resources

Q.118) Consider the following statements with reference to International Seabed Authority
(ISA)
1. It has been established under the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS).
2. The authority is formed only for regulating all mineral-related activities in the
international seabed.
3. U.S.A. is the only major maritime power that is not its member.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

a) 1 and 2
b) 1 and 3
c) 2 and 3
d) 1, 2 and 3

Q.119) Consider the following statements regarding different maritime boundaries under
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Seas (UNCLOS):

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1. The territorial boundary of a country exists up to 12 km from the edge of a continent.

2. Up to 24 nautical mile from the coast the zone is called Contiguous Zone.
3. From the edge of the coast to 200 nautical mile, the zone is called Special Economic
Zone.

Which of the above statements are NOT correct?

a) 1 and 2
b) 2 only
c) 1 and 3
d) 3 only

Q.120) The Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) is a nuclear agreement between
a) India and USA
b) China and Japan
c) Iran and P5 +1
d) India and Australia

Q.121) Caspian Sea is bordered by

1. Iran
2. Uzbekistan
3. Armenia
4. Georgia

Select the correct code:

a) Only 1
b) 1 and 3
c) 2, 3 and 4
d) 2 and 4

Q.122) The hormone acts on the smooth muscles of our body and stimulates their
contraction. In females, it stimulates a vigorous contraction of uterus at the time of child
birth, and milk ejection from the mammary gland is
a) Oxytocin
b) Gonadotrophin
c) Somatostatin
d) Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone

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Q.123) To increase yield, the cows are injected with Oxytocin, a hormone banned in India
under the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act and section 12 of Food and Drug Adulteration
Prevention Act, 1960. Oxytocin is banned because:
1. Milk produced from such cows is unfit/harmful for human consumption.
2. Cows injected with Oxytocin have a greater incidence of abortions, mastitis and lower
conception rates.
3. Cattle feel immense pain as the uterus contracts due to injection of Oxytocin.

Select the code from below:

a) 1 only
b) 2 and 3
c) 1 and 3
d) All of the above

Q.124) A regional centre for International Rice Research Institute is being established in India
to improve rice yields and quality. In which of the following cities is it being established? [IRRI
South Asia Regional Center (ISARC)]
a) Chandigarh
b) Chennai
c) Varanasi
d) Kolkata

Q.125) Given below are the statements regarding BRICS. Select the correct statements among
them
1. 10th BRICS summit 2018 was held in Johannesburg, South Africa.
2. The theme of the summit was "Stronger partnership for a bright future"
3. Partnership on New Industrial Revolution (PartNIR) is related to BRICS.

Select the code from following

a) 1 and 2
b) 2 and 3
c) 1 and 3
d) All of the above

Q.126) IBSAMAR is a naval exercise between members of which of the following groupings?
a) BRICS
b) ASEAN
c) BIMSTEC
d) Andean Community (CAN)

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Q.127) Which of the following is/are NOT members of New Development Bank (NDB)
1. India
2. China
3. South Africa
4. Russia
5. Singapore

Select the correct code:

a) 3, 4 and 5
b) 2, 3 and 4
c) 1 and 3
d) Only 5

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2018 JULY MONTH CURRENT AFFAIRS MCQs SOLUTIONS

1 c 33 d 65 c 97 d
2 b 34 b 66 d 98 d
3 a 35 c 67 a 99 c
4 c 36 a 68 d 100 b
5 c 37 d 69 b 101 a
6 d 38 c 70 d 102 a
7 d 39 a 71 b 103 a
8 d 40 a 72 d 104 a
9 c 41 a 73 c 105 c
10 d 42 d 74 b 106 d
11 d 43 b 75 c 107 c
12 b 44 d 76 d 108 c
13 b 45 c 77 c 109 d
14 c 46 d 78 a 110 a
15 a 47 c 79 a 111 a
16 b 48 d 80 d 112 b
17 c 49 a 81 d 113 a
18 d 50 a 82 d 114 d
19 a 51 b 83 c 115 c
20 d 52 b 84 c 116 a
21 d 53 d 85 c 117 a
22 d 54 b 86 a 118 b
23 d 55 d 87 a 119 c
24 d 56 b 88 d 120 c
25 c 57 a 89 b 121 a
26 c 58 a 90 d 122 a
27 d 59 c 91 b 123 d
28 b 60 a 92 d 124 c
29 c 61 b 93 d 125 c
30 c 62 c 94 c 126 a
31 c 63 c 95 c 127 d
32 d 64 b 96 b

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