Drainage and Insect Control 2

Drainage and Insect Control
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
Drainage is the natural or artificial removal of surface and sub-surface water
from a given area. Many agricultural soils need drainage to improve production or
to manage water supplies. The earliest archaeological record of an advanced system of
damage comes from the Indus Valley Civilization from around 3100 BC in what is now
Pakistan and North India. Wetland soils may need drainage to be used for agriculture.
The ancient Indus systems of sewerage and drainage that were developed and used in
cities throughout the civilization were far more advanced than any found in
contemporary urban sites in the Middle East and even more efficient than those in
some areas of modern Pakistan and India today. All houses in the major cities of
Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro had access to water and drainage facilities. Waste water
was directed to covered drains, which lined the major streets. Wetland soils may need
drainage to be used for agriculture. Drainage is especially important in tree -fruit
production. Irrigation water always contains minerals and salts, and these can be
concentrated to toxic levels by evapotranspiration. Irrigated land may need
periodic flushes with excessive irrigation water and drainage to remove these toxic
minerals. Modern drainage systems incorporate geotextile filters that retain and
prevent fine grains of soil from passing into and clogging the drain. Geotextiles are
synthetic textile fabrics specially manufactured for civil and environmental
engineering applications.
CONSTRUCTION OF DRAINAGES
The civil engineer or site engineer is responsible for drainage in
construction projects. They set out from the plans all the roads, drainage, culverts and
sewers involved in construction operations. During the construction of the work on site
he/she will set out all the necessary levels for each of the managers, supervisors,
planners, quantity surveyors, the general workforce, as well as subcontractors.

INSECTS CONTROL
Insects (Class Insecta) are a major group of arthropods and the most diverse
group of animals on the Earth, with over a million described species more than all
other animal groups combined . Insects may be found in nearly all environments on
the planet, although only a small number of species occur in the oceans where
crustaceans tend to predominate instead. The study of insects (from Latin insectus,
meaning "cut into sections") is called entomology. Many insects are considered pests
by humans. Insects commonly regarded as pests include those that are parasitic
(mosquitoes, lice, bedbugs), transmit diseases (mosquitos, flies), damage structures
(termites), or destroy agricultural goods (locusts, weevils). Many entomologists are
involved in various forms of pest control, often using insecticides, but more and
more relying on methods of biocontrol. Insects also produce useful substances such
as honey, wax, lacquer and silk. Honey bees have been cultured by humans for
thousands of years for honey, although contracting for crop pollination is becoming
more significant for beekeepers. The silkworm has greatly affected human history,
as silk-driven trade established relationships I between China and the rest of the
world. Although pest insects attract the most attention, many insects are beneficial to
the environment and to humans.

DISEASES CAUSED BY INSECTS
There are many diseases caused due to insects. Mosquitoes, Fleas, bugs etc are
some of the insects that spread diseases to the human beings. But most of the diseases
caused in people are due to mosquitoes. Some of the diseases are the following :-
Disease Insect Symptoms
Fever until Artrities Headache
Dengue Mosquito until heavy Fever Sudden fever,
Malaria Mosquito headache, Skin rashes Fever until
Chikun guinea Mosquito meningi
(Aedes)
West Nile virus Mosquito
MEASURES TAKEN BY MUNCIPALITY

1. Cleaning and monitoring of the markets for vegetables, fruits, fish and meat and
checking the food preparation place.
2. Building of sewages and take necessary measurements to drain floods water
and monitor Wastewater drainages
3. Proposing fees for the services provided by municipality to the public
4. Investigating the diseases and report to the ministry of health and the
oncerned authorities.
REASON FOR INCREASING OF INSECTS

There are many reasons for increasing of insects. Folio wing are the some of the
reasons:-
1. Pollution of drainages.
2. Disposing of waste materials in the public areas.
3. Dumping of non-biodegradable wastes.
4. Industrial effluents in the drainages.
5. Eutrophication- Growth of phytoplanktons.
6. Domestic wastes.
STEPS TAKEN TO CONTROL INSECTS AND

TO KEEP DRAINAGES CLEAN.
Following are the steps taken to control insects especially, Mosquitoes and to
clean the drainages are the following: -
1. Keep drainages always clean.
2. Use insecticides to control insects.
3. Dispose wastages in digs and cover the dig properly.
4. Use the methods of biocontrol.
5. Avoid stagnation of water in drainages.
6. Drainages should be properly covered.
7. Clean the drainages at least once in a week.
8. Proper utilization of drainages can reduce the growth of insect

OBJECTIVES
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research methodology is a way to systematically solve the research
problem.
It may be understood as a science of studying how research is done
scientifically. It is necessary for the researcher to know not only the research
methods/techniques but also the methodology is wider than that of research
methods.
The research comprises of two parts namely conducting survey and other is
referring documents.
TITLE OF STUDY
A study on the drainage and insect control with special reference to
Thripunithura municipality.
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
There are many problems in Thripunithura municipality. This municipality
lies under Ernakulam district. There is vast population in Thripunithura
Municipality. So one of the most important problems encountering the municipality
is of drainage and insects control. So the researcher has selected the subject
‛Drainage and Insect Control’.
POPULATION
Thripunithura municipality constitutes the population for the present study.

UNIVERSE
The universe of this study is the 32 wards which come under Thripunithura
municipality.
NATURE OF DATA
The success of a study depends up on the appropriateness of the tools &
techniques used for the study. Both primary and secondary data areused in present
study.
1. PRIMARY DATA
Primary data is the data collected by the investigator himself for the
purpose of a specific inquiry or study. Such data are collected afresh and for the first
time and thus happen to be original in character.
Primary data is collected directly from the field, through questionnaire and
interview techniques
Questionnaire Technique
The term questionnaire refers to a self-administered process where by the
respondent himself/herself reads the questions and records his/her answer without
assistance of an interviewer. In the present study, the questionnaire has been devised
for collecting data, which can be meaningful in explaining the present arguments of
the old aged people residing in the old age home.
Interview technique
Interviews are a popular research method because they are flexible and
participatory. The interviewer has the freedom to change some questions or the
asking order of the questions according to the reactions of the users. So interviews
are more personal ways of gathering information from users than the questionnaires.
Here the researcher is using questionnaire method for collecting the data.
The term questionnaire' refers to a systematic combination of questions that as
submitted to a sample of population from whom information is derived. In the
present study, the questionnaire has been devised for collecting data which can be
meaningful explaining the present arguments about the effects of polluted
drainages and growth of insects.
2. SECONDARY DATA
Secondary data are those which have already been collected by someone
else and which have already been passed through the statistical process.
The secondary data can be collected from journals, reports, government
publication etc. Secondary data is mainly collected from the records of Thripunithura
municipality.
PILOT STUDY
The Researcher conducted a pilot study to examine the scope and feasibility
of studying the problem in particular community. That is the Researcher conducts an

enquiry on the subject related to public. Researcher also fixed the universe and
selected the appropriate tool of simple random sampling technique.
PRE- TEST
A pre-test is conducted to verify the ability of interview schedule to collect
necessary & relevant data after formatting rough interview schedule used for data
collection. This is also used for testing the success of the study.
SCOPE OF THE STUDY

SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The area of study selected in Thripunithura Municipality consisting 32 wards and
about all wards are brought under study. Majority of sample population suggested
that they are affected by the problems of drainages and insects. There is vast population
in Thripunithura Municipality .
The people of Thripunithura Municipality are aware about the consequences
of polluted drainages and increasing insects.
The main scope of the study is to analyze the problems faced by the people due to
inefficient management of drainages and also for growth of insects.
The municipality authorities are taking necessary steps to prevent the harmful
effects of uncleaned drainages and the growth of insects. They take measures for the
proper utilization of drainages and the method of fogging to control insects.
Finding of studies will help future student in research about drainage and insect
control.
The result may help the Thripunithura Municipality in taking better and redressed
steps in future.
LIMITATIONS
LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
The limitations those were present while conducting Researches and
retrieving data had a crucial effect on the project. Some of them are listed below.
1. The study is about a bread subject and therefore it is to impossible to cover
the areas of the subject.
2. Time given was very short.
3. Sample size is less.i.e 100.
4. Lack of inexperience from the part of interviewer.
5. Lack of co-operation from the part of respondents.
6. Lack of knowledge of the respondents on the topic discussed.
7. There can be calculation errors while tabulating.

Chapter II
MUNICIPALITY PROFILE
Chapter III
ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATIONS OF THE DATA
The collected data were analyzed and tabulated in form of simple tables.
These, Tables were interpreted and conclusions were drawn. Percentages are used for
analyzing the data.
1. Table showing the drainage facilities in respondent's home.
Particulars No. Of respondents % Of respondents
Yes 74 74
No 26 26
Total 100 100
28%
Yes
No
72%
The above figure shows that out of 100 samples, 74 persons (74%) said that they
had drainage facilities in their home and the rest 26 persons (26%) said that they had
no drainage facilities in their home.

2. Table showing whether the respondents affected by the inefficiency of
drainages.
Yes 54 54
No 46 46
Total 100 100
46%
54%
Yes No
The above figure shows that out of 100 samples, 54 persons (54%) said
that they had affected by the inefficiency of drainages and the rest 46 persons
(46%) are not affected by it.

3. Table showing whether the municipality is irresponsible incase of
blockage of drainages.
Particulars No. Of respondents Of respondents
Yes 49 49
No 51 51
Total 100 100
51% 49% Yes

No
The above figure shows out of 100 samples, 51 persons (51%) said that the
Municipality are not irresponsible incase of blockage of drainages and the rest 49
persons (49%) say that they are irresponsible.

4. Table showing the respondent's responds how the drainages get polluted.
Dumping garbage 60 60
Industrial effluent 2 2
Stagnant of water 38 38
None - -
Total 100 100
38% Dumping Garbage

Industrial effluent
Stagnent of water
60% None
2%
The above figure shows out of 100 samples, 60% persons said that the
drainages get polluted due to dumping garbage, 38% persons due to industrial
effluent, 2% persons due to stagnant of water.

5. Table showing whether the respondents affected in their locality with harmful
disease like malaria due to uncleaned drainages.
Yes 20 20
No 80 80
Total 100 100
20%
Yes
No
80%
The above figure shows out of 100 samples, 80% persons says that they are not
affected with harmful disease like malaria due to uncleaned drainages and 20% persons
are affected by it.

6. Table showing the respondents who believe that the most of the diseases
caused in their locality due to uncleaned drainages.
Yes 58 58
No 42 42
Total 100 100
42%
Yes
No
58%
The above figure shows out of 100 samples, 58% persons believes that most of
the disease caused in their locality due to uncleaned drainages and 42% persons are on
believes in it.
7. Table showing the respondents prevent the blockage of drainages.
Daily cleaning of drainages 47 47
Proper utilization of drainages 50 50
Don't deposit garbage in drainages 3 3
None - -
Total 100 100
3%
Daily cleaning of drainages
47% Proper utilization of drainages
50% Don’t deposit garbage in
drainages
None
The above figure shows out of 100 samples, 50% persons said that they
prevent blockage of drainages due to proper utilization of drainages, 47% persons due
to daily cleaning of drainages, 3% persons due to don't deposit garbage in drainages.

8. Table showing the respondents responds whether the person come to their
house to clean the drainages.
Yes 44 44
No 56 56
Total 100 100
44% Yes
No
56%
The above figure shows out of 100 samples, 56% persons says that the
persons are not coming in their house to clean the drainages and the rest 44%
persons says the persons come in their house for cleaning the drainages.
9. Table showing the respondents responses how often the persons come their
locality for cleaning the drainages.
Once in a month 24 24
All alternate days in a month - -
Once in a year 19 19
None 57 57
Total 100 100
24%
Once in a month
All alternate days
57% ina month
19% Once in a year
None
The above figure shows out of 100 samples, 57% persons said that the persons
are not coming in their house, 24% persons says that they come once in a Month, 19%
persons says that once in a year for cleaning the drainages.

10. Table showing whether the drainages in respondent's areas are properly
covered.
Yes 70 70
No 30 30
Total 100 100
70%
Yes No
30%
The above figure shows out of 100 samples, 70% persons said that the
drainages are properly covered and 30% persons demanded that the drainages are not
properly covered.
11. Table showing whether there is any increase of insects due to uncleaned
drainages.
Yes 80 80
No 20 20
Total 100 100
20%
Yes
No
80%
The above figure shows out of 100 samples, 80% persons demanded that
there is increase of insects due to uncleaned drainages and 20% persons says that
there is no increase of insects due to it.

12. Table showing whether the insects cause communicable diseases.
Yes 25 25
No 75 75
Total 100 100
25%
Yes
No
75%
The above figure shows out of 100 samples, 75%persons said that the insect does
not cause any communicable diseases and the rest 25% persons says that the insects
cause communicable diseases.

13. Table showing whether the respondents are satisfied by the measures taken by
municipality to control growth of insects.
Yes 62 62
No 38 38
Total 100 100
38%
Yes No
62%
The above figure shows out of 100 samples, 62% persons are satisfied by the
measures taken by municipality to control growth of insects and the rest 38% persons
are not satisfied in it.

14. Table showing whether the respondents take any precautions against the
growth of insects.
Yes 73 73
No 27 27
Total 100 100
27%
Yes
No
73%
The above figure shows out of 100 samples, 73%persons takes precautions
against the growth of insects and the rest 27% persons are not taking precautions.
15. Table showing whether the respondents taken any measures by themselves to
control insects rather than taken by municipality.
Particulars No. Of respondents %Of respondents
Yes 73 73
No 27 27
Total 100 100
27%
Yes No
73%
The above figure shows out of 100 samples, 73% persons take measures by
themselves to control insects and the rest 27% persons are not taking measures.
16. Table showing till now whether the municipality has taken any measures to
control insects.
Yes 58 58
No 42 42
Total 100 100
42%
Yes No
58%
The above figure shows out of 100 samples, 58% persons said that till now also
the municipality taken measures to control insects and the rest 42% persons says that
till now they are not taking measures against it.

17. Table showing the respondents having any objection against the measures
taken by municipality to control insects and keep drainages cleans.
Yes 45 45
No 55 55
Total 100 100
45%
Yes No
55%
The above figure shows out of 100 samples, 55% persons had no objection
against the measures taken by municipality to control insects and keep drainages
clean and the rest 45% had objection against it.

18. Table showing whether the municipality is helpful.
Yes 90 90
No 10 10
Total 100 100
10%
Yes No
90%
The above figure shows out of 100 samples, 90% persons demanded that the
municipality is very helpful and the rest 10% persons are against it.
19. Table showing whether the respondents had good co-operation with their
municipality.
Yes 90 90
No 10 10
Total 100 100
10%
Yes No
90%
The above figure shows out of 100 samples, 90% persons they had good co-
operation with their municipality and the rest 10%are against it.
20. Table showing whether the respondents report any complaint to the
municipality that the drainages are not clean in their locality
Yes 40 40
No 60 60
Total 100 100
40%
Yes
No
60%
The above figure shows out of 100 samples, 60%persons are not report any
complaint to the municipality that the drainages are not clean in their locality and the
rest 40% persons had reported complaints to the municipality.

Chapter IV
FINDINGS
FINDINGS
1. About 26% of respondents have no drainage facilities in home.
2. About 54% of respondents are affected by the in efficiency of drainages.
3. Municipality is responsible for 51% of blockage of drainage.
4. Majority (i.e 60%) of drainage pollution is due to dumping garbage.
5. 20% of people are affected with harmful diseases like malaria due to uncleaned
drainages.
6. 58% of people believe that most of the diseases caused in their locality due to
uncleaned drainages.
7. 50% of respondents properly utilized the drainages. 47% of respondents are
clean the drainages daily.
8. 30% of people says that drainages in their areas are not properly covered.
9. There is an 80% increase of insects due to uncleaned drainages.
10. 38% of respondents are not satisfied by the measure taken by municipality to
control growth of insects.
11. 73% respondents take precaution against the growth of insects.
12. 58% of respondents say that municipality is taking measure to control insects.
13. 45% of respondents have objection against measure taken by municipality.
14. 60% of respondents report complained to the municipality that the drainages
are not clean in their locality.

Chapter VII
SUGGESTIONS
SUGGESTIONS
1. To make drainage channels in the lacking areas in the municipality.
2. Make permanent concrete drainage channels in the municipality.
3. Cover the drainage channels by cement slabs properly mainly in town areas,
otherwise accidents may cause.
4. Place drums /containers to collect garbage in selected place and appoint agents
to remove them.
5. To avoid insects, use insecticides and pesticides properly.
6. The municipality should conduct awareness programmes related to various
diseases and insect control.
7. The municipality should instruct the people to drink only hot water.
8. Make awareness to people about use of drainage.
9. If there are facilities to pass out the drainage water to the sea, the insects
should be killed and can be controlled.
10. To avoiding the blockage of drainages, the municipality should check drainage
channels twice in a month and it also help to reduce the growth of insects.
11. Municipality should take necessary measures in proper utilization of
drainages and to control Insects.
12. People should have good co-operation with municipality members and should
actively participate in cleaning drainages.

Chapter VIII
CONCLUSION
CONCLUSION
APPENDIX
DRAINAGES AND INSECT CONTROL
QUESTIONNAIRE
1. Name :…………………………………………
2. Address :…………………………………………
………………………………………….
3. Age................................................................. :
…………………………………………
4. Gender
Male Female
5. Educational qualification
Metric Undergraduate
Graduate Postgraduate
6. Occupation
Agriculture Employed
Business Other
7. Number of members in your home

Below 3-3 4-6 Above 6
8. Do you have any drainage facilities in your
home?
Yes No
9. Have you been affected by the inefficiency of drainages?
Yes No
10. Is the municipality irresponsible incase of blockage of drainage?
Yes No
11. How the drainages get polluted?
a. Dumping garbage
b. Industrial effluent
c. Stagnant of water
d. None
12. Did anyone affected in your locality with harmful disease like malaria due
to uncleaned drainages?
Yes No
13. Do you believe that most of the diseases caused in your locality due to
uncleaned drainages?
Yes No
14. How can you prevent the blockage of drainages?
a. Daily cleaning of drainages
b. Proper utilization of drainages
c. Don't deposit garbage in drainages
d. None
15. Does any persons come to your house to clean the drainages?
Yes No
16. If yes, how oftenly they come to your locality?
a. Once in a weak
b. Once in a month
c. All alternate days in a month
d. Once in a year
e. None
17. Does the drainages in your area are properly covered?
Yes No
17. Does there is any increase of insects due to uncleaned drainages?
Yes No
18. Does the insects cause any communicable diseases?
Yes No
19. Are you satisfied by the measures taken by municipality to control the growth
of insects?
Yes No
21. Will you take any precautions against the growth of insects?
Yes No
22. Have you taken any measures by yourself to control insects rather than taken
by municipality?
Yes No
23. Till now, does the municipality have taken any measures to control insects?
Yes No
24. Do you any objection against the measures taken by municipality to control
insects and keep drainages clean?
Yes No
25. Does your municipality is helpful?
Yes No
26. Do you have good co-operation with your municipality?
Yes No
27. Do you report any complaint to the municipality that the drainages are not
clean in your locality?
Yes No
28. Suggestions about drainages and control insects.
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
BIBLIOGRAPHY
B.P.C College Piravom 57

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Drainage and Insect Control 2

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Drainage and Insect Control

Drainage is the natural or artificial removal of surface and sub-surface water

to manage water supplies. The earliest archaeological record of an advanced system of

drainage to be used for agriculture. Drainage is especially important in tree -fruit

concentrated to toxic levels by evapotranspiration. Irrigated land may need

synthetic textile fabrics specially manufactured for civil and environmental

The civil engineer or site engineer is responsible for drainage in

planners, quantity surveyors, the general workforce, as well as subcontractors.

(mosquitoes, lice, bedbugs), transmit diseases (mosquitos, flies), damage structures

(termites), or destroy agricultural goods (locusts, weevils). Many entomologists are

the environment and to humans.

DISEASES CAUSED BY INSECTS

Disease Insect Symptoms

Fever until Artrities Headache

Dengue Mosquito until heavy Fever Sudden fever,

Malaria Mosquito headache, Skin rashes Fever until

Chikun guinea Mosquito meningi

West Nile virus Mosquito

MEASURES TAKEN BY MUNCIPALITY

checking the food preparation place.

2. Building of sewages and take necessary measurements to drain floods water

and monitor Wastewater drainages

3. Proposing fees for the services provided by municipality to the public

REASON FOR INCREASING OF INSECTS

2. Disposing of waste materials in the public areas.

3. Dumping of non-biodegradable wastes.

4. Industrial effluents in the drainages.

5. Eutrophication- Growth of phytoplanktons.

STEPS TAKEN TO CONTROL INSECTS AND

clean the drainages are the following: -

1. Keep drainages always clean.

2. Use insecticides to control insects.

3. Dispose wastages in digs and cover the dig properly.

4. Use the methods of biocontrol.

5. Avoid stagnation of water in drainages.

6. Drainages should be properly covered.

7. Clean the drainages at least once in a week.

8. Proper utilization of drainages can reduce the growth of insect

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

Research methodology is a way to systematically solve the research

It may be understood as a science of studying how research is done

methods/techniques but also the methodology is wider than that of research

A study on the drainage and insect control with special reference to

There are many problems in Thripunithura municipality. This municipality

lies under Ernakulam district. There is vast population in Thripunithura

Municipality. So one of the most important problems encountering the municipality

‛Drainage and Insect Control’.

Thripunithura municipality constitutes the population for the present study.

The success of a study depends up on the appropriateness of the tools &

time and thus happen to be original in character.

The term questionnaire refers to a self-administered process where by the

the old aged people residing in the old age home.

The term questionnaire' refers to a systematic combination of questions that as

submitted to a sample of population from whom information is derived. In the

meaningful explaining the present arguments about the effects of polluted

drainages and growth of insects.

The secondary data can be collected from journals, reports, government

of studying the problem in particular community. That is the Researcher conducts an

A pre-test is conducted to verify the ability of interview schedule to collect

SCOPE OF THE STUDY

SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The area of study selected in Thripunithura Municipality consisting 32 wards and

The people of Thripunithura Municipality are aware about the consequences

of polluted drainages and increasing insects.