LTE Physical Layer Basic Concepts and Processing Procedures With Comments Session

LTE Air Interface &
Signaling A-Z
Workshop
www.huawei.com
Prepared by: Ramy Khalil

NA NPS Department
Copyright © 2015 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Contents
1- LTE Uu interface protocol Stack
2- LTE Physical layer Basic concepts and processing procedures
3- LTE Signaling procedures and UE initialization flow
4- LTE Typical signaling procedures
Copyright © 2015 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page1
Contents
2. LTE Physical layer Basic concepts and processing procedures
--Basic concepts of physical layer and channel structure
 Introduction
 Functions of physical Channels and signals overview
 Functions of DL & UL Physical channel
--Physical layer procedures of LTE

 Cell search
 Random access
 Data reception and transmission procedures
Downlink Physical Channel Processing
Logical
Channels RLC
Transport
MAC Channels
PHY
Physical
Channels Radio
Channel
Transport Block CRC Attachment

Transmission Modes
Frequency Division Duplex
Channel Channel
Bandwidth Bandwidth
Frequency
Uplink Downlink
Duplex Spacing
Comments1
 A separate uplink and downlink channel are utilized,
enabling a device to transmit and receive data at the same
time (assuming the device incorporates a duplexer). The
spacing between the uplink and downlink channel is
referred to as the duplex spacing.
Comments 2
 Normally the uplink channel (mobile transmit) operates on the lower
frequency. This is done because higher frequencies suffer greater
attenuation than lower frequencies and therefore it enables the
mobile to utilize lower transmit levels.
 Some systems also offer half-duplex FDD mode, where two

frequencies are utilized, however the mobile can only transmit or
receive, i.e. not transmit and receive at the same time. This allows for
reduced mobile complexity since no duplex filter is required.
Transmission Modes
Time Division Duplex
Downlink
and Uplink
Asymmetric Frequency
TDD
Allocation
Downlink Uplink Downlink Uplink

Time
TDD Frame TDD Frame
Comments
 TDD mode enables full duplex operation using a single
frequency band and time division multiplexing the uplink
and downlink signals. One advantage of TDD is its ability
to provide asymmetrical uplink and downlink allocation.
Depending on the system, other advantages include
dynamic allocation, increased spectral efficiency, as well as
the improved use of beamforming techniques - this is due
to having the same uplink and downlink frequency
characteristics.
LTE Release 10 Bands
Band Duplex FDL_low(MHz) FDL_high(MHz) NOffs-DL NDL FUL_low(MHz) FUL_high(MHz) NOffs-UL NUL
1 FDD 2110 2170 0 0-599 1920 1980 18000 18000-18599
2 FDD 1930 1990 600 600-1199 1850 1910 18600 18600-19199
3 FDD 1805 1880 1200 1200-1949 1710 1785 19200 19200-19949
4 FDD 2110 2155 1950 1950-2399 1710 1755 19950 19950-20399
5 FDD 869 894 2400 2400-2649 824 849 20400 20400-20649
6 FDD 875 885 2650 2650-2749 830 840 20650 20650-20749
7 FDD 2620 2690 2750 2750-3449 2500 2570 20750 20750-21449
8 FDD 925 960 3450 3450-3799 880 915 21450 21450-21799
9 FDD 1844.9 1879.9 3800 3800-4149 1749.9 1784.9 21800 21800-22149
10 FDD 2110 2170 4150 4150-4749 1710 1770 22150 22150-22749
11 FDD 1475.9 1500.9 4750 4750-4999 1427.9 1452.9 22750 22750-22999
12 FDD 728 746 5000 5000-5179 698 716 23000 23000-23179
13 FDD 746 756 5180 5180-5279 777 787 23180 23180-23279
14 FDD 758 768 5280 5280-5379 788 798 23280 23280-23379
15,16 FDD Reserved Reserved
17 FDD 734 746 5730 5730-5849 704 716 23730 23730-23849
…
33 TDD 1900 1920 36000 36000-36199 1900 1920 36000 36000-36199

34 TDD 2010 2025 36200 36200-36349 2010 2025 36200 36200-36349
35 TDD 1850 1910 36350 36350-36949 1850 1910 36350 36350-36949
36 TDD 1930 1990 36950 36950-37549 1930 1990 36950 36950-37549
37 TDD 1910 1930 37550 37550-37749 1910 1930 37550 37550-37749
38 TDD 2570 2620 37750 37750-38249 2570 2620 37750 37750-38249
39 TDD 1880 1920 38250 38250-38649 1880 1920 38250 38250-38649
40 TDD 2300 2400 38650 38650-39649 2300 2400 38650 38650-39649
41 TDD 2496 2690 39650 39650 –41589 2496 2690 39650 39650 –41589
42 TDD 3400 3600 41590 41590 – 43589 3400 3600 41590 41590 – 43589
43 TDD 3600 3800 43590 43590 – 45589 3600 3800 43590 43590 – 45589
Comments
 The LTE Radio interface, namely the E-UTRA (Evolved - Universal
Terrestrial Radio Access), is able to operate in many different radio
bands. The table illustrates the Release 10 frequency bands as well as
other parameters which are used to identify centre frequencies. FDD
requires two centre frequencies, one for the downlink and one for the
uplink. These carrier frequencies are each given an EARFCN (E-UTRA
Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Number) which ranges from 0 to
65535. In contrast, TDD only has one EARFCN.
Carrier Frequency EARFCN
Calculation
FDL = FDL_low + 0.1(NDL - NOffs-DL)
eNB
UE FUL = FUL_low + 0.1(NUL - NOffs-UL)
The values of FDL_low，NDL，NOffs-DL can be found from 3GPP 36.104, as below：

Comments
 Ndl is frequency channel number = EARFCN
Carrier Frequency EARFCN Data
Configuration
(FDD) Band 3:
(↓) 1840~1860MHz
(EARFCN:1550~1750)
(↑) 1745-1765MHz
(TDD) Band 39: 1880~1900MHz

(EARFCN:38250~38450)
Comments
 Uplink EARFCN indicator indicate whether it is needed to
configure the UL EARFCN or not.
LTE Frame Structure( Type 1 FDD)
Slot (0.5ms) Subframe (1ms)

Tslot = 15360 x Ts
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Radio Frame Tf = 307200 x Ts = 10ms
Ts = 1/(15000x2048)
= 32.552083ns
Comments1
 The type 1 radio frame structure is used for FDD and is
10ms in duration. It consists of 20 slots, each lasting
0.5ms. Two adjacent slots form one subframe of length
1ms. For FDD operation 10 subframes are available for
downlink transmission and 10 subframes are available for
uplink transmission, with each transmission separated in
the frequency domain.
Comments2
 The figure illustrates the FDD frame structure, as well as highlighting
the slots and subframe concept. In addition, it illustrates how the slots
are numbered 0 to 19.
 Sampling rate is 307200 per radio frame, Ts is the time of 1 sample
Normal and Extended Cyclic Prefix
Radio Frame = 10ms
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Ts
7 OFDM
Symbols (Normal 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Cyclic Prefix)
Ts
6 OFDM Symbols
(Extended Cyclic 0 1 2 3 4 5
Prefix)
CP (Cyclic
Prefix)
Comments
 In LTE, it was chosen to have two different cyclic prefix sizes, namely
“Normal” and “Extended”. In order to facilitate these, two different
slot formats are available. The figure illustrates the 7 and 6 ODFM
symbol options. Obviously, to facilitate a larger cyclic prefix one of the
symbols is sacrificed, thus the symbol rate is reduced.
 The use of the extended cyclic prefix is intended for scenarios when
the range of the cell needs to be extended, e.g. for planning purposes.
 Extended CP can solve more ISI so it can serve far users but consume
more resources.
Type 2 TDD Radio Frame
Special GP (Guard Period)
Subframe
DwPTS (Downlink
UpPTS (Uplink
Pilot Time Slot)
Pilot Time Slot)
0 2 3 4 5 7 8 9
Type 2 Radio Frame Tf = 307200 x Ts = 10ms
Table: Uplink-downlink Subframe Configuration Ratio

Downlink-to-Uplink Subframe number
Uplink-downlink
Switch-point
configuration 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
periodicity
0 5 ms(2:6) D S U U U D S U U U
1 5 ms(4:4) D S U U D D S U U D
2 5 ms(6:2) D S U D D D S U D D
3 10 ms(6:3) D S U U U D D D D D
4 10 ms(7:2) D S U U D D D D D D
5 10 ms(8:1) D S U D D D D D D D
6 5 ms(3:5) D S U U U D S U U D
D: Downlink subframe U: Uplink subframe S: Special subframe
Comments 1
 The type 2 radio frame structure is used for TDD. One key addition to
the TDD frame structure is the concept of “special subframes”. This
includes a DwPTS (Downlink Pilot Time Slot), GP (Guard Period) and
UpPTS (Uplink Pilot Time Slot). These have configurable individual
lengths and a combined total length of 1ms.
 For TDD operation the 10 subframes are shared between the uplink
and the downlink. A 5ms and 10ms switch-point periodicity is
supported however subframes 0 and 5 must be allocated to the
downlink as these contain the PSS (Primary Synchronization Signal)
and SSS (Secondary Synchronization Signal), as well as the broadcast
information in subframe 0.
Comments 2
 There are various frame configuration options supported for TDD. The
table illustrates the different options. Configuration options 0, 1, 2 and
6 have a 5ms switching point and therefore require 2 special
subframes, whereas the rest are based on a 10ms switching point. In
the table, the letter “D” is reserved for downlink transmissions, “U”
denotes subframes reserved for uplink transmissions and “S” denotes a
special subframe with the three fields DwPTS, GP and UpPTS.
 need time to switch between UL & DL transmission, so it user

special frames.
 Guard period is waiing time for conversion so it is not transmit

any data.
OFDMA in LTE
Frequency
Device is allocated one

or more PRB (Physical
Resource Blocks)
Channel OFDMA
Bandwidth
E.g. 3MHz
PRB consists of 12
subcarriers for 0.5ms
Time
Comments
 The E-UTRA downlink is based on OFDMA. As such, it enables
multiple devices to receive information at the same time but on
different parts of the radio channel. In most OFDMA systems this is
referred to as a “Subchannel”, i.e. a collection of subcarriers.
However, in E-UTRA, the term subchannel is replaced with the term
PRB (Physical Resource Block).
 The figure illustrates the concept of OFDMA, whereby different users

are allocated one or more resource blocks in the time and frequency
domain, thus enabling efficient scheduling of the available resources.
 It is also worth noting that a device is typically allocated 1ms of time,
i.e. a subframe, and not an individual PRB.
Physical Resource Blocks and
Resource Elements Radio Frame = 10ms
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Subframe
Slot 8 Slot 9
Physical Resource
Block
NSCRB Subcarriers = 12
NRBDL
Resource
Element
NSymbDL
 A PRB (Physical Resource Block) consists of 12 consecutive subcarriers
and lasts for one slot, i.e. 0.5ms. The figure illustrates the size of a
PRB.
 The NRBDL parameter is used to define the number of RB (Resource

Blocks) used in the DL (Downlink). This is dependent on the channel
bandwidth. In contrast, NRBUL is used to identify the number of
resource blocks in the uplink. Each RB (Resource Block) consists of
NSCRB subcarriers, which for standard operation is set to 12. In
addition, another configuration is available when using MBSFN and a
7.5kHz subcarrier spacing.
Comments2
 The PRB is used to identify an allocation. It typically includes 6 or 7
symbols, depending on whether an extended or normal cyclic prefix is
configured.
 The term RE (Resource Element) is used to describe one subcarrier

lasting one symbol. This can then be assigned to carry modulated
information, reference information or nothing.
 For traffic channel basic unit is rb that is the basic unit for enodb to
allocate resources  Traffic channels
 control channels we useREG & CCE – resoruce element group &
Downlink PRB Parameters
Configuration NSCRB NSymbDL

Normal Cyclic Prefix ∆f = 15kHz 7
12
Extended Cyclic ∆f = 15kHz 6
Prefix
∆f = 7.5kHz 24 3
For Normal CP 
Comments
 The different configurations for the downlink E-UTRA PRB
are illustrated in table.
 Each Rb is 15 * 12 = 180 KHZ
Control channels resources
 REG & CCE are basic units for control channels scheduling ,
such as PHICH, PCFICH & PDCCH
Contents
--Basic concepts of physical layer and channel instruction
 Introduction
 Functions of physical Channels & Signals overview

 Cell search
 Random access
Downlink Physical Channels & Signals
 PBCH (Physical Broadcast Channel)
 PCFICH (Physical Control Format Indicator Channel)
 PDCCH (Physical Downlink Control Channel)
 PHICH (Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel)
 PDSCH (Physical Downlink Shared Channel)
 Reference Signal
 Synchronization channel
Comments
 There are a number of downlink Physical Channels in LTE. These include:
 PBCH (Physical Broadcast Channel) - This channel carries the BCH.
 PCFICH (Physical Control Format Indicator Channel) - This is used to indicate the
number of OFDM symbols used for the PDCCH.
 PDCCH (Physical Downlink Control Channel) - This channel is used for resource
allocation.
 PHICH (Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel) - This channel is part of the HARQ
process.
 PDSCH (Physical Downlink Shared Channel) - This channel carries the DL-SCH.
Uplink Physical Channels & Signals
 PRACH (Physical Random Access Channel)
 PUCCH (Physical Uplink Control Channel)
 PUSCH (Physical Uplink Shared Channel)
 Reference Signal
Comments
 There are a number of Uplink Physical Channels in LTE. These include:
 PRACH (Physical Random Access Channel) - This channel carries the

Random Access Preamble. The location of the PRACH is defined by higher
layer signaling, i.e. RRC signaling.
 PUCCH (Physical Uplink Control Channel) - This channel carries uplink

control and feedback. It can also carry scheduling requests to the eNB.
 PUSCH (Physical Uplink Shared Channel) - This is the main uplink channel
and is used to carry the UL-SCH (Uplink Shared Channel) Transport
Channel. It carries both signaling and user data, in addition to uplink
control. It is worth noting that the UE is not allowed to transmit the
PUCCH and PUSCH at the same time.
Synchronization signals
 Synchronization signals include PSS & SSS.
 Function of Synchronization signals:

 Get slot synchronization  PSS
 Get Frame and subframe synchronization  SSS
 Get PCI
Comments
 PSS is sent in 2 same format in subframe 0 & 5. by sending
same data In the 2 symbols to make slot synch. But we know
whci is subframe 0 and which 5.
 SSS is sent in 2 different format in subfrmaes 0 & 5. by sending

different data In the 2 symbols to make frame synch.
 PCI is used in scrambling to differentiate between cells data,

and we use PCI to get information of the cell throughput
BCCH.
 After UE read SSS & PSS it can calculate the PCI of the cell.
PSS and SSS Location for FDD
Extended CP 0 1 2 3 4 5
PSS (Primary
Bandwidth Synchronization
Sequence)
Normal CP 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 72
62 Subcarriers
Subcarriers
Bandwidth
SSS (Secondary
Synchronization
Sequence)
Slots 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Radio Frame
Repeated in
slots 0 and 10
Comments
 In LTE there are two synchronization sequences, known as
the PSS (Primary Synchronization Signal) and the SSS
(Secondary Synchronization Signal). The location of these
is dependent on the transmission mode, i.e. FDD or TDD,
as well as the use of the normal or extended cyclic prefix.
 Synch. Signals is located at the center of cell frequency

“62 subcarrier” for protection  Less interference.
 From location of synch. Signals UE know whether it is FDD

or TDD system.
Downlink Reference Signals
 Cell Specific (non-MBSFN)
 MBSFN (MBMS service over Single Frequency Network)
 UE Specific  Used in beamforming
Comments
 Unlike other systems, the LTE air interface does not employ a frame preamble.
Instead it utilizes various RS (Reference Signals) to facilitate coherent
demodulation, channel estimation, channel quality measurements and timing
synchronization etc. Fundamentally there are three types of downlink
reference signals:
 Cell Specific (non-MBSFN).
 MBSFN (MBMS over Single Frequency Network).
 UE Specific.
RS Measurement
 After receiving all necessary system messages, UE start to
measure RS for cell selection and reselection
 The following quantity should be evaluated for UE idle status

measurement
 RSRP: RS receiving power
 RSRQ: RS receiving quality
 RSRQ= N *RSRP/RSSI (N indicates the number of RS RE in one

symbol)
Comments
 RSRP(Reference Signal Received Power )
 RSRQ(Reference Signal Received Quality)
 RSRQ =(N x RSRP)/RSSI
 where N is the number of RBs over the measurement bandwidth.
 RSSI(Received Signal Strength Indicator), it contains all sorts of power

including power from co-channel serving & non-serving cells, adjacent
channel interference, thermal noise, etc.
 Therefore, (N x RSRP)/RSSI indicates "What is the portion of pure RS

power over the whole E-UTRA power received by the UE".
Cell Specific Reference Signals
One Antenna Port
Comments
 In LTE, the cell specific reference signals are arranged in a two dimensional
lattice of time and frequency. This has been done so that they are equidistant
and therefore provides a minimum mean squared error estimate for the
channel. In addition, the spacing in time between the Reference Symbols is an
important factor for channel estimation and relates to the maximum Doppler
spread supported, i.e. speed. In LTE, this works out at 2 Reference symbols
per slot.
 The spacing in the frequency domain is also an important factor, as this

relates to the expected coherent bandwidth and delay spread of the channel.
In LTE there is a 6 subcarrier separation of reference signals, however these
are staggered in time such that they appear every 3 subcarriers.
 The location of the RSs is dependent on the number of antennas and use of a
Normal CP or Extended CP. The figure illustrates the two options.
Two Antenna Port Configuration
x R x R R x R x R RS symbol for antenna port 0

R RS symbol for antenna port 1
R x R x x R x R
x R x R R x R x
R x R x x R x R
Antenna Port 0 Antenna Port 1
 LTE is designed to operate with multiple transmit antennas for MIMO, or
Transmit Diversity. The concept of reference signals is used to define
different patterns for multiple antenna ports. The figure illustrates the
concept for two antennas. The RS pattern corresponding to a given
antenna port enables the device to derive channel estimation.
 Each Rb contain 4 RS so 2 Rbs contain 8 S signals.
 The X is to avoid interference between 2 antennas, same RE at same

frequency and time to avoid interference, and no power to be transmitted
in it.
 By measuring UE can get RSRP & RSRQ, reference signal receiving power
and quality to indicate cell coverage performance
Four Antenna Port Configuration
x x R x x R R x x R x x x x x x R x x R x x x x
R x x R x x x x R x x R x R x x x x x x x x R x
x x R x x R R x x R x x x x x x R x x R x x x x
R x x R x x x x R x x R x R x x x x x x x x R x
Antenna Port 0 Antenna Port 1 Antenna Port 2 Antenna Port 3
Comments
 LTE supports up to four cell-specific antenna ports (0 to 3). As such,
the device is required to derive up to four separate channel estimates.
The figure illustrates the configuration for four antenna ports.
 Antenna port “2” and antenna port “3” both have a reduced number
of reference symbols. This is to reduce the reference signal overhead.
It does also have a negative impact on the system since the lack of
reference signals will mean that in high mobility, i.e. fast channel
variations, the channel estimation will not be as accurate. This
however can be offset by the fact that spatial multiplexing MIMO
with 4 antennas will mostly be performed in low mobility scenarios. In
addition, like the single antenna port configuration the location of the
reference signals is offset based on the Physical Cell ID.
Contents
 Introduction

 Cell search
 Random access
PBCH (Physical Broadcast Channel)
rma tio n)
ca st Info
H (Bro ad
BCC
MIB (Master Information Block) eNB

DL-Bandwidth (6, 15, 25, 50, 75, 100)
UE PHICH Configuration (Ng and Normal/Extended)
System Frame Number(SFN)
Channel bandwidth BWChannel

1.4 3 5 10 15 20
[MHz]
Transmission bandwidth
6 15 25 50 75 100
configuration NRB
Comments
 Along with synchronization information the eNB also
schedules a MIB (Master Information Block) over the
logical BCCH (Broadcast Control Channel). This is mapped
into the transport BCH (Broadcast Channel) and ultimately
into the PBCH (Physical Broadcast Channel).
MIB to PBCH Mapping (FDD and
Normal CP)
MIB
CRC
Bandwidth
Channel Coding
System
Rate Matching
Scrambling
Modulation
Layer Mapping PBCH
Precoding
Mapping to REs
10ms Frame
Comments
 The coded BCH TB (Transport Block) is mapped into four
subframes within a 40ms interval. This 40ms timing is
blindly detected by the UE and the information within the
subframe is assumed to be self decodable. This means
that it is not dependent on information in subsequent
transmissions of Transport Blocks on the PBCH. The PBCH
is located in 4 symbols of slot 1 only (symbols 0, 1, 2 and
3).
PCFICH (Physical Control Format
Indicator Channel) CFI OFDM Symbols
k allocated to
PDCCH
Channel Coding
(Block1/16)
Scrambling
Modulation
Layer Mapping
Precoding
Mapping to REs
PCFICH
NRBDL
Cell DL
k = (NRB
sc /2)∙(NID mod 2NRB) Reserved RSs
k=k
DL
k = k + NRB )/2 ∙ NRB
sc /2
DL RB
k = k + 2NRB)/2 ∙ Nsc /2
RB
k = k + 3NDL
RB)/2 ∙ Nsc /2
Comments1
 The control area within a PRB is grouped into multiple REG (Resource
Element Group), with one REG containing four Resource Elements. It
is worth noting that the REG does not use Resource Elements
assigned to Reference Signals.
 The PCFICH requires four REGs, i.e. 16 Resource Elements, which are
distributed over the channel bandwidth. The location of these varies
depending on the system bandwidth (NSCRB) and the NIDcell. The figure
illustrates the processes involved in mapping the CFI (Control Format
Indicator) to the correct REGs.
Comments 2
 The PCFICH (Physical Control Format Indicator Channel) is
used to inform the UE about the number of OFDM symbols
used for the PDCCH in a subframe (1,2,3 or 4). This
channel consists of 32bits which are cell-specific and
scrambled prior to modulation and mapping.
 PCFICH is after PBCH because PBCH is carrying DL BW from

which we can know the place of PCFICH
PDCCH (Physical Downlink Control
Channel)
Comments
 The PDCCH control area size is defined by the PCFICH, i.e.
1, 2 or 3 OFDM symbols. The PDCCH carries scheduling
assignments and other control information. The figure
illustrates the downlink control region. In addition, it shows
how the size of the region can vary per subframe.
PDCCH Location
Comments
 PDCCH can occupy 4 symbols only in LTE bandwidth network
of 1.4 MHZ, which is very rare
PHICH (Physical Hybrid Indicator
Channel) ACK/ Up to eight PCFICH
NACK ACK/NACK per
PHICH
PHICH Group
Mapping
Group 0 Equation
Repetition 1/3
Modulation
Orthogonal Sequence
Scrambling
Layer Mapping
Precoding
DL For normal CP
group
NPHICH
2 Ng (NDL
RB /8)
For extended CP
Where: Ng = 1/6, ½, 1 or 2
Comments
 The PHICH carries HARQ (Hybrid ARQ) ACK/NAKs and is transmitted in PHICH groups. A
PHICH group consists of up to eight ACK/NACK processes and requires three REGs for
transmission. Each PHICH within the same PHICH group is separated through different
orthogonal sequences.
 There are two PHICH frame formats:
 Frame structure type 1 - the number of PHICH groups remains constant.
 Frame structure type 2 (TDD) - the number of PHICH groups may vary between
downlink subframes; this is achieved through different configuration formats.
 PHICH carries ACK/NACK in response to UL Transmission
 The amount of PHICH resources (Ng) is signaled on the PBCH, as part of the MIB. The
figure illustrates how the number of PHICH groups is calculated using this parameter.
PDSCH (Physical Downlink Shared
Channel)
Comments
 The PDSCH is used to send various Transport Channels,
such as the PCH and DL-SCH. The figure illustrates PDSCH
mapping for one subframe. In this example the PDSCH
symbols are mapped, avoiding the control region and
symbols reserved for reference signals.
PDSCH Location
Comments
 The PDSCH occupy all other resources other than other
physical channels.
 The PDSCH is used to send various Transport Channels,

such as the PCH and DL-SCH. The figure illustrates PDSCH
mapping for one subframe. In this example the PDSCH
symbols are mapped, avoiding the control region and
symbols reserved for reference signals.
Uplink LTE Physical Channels
PRACH PUSCH PUCCH
Reference
signal
Comments
 There are a number of Uplink Physical Channels in LTE. These include:
 PRACH (Physical Random Access Channel) - This channel carries the Random Access
Preamble. The location of the PRACH is defined by higher layer signaling.
 PUCCH (Physical Uplink Control Channel) - This channel carries UCI (Uplink Control
Information) such as ACK/NAKs in response to downlink transmission, as well as
CQI (Channel Quality Indicator) reports. It also carries scheduling request indicators
and MIMO codeword feedback.
 PUSCH (Physical Uplink Shared Channel) - This is the main uplink channel and is
used to carry the UL-SCH (Uplink Shared Channel) Transport Channel. It carries both
signaling and user data, in addition to UCI.
PUCCH & PUSCH
Comments
 If UE have a PDSCH it handle HARQ & ACK/NACK through it
and if it has no so it handle them through PDCCH.
 CSI : Channel status indocator to determine MIMO &

Modulation.
 UL Schedule request is that UE send to eNodeB to inform it that

it need resources to send PDSCH.
UL Physical channels location
Comments
 We cannot put 2 different PUCCH at the same TS because in UL we are
using SC-FDMA and the frequency is continous for 1 user in the UL
 If there is more so we can take another 180 khz for other PUCCH, which is
determined by the eNodeB according to Ues amount
 The rest of resources is used by PUSCH
 At the middle of each slot there is DM-RS which his used to decode the UL
Signal.
 SRS is the last symbol of each subframe and use entire frequency band, it
send dummy signal to make channel estimation for the UL channel.
 PRACH occupy 1 or more subframes in 1 frame
PRACH (Physical Random Access
Channel)
CP Sequence
TCP TSEQ Guard Period

Preamble
Comments
 The random access procedure is used in various scenarios,
including initial access, handover, or re-establishment. Like
other 3GPP systems the random access procedure
provides a method for contention and non-contention
based access. The PRACH (Physical Random Access
Channel) includes RA (Random Access) preambles
generated from ZC (Zadoff-Chu) sequences. The figure
illustrates the basic structure of the PRACH preamble. This
is effectively an OFDM symbol.
PRACH Guard Period
UE - A UE - B
eNB
UE - A CP Sequence
UE - B CP Sequence
UE “B” delay
due to distance eNB Access Window
Comments
 The Guard Period is required since the eNB does not know
when the preambles will arrive. The figure illustrates an
example with two UEs. The first is next to the eNB
therefore there is very little delay. In contrast UE “B” is
some distance from the eNB, as such the initial access
preamble is delayed, i.e. there is a round trip delay. The
eNB must allocate a large enough window such that the
preambles from UE at the edge of the cell don’t arrive
outside of this window.
Random Access Preamble Parameters
Preamble Allocated TSEQ TCP TCP (µs) TGT TGT Max. Max Cell
Format Subframes (Ts) (Ts) (Ts) (µs) Delay Radius
Spread (km)
(µs)
0 1 24576 3168 103.125 2976 96.875 5.208 14.531

1 2 24576 21024 684.375 15840 515.625 16.666 77.344
2 2 49152 6240 203.125 6048 196.875 5.208 29.531
3 3 49152 21024 684.375 21984 715.625 16.666 102.65
4 (TDD) Special 4096 448 14.583 576 18.75 16.666 4.375
Frame
Comments
 As well as the position of the PRACH, four PRACH frame
formats for FDD are also defined. These contain a CP
(Cyclic Prefix) and Zadoff Chu sequence. The formats are
designed to enable efficient operation in different
scenarios. For example, the varying length of CP can be
employed to counter either small or large delay spread
effects due to the mobile’s position.
 Currently we use Preamble format 0 with cell radius 15

Km.
PRACH FDD Formats
Subframe 1ms Subframe 1ms
Format 3
Format 2
Format 1
6
Format 0
PRB
CP Zadoff Chu Sequence
Comments
 For FDD format 0, 1 2 or 3 can be configured. The figure
visualizes the different formats. It is worth noting that
they can occupy more than a subframe and in addition
the guard period is not specified.
PRACH Configuration
Subframe Subframe Subframe
0 1 2
RB 24
839
Subcarriers
1.25kHz
(6RBs) PRACH Frequency
C Offset (0 to 94
ZC
P Resource Blocks)
RB 0
Comments
 The actual PRACH channel utilizes 6 PRBs, i.e. it occupies
1.4MHz of uplink channel capacity.
 For FDD the subcarrier spacing is 1.25kHz and there are

839 subcarriers, whilst TDD utilizes a 7.5kHz subcarrier
spacing and 139 carriers. As such for FDD the duration is
1/T = 1/1.25kHz = 0.8ms.
PUCCH Formats
PUCCH Description Modulation Bits per
Format Type subframe
1 Scheduling Request N/A N/A

1a ACK/NACK BPSK 1
ACK/NACK+SR
1b ACK/NACK QPSK 2
ACK/NACK+SR
2 CQI/PMI or RI QPSK 20
(CQI/PMI or RI)+ACK/NACK
(Extended CP only)
2a (CQI/PMI or RI)+ACK/NACK QPSK+BPSK 21
(normal CP only)
2b (CQI/PMI or RI)+ACK/NACK QPSK+QPSK 22
(normal CP only)
Uplink Reference Signals
DRS (Demodulation SRS (Sounding

Reference Signal) Reference Signal)
Comments
 In addition to the higher layer control and data being sent on the uplink,
lower layer Reference Signals are also required. Like other Reference Signals
these require good auto correlation and cross correlation properties. In
addition, there needs to be a sufficient number of sequences to minimize
interference.
 There are two variants of uplink Reference Signal supported:
 DRS (Demodulation Reference Signal) - This is associated with

transmission of PUSCH or PUCCH.
 SRS (Sounding Reference Signal) - This is not associated with transmission

of PUSCH or PUCCH. And it is used by eNodeB for channel quality
evaluation for the entire frequency band. And it is configurable.
Downlink Channel/ Uplink Channel Mapping
NAS Layer ESM EMM IP ESM EMM IP
RRC Layer RRC RRC
Integrity ROHC Integrity ROHC

PDCP Layer
Ciphering Ciphering Ciphering Ciphering
RLC Layer TM TM TM UM/AM UM/AM TM UM/AM UM/AM
Logical
BCCH PCCH CCCH DCCH DTCH CCCH DCCH DTCH
Channels
MAC Layer
Transport
BCH PCH DL-SCH RACH UL-SCH
Channels
Physical Layer Physical

PBCH PCFICH PHICH PDCCH PDSCH PRACH PUCCH PUSCH
Channels
Downlink Channel Uplink Channel
Comments
 There are various options for multiplexing multiple bearers
together, such that Logical Channels may be mapped to
one or more Transport Channels. These in turn are
mapped into Physical Channels.
 In order to facilitate the multiplexing from Logical Channels
to Transport Channels, the MAC Layer typically adds a LCID

(Logical Channel Identifier).
 Logical channels is the functions : WHAT ?

 Transport channels is the scheduling: HOW ?
Contents
 Introduction
 Cell search
 System Information reception
 Random access
Initial Procedures
Uplink Synchronization
Complete
PLMN/Cell RACH
Power On Cell Search
Selection Process
Downlink Synchronization
Complete
Comments
 The LTE device needs to perform an LTE Attach procedure, i.e.
transition from the LTE Detached to LTE Active State, to connect to the
EPC (Evolved Packet Core) and ultimately services.
 In order to access a cell the device must find and synchronize to the
cell. It is then able to decode the System Information messages and
perform PLMN (Public Land Mobile Network) and Cell Selection. Once
this has been completed, the device is in a position to access the cell
and establish a RRC connection, i.e. a SRB (Signaling Radio Bearer).
Functions and steps of cell search
Comments
 We get PCI from SSS & PSS, also used in slot and frame sych.
Because at the beginning UE do not know where is the slot &
frame of OFDM symbol
 We need PCI to scramle the signal from the eNodeB and to

differentiate between different data from different eNodeBs.
Cell Search
Frame - 10ms
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
5MHz (25
Resource
Blocks)
PSS
SSS
PBCH
Comments
 The downlink in LTE is based on scalable OFDMA with channels
ranging from 1.4MHz to 20MHz (Note that not all bandwidths are
available at the different frequency bands). Initially the UE is unaware
of the downlink configuration of the cell, unless it has stored
information from when it was previously attached. Assuming no
information, the synchronization process must be quick and concise.
The figure illustrates the location of the PSS and SSS.
 In order for the UE to identify the cell and synchronize with the
downlink transmission, the eNB sends synchronization signals over the
centre 72 sub-carriers. For FDD mode (using a normal CP) this is in the
first and sixth subframes of each downlink frame.
Physical Cell Identities
SSS - One of 168

Group Identities
eNB eNB
eNB
504 Unique Cell
Identities PSS - One of 3 Identities
Comments
 These synchronization signals comprise of the PSS (Primary
Synchronization Signal) and SSS (Secondary Synchronization Signal).
Together they enable the UE to become downlink synchronized and
identify the Physical Cell Identity. There are 504 unique physical cell
identities, divided into 168 cell identity groups each containing three
cell identities (sectors).
 PCI = 3*SSS+PSS
 To avoid interference adjacent cells should not have the same PCI so
that the scrambling of data to be different.
PSS Correlation
Subframe
PSS0
PSS1
PSS2
Correlation
Comments
 The device cross correlates 3 possible PSSs with the
received signal. The figure illustrates the cross correlation
results. In this example PSS1 is found.
 At this stage the cell identity within the group is known. In

addition, the location of the SSS is also known because it
occupies the previous OFDM symbol (FDD mode).
However, at this stage the frame synchronization is not
known since subframe 0 and 5 both utilize the same PSS
sequence.
Comments
UE use predefined sequence to make correlation with the detected signal
 if found so UE know that there is PSS
 PSS is the same for subframes 0 & 5 so UE can know where we are
 SSS the content of the signal is different in subframes 0 & 5, so UE

can know we are in subframe 0 or 5 we get start location of frame.
 For SSS is the same procedures of PSS detection.
Contents
 Introduction
 Cell search
 Random access
System Information Reception Process
 Why is the system information reception procedure required ?
 The UE configures each layer’s parameters based on the parameter
settings in the system information received on the RRC layer before
requesting network camping and admission.
 What information does the system information contain ?
 One master information block (MIB) and 13 system information blocks
(SIBs), including UE parameters set by the eNodeB.
 How is the system information received ? UE

eNodeB
 The figure in the right shows procedure the
RRC_MASTER_INFO_BLOCK
system information is received. PBCH:MIB
RRC_SIB_TYPE1
PDSCH:SIB1
RRC_SYS_INFO
PDSCH:SI Messages
MIB Mapping & Delivery
 MIB introduction MIB (Master Information Block)
DL-Bandwidth (6, 15, 25, 50, 75, 100)
 Carried by BCCH->BCH->PBCH PHICH Configuration (Ng and Normal/Extended)
System Frame Number
 Deliver very basic system MIB block
information, including
Coded block
 system frame number
 DL bandwidth
Radio frame
 PHICH configuration 4 symbols
1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
 Broadcast period: 40ms
SSS PSS PBCH
40ms PBCH TTI
PBCH Location(FDD)
Comments
 Once the device has decoded the PSS and SSS it is able to:
 Decode cell specific Reference Signals (since their location is based on the
Physical Cell ID).
 Perform channel estimation procedures.
 Decode the PBCH which carries the MIB (Master Information Block).
 The MIB repeats every 40ms and uses a 40ms TTI (Time Transmission Interval),
i.e. the message is interleaved over 4 frames. The MIB transmission is aligned
to the SFN (System Frame Number) such that it starts when SFN mod 4 = 0.
Comments
 The MIB is always transmitted in subframe 0. The MIB carries three very
important bits of information. It indicates the downlink bandwidth, i.e. 6, 15,
25, 50, 75 or 100 Resource Blocks. This enables the device to know where it
should be looking (subcarriers) for the downlink control information. In
addition, the PHICH configuration parameter is included. This indicates that
Ng is equal to 1/6, 1/2, 1 or 2 and whether “Normal” or “Extended” PHICH
mode is being used. These are used by the device to determine the number of
PHICH groups configured on the cell and their location. Finally, the SFN is also
included.
 In addition, the PBCH is layer mapped and precoded. As such, the PBCH can
employ transmit diversity over multiple antennas ports.
 Based on the MIB the UE is able to decode the PCFICH. This identifies the
number of OFDM symbols assigned to the downlink control region in the
SIB Information
Type Contents
SIB1 Cell selection and camp related parameters，SI period for other SIBs
SIB2 Common physical channel configuration, UE timer, uplink bandwidth
SIB3 Common parameters for cell reselection
Intra-frequency neighbor list; Neighbor reselection parameters; Neighbor
SIB4
black list
Inter-frequency list and corresponding cell reselection parameters
SIB5 Inter-frequency neighbor list and corresponding cell reselection parameters
Inter-frequency black list
SI SIB6 UMTS frequency list
SIB7 GSM frequency list
SIB8 CDMA2000 frequency list and neighbor list
SIB9 Home eNodeB information
SIB10 ETWS(Earthquake and Tsunami Warning System) primary notification
SIB11 ETWS secondary notification
SIB12 CMAS(Commercial Mobile Alert System) notification
SIB13 MBMS(Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service) control information
Comments
 ETWS: Earthquake and Tsunami Warning System
 CMAS: Commercial Mobile Alert System (CMAS), also known as

the Personal Localized Alerting Network (PLAN), is an alerting
network designed to disseminate emergency alerts to mobile
devices such as cell phones and pagers.
 MBMS: Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service
SIB Mapping & Delivery
 SIBs are mapping on BCCH->DL-SCH-> PDSCH:
 SIB1 and SIB2 are mandatory, and others are optional.
 Period of SIBs
 SIB1: 80ms
 From SIB2 to SIB8, SIB10 and SIB11: It is a flexible period, with 80,160,320,640,
1280,2560 and 5120ms.
SIB1
System Message Tracing Cases

MCC:460
MNC:01
TAC:21
SI Cell ID:7B8FF00
MIB Cell is not barred
Intra-freq
Reselection is
allowed
-128dBm(-64*2=-128)
Frequency Band 7
List of the SIBs

mapped to this
SystemInformation
message.There is
no mapping
information of SIB2;
Comments
 QRxLevMin is configured by MML: MOD CELLSEL. Its value range
configured:-70~-22, mapping actual value range:-140~-44
 From Protocol 36304
 Cell status and cell reservations are indicated in the

SystemInformationBlockType1message [3] by means of two
fields:
 -cellBarred (IE type: "barred" or "not barred")

In case of multiple PLMNs indicated in SIB1, this field is common
for all PLMNs
 -cellReservedForOperatorUse (IE type: "reserved" or "not

reserved")
Comments
 intraFreqReselection
 Used to control cell reselection to intra-frequency cells when the highest

ranked cell is barred, or treated as barred by the UE, as specified in TS
36.304 [4].
 q-RxLevMinOffset
 Parameter Qrxlevminoffset in TS 36.304 [4]. Actual value Qrxlevminoffset = IE

value * 2 [dB]. If absent, the UE applies the (default) value of 0 dB for
Qrxlevminoffset. Affects the minimum required Rx level in the cell.
 In case of multiple PLMNs indicated in SIB1, this field is specified per

PLMN.
 When cell status is indicated as "not barred" and "not reserved" for
operator use,
 -All UEs shall treat this cell as candidate during thePage111
cell selection and cell
PLMN Selection
PLMN selection 3G Visited

may be initiated PLMN
automatically or
manually LTE Visited
Node B PLMN
eNB
UE
eNB may contain
upto 6 PLMN
LTE Home eNB
Identities
PLMN
Comments
 The transition from LTE Detached to LTE Active can be used to
describe the processes through which the UE must progress in order
to establish a point of attachment within the Evolved Packet Core and
ultimately connect to services. The initial processes including scanning
for downlink and uplink channels and synchronization are passive in
that the information required to achieve this is broadcast from the
eNB within the relevant E-UTRAN.
 Before the UE can access the network it must first select a suitable
PLMN (Public Land Mobile Network) and then a suitable cell. Services
may be available to the user through a choice of several serving
networks in a given location, possibly using different types of Radio
Access Network.
Cell Selection
Qrxlevmeas
Qqualmeas
eNB Qrxlevmeas
Qqualmeas
UE eNB
Qrxlevmeas
Qqualmeas
Srxlev > 0
Srxlev = Qrxlevmeas - (Qrxlevmin + Qrxlevminoffset) – Pcompensation
eNB Squal = Qqualmeas - (Qqualmin + Qqualminoffset)
Comments
 For LTE there are two cell selection procedures supported:
 Initial Cell Selection - This is when the UE has no prior knowledge of the cell.
 Stored Information Cell Selection - This is when the UE has stored information
which is used to optimize the selection process, i.e. it stored information before it
was switched off.
 Once a UE has synchronized with the cell and decoded the necessary System
Information messages, it must camp on it; or one of the surrounding cells. This is
achieved through the cell selection process. The UE is aiming to find the cell which will
provide the best quality radio link between it and the network. The figure illustrates the
S (Cell Selection) calculation.
 A UE considers an E-UTRAN cell as a suitable cell only when the measured
RSRP and reference signal received quality (RSRQ) values of the cell are greater
than the receive (RX) level threshold (Qrxlevmin) and the RX signal quality
threshold (QQualMin) for the cell, respectively.
Cell Selection Parameters
Parameter Description
Srxlev Cell Selection RX level value (dB).
Qrxlevmeas Measured cell RX level value (RSRP), where RSRP is defined as

the linear average over the power contributions of the resource
elements that carry cell specific reference signals within the
considered measurement frequency bandwidth.
Qrxlevmin Minimum required RX level in the cell (dBm).
Qrxlevminoffset Offset to the signaled Qrxlevmin taken into account in the Srxlev
evaluation as a result of a periodic search for a higher priority
PLMN while camped normally in a visited PLMN.
Pcompensation max (PEMAX - PUMAX, 0), where PEMAX is the maximum allowed
power configured by higher layers.
PUMAX RF output power of the UE (dBm) according to the UE power class

(this may vary depending on allowed tolerances).
Comments
 The table identifies the parameters used as part of the Cell Selection process.
 In terms of the radio channel, the UE measures the RSRP (Reference Signal
Received Power). The LTE downlink contains cell specific RS (Reference
Signals) which are used for channel equalization and determining the RSRP
(Reference Signal Received Power).
 The device calculates the Qrxlevmeas for each cell. It then gathers the related
Qrxlevmin and other parameters from the SI messages (each cell may provide
different parameters). Once it has gathered all the information it is able to
calculate Srxlev for each cell.
 All cells that return a value of Srxlev greater than zero are considered
candidates for selection. The cell with the most positive value is selected and
becomes the camped on cell.
Physical Layer Procedure — Cell
Search
Basic Principle of Cell Search: Initial Cell Search:

Cell search is the procedure of UE synchronizes with E- 
The initial cell search is carried on after the UE power on. Usually,
UTRAN in time-freq domain, and acquires the serving cell UE doesn’t know the network bandwidth and carrier frequency at the
first time switch on.
ID. 
 UE repeats the basic cell search, tries all the carrier frequency in the
Two steps in cell search: spectrum to demodulate the synchronization signals. This procedure

Step 1: Symbol synchronization and acquirement of takes time, but the time requirement are typically relatively relaxed.
ID within Cell Group by demodulating the Primary Some methods can reduce time, such as recording the former
available network information as the prior search target.
Synchronization Signal; 

Once finish the cell search, which achieve synchronization of time-
Step 2: Frame synchronization, acquirement of CP freq domain and acquirement of Cell ID, UE demodulates the PBCH
length and Cell Group ID by demodulating the and acquires for system information, such as bandwidth and Tx
Secondary Synchronization Signal. antenna number.

After the procedure above, UE demodulates the PDCCH for its
About Cell ID： paging period that allocated by system. UE wakes up from the IDLE
 state in the specified paging period, demodulates PDCCH for
In LTE protocol, the physical layer Cell ID comprises
monitoring paging. If paging is detected, PDSCH resources will be
two parts: Cell Group ID and ID within Cell Group. The demodulated to receive paging message.
latest version defines that there are 168 Cell Group IDs,
3 IDs within each group. So totally 168*3=504 Cell IDs
exist.
cell
N ID  3N ID
(1)
 N ID
(2)
(1)
N ID

(2) represents Cell Group ID, value from 0 to 167;
N ID
represents ID within Cell Group, value from 0
to 2.

Comments
Caution: 170 Cell ID groups are defined in the earlier
protocol version. So totally 170*3=510 Cell IDs exists,
which is mentioned in some early-written documents.
Please be noticed this differences.
Contents
 Introduction
 Cell search
 Random access
Initial Procedures
Uplink Synchronization
Complete
PLMN/Cell RACH
Power On Cell Search
Selection Process
Downlink Synchronization
Complete
Comments
 The LTE device needs to perform an LTE Attach procedure, i.e.
transition from the LTE Detached to LTE Active State, to connect to the
EPC (Evolved Packet Core) and ultimately services.
 In order to access a cell the device must find and synchronize to the
cell. It is then able to decode the System Information messages and
perform PLMN (Public Land Mobile Network) and Cell Selection. Once
this has been completed, the device is in a position to access the cell
and establish a RRC connection, i.e. a SRB (Signaling Radio Bearer).
Purpose & scenarios of RA
Comments
 RACH is used by UE to acquire DL & UL resources to send/receive data
to change from idle to connected mode
 Initial attach after UE get parameter, UE use initial access to apply for
resources.
 RRC reestablishment when there is bad radio conditions UE is dropped

 then we need to make reestablishment.
 HO when UE handovers to a new cell, UE make random access to the

new cell to apply for shared resources.
 When UE need UL & DL data and it is out of synchronization occures

so we cannot, so we need random access again.
 Location service: is to get exact distance by updating the TA.

Classification of Random Access
Comments
 In contention based, the UE selects one preample sequence out
of 64 sequence sent from eNodeB to UE through system
information msgs because before there is no connection
between UE & eNodeB.
 Non-Contention based is used in HO because it use source

eNodeB to send the preamble sequence to the UE.
 Contention resolution state is used to solve contention

problems.
Contention base: 1st step
Preambles format
CP Sequence
TCP TSEQ Guard Period

Preamble
Preamble Allocated TSEQ TCP TCP (µs) TGT TGT Max. Max Cell
Format Subframes (Ts) (Ts) (Ts) (µs) Delay Radius
Spread (km)
(µs)
0 1 24576 3168 103.125 2976 96.875 5.208 14.531

1 2 24576 21024 684.375 15840 515.625 16.666 77.344
2 2 49152 6240 203.125 6048 196.875 5.208 29.531
3 3 49152 21024 684.375 21984 715.625 16.666 102.65
4 (TDD) Special 4096 448 14.583 576 18.75 16.666 4.375
Frame
Comments
 The random access procedure is used in various scenarios, including initial
access, handover, or re-establishment. Like other 3GPP systems the random
access procedure provides a method for contention and non-contention
based access. The PRACH (Physical Random Access Channel) includes RA
(Random Access) preambles generated from ZC (Zadoff-Chu) sequences. The
figure illustrates the basic structure of the PRACH preamble. This is effectively
an OFDM symbol.
 As well as the position of the PRACH, four PRACH frame formats for FDD are
also defined. These contain a CP (Cyclic Prefix) and Zadoff Chu sequence. The
formats are designed to enable efficient operation in different scenarios. For
example, the varying length of CP can be employed to counter either small or
large delay spread effects due to the mobile’s position.
 Currently we use Preamble format 0 with cell radius 15 Km,

PRACH Probing
eNB indicates the

preamble/ZC sequence
PRACH was received and
Power includes initial UL grant
Control
Noise/
Interference Scheduled Message
E.g. RRC Connection
Request
PRACH PRACH PRACH PDCCH PUSCH

DL-SCH
Comments
 In this example the initial probe is below the
noise/interference level and thus is not heard. The UE
increases its power based on a step size until a response is
heard on the PDCCH.
Contention base: 2nd step
Comments
 UL Grant is used to inform UE the scheduling information.
 Because eNodeB schedule many users so UE need to know his

turn according to C-RNTI.
 UE Compares between assigned C-RNTI and the one carried by

scheduling, if they are the same so it will decode it and if they
are different so the RA is failed.
 Why it is temporary because it is still contention but after

contention resolution it will be fixed.
 So if 2 users have the same preambles so it is used temporarily

until the contention resolution.
Contention base: 3rd step
Comments
 It is first msg sent on PUSCH after UL grant.
 In 3rd step UE send to eNodeB the purpose of RA so it is the

RRC establishment request or reestablishment request.
 The C-RNTI is temporarly because it is Contention based RA so

after the contention resolution it is solved.
 It contain TMSI which is unique for UEs so it is used in

contention resolution and also used in authentication and
encryption
Contention base: 4th step
eNodeB send information

of contention
resolution is PDSCH
Comments
 From the UE ID the ENodeB know the number of UEs that is
making random access.
 The UE compares between the UE-ID sent and the one it have
and if they are the same so it is succeeded and if failed so the
random access is failed and it try another one
 Then C-RNTI is fixed
 The UE Monitors the PDCCH to make scheduling then UE is

transferred from idle to connected mode.
Non Contention based 1st step
Comments
 Non contention is used in HO only
 eNodeB assigns preample to UE after recieving HO request and

it transmit it through source eNodeB through HO request ACK
and HO Command.
 eNode Assigns dedicated preample sequence to UE so that no

collision will occur.
 Target eNodeB send preamples sequeuence in the HO request

ACK and in the HO command. And the assigned resources as
well.
Non Contention based 2nd step
Comments
 This random access will be successful because eNodeB assigns
different preample sequence to different UEs to guarantee high
HO SR
Non Contention based 3rd step
Comments
- C-RNTI is assigned also in the HO command to UE, so it is not
sent in the response msg
- Then UE can continue in the HO steps successfully
Random Access RRC Signaling
Procedure
UE eNB
PRACH Preamble Sequence
RACH
MAC Scheduling Grant

MAC
Contention
RRC Connection Request
UL-SCH Resolution
RRC Connection Setup
DL-SCH
RRC Connection Setup Complete
UL-SCH
Signalling Radio Bearer
(RRC Connected)
Comments
 The SRB is also termed the “RRC Connection”, i.e. the UE has moved
into the RRC-Connected State. In order to achieve this signaling
between the eNB and the UE is required. The figure illustrates the
main signaling messages to establish a SRB. Note: some of these are
messages or indicators at the PHY or MAC layer.
 The sequence starts with the probing of the network on the PRACH.
Once the UE has successfully probed for uplink resources and has
been allocated these on the UL-SCH, the RRC Connection is
established through a three way signaling handshake on the UL-SCH
and the DL-SCH respectively.
Contents
 Introduction
 Cell search
 Random access
Data reception procedures of UE
UE eNodeB
Demodulate PCFICH
Demodulate PDCCH
Demodulate PDSCH
Feedback ACK/NACK
New Transmission or retransmission
Comments
 UE need to get the PDSCH so it need to get into the scheduling resources
 PCFICH Occupy 4 REGs = 16 Res and carry CFI which determine how many
symbols for PDCCH
 PDCCH occupy C-RNTI, MCS, location of scheduled RBs, whether the data is
new data or redundancy version.
 PDCCH can occupy 1, 2 , 4 or 8 CCEs, if data is big and channel quality is not
good so eNodeB assigns many CCEs up to 8 to send data.
 Rb is the basic scheduling unit of PDSCH
 Ues can be assigned continuous RBs or discrete RBs
 Scheduler of MAC decides the assignment of Rb resources
 Gap between Downlink PDCCH or PDSCH data and its ACK/NACK data sent
on PUCCH or PUSCH is 4 subframes for FDD using HARQ technique.
Data transmission procedures of UE
UE eNodeB
Transmit SR
UL Grant
Transmit PHR/BSR
Feedback ACK/NACK
UL Grant
UL Data or signaling
Feedback ACK/NACK
Comments
 UE need to get the PUSCH so it need to get into the scheduling
resources
 UE send SR through PUCCH to require UL resources
 UL Grant is some resources reserved for something to be sent through
PUSCH
 UL Grant contain C-RNTI, MCS & location of Rb in PUSCH
 PHR/BSR: Power Headroom & buffer status means How much power
resources remain and buffer remain so that eNodeB can make 1

reasonable scheduling
 eNodeB feedback through PHICH

LTE Physical Layer Basic Concepts and Processing Procedures With Comments Session

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LTE Physical Layer Basic Concepts and Processing Procedures With Comments Session

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LTE Air Interface &

Prepared by: Ramy Khalil

Copyright © 2015 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

1- LTE Uu interface protocol Stack

2- LTE Physical layer Basic concepts and processing procedures

3- LTE Signaling procedures and UE initialization flow

4- LTE Typical signaling procedures

 Functions of physical Channels and signals overview

 Functions of DL & UL Physical channel

--Physical layer procedures of LTE

 Data reception and transmission procedures

Transport Block CRC Attachment

Copyright © 2015 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

 Some systems also offer half-duplex FDD mode, where two

Downlink Uplink Downlink Uplink

33 TDD 1900 1920 36000 36000-36199 1900 1920 36000 36000-36199

UE FUL = FUL_low + 0.1(NUL - NOffs-UL)

The values of FDL_low，NDL，NOffs-DL can be found from 3GPP 36.104, as below：

Copyright © 2015 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

(TDD) Band 39: 1880~1900MHz

Slot (0.5ms) Subframe (1ms)

Radio Frame Tf = 307200 x Ts = 10ms

 Sampling rate is 307200 per radio frame, Ts is the time of 1 sample

Type 2 Radio Frame Tf = 307200 x Ts = 10ms

Table: Uplink-downlink Subframe Configuration Ratio

 need time to switch between UL & DL transmission, so it user

 Guard period is waiing time for conversion so it is not transmit

Device is allocated one

 The figure illustrates the concept of OFDMA, whereby different users

i.e. a subframe, and not an individual PRB.

 The NRBDL parameter is used to define the number of RB (Resource

 The term RE (Resource Element) is used to describe one subcarrier

 control channels we useREG & CCE – resoruce element group &

Configuration NSCRB NSymbDL

 Each Rb is 15 * 12 = 180 KHZ

 Functions of physical Channels & Signals overview

 Functions of DL & UL Physical channel

--Physical layer procedures of LTE

 Data reception and transmission procedures

 PCFICH (Physical Control Format Indicator Channel)

 PDCCH (Physical Downlink Control Channel)

 PHICH (Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel)

 PDSCH (Physical Downlink Shared Channel)

 PBCH (Physical Broadcast Channel) - This channel carries the BCH.

 PUCCH (Physical Uplink Control Channel)

 PUSCH (Physical Uplink Shared Channel)

 PRACH (Physical Random Access Channel) - This channel carries the

 PUCCH (Physical Uplink Control Channel) - This channel carries uplink

 Synchronization signals include PSS & SSS.

 Function of Synchronization signals:

 Get Frame and subframe synchronization  SSS

 SSS is sent in 2 different format in subfrmaes 0 & 5. by sending

 PCI is used in scrambling to differentiate between cells data,

 Synch. Signals is located at the center of cell frequency

 From location of synch. Signals UE know whether it is FDD

 Cell Specific (non-MBSFN)

 MBSFN (MBMS service over Single Frequency Network)

 UE Specific  Used in beamforming

 Cell Specific (non-MBSFN).

 MBSFN (MBMS over Single Frequency Network).

 The following quantity should be evaluated for UE idle status

 RSRQ: RS receiving quality

 RSRQ= N *RSRP/RSSI (N indicates the number of RS RE in one