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Solution:
PRACTICE 1.1
(a) |A + B |
(b) 5A – B
(c) The component of A along ay
(d) A unit vector parallel to 3A + B
Solution
Solution:
d = |r PQ| = √9 + 1 + 1 =3.317
Alternatively :
d = √(𝑥𝑄 − 𝑥𝑃)2 + (𝑦𝑄 − 𝑦𝑃)2 + (𝑧𝑄 − 𝑧𝑃)2
= √9 + 1 + 1 = 3.317
A = AaA
and
10(−3𝑎𝑥−1𝑎𝑦+1𝑎𝑧)
A= = (-9.045ax - 3.015ay + 3.015az)
3.317
1. r P = ax-3ay+5az ;
r R = 3ay+8az
Example 1.4
Given vectors 𝑨 = 𝟑𝒂𝒙 + 𝟒𝒂𝒚 + 𝒂𝒛 and 𝑩 = 𝟐𝒂𝒚 − 𝟓𝒂𝒛
Solution
The angle 𝜽𝑨𝑩 can be found by usingeither dot product or cross product
𝑨 ∙ 𝑩 = (𝟑𝒂𝒙 + 𝟒𝒂𝒚 + 𝒂𝒛 )(𝟐𝒂𝒚 − 𝟓𝒂𝒛 )
= 𝟖𝒂𝒚 − 𝟓𝒂𝒛 = 𝟑
𝑨∙𝑩 𝟑
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽𝑨𝑩 = = = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟎𝟗𝟐
|𝑨||𝑩| √(𝟐𝟔)(𝟐𝟗)
Alternatively
𝒂𝒙 𝒂𝒚 𝒂𝒛 𝒂𝒙 𝒂𝒚
𝑨×𝑩= |𝟑 𝟒 𝟏|𝟑 𝟒
𝟎 𝟐 −𝟓 𝟎 𝟐
= (−𝟐𝟎 − 𝟐)𝒂𝒙 + (𝟎 + 𝟓)𝒂𝒚 + (𝟔 − 𝟎)𝒂𝒛
|𝑨 × 𝑩| √𝟕𝟒𝟓
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽𝑨𝑩 = = = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟗𝟒
|𝑨||𝑩| √(𝟐𝟔)(𝟐𝟗)
𝑨∙𝑩 −𝟏𝟑
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽𝑨𝑩 = = = −𝟎. 𝟓𝟎𝟗𝟖𝟎𝟑𝟗
|𝑨||𝑩| √(𝟏𝟎)(𝟔𝟓)
Example 1.5
Three field quantities are given by
𝑃 = 2𝑎𝑥 − 𝑎𝑧
𝑄 = 2𝑎𝑥 – 𝑎𝑦 + 2𝑎𝑧
𝑅 = 2𝑎𝑥 – 3𝑎𝑦 + 𝑎𝑧
Determine
(a) (P + Q) × (P – Q)
(b) Q∙R×P
(c) P∙Q×R
(d) sin 𝜃QR
(e) P × (Q × R)
(f) A unit vector perpendicular to both Q and R
(g) The component of P along Q
Solution:
(a) (𝑃 + 𝑄) × (𝑃 – 𝑄) = 𝑃 × (𝑃 – 𝑄) + 𝑄 × ( 𝑃 – 𝑄)
= 𝑃 × 𝑃– 𝑃 × 𝑄 × 𝑃– 𝑄 × 𝑄
= 0 + 𝑄× 𝑃 + 𝑄 × 𝑃– 0
= 2𝑄 × 𝑃
𝑎𝑥 𝑎𝑦 𝑎𝑧
= 2| 2 −1 2 |
2 0 −1
= 2(1 − 0) 𝑎𝑥 + 2(4 + 2) 𝑎𝑦 + 2(0 + 2) 𝑎𝑧
= 2 𝑎𝑥 + 12 𝑎𝑦 + 4 𝑎𝑧
(b) The only way Q∙R × P makes sense is
𝑎𝑥 𝑎𝑦 𝑎𝑧
𝑄 ∙ 𝑅 × 𝑃 = (2𝑎𝑥 – 𝑎𝑦 + 2𝑎𝑧) | 2 −3 1 |
2 0 −1
= (2 𝑎𝑥 − 𝑎𝑦 + 2𝑎𝑧 ) ∙ (3 𝑎𝑥 + 4𝑎𝑦 + 6𝑎𝑧 )
= (6 𝑎𝑥 − 4𝑎𝑦 + 12𝑎𝑧 )
= (6 − 4 + 12) = 14
Alternatively
2 −1 2
𝑄 ∙ 𝑅 × 𝑃 = |2 −3 1 |
2 0 −1
To find the determinant of a 3 × 3 matrix, we repeat the first two rows and cross
multiply; when the cross multiplication is from right to left, the result should be negated
as shown below. This technique of finding a determinant applies only to a 3 × 3 matrix.
Hence:
2 −1 2
2 −3 1
𝑄 ∙ 𝑅 × 𝑃 = − ||2 0 −1|| +
− 2 −1 2 +
− 2 −3 1 +
= +6 +0 -2 +12 -0-2 = 14
As obtained before
(c) From eq. (1.28)
𝑃 ∙ (𝑄 × 𝑅) = 𝑄 ∙ (𝑅 × 𝑃) = 14
Or
𝑃 ∙ (𝑄 × 𝑅) = (2𝑎𝑥 + 0𝑎𝑦 − 𝑎𝑧 ) ∙ (5𝑎𝑥 + 2𝑎𝑦 − 4𝑎𝑧 )
= 10𝑎𝑥 + 0𝑎𝑦 + 4𝑎𝑧 = 14
(d)
|𝑸 × 𝑹| |(𝟓, 𝟐, −𝟒)|
sin 𝜃𝑄𝑅 = =
|𝑸||𝒓| |(𝟐, −𝟏, 𝟐)||(𝟐, −𝟑, 𝟏)|
√𝟒𝟓 √𝟓
= == 𝟎. 𝟓𝟗𝟕𝟔
𝟑√𝟏𝟒 √𝟏𝟒
(e) 𝑷 × (𝑸 × 𝑹) = (𝟐𝒂𝒙 + 𝟎𝒂𝒚 − 𝒂𝒛 ) × (𝟓𝒂𝒙 + 𝟐𝒂𝒚 − 𝟒𝒂𝒛 )
= (𝟐𝒂𝒙 + 𝟑𝒂𝒚 + 𝟒𝒂𝒛 )
𝑷 × (𝑸 × 𝑹) = 𝑸(𝑷 ∙ 𝑹) − 𝑹(𝑷 ∙ 𝑸)
(𝑷 ∙ 𝑸)𝑸
= (𝑷 ∙ 𝒂𝑸 )𝒂𝑸 =
|𝑸|𝟐
𝟐
= (𝟐𝒂𝒙 – 𝒂𝒚 + 𝟐𝒂𝒛 )
𝟗
= 𝟎. 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝒂𝒙 – 𝟎. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝒂𝒚 + 𝟎. 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝒂𝒛
Solution
=– 𝟑𝟎𝒂𝒚 + 𝟐𝟎𝒂𝒛
𝒂𝒙 𝒂𝒚 𝒂𝒛 𝒂𝒙 𝒂𝒚
𝑬×𝑭= |𝟎 𝟑 𝟒| 𝟎 𝟑
𝟒 −𝟏𝟎 𝟓 𝟒 −𝟏𝟎
= (𝟏𝟓 + 𝟒𝟎)𝒂𝒙 + (𝟏𝟔 + 𝟎)𝒂𝒚 + (𝟎 − 𝟏𝟐)𝒂𝒙
Problems
1.3 if
𝑨 = 𝟐𝒂𝒙 + 𝒂𝒚 − 𝟑𝒂𝒛
𝑩 = 𝒂𝒚 − 𝒂𝒛
𝑪 = 𝟑𝒂𝒙 + 𝟓𝒂𝒚 + 𝟕𝒂𝒛
Determine :
a) 𝑨 − 𝟐𝑩 + 𝑪
b) 𝑪 − 𝟒(𝑨 + 𝑩)
𝟐𝑨−𝟑𝑩
c) |𝑪|
d) 𝑨. 𝑪 − |𝑩|𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
e) 𝟐 𝑩 × (𝟑 𝑨 + 𝟒 𝑪)
Solution :
a) 𝑨 − 𝟐𝑩 + 𝑪 = (𝟐𝒂𝒙 + 𝒂𝒚 − 𝟑𝒂𝒛 ) − 𝟐(𝒂𝒚 − 𝒂𝒛 ) + (𝟑𝒂𝒙 + 𝟓𝒂𝒚 + 𝟕𝒂𝒛 )
= (𝟐𝒂𝒙 + 𝒂𝒚 − 𝟑𝒂𝒛 ) + (−𝟐𝒂𝒚 + 𝟐𝒂𝒛 ) + (𝟑𝒂𝒙 + 𝟓𝒂𝒚 + 𝟕𝑎𝒛 )
= 𝟓𝒂𝒙 + 𝟒𝒂𝒚 + 𝟔𝒂𝒛
b) 𝑪 − 𝟒(𝑨 + 𝑩) = 𝟑𝒂𝒙 + 𝟓𝒂𝒚 + 𝟕𝒂𝒛 − 𝟒 ((𝟐𝒂𝒙 + 𝒂𝒚 − 𝟑𝒂𝒛 ) + (𝒂𝒚 − 𝒂𝒛 ))
= 𝟑𝒂𝒙 + 𝟓𝒂𝒚 + 𝟕𝒂𝒛 − 𝟒(𝟐𝒂𝒙 + 𝟐𝒂𝒚 − 𝟒𝒂𝒛 )
= 𝟑𝒂𝒙 + 𝟓𝒂𝒚 + 𝟕𝒂𝒛 − (𝟖𝒂𝒙 + 𝟖𝒂𝒚 − 𝟏𝟔𝒂𝒛 )
= −𝟓𝒂𝒙 − 𝟑𝒂𝒚 + 𝟐𝟑𝒂𝒛
𝟐𝑨−𝟑𝑩 𝟐(𝟐𝒂𝒙 +𝒂𝒚 −𝟑𝒂𝒛 )−(𝟑𝒂𝒚 −𝟑𝒂𝒛 )
c) |𝑪|
=
√𝟑𝟐 +𝟓𝟐 +𝟕𝟐
(𝟒𝒂𝒙 +𝟐𝒂𝒚 +𝟔𝒂𝒛 )+(−𝟑𝒂𝒚 +𝟑𝒂𝒛 )
=
√𝟗+𝟐𝟓+𝟒𝟗
𝟒𝒂𝒙 −𝒂𝒚 −𝟑𝒂𝒛
=
√𝟖𝟑
𝟒𝒂𝒙 −𝒂𝒚 −𝟑𝒂𝒛
𝒂𝒂𝒙 = 𝒂𝒂𝒚 = 𝒂𝒂𝒛 =
√𝟖𝟑 √𝟖𝟑 √𝟖𝟑
𝟐
d) 𝑨. 𝑪 − |𝑩|𝟐 = (𝟐𝒂𝒙 + 𝒂𝒚 − 𝟑𝒂𝒛 )(𝟑𝒂𝒙 + 𝟓𝒂𝒚 + 𝟕𝒂𝒛 ) − (√𝟏𝟐 + (−𝟏)𝟐 )
= (𝟔𝒂𝒙 + 𝟓𝒂𝒚 − 𝟐𝟏𝒂𝒛 ) − 𝟐
= 𝟔 + 𝟓 − 𝟐𝟏 − 𝟐 = −𝟏𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟑
e) 𝑩 × ( 𝑨 + 𝑪) = ( 𝒂𝒚 − 𝒂𝒛 ) × (( 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒂𝒚 − 𝒂𝒛 ) +
𝟐 𝟑 4 𝟐 𝟐 𝟑 𝟑 𝟑
𝟑 𝟓 𝟕
(𝟒 𝒂𝒙 + 𝟒 𝒂𝒚 + 𝟒 𝒂𝒛 ))
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏𝟕 𝟏𝟗 𝟗
= ( 𝒂𝒚 − 𝒂𝒛 ) × ( 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒂𝒚 + 𝒂𝒛 )
𝟐 𝟐 𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟐
𝒂𝒙 𝒂𝒚 𝒂𝒛
𝟏 𝟏
=[𝟎 𝟐 𝟐 ]
𝟏𝟕 𝟏𝟗 𝟗
𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟐
𝟗 𝟏𝟗 𝟏𝟕 𝟏𝟕
=( − (− ) 𝒂𝒙 + (− 𝟐𝟒 − 𝟎) 𝒂𝒚 + (𝟎 − 𝟐𝟒) 𝒂𝒛 )
𝟐𝟒 𝟐𝟒
𝟐𝟖 𝟏𝟕 𝟏𝟕
= 𝒂𝒚 − 𝒂𝒚 − 𝒂𝒛
𝟐𝟒 𝟐𝟒 2𝟒
1.8 Given that
𝑷 = 𝟐𝒂𝒙 − 𝒂𝒚 − 𝟐𝒂𝒛
𝑸 = 𝟒𝒂𝒚 + 𝟑𝒂𝒚 + 𝟐𝒂𝒛
𝑹 = −𝒂𝒙 + 𝒂𝒚 + 𝟐𝒂𝒛
Find
a) |𝑷 + 𝑸 − 𝑹|
b) 𝑷∙𝑸×𝑹
c) 𝑸×𝑷∙𝑹
d) (𝑷 × 𝑸) ∙ (𝑸 × 𝑹)
e) (𝑷 × 𝑸) × (𝑸 × 𝑹)
f) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽𝑷𝑹
g) 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽𝑷𝑸
Solution
a) 𝑷 + 𝑸 − 𝑹 = (𝟐𝒂𝒙 − 𝒂𝒚 − 𝟐𝒂𝒛 ) + (𝟒𝒂𝒚 + 𝟑𝒂𝒚 + 𝟐𝒂𝒛 )— (𝒂𝒙 + 𝒂𝒚 + 𝟐𝒂𝒛 )
= (𝟕𝒂𝒙 + 𝒂𝒚 − 𝟐𝒂𝒛 )
|𝑷 + 𝑸 − 𝑹| = √𝟕𝟐 + 𝟏𝟐 + 𝟐2
= √𝟓𝟒
= 𝟕. 𝟑𝟓
b) 𝑷 ∙ 𝑸 × 𝑹
= (𝟐𝒂𝒙 − 𝒂𝒚 − 𝟐𝒂𝒛 )(𝟒𝒂𝒚 + 𝟑𝒂𝒚 + 𝟐𝒂𝒛 ) × (𝒂𝒙 + 𝒂𝒚 + 𝟐𝒂𝒛 )
= (𝟖𝒂𝒙 − 𝟑𝒂𝒚 − 𝟒𝒂𝒛 ) × (𝒂𝒙 + 𝒂𝒚 + 𝟐𝒂𝒛 )
𝒂𝒙 𝒂𝒚 𝒂𝒛
= [ 𝟖 −𝟑 −𝟒]
−𝟏 𝟏 𝟐
𝒂𝒙 𝒂𝒚 𝒂𝒛
d) (𝑷 × 𝑸) = [ 𝟐 −𝟏 −𝟐]
𝟒 𝟑 𝟐
𝑃∙𝑅
cos 𝜃𝑃𝑅 = |𝑃||𝑅|
−7
=
√9×6
−7
= = -0.9526
√54