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ACS: Changes of State: Evaporation,

Condensation, Freezing, and Melting

Presented by: James Kessler

July 26, 2012

 American Chemical Society

Middle School Chemistry

Office of K-8 Science

Chapter 2 – Changes of State

 Welcome

What is middleschoolchemistry.com?

Free online resource for teaching

basic concepts in chemistry at the
middle school level.
Six chapters of activity-based lesson
plans which align with state standards
in physical science and inquiry.
Two main goals:
• Help students understand common
every day observations on the
molecular level.
• Help students design and conduct
scientific experiments.

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 What’s in a Chapter?

• Lesson Plans (5E):

– Hands-on activities
– Student Activity Sheets
– Multimedia
– Extra Teacher Background

• Student Reading

• Test Bank

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 Goals of the Webinar

• Demonstrate selected activities and

animations from the lessons in Chapter 2
to show how they can be used with
students

• Review some basic chemistry concepts

covered in the lessons

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 Big Idea for Chapter 2:

On the molecular level, why do substances change state when

they are heated and cooled?

Use the “Fascination Number Line” to indicate your level of fascination with
this question.

0 5 10
Have never Willing to listen if Stay up nights
thought about it it doesn’t take too pondering this
and happy that long question
way

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 Lesson 2.2: Evaporation

Engage Explore Explain Evaluate Extend

If you hang a wet paper towel up at the beginning of class, do

you think it will be wet or dry by the end of class?

Wet Dry It Depends

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 Examples of Evaporation

What are some common examples of evaporation?

What are some factors that affect how fast or slow water evaporates?

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 Designing an Evaporation Test

Engage Explore Explain Evaluate Extend

How could we design a test to see if temperature affects the rate of

evaporation?
Identify and control variables
What do we try to keep the same?

• Paper towel surface

• Amount of water placed on paper towels
• Initial temperature of water placed on
paper towels
• When water is placed on paper towel
• Where water is placed on paper towel
Room Temp. • Plastic bags beneath paper towels
Hot

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 Molecules of a Liquid

The water that was heated evaporated first. How can this be explained on
the molecular level?

Water molecules are attracted to

each other and in motion.

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 Attraction and Motion of Molecules

Engage Explore Explain Evaluate Extend

Adding energy makes molecules move

faster and a little further apart.

What does this have to do with

evaporation?

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 Heating and the Rate of Evaporation

Adding energy increases molecular

motion.

More molecules will be moving fast

enough to overcome their attractions
and break away to become a gas.

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 Students Describe Evaporation

Engage Explore Explain Evaluate Extend

The student activity sheet serves as the “Evaluate” for each lesson.

Students use the concepts of attractions,

motion, heating, and cooling to write
explanations, on the molecular level, about
how temperature affects evaporation.

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 Questions?

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 Different Models of Water

The water molecule is composed of

two hydrogen atoms bonded to an
oxygen atom.

These are covalent bonds in which

electrons are shared between the
oxygen atom and the hydrogen
atoms.

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 Why are Water Molecules Attracted
to One Another?

The space-filling model and the charge

density model show that a water
molecule is more negative near the
oxygen and more positive near the
hydrogen.

The negative area of the oxygen

atom of one water molecule attracts
the positive area of the hydrogen
atom of another.

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 Water Vapor

As a result of evaporation, liquid

water becomes water vapor, a
gas.
During evaporation, water
molecules separate from one
another, but the bonds between
the atoms within the molecules do
not come apart.

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 Making 3-D Models of Water
Molecules
Engage Explore Explain Evaluate Extend

Students make space-filling

Styrofoam models of water molecules.

They use the molecules to model increased

molecular motion and increased rate of
evaporation.

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 Why Does Water Evaporate at
Room Temperature?
What ever happened to the wet paper towel from the beginning of class?
The water evaporated – it dried out.
• In a sample of a substance, no matter what the
temperature, the molecules are moving at
different speeds.
• At room temperature, for example, some
molecules are moving faster than others and
some are moving slower but most are
somewhere in between.
• So at room temperature, some water molecules
have enough energy to evaporate.
• As energy from the room is transferred to the
remaining water, more molecules evaporate.
• This process continues until all the water
molecules become a gas.

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 Evaporation and Boiling
Boiling
Students may think that they see evaporation
when water boils.

There is a lot of evaporation during boiling but what

students see is the water vapor that is condensing to
tiny drops of liquid water.

During boiling, liquid water changes to water vapor

throughout the liquid.

Boiling happens at a specific temperature and pressure.

Evaporation
Molecules with enough energy at the surface evaporate.

Happens over a wide range of temperatures and doesn’t

depend much on pressure.

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 Showing Condensation

Hot water is placed in the bottom cup.

Empty tall cup turned upside down and

placed on top.

Students see that the inside of the top

cup turns from clear to cloudy.

On close examination they see that the

cloudiness is actually tiny water droplets.

How could this happen?

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 The Process of Condensation

Condensation using hot water and two cups

• Water evaporated from the hot

water in the bottom cup and
became water vapor.
• Molecules of water vapor touched
the inside of the cooler top cup.
• These molecules transferred some
energy to this cooler cup and
slowed down.
• Since they were moving slower,
their attractions were able to bring
them together and form liquid
water.

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 Designing a Test to See if
Temperature Affects Condensation?
What test could we do to see if cooling water vapor increases the rate of
condensation?
Identify and control variables

• Amount of water placed in lower cups

• Initial temperature of hot water placed in cups
• Type of upper cup used
• When upper cups are placed on lower cup

The cup that had the ice has larger drops of

water. This suggests that more water vapor
condensed to liquid water in the cup that was
cooled.

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 Evaporation and Condensation at
the Same Time

In a closed container:

Molecules evaporate from the surface of

the water to form water vapor.

Some water vapor molecules condense

to form liquid water.

Evaporation outpaces condensation

until there are enough water vapor
molecules that the rate of condensation
equals the rate of evaporation.

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 Questions?

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 Change of State - Freezing

How does ice form on the outside of an ice cream

container or cold can?
Students explain it with molecules:
• There are water molecules in the air.
• These molecules transfer some of
their energy to the cold can.
• This causes the molecules slow
down.
• Attractions cause the molecules to
condense to form liquid on the can.
• The liquid then freezes to form ice.

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 Water Molecules in Ice

Water molecules arrange

themselves into a repeating
crystal pattern as solid ice.

The six sides of the crystal are

reflected in the six-sided
symmetry of snowflakes.

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 Molecular Motion in Ice

Although the molecules in ice

are in fixed positions at 0 °C or
lower, and do not move past
each other, they still vibrate.

There is molecular motion at

any temperature.

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 Melting Ice – An Experiment

How can you make ice melt faster?

Does putting ice in water make it melt

faster?

Design an experiment to find out.

Why does ice melt faster in room

temperature water than room
temperature air?

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 Ice Melting

• As energy is added, the motion of

molecules increases.
• Motion overcomes attractions and
molecules begin to move past each
other as the crystal structure
collapses.
• Molecules are closer together as a
liquid than they were as a solid.

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 When Things Get Too Cold

Liquid water freezes and

expands as it becomes solid ice.

The force of the expanding ice

on the metal container is so
great that it shatters.

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 Putting It All Together
Changing state is about the attractions and motions of
the molecules that make up a substance.
Adding energy:
• Increases molecular motion enough to overcome
attractions
• Changes a solid to a liquid and a liquid to a gas.

Removing energy:
• Decreases molecular motion enough for
attractions to hold molecules closer together
• Changes a gas to a liquid and a liquid to a solid.

How is water the same or different

from other substances when it comes
to changing states?

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 A More Quantitative Look at
Changing State

Melt 100g of ice: about 35 kJoules of

energy

Vaporize 100g of water: about 265

kJoules of energy (about 8 times as
much)

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 Sublimation – Because it’s Cool

Compare regular ice and dry ice.

Regular ice changes state from a

solid to a liquid (melting).

Dry ice changes state from a

solid, directly to a gas
(sublimation).

What happens if you put dry ice in

water?

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 Dry Ice in Water

What is the smoky-looking stuff

coming off the top of the water?

Could it be CO2?

Could it be condensed CO2?

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 Do the Lessons Align with the New
National Framework/Standards for
Science Education?
Disciplinary Core Ideas –
The position and motion of atoms or molecules in a solid, liquid, and gas.

Science and Engineering Practices –

Developing and using models.
Planning and carrying out investigations.
Constructing explanations based on evidence.

Crosscutting Concepts-
Cause and effect: Adding or removing energy (heating and cooling) causes
changes in the motion of molecules.
Systems and system models: Students model substances as systems
composed of particles.

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 Questions?

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