1. Elasto-Plastic Dampers
Retrofitting of reinforced concrete beam
 a seismic restraint with hysteretic
elasto-plastic response capable of
controlling the horizontal force level and
of dissipating energy due to the
earthquake.
Ways of installing dampers in an existing
building:
a. Installing steel-framed braces that
incorporate dampers into an existing
open frame and
b. Installing damper-embedded studs into
existing frame so that existing openings
are maintained
ADVANTAGES:
a. Very simple maintenance because all the
structural parts are made of steel
b. Possibility of controlling the horizontal
force transmitted from the
superstructure to the substructure
c. Reaction characteristic is very simple
(bilinear) and stable with no
temperature dependence
d. After a catastrophic earthquake only,
the elements that dissipate energy by
plasticization must be replaced with no
damage to other components of the
structure.
2. Strengthening of masonry walls by using
stitching cracked wall method
 A repair method used to reinforce cracks
in walls. Slots are made in the affected
wall (typically in bed joints) and then
metal crack stitching bars are inserted.
 Helps to spread the weight of the wall
above the crack more evenly and
improves the stability of the structure,
and the material of the bars is flexible
enough to allow for the natural
movement of the building
How to repair cracks in walls
 Shaped and twisted stainless steel rods
are bonded into the walls, stitching the
masonry across the cracks at regular
intervals.
 The brick stitching system allows the
cracked wall to behave as reinforced
non-fractured unit.
 The cracks stitch rods physically
interlock with the bonding agent and
exhibit a unique and resilient torsional
spring-like quality that allows small
amounts of wall movement and
recovery to occur without brittle
failures.
 Helically twisted crack stitching bars
used to reconnect and reinforce
cracked. Masonry walls and brickwork.
3.
using rubberized coir fibre sheets
 Retrofitting of reinforced concrete
structures using rubberized coir fiber
sheets, a natural laminate for improving
the structural responses like strength
and maximum deflection.
 It is preferable for repairing or
retrofitting rather than replacing
completely, since it is both
environmentally and economically
available. With the development of
structurally effective adhesive, epoxy
resin, the strength improvement is
remarkable.
 RCFS will be advantageous in using in
the sense like tough, economical very
high strength to weight ratio
 The application of carbon and glass fibre
reinforced polymer laminates to beam
can increase the stiffness and maximum
load carrying capacity.
4. Retrofittng of Reinforced Concrete Beams
using reactive Powder Concrete (RPC)
 The suitable way to deal with subsist
problem for retrofitting is cement-based
mortars. Fibre based composites has
step-up a lot of notice in strengthening
the flexural members.
 It has the potential to structurally
compete with steel.
 Superior strength combined with higher
shear capacity result in significant dead
load reduction.
 RPC can be used to resist all but direct
primary tensile stress.
 Improved seismic performance by
reducing inertia load with lighter
member.
 Low &non-interconnected porosity
diminishes mass transfer, making
penetration of liquid/gas non-existent.
5. Masonry Houses Retrofitted by Bamboo band
Meshes
 Bamboo band mesh was first prepared
on a square grid in a way that one band
crosses over another band in different
layers at subsequent crossing points.
 This process was quite similar to the
basket weaving process. The straw,
which was used to ensure hole during
model construction, was removed. Straw
was placed at approximately 200 mm
pitch.
 In case of existing structures holes can
be prepared by drilling through the wall.
The prepared mesh was then installed
on both outside and inside of the wall
and wrapped around the corner of the
house. The angle of bamboo meshes
with the horizontal line was 0 degree.
  The inside and outside meshes were
connected by the Polypropylene strings
(PP strings) which were passed through
the hole. The overlapping and wrapping
of the meshes was also made around the
opening and roof. Figure 2 illustrates
the overall retrofitting procedure.
 In this procedure, we don’t need to
destroy the roof of existing houses,
because there is the gap or space
between the roof and the wall for
wrapping of the meshes.
6. Viscous Fluid Damper Retrofit of Steel
Moment Frame Structures
 It is utilized for vibration control in
various applications throughout the
world
 Effective in reducing lateral
displacements and dissipating energy
from earthquake and wind loading
 VFDs installation in chevron braced
frames are very well suited to reduce the
drift of this moment frame building.
7. Seismic Isolation and Energy Dissipating
Systems
 It is the method of placing certain kind
of additional element to protect the
building against earthquake to provide
security and comfort.
8. Self-Healing Concrete
 Ability of concrete to repair its small
cracks autonomously
 The cracks have to be filled by some
cementing material in order to stop the
crack to develop and damage the
structure
 It can prove to be vital as it can improve
the strength, durability and may
ultimately increase the life span of a
structure
ADVANTAGES:
a. More resistant to the freezing and
thawing condition
b. Reduce plastic shrinkage cracks
c. High impermeability
d. High resistance to chemical attacks
e. Regular inspection is not needed
LIMITATIONS:
a. Expensive
b. Requires skilled supervision
c. Difficulty in bacterial injection in sands
d. Availabilty of raw material is not easy
9. Cavity Wall Insulation
 a method of installing insulation into the
external walls with minimum disruption
to your home.
 Cavity Wall Insulation stores the heat
within the inner walls, bouncing it back
into the room and holding it for longer.
ADVANTAGES:
a. The moisture cannot enter from outer
wall to inner wall, since there is no
direct contact.
b. Provide good insulation against sound.
c. Protection against efflorescence.
d. Load on the foundation is reduced.
e. Reduction of heat transfer, since air
layer between leaves acts as non-
conductor of heat.
DISADVANTAGES:
a. cavity wall insulation is not applicable to
all houses. Homes constructed with
solid walls are not suitable for cavity
wall insulation.
b. Cavity walls are very limited in terms of
insulation you can install. There are
restrictions, and they depend on the gap
between the external and internal wall.
Basically, you can install insulation only
in the hollow space.
10. Ferrocement
 A type of thin wall reinforced concrete
commonly constructed of hydraulic
cement mortar, reinforced with closely
spaced layers of continuous and
relatively small diameter mesh
 Used for construction of light-weight,
hard and strong surfaces in any shapes
 Used for retrofitting of structural
members
 Steel wire mesh induces higher tensile
strength, crack resistance and high
ductility
11. Fiber Reinforced Plastic
 In FRP the reinforcement material is
fiber that provides the strength and
stiffness and for matrix commonly used
polymer resin like epoxy, which binds
the reinforcement in organized way.
12. Considering the use of epoxies in the repair
of historic structural member
STRUCTURAL INTERVENTIONS RELATED TO
FOUDATIONS

1. Improvement of the ground soil by Jet

Grouting

 It consists in the disaggregation volume

of soil, internally in the ground without
previous excavation, mixing it with
cement grout introduced in high
pressure and velocity in the order of 250
m/s.
 It can be applied in all types of soil as
long as they contain small sized material
and are not subjected to seepage.
 It does not give chance to significant
vibrations

2. Improving the behavior of foundations by

enlargement and/or consolidation
 The foundation may be improved by
filling the gaps between blocks with
mortar. There is the need to excavate