INTRODUCTION

If a system, after an initial disturbance, is left to vibrate on its own, the vibration is
known as free vibration. No external force acts on the system. Oscillation of a simple
pendulum is an example of Free vibration. Vibration is the periodic motion of a body or
system of connected bodies displaced from a position of equilibrium. Free vibration is
maintained by gravitational or Elastic restoring forces.

OBJECTIVE

⚫ To understand the principle of free vibration in a pendulum.

⚫ To obtain the validation of the simple pendulum theory

⚫ To observe the comparison of oscillation time (s) in terms of two differences pendulum
and differences of the length.
THEORY

Pendulum system

Figure 1: Simple Pendulum System

Pendulum is a weight suspended from a pivot so that it can swing freely. When a
pendulum is displaced sideways from its resting, equilibrium position, it is subject to a
restoring force due to gravity that will accelerate it back toward the equilibrium position.
When released, the restoring force acting on the pendulum's mass causes it to oscillate about
the equilibrium position, swinging back and forth. The time for one complete cycle, a left
swing and a right swing, is called the period. The period depends on the length of the
pendulum and also to a slight degree on the amplitude, the width of the pendulum's swing.
 From the first scientific investigations of the pendulum around 1602 by Galileo
Galilei, the regular motion of pendulums was used for timekeeping, and was the world's most
accurate timekeeping technology until the 1930s. The pendulum clock invented by Christian
Huygens in 1658 became the world's standard timekeeper, used in homes and offices for 270
years, and achieved accuracy of about one second per year before it was superseded as a time
standard by the quartz clock in the 1930s. Pendulums are also used in scientific instruments
such as accelerometers and seismometers. Historically they were used as gravimeters to
measure the acceleration of gravity in geophysical surveys, and even as a standard of length.
The word "pendulum" is new Latin, from the Latin pendulum, meaning 'hanging

SAFETY PRECAUTION

List all the cautions needed before and after the machine operations.

Before starting the machine operations, have some cautions which is before and after to be
highlights. This is because, want to avoid any injury to workers. So that, Table 1 show cautions
before and after the machine operations.

Before experiment

• Always wearing hear protection, mask, lab coat to avoid impurities

• Remove watch, and jewellery while working on the machine.
• Always keep the floor clean of metal chips or curls and waste pieces.

After experiment

• Even after the power off, don’t leave the machine until it has stopped running.
• Machine should be stopped before making adjustments on the work piece.
• Don’t try to stop machine with your hand.
PROCEDURE

Experiment 1 : Experiment of thread pendulum with 1.5 seconds period (𝑻𝟏 = 1.5S) of
one cycle.

1.1 The universal vibration workbench as shown in Figure 1.0 below was used.

Figure1.0: Universal vibration

workbench

1.2 The apparatus shown in figure 3, thread pendulum

Figure 3: thread pendulum

 1.3 According to the theory calculation

1.4 The thread length of close to 0.56 m was set by using the steel rule.
1.5 The pendulum of steel bob for 20 oscillations was swing without thinking the angle of
degree and the time was applied up by using a block watch.
1.6 The thread length according to Table 1.0 was repeated procedure (1.4) and (1.5).
1.7 The pendulum of wooden bob was repeated the procedure (1.4), (1.5) and (1.6).
1.8 The difference in mass (steel m=520g and wood m=50g) the level of oscillation was
identical, examine the time and identical too was despite.
1.9 The time for one oscillation was calculated utilizing the theory formula.

Experiment 2: Experiment of rod pendulum and thread pendulum of wooden bob with
same center of gravity distance.

2.1 The universal vibration workbench as shown in figure 1.0 above was used.

2.2The apparatus of rod pendulum with a length of 800mm was used in figure 2.0 below.
One end of the 800mm long pendulum rod is provided with a knife edge and the rod
then placed in the vees of the pendulum mount. The pendulum is gently set in motion
(deflection at bottom end roughly 10 cm) and the time taken for twenty oscillations
measured with a stopwatch. Get the average time from three readings. Use Table 2.0
for guidance.
 Figure 4: Rod Pendulum

2.3 The theory formula was using manually and the time for one oscillation was calculate.

2.4 Repeat procedure (1.2) based on figure 3 by using the thread pendulum with length 400mm,
where the centre gravity are the same as the rod pendulum, rs-0= L/2= 800/2=400 mm. The
pendulum is gently set in motion (deflection at bottom end roughly 10 cm) and the time
taken for twenty oscillations measured with a stopwatch. The average time from three
readings was calculated. Table 2.0 for guidance was used.

Experiment 3: Experiment reversible pendulum by using a reduced length pendulum.

3.1 Figure shows how the reduced pendulum length was measured. Lred is the pendulum
length of a mathematical pendulum with the same period of oscia=llation. The two period
are equated as,
3.2 or the given rod pendulum L=0.8m, the reduced pendulum length is

3.3 figure below shows set up and measurement of rod pendulum with mass (iron bob m1
and m2 position a0, a1 and a2. Experiment of reversible pendulum support at O1 and O2.
Time taken base on variable distance of for 20 oscillation.
OBSERVATION

For experiment 1, we had found that the timing for 1 oscillation of steel bob and the
wooden bob is increase if the length of the thread that used is increase. The timing for wooden
bob to make 1 oscillation is faster than the timing of steel bob to make 1 oscillation.

For the experiment 2, we had found that the reading gravity point at rod pendulum is
bigger than the reading gravity point of thread pendulum wooden bob. So that the average of
the reading for rod pendulum to make one oscillation is 1.23 and thread pendulum wooden bob
to make 1 oscillation is 1.12.

For experiment 3, we need to find the value for reversible pendulum to make 20
oscillation. Based on the experiment, the time of support is increase if the distance between the
support and the pendulum is increase.

DISCUSSION

Experiment concept of vibration when oscillation the bob. The angle is not consistent so
the data not accurate. When the bob oscillate the bob touch workbench so that the time will drag.
Moreover when measure the thread at the ruler the tension is loose. In experiment 3 we use 1000
mm rod pendulum. So that the rod touch at the workbench cannot make a oscillation. So we
reduce the length of pendulum support with 200mm.
CONCLUSION

As a conclusion experiment concept of vibration is, we learned the principle or theory

of free vibration in pendulum. In this experiment we can observe comparison of oscillation
time in steel bob and wooden bob. Another that, we also can learned the difference pendulum
length. Beside that, we can understand the concept of the vibration from this experiment.
Lastly, we can proof the identical result between the experiment and the theoretical.

REFERENCE

• Lab sheet of engineering laboratory 3, topic : concept of free vibration.

• Notes of mechanic of machine (pendulum system)
• https://www.slideshare.net/yarwin/mechanic-of-machinemechanical-vibrations by
lecturenotes mJ. Walt Oler
• Pendulum". Miriam Webster's Collegiate Encyclopedia. Miriam Webster. 2000.
p. 1241.
• BellSystemTechnicalJournal.27(3):510588.doi:10.1002/j.1537305.1948.tb01343.x.Arc
hived from the original on 2011-07-17.