Chapter 2, pg.

32

Q 1. Summarize cell theory in your own words:

All living things are made up of cells. Cell is the simplest unit that can carry out all
life processes. All cells are reproduced from other cells.

Q 2 Are your cells prokaryotic or eukaryotic? Explain.

Eukrayotic- because eukaryotes are more complex organisms.

Q 3. What is the most obvious difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
Prokaryotic do not contain nucleus; while eukaryotic contain a nucleus

Q 4. How does the nucleus coordinate cell activities?

Nucleus contains genetic information that co-ordinates cell activities.

Q5. When you exercise you breathe faster and harder. Using your knowledge of
organelles, explain why this happens.
Organelles work together to meet the needs of the cell and the whole organism, in
this case providing me with enough oxygen while I exercise.

Q 6. Not all plant cells contain chloroplasts. What is the most likely reason for this?
Only plant cells that are exposed to light contain chloroplasts. Chloroplasts absorb
the light energy and give leaves a green color. Light energy is used for
photosynthesis

Q7. Plant cells are surrounded by cell wall. What is the function of this structure?
It provides support for the cell and protection from physical injury.

Q8. Plant cells can make their own “food”- glucose. Why do plant cells have
mitochondria?
Plant cells rely on mitochondria to metabolize glucose.

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p.44

Q 1. During which stage of the cell cycle does replication of DNA occur?
Interphase.

Q 2. Why is it necessary that the cell copies its DNA?

Cell needs to copy its DNA to be able to divide. If not able to copy DNA or if DNA is
damaged the cell will remain in interphase and not divide or will be destroyed. This
is the vital process that keeps organism healthy.

Q 3. Why are the chromosomes visible during mitosis but not at other times?
During mitosis they condense into a compact form and becoming visible under the
microscope.

Q 4. Under a microscope, some cells can appear to be between metaphase and

anaphase. Explain this observation.

Q 5. Which stage or phase of the cell cycle corresponds to each of the descriptions
bellow?
a) A new cell wall begins to form. INTERPHASE
b) The membrane of the nucleus dissolves. MITOSIS
c) Daughter chromosomes begin to separate. = CYTOKINESIS
d) The cell begins to pinch together along its centre. CYTOKINESIS
e) Thick chromosome threads are visible in two distinct regions of the cell.=
ANAPHASE
f) The cell grows and copies its DNA. = INTERPHASE

Q 6. Create table to summarize what happens during the three stages of the cell
cycle.

INTERPHASE MITOSIS CYTOKINESIS

Growth and preparation Cell division occurs. Cell division occurs.

for division. DNA genetic Division of the nucleus Entire cell divides in two
material is copied in Into two identical nuclei. daughter cells.
preparation for cell
division

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p.64

1. What are the three stages in the cell cycle?

Interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis

2. Replication of DNA takes place during the INTERPHASE.

3. List and briefly describe the phases of mitosis:

prophase , metaphase, anaphase, telophase

4.

5. What are some features of cancer cells that makes them dangerous?
Cancer cells grow and divide out of control. They are also able to move to a new area
of the body in the process called metastasis.

6. You can often smell food cooking even though you may be several rooms away
from the kitchen. What process is responsible for the odour spreading through the
house?
Diffusion

7. Difference between plant and animal cell division.

Plant= a new wall forming to separate two daughter cells
Animal= cell pinching off to form two daughter cells.

8. Explain why mitosis is important to eukaryotes.

Eukaryotic cells grow and divide. Cell division occurs during mitosis. If they can not
divide they are destroyed.

9. How would the cell cycle of a cancer cell be different from that of a normal cell?
Cancer cells grow and divide out of control. The cells are prevented from staying in
interphase. They continue to divide despite messages from the nucleus to stop
dividing.

10. What structures are responsible for the movement of chromosomes during
mitosis?
Spindle fibres

11. Explain a difference between a chromosome and a chromatid.

CHROMOSOME – a structure in the cell nucleus made up of portion of the cell’s DNA
CHROMATIOD- one or two identical strands of DNA that make up chromosome

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12. a) explain why there is a maximum size of cells to be able to function efficiently?
When cell gets to large, chemical and water cannot move through the cell fast
enough. Waste products must also diffuse out of the cell quickly so they do not
poison the cell.

b). Very active cells such as muscle cells, tend to be smaller than fat storage cells.
Explain why this is true.
Muscle cells are more dense

13. Why are skin cells so susceptible to cancer?

It is constantly being exposed to uv radiation from the sun

14. Identify one major part of the plant where cells undergo mitosis.
Cell wall

15. List at least three “prevention and screening” steps that you can take to reduce
your risk of premature death from cancer.
Breast self-examination, pap test, regular skin checks by a doctor

16. ---------------------

17. You notice that the mole on the back of your friend’s arm seems to get bigger.
Your friend does not think it is a big deal and is planning to ignore it. What would
you advise?
To go to the doctor and have the mole checked out as it can be a skin cancer.

18. What does sunlight have in common with environmental chemicals that are
believed to cause cancer?
They all damage our DNA, which can lead to the unwanted cell mutations if left
untreated/unrepaired.

19. Why is it important for women who may be pregnant not to undergo x-rays?
Xrays can cause DNA damage, particularly to rapidly dividing cells such as those in
growing fetus.

20. Radiation used both in x-rays and radiation therapy for treating cancer. Explain
how this is possible.
X-rays create internal images of the body need to make a diagnosis.
Radiation therapy: much smaller dose of radiation than in x-rays. Cancer cells are
easily damaged by ionizing radiation, so damaged cells can no divide further.

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p.66

1. C
2. A
3. A
4. D
5. F (malignant)
6. F (interphase)
7. T
8. Asexual
9. Carcinogens
10. A- iii
b- iv
c- i
d- ii
e- v

11. 120
12. chloroplasts absorb light energy. This energy is used for photosynthesis
13. copy page 59
14. -------------------
15. everyday your body sheds million of dead cells which are replaced by new
ones
16. --------------------

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p/76

2. Give an example of an organ that is found in

a) only one organ system= stomach is part of a digestive system only
b) more than one organ system = pancreas is part of the digestive and endocrine
system

3. In what way are organ systems more complex than highly specialized cells?
Organ systems perform a vital body functions. Organ systems require an organs
such as heart to perform those function. Heart is made out of tissues, which are
groups of specialized cells.

4. Make a list of the main functions that must be performed by all living things. For
each main function, name an organ system that is involved in performing that
function:
breathing= respiratory system
pumping blood and nutrients around the body= circulatory system
sends message around the body= nervous system
breaking down the food and making it available to the body= digestive system
supporting the body and makes movement possible= musculoskeletal system
excretes waste and keeps correct amount of water in the body= urinary system
produces eggs and sperms= reproductive system

p. 79.
1. What is the meaning of the term “ cellular differentiation”
the process by which a cell becomes specialized to perform a specific function.

2. What is the difference between tissue stem cell and embryonic stem cells?
Embryonic stem cells can differentiate into any kind of cell; tissue stem cell are able
to differentiate only into certain type of cells.

3. Why are the stem cells from a newborn baby’s umbilical cord blood considered to
be tissue stem cells.
They can only differentiate into certain type of stem cells, such as various kinds of
blood cells.

4. What is the significance of being able to harvest stem cells that can specialize into
any type of cell?
Can be used for treatment of various diseases.

5. Briefly describe the process of bone marrow transplant to treat leukemia.

Leukemia is cancer that occurs in a bone marrow. Treatment is: Diseased white
blood cells are removed and bone marrow is killed with radiation. After that healthy
bone marrow cells from the blood of a healthy donor are injected into a patient’s
blood. Healthy bone marrow cells grow in the patient’s own bone marrow and
eventually produce cancer-free blood cells.

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6. How is regeneration beneficial to an animal?
It is the ability of a tissue to repair itself. Muscles, skin and bone can regrow.
In some animals (star fish worms…) body parts can regrow.

7. Can all animals regenerate?

To a limited degree all animals can regenerate. It is done on a cellular level.

P.82
1. Main parts of digestive tract and their functions:

 mouth= starts breaking down food

 esophagus= moves the food into stomach
 the stomach= hold and churn the food and continue digestion. Stomach cells
produce acids and enyzmes to digest the food. It also contains soft muscle
tissue to mix the contents.
 Intestine= goblet cells release mucus; and nutrients diffuse through the wall
of the small intestine and enter blood stream.
The large intestine absorbs water from the indigestible food
 Anus= waste is excreted

2. Why is necessary for food to be digested?

So it can be absorbed by the body as a nutrient

3. Substances that are added to the food in the digestive system to aid in digestion:
Saliva, digestive enzymes, acids, mucus.

4. Tissue that contracts to push food through the digestive system:

Smooth muscle tissue

5. Some Illness/diseases that can result from a problem in digestive system:

Colitis and Diabetes

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PG 87. CIRCULATORY

1. Describe the function of the circulatory system:

To move nutrients and gases to all of the cells of the body and carry away waste
through the blood stream.

2. List at least four substances that are carried by circulatory system:

-waste = away from the body tissues
-carbon dioxide= to the lungs where is secreted
-oxygen= to the cells
- nutrients =to all body cells

3. Explain how circulatory system interacts with digestive system.

It moves nutrients absorbed from the small intestine to all of the body cells.

4. How does angiogram differ from regular x-ray?

During an angiogram a florescent dye is injected into the artery and x-ray scans are
taken.

5. __________

6. -------------

7. ----------

8. How is cardiac muscle different from a smooth muscle that surrounds the
digestive tract?
Cardiac muscle tissue is a special type of muscle found only in the heart. All of the
cardiac muscle tissue in each part of the heart contracts at the same time. Heart
pumps with a regular beat. Hardening of any part of the muscle will cause heart
problems.
Smooth muscles of the digestive tract contract without a conscious thought. The
movement is controlled by nerve tissue.

9. Name at least Two diseases of the circulatory system:

Coronary artery disease= arteries get partially blocked with a plaque (depost made
out of fat, cholesterol, calcium)
Heart attack= coronary arteries become fully blocked either with a plaque or a
blood clot. Heart muscle no longer receives oxygen and nutrients. Heart stops and
heart tissue die.