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FL
15 + - x 2 = STD T
10 FL
N e.g.: FL 350
15 + (-35 x 2) = -70 + 15 = - 55º C
200 mb = 390 FL
250 mb = 340 FL
300 mb = 300 FL
500 mb = 180 FL
2. PRESSURE
3. TEMPERATURE
9° C
°F = + 32
5
5
° C = (° F - 32)
9
°K = °C + 273
3. TEMPERATURE (contd.)
2
∆t = 0,000137 TAS ∆t = SAT - RAT (° C)
TAS = True Air Speed (KT)
TAS ∆t
150 KT 3,1° C
200 KT 5,5° C
250 KT 8,6° C
300 KT 12,3° C
350 KT 16,8° C
400 KT 21,9° C
450 KT 27,7° C
4. DISTANCE
1 NM = 1,15 SM
1 SM = 0,87 NM
1 km = 0,54 NM
1 km = 0,62 SM
RULE OF THUMB
1 ft = 0,3048 m
1m = 3,2808 ft
5. MASS
1 kg = 2,205 lb.
1 lb. = 0,454 kg
RULE OF THUMB
6. VOLUME
1 KT = 0,514 m/sec
1 m/sec = 1,946 KT
F L x IAS
TAS = IAS +
500
SPEED OF SOUND
C = 20,1 T (m/s)
C = 72,36 T (km/h) T = OAT + 273
C = 39 T ( KT) T = Kelvin absolute temperature (° K)
OAT = Outside Air Temperature (° C)
TAS
M=
R 39 x OAT + 273
SPEED FACTORS
GROUND SPEED GS
GSF x 60 = GS
The DME station should be at least as far away as your FL divided by 10.
8. SLOPE
CONVERSION FORMULAE
TRY TO REMEMBER
3,5° = 6,1 % = 372 ft/NM
2,5° = 4,4 % = 265 ft/NM
8. SLOPE (contd.)
ROD = 101,33 . GS . tg α
GS
ROD = . GRAD (ft/NM)
60
ROD = 1,0133 . GS . GRAD (%)
RULES OF THUMB
A FL
D = or AFL x 3 = D
3
A ft A ft
D = x 3= D
300 1000
4. SINK RATE
GS 320
X 10 Example: GS = 320 x 10 = 1600 (ft / min)
2 2
TDZE 2 - TDZE 1
RS = x 100 (%)
RL
For TDZE 2, TDZE 1, RL see Jeppesen RM, Airport plan view, for each
particular airport and runway.
9. TURNS
TAS ( KT )
r= (NM) R
189,4
TAS ( KT )
r= (NM)
200
9. TURNS (contd.)
TAS (KT)
α= + 7
10
TC = W . cos. α (KT)
CW C
= CA
AS F
Example: CWC = 20 KT
TAS = 180 KT 20
≅ 7° CA
ASF = 3 3
RULES OF THUMB
CA
80 KT 100 KT 120 KT 150 KT
TAS
CACWC ≅ 10KT 1/2 cwc + 2° 1/2 cwc + 1° 1/2 cwc 1/2 cwc - 1°
CACWC ≅ 30KT 1/2 cwc + 6° 1/2 cwc +3° 1/2 cwc 1/2 cwc - 3°
- Try to asses a drift while flying to join the holding fix and
determine or calculate correction angle (CA) along inbound
track.
- After the first arrival over the holding fix, the outbound time
should not exceed 1 minute (or 1.5 minute above 14000 ft) in
order to stay in basic holding area in case of incorrectly
forecasted wind.
- After the second and subsequent arrivals over the holding fix,
compensate for track-wind component in the following
manner:
Example:
In the first holding the inbound time is 40 sec.- Increase
outbound time for 10 sec. so that:
outbound time in second holding = 1 min 10 sec,
inbound time in second holding = 50 sec
outbound time + inbound time = 2 min
BASE TURNS
RACETRACK PROCEDURE
Tvdp (sec) - time from FAF (or last fix for start timing) to VDP
Tl (sec) - time from VDP to landing threshold
T (sec) - total time from FAF (or last fix for start timing) to
landing threshold
Dvdp (NM) - distance from FAF (or last fix for start timing) to
VDP
Dl (NM) - distance from VDP to landing threshold
D (NM) - total distance from FAF (or last fix for start timing)
to landing threshold
R z (sec/100ft) - time for "100 ft" altitude change on 3° glide path in
no wind conditions (z = 8 sec/100 ft at TAS 140 kt)
R
TAS (KT) 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160
Z sec/100ft 16 14 13 11 10 10 9 8 8 7
T (sec/NM) 51 45 40 36 3 30 28 26 24 22
Note: "z" and "t" values must be known by heart for particular
type of aircraft.
METHOD - 1
METHOD -I (contd.)
(Afix − MDA) x 60
R ROD = (ft/min)
Tvdp (sec)
Afix (ft) - minimum altitude over the FAF or last fix for start
timing (see app. chart for particular approach).
MDA (ft) - minimum descent altitude (see app. chart for the
particular app.
Tvdp (sec) - time from FAF or last fix for start timing calculated
from formula above.
METHOD II
Afix - MDA
R Tvdp = x Z (sec)
100
Afix (ft)- minimum altitude over last fix for start timing
- (see app. chart for particular approach).
MDA (ft) - minimum descent altitude (see app. chart for
particular app.)
R Z (sec) - time for 100 ft altitude change on 3 GP (sec/100 ft) in
no wind conditions (z = 8 sec/100 ft at TAS 140 kt)
N Tvdp (sec) - time from FAF or last fix for start timing calculated
from formula above
Recommendation:
Tvdp for each particular non-precision approach should be
calculated during pre-flight preparation and airport familiarisation
and noted in approach chart. This will shorten inflight approach
briefing, when only corrections for wind remain to be made.
This rule can be used only for relatively small values of angle (up
to max. 15°) (Exact formula LD = D . tg α )
For instance:
TAS Change in ROC/ROD ROC - Rate of Climb
caused by 1° pitch ROD - Rate of Descent
150 KT 250 FPM
180 KT 300 FPM
240 KT 400 FPM
300 KT 500 FPM
NOTE: This rule of thumb is valid only for relatively small angles of
attack and small changes of pitch.
When you are fairly close to the NAV AID use another rule based
on 45° - 50° triangle:
You are going to pass abeam VOR, when the VOR needle points
to 45° out, start timing. When the needle points to 90° stop the
timing.
Check your GS and multiply your GSF with time to get the
distance flown.
The obtained distance is equal to the distance abeam the VOR.
1 lb. = 0,454 kg
1 kg = 2,205 lb.
1 IMP.GALL = 4,546 lit
1 US GALL = 3,785 lit
1 BARREL = 159 lit N
RULE OF THUMB
PROCEDURE
TAS
L= (NM)
200
(for angle of interception of 90 degrees)
Using a RMI simplifies flying a DME arc. Since the RMI (bearing
pointer) points toward the VOR/DME, all you have to do is keep
the needle on the appropriate wingtip reference (90° or 270°) if
there is no cross-word.