CPRA Quarterly Adaptive Management Bulletin

April-June 2017 Page 1

Coastal Science Assistantship Program (CSAP)

The goal of this quarterly bulletin is to share with CPRA staff information about
ongoing Adaptive Management activities, such as research, monitoring, and data
management, that are likely to be a significant resource to our restoration and
protection efforts. CPRA funds various research programs to improve the plan-
ning, design, and implementation of coastal restoration and protection projects.
This bulletin highlights one of these programs.

The Coastal Science Assistantship Program (CSAP) provides stipends for up to 3

years for Master of Science students enrolled full-time at Louisiana universities.
Up to four new proposals are selected for funding each year. Once chosen, facul-
ty members select graduate students who are required to complete a master’s
thesis and a 240 hour internship with CPRA. CSAP is administered by Louisiana
Sea Grant for CPRA.

Current CSAP Projects

 Ioannis Georgiou (UNO) Coupled barrier island and
shoreface dynamics: a comprehensive understanding of
coastwide response to transgression
 Malay Ghose-Hajra (UNO) Development of a compre-
hensive engineering and design tool to predict and evalu-
ate long term performance of Louisiana coastal restoration
and protection
 Mark Hester (ULL) Factors that determine patterns of
wetland plant species zonation and productivity following
sediment diversions
 Navid Jafari (LSU) Predicting subsurface settlement of
marsh creation projects and flood protection infrastruc-
ture in coastal Louisiana
 Alexander Kolker (LUMCON) Subsidence patterns and
processes in coastal Louisiana: a comprehensive approach
 Megan La Peyre (LSU) Water filtration capacity of oyster
reefs in coastal Louisiana
 Paul Leberg (ULL) Evaluation of maximum entropy mod-
els for assessing the restoration scenarios influence on
coastal wildlife populations
 Torbjorn Tornqvist (Tulane) Understanding Mississippi
Delta subsidence by integrating continuous coring with
geodetic methods
 Jay Wang (Louisiana Tech University) Soil binding ability
of natural vegetation Spartina alterniflora established on
dredged soils in Louisiana coastal area
 John R. White (LSU) Mechanisms for persistent oiling
stress on coastal marshes from the BP Oil Spill event:
Potential impacts to coastal marsh sustainability and eco-
logical function
 Kehui Xu and Victor Rivera-Monroy (LSU) Sediment-
plant interaction studies to benefit CPRA
 Y. Jun Xu (LSU) Determining sediment accretion and
availability in the lowermost Mississippi River

CSAP Highlights
Report Access
 50 Louisiana Master of Science students supported Copies of completed CSAP theses and student
 8 Louisiana universities have had proposals selected (LSU, ULL, authored journal publications are located in the
SLU, UNO, Tulane, LUMCON, Nicholls, Louisiana Tech)
CIMS Document Library ( http://
 28 theses completed to date
cims.coastal.la.gov/) on the CPRA website and
 27 student authored journal publications
 6,000+ internship hours completed to date at the following network location:
H:\Shared\Planning and Research\Research Sec-
tion\CSAP\Theses.
 CSAP Internship Tasks

Internship Spotlight
Matlab Fill Volume Tool
Cody Johnson, a civil engineering graduate student at LSU who
graduated in 2016, developed a Matlab tool that he called
CALCPRO to perform fill volume calculations using pre-construction survey data. A Matlab compiler is required
on each user’s PC to run the program, but the compiler is available for free from the MatLab website. Cody cre-
ated a readme file describing the needed version of the compiler file and where to get it. Cody also prepared a
short user’s manual describing his program, which is available upon request from Mark Leadon. Mark is also avail-
able to provide a short demonstration and to assist any staff with running the program.

The volumes calculated with Cody’s tool came within 2% of the fill estimates provided by one of our engineering
consultant firms.

As a part of the CSAP program, students are required to put in
240 hours of internship with the CPRA. Students usually work
out of the CPRA office that is located closest to their university.
The tasks they are assigned are not necessarily connected to the
research project they are working on for their thesis. They can
start the internship at almost any time during their time enrolled
as a Masters student, and the hours do not have to be complet-
ed in one semester, nor do they have to be spread out over the
3 years of the award. Most of our CSAP students complete
their first year of classes and then start working on their intern-
ship hours. Some of the CPRA staff who have helped supervise
CSAP interns include Kenneth Bahlinger, Bill Boshart, Clayton
Breland, Ricky Brouillette, Austin Feldbaum, Angelina Freeman,
Syed Khalil, Mark Leadon, Darin Lee, Brad Miller, Jim Pahl, and
Leigh Anne Sharp.
The following are some of the highlights of the large variety of
tasks our CSAP interns have completed:
Data Analyses/Data Mining
 Natalie Ceresnak completed a Coastwide Reference Moni-
toring System (CRMS) data compilation using vegetation and
soil data and worked on compiling long-term salinity data in
Barataria using USGS and CRMS stations
 Courtney Elliton completed a CRMS data compilation and
statistical analysis on 2007-2014 soils, vegetation, hydrology,
and geospatial data
 Greg Mattson worked on dredged material and soil core
data
 Martin Maxwell worked on the vegetative planting database
 Jason Pietroski compiled white shrimp and brown shrimp
catch data
 Kevin Troxclair worked on modeling data
 Bo Wang completed a literature review and data mining for
the Calcasieu Salinity Control project
 Celeste Woock worked on elevation and bathymetry data
Literature Reviews/White Papers
 Victoria Bacheler completed a report “Development of
HSI model for eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) for
placement of erosion control structures in the Barataria
Basin, Louisiana, USA”
 Derek Goff completed a report describing a method for
assessing subsidence using surface geology/hydrology and
subsurface geology, ellipsoidal height changes with time,
faults, etc. correlated to apparent movements
 James Ialeggio, Christopher Kunz, and Phillip Westbrook
helped put together a spreadsheet summarizing results of
literature related to salinity and flooding tolerances of
emergent wetland vegetation.
 Minhaz Shahriar completed a report summarizing the ef-
fectiveness of different types of shoreline protection struc-
tures used in Louisiana coastal restoration projects
 Phillip Westbrook completed a report “The Negative Im-
pacts of Vehicle Use on Beaches”
Operations, Maintenance, and Monitoring Reports
 Christopher Carrell assisted in writing the 2009 Opera-
tions, Maintenance and Monitoring Report for the West
Pointe a la Hache Siphon Construction (BA-04) project
 Eva Hillman assisted in writing the 2011 Operations,
Maintenance and Monitoring Report for the Bayou
LaBranche Wetland Creation (PO-17) project
 Sara Moore assisted in writing the 2011 Operations,
Maintenance and Monitoring Report for the Caernarvon
Diversion Outfall Management (BS-03a) project
Tool Development
 Cody Johnson created a Matlab tool to help calculate fill
volumes (see above internship spotlight).
 Brian Levine assisted in learning how to use a sediment
budget GIS tool
April-June 2017 Page 3

Completed CSAP Theses and Major Conclusions

1. Alam, R.Q. 2014. Development and enhancement of a mechanistic model of Little Vermillion Bay: Incorporation of stochastic
cloud cover and nutrient flux as they affect light dynamics and phytoplankton growth. ULL.

 A model was used to perform spatial interpolation of water quality parameters in Little Vermillion Bay to help understand
eutrophication and how phytoplankton respond to nutrient loading.

2. Alleman, L.K. 2010. Autoecology of black mangrove (Avicennia germinans) in Louisiana. ULL.

 Black mangrove is a stress tolerant species; however, seedlings are less tolerant to very high salinity levels, long duration of
flooding, and sand burial than mature adult plants. Also, individual trees do no allocate the same amount of resources to prop-
agule production each year, and they do not produce a second crop of propagules after a major disturbance.

3. Bacheler, V. 2013. Constructed oyster reefs assist in the creation of habitat for fish and macroinvertebrate assemblages in a Lou-
isiana estuary. Nicholls State University.

 Three constructed reefs (A-Jacks, Triton Gabion Mats, and ReefBLK) are comparable to natural oyster reef in providing habi-
tat to a diverse array of nekton, and they do not appear to limit nekton use of adjacent, vegetated, intertidal habitats.

4. Bari, R. 2013. Analysis of water parameters, light dynamics, and phytoplankton growth kinetics in Little Vermillion Bay: Implica-
tions for mechanistic model development. ULL.

 There was no significant spatial variation of temperature, pH, salinity, and chlorophyll a at three different depths during four
site visits, indicating a well-mixed system.

5. Bouanchaud, J.M. III. 2013. The uplift resistance of Spartina alterniflora in a Louisiana salt marsh. LSU.

 In Terrebonne Bay, no significant difference was found between uprooting force and stem height, but there was a small corre-
lation between stem diameter and uprooting force. In Bay Jimmy, stem height and stem diameter had a much stronger correla-
tion with uprooting resistance. Oil contamination at the Bay Jimmy site may have reduced the effects of other factors influenc-
ing uprooting resistance of the vegetation.

6. Carrell, C. E. 2009. Assembly rules and hurricane induced wetland habitat-state change. Southeastern Louisiana University.

 Generalized statements that hurricanes are good or bad for wetland health cannot be made. Effects are species specific. Also,
the most biomass produced of all habitat types was in a freshwater river diversion scenario, with fresh water, nutrients,
throughput hydrology, and sediment addition.

7. Chambers, C. 2014. Spatial and temporal variability of benthic respiration in a developing deltaic estuary (Wax Lake Delta, Loui-
siana). Tulane University.

 Benthic respiration increased along two spatial gradients: with distance offshore from the delta and toward the interior of a
mouth bar island. Results suggest that opening a sediment diversion during spring peak discharge will have less of an effect on
benthic oxygen consumption rates than during warmer, low flow conditions.

8. Chatagnier, J. 2012. The biomechanics of salt marsh vegetation applied to wave and surge attenuation. LSU.

 Stiffness of salt marsh vegetation, which is related to its ability to attenuate waves and storm surge, was determined through
direct bending and board drop testing. There was an increase in bending stiffness with an increase in stem height, and there
was a reduction in bending stiffness in dormant plants because of a reduction in turgor pressure.

9. Fischer, G.C. Jr. 2012. Quantifying neotectonic control of alluvial river morphology in a low-grade landscape. Tulane University.
 Completed CSAP Theses and Major Conclusions Continued
 The Baton Rouge Fault Zone seems to be currently active along multiple fault scarps. Low-gradient, alluvial rivers can be used
as indicators of very subtle neotectonic activity even when channel migration rates are high, although alluvial response to fault-
ing is complex.

10. Goff, D.S. 2016. Study of resistivity and shear wave velocity as a predictive tool of sediment type in levee foundation soils, Lou-
isiana Gulf coast levee system. LSU.

 Soil type interpretation from borings may be improved by integrating electrical resistivity and shear-wave velocity; larger grain
sizes correlated to larger shear wave velocities and smaller resistivity values.

11. Hillmann, Eva R. 2011. The implications of nutrient loading on deltaic wetlands. Southeastern Louisiana University.

 With nutrient additions over 5 years, root to shoot ratio decreased and belowground biomass doubled; only nutrient treated
mesocosm vessels produced enough root material to more than offset soil subsidence of 5 mm/yr.

12. Hundy, L.C. 2015. Plant growth and soil shear strength in relation to soil properties and hydro-edaphic characteristics of re-
stored Louisiana salt marshes. ULL.

 Shear strength was significantly greater in experimental units that were planted compared to unplanted soil.

13. Ialeggio, J. 2013. Direct and indirect effects of nutrient and salinity manipulation on wetland vegetation: herbivory and flooding
stress as a function of fertilization. LSU.

 Flooding stress was the primary factor limiting wetland vegetation growth, but fertilization may help plants resist relatively
higher salinity levels. However, nutria showed a significant preference for fertilized vegetation within species, so it possible
that the benefits derived from nutrient-rich water could be negatively impacted by increased herbivory.

14. Judy, C.R. 2013. Impacts of the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill on vegetation structure and function of the common reed Phrag-
mites australis: a mesocosm study. LSU.

 Applying weathered Macondo oil to aboveground tissue of Phragmites australis had no major impact on overall plant health.
Shoot oiling increased plant growth via vegetative side-branching due to a stress response to compensate for the loss of pho-
tosynthetic tissue due to direct mortality of oiled leaves.

15. Levine, B.M. 2016. Implications of the long-term presence of crude oil from the Deepwater Horizon Spill on salt marsh biogeo-
chemistry. LSU.

 The presence of persistent buried oil may not negatively impact overall denitrification; however, the presence of oil on the
marsh surface from erosion-driven re-oiling may suppress denitrification in the upper soil layer where the majority of
denitfrication occurs.

 The presence of surface or buried oil impacts oxygen availability in marsh soils, which may reduce plant productivity, organic
matter accumulation, sedimentation rates, and maintenance of marsh elevation.

16. Mattson, G.A. II. 2014. Characterization of dredged sediment used in coastal restoration and marsh creation projects. UNO.

 Higher salinity overall corresponded to a lower sedimentation rate of the slurry during the compression settling stage, but to
increased flocculation and quicker settlement of fine grained particles.

 Slurry samples with the finest grained material had the slowest settling rate because the material stayed in suspension for a
longer period of time.

 The higher the initial solids concentration, the lower the settling rate of the sediments because of the increased contact be-
 Completed CSAP Theses and Major Conclusions Continued
tween particles.

 Equations were derived relating total suspended solids with turbidity. Equations were also derived relating the average dry bulk
density, the dry bulk density at 15 days, and the dry bulk density at the inflections points for each test to the initial solids parti-
cle concentration. The latter equations could be used to estimate the dry bulk density of the material of a project based on the
solids concentration of the slurry that is being delivered to the marsh creation site.

17. Maxwell, M. 2011. Effect of sediment slurry application on selected aspects of sulfur, iron, and manganese biogeochemistry in a
coastal Louisiana marsh. LSU.

 There was likely a decrease in the rate of sulfate reduction with increasing sediment addition.

 Concentrations of iron and manganese significantly increased when sediment addition increased.

 pH and redox increased significantly with sediment addition.

18. Mebust, C. 2015. Analysis of sedimentation characteristics of dredge sediment used in coastal restoration and marsh creation
projects. UNO.

 There was no conclusive trend with the increase in salinity for the settling curve and total suspended solids (TSS) values.

 Samples with the higher percentage of fine material had the slowest settling rates. TSS and turbidity were highest in samples
with a lower percentage of fine material. As the percentage of fines increases, the more flocs occurred and less material was
left in suspension.

 A relationship between TSS and turbidity was developed. This equation can be used to predict TSS values using turbidity,
which is a simpler and quicker test to run.

 Equations were derived that can be used to estimate bulk dry density of the dredged material based on its initial solids concen-
tration that is being used for marsh creation.

19. Pendergraft, M.A. 2013. Investigating oil degradation and mixing in coastal environments using ramped pyrolysis. Tulane Univer-
sity.

 Applying the ramped pyrolysis technique showed that oil degraded faster where rates of mixing were higher, such as high en-
ergy beach sediments.

 Isotope analysis showed that oil persisted for at least 881 days (the duration of data collection in this study) in tar balls.

20. Pietroski, J. 2014. Effect of the BP Deepwater Horizon oil spill on critical marsh soil microbial functions. LSU.

 Both fresh and weathered crude oil and the dispersant Corexit can significantly impact activity of denitrification in the short-
term.

 Corexit has a greater impact on denitrification rates than either fresh or weathered crude oil at equal ratios. Corexit also neg-
atively affected other microbial measures, including microbial biomass nitrogen values and potentially mineralizable N rates.

21. Ramatchandirane, C. 2013. Coastal marsh formation and its relation to sediment exchange along the Chenier Plain in southwest
Louisiana. Tulane University.

 Atchafalaya River sediment is the dominant source of mineral matter that allows new marshes to develop along the Chenier
Plain.

 There is a large quantity of sediment deposited in Atchafalaya Bay each year, some of which is naturally resuspended during
 Completed CSAP Theses and Major Conclusions Continued
storms. The remaining deposited sediment is a large untapped source of material for coastal restoration.

22. Rosen, T. 2013. Long-term total suspended yield of coastal Louisiana rivers with spatiotemporal analysis of the Atchafalaya Riv-
er Basin and delta complex. LSU.

 Riverine total suspended sediment yield to coastal Louisiana averaged about 176 million tonnes annually. The Mississippi River
delivered 72% of total suspended sediment, and the Atchafalaya River delivered 28%.

 The Chenier Plain Rivers delivered a negligible amount of total suspended sediment compared to the Mississippi and Atchafa-
laya. The Sabine River supplied 62% of the sediment load to the Chenier Plain.

23. Shahriar, M.M. 2014. Ability of Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers.) to bind soil and stabilize shallow slopes. Louisiana
Tech University.

 Johnsongrass increased cohesion of the soil by 102% and friction angle by 19%. The roots made a remarkable contribution to
the increase of the anti-erosion capacity of soils.

24. Sumi, S. 2015. Eco-hydrology driven evaluation of statistically downscaled precipitation CMIP5 climate. ULL.

 It is difficult to accurately model precipitation distribution because of the sparse distribution of rain gauge stations in coastal
Louisiana. CMPI5 simulations produce less variable precipitation than actual measured observations, especially during the sum-
mer, when precipitation is more variable. CMPI5 captured the frequency of intense precipitation events well, but overestimat-
ed the frequency of light and very light rainfall.

 It is important to adopt an ensemble-based approach when using climate models for ecosystem assessment and impact studies.

25. Theriot, J.M. 2012. The effects of carbon on nitrogen transformations in restored wetland and waste water soils. LSU.

 At Loosahatchie Bar, a restored wetland near Memphis, Tennessee, and at a spray field near the Tallahassee, Florida
Wastewater Treatment Plant, significant differences between controls and the sites were observed for factors such as mois-
ture content, percent organic matter, bulk density, total carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus, microbial biomass nitrogen, poten-
tially mineralizable nitrogen, denitrifying enzyme activity, and potential denitrification.

26. Trosclair, K.J. 2013. Wave transformation at a saltmarsh edge and resulting marsh edge erosion: observations and modeling.
LSU.

 Meteorological conditions such as wind direction and intensity modify the local water depth, and increased water depth erod-
ed marsh edge by wave impact forces and bottom shear stresses. When the marsh surface is eroded and denuded of vegeta-
tion, the shoreline is more susceptible to wave attack during repeated frontal storms.

27. VanZomeren, C.M. 2011. Fate of Mississippi River diverted nitrate on vegetated and non-vegetated coastal marshes of Breton
Sound estuary. LSU.

 Denitrification is the major removal pathway for nitrate in Caernarvon, and nitrate removal would be enhanced if diverted
Mississippi River water flooded the marshes and residence time was increased.

 Belowground biomass was not negatively impacted by nitrate addition.

28. Westbrook, P.T. 2016. Bioassimilation, burial, and sediment denitrification at shallow-water and deep-water oyster reefs in two
Louisiana estuaries. LSU.

 Oysters contributed to nutrient mitigation via bioassmiliation, burial, and denitrification at varying levels depending on repro-
ductive status, site location, season, and reef type.
 CSAP Student Journal Publications
 Alam, R.Q. 2013. Nonpoint source pollution. Water Environment Re- fects on potential denitrification rates of coastal marsh soil. Chemosphere
search 85: 1715-1733. 134: 120-126.

 Alam, R.Q., B.C. Benson, J.M. Visser, and D.G. Gang. 2016. Response of  Pietroski, J.P., J.R. White, and R.D. Delaune. 2015. Effects of dispersant

estuarine phytoplankton to nutrient and spatio-temporal pattern of physi- used for oil spill remediation on N Cycling in Louisiana coastal salt marsh
co-chemical water quality parameters in Little Vermilion Bay, Louisiana. soil. Chemosphere 119: 562-567.
Ecological Informatics 32: 79-90.
 Rosen, T. and Y.J. Xu. 2014. A hydrograph-based sediment availability as-
 Alleman, L.K. and M.W. Hester. 2011. Refinement of the fundamental sessment: implications for Mississippi River sediment diversion. Water 6: 564
niche of the black mangrove (Avicennia germinans) seedlings in Louisiana: -583.
applications for restoration. Wetlands Ecology and Management 19: 47-60.
 Rosen, T. and J.J. Xu. 2015. Estimation of sedimentation rates in the distrib-
 Alleman, L.K. and M.W. Hester. 2011. Reproductive ecology of black utary basin of the Mississippi River, the Atchafalaya River Basin, USA. Hydrol-
mangrove (Avicennia germinans) along the Louisiana coast: propagule pro- ogy Research 46: 244-257.
duction cycles, dispersal limitations, and establishment elevations. Estuaries
 Rosen, T. and Y.J. Xu. 2013. Recent decadal growth of the Atchafalaya River
& Coasts 34: 1068-1077.
delta complex: effects of variable riverine sediment input and vegetation
 Berkowitz, J.F., L. Green, C.M. VanZomeren, and J.R. White. 2016. succession. Geomorphology 194: 108-120.
Evaluating soil properties and potential nitrate removal in wetlands creat-
 Rosen, T. and Y.J. Xu. 2011. Riverine sediment inflow to Louisiana Chenier
ed using an engineering with nature based dredged material placement
Plain in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Estuarine, Coastal, and Shelf Science 95:
technique. Ecological Engineering 97:381-388.
279-288.
 DeMarco, K.E., E.R. Hillmann, M.G. Brasher, and M. La Peyre. 2016.
 Rosenheim. B.E., M.A. Pendergraft, G.C. Flowers, R. Carney, J.L. Seracano,
Brackish marsh zones as a waterfowl habitat resource in submerged aquat-
R.M. Amer, J. Chanton, Z. Dincer, and T.L. Wade. 2016. Employing extant
ic vegetation beds in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Journal of the South-
stable carbon isotope data in Gulf of Mexico sedimentary organic matter for
eastern Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies 3: 261-269.
oil spill studies. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography
 Fernandez, A., G.M. Santos, E.K. Williams, M.A. Pendergraft, L. Vetter, 129: 249-258.
and B.E. Roseheim. 2014. Blank corrections for ramped pyrolysis radiocar-
 Shaffer, G.P. J.W. Day, R.G. Hunter, R.R. Lane, C.J. Lundberg, W.B. Wood,
bon dating of sedimentary and soil organic carbon. Analytical Chemistry
ER. Hillmann, J.N. Day, E. Strickland, and D. Kandelepas. System response,
86: 12085-12092.
nutria herbivory, and vegetation recovery of a wetland receiving secondarily-
 Ialeggio, J.S. and J.A. Nyman. 2014. Nutria grazing preference as a func- treated effluent in coastal Louisiana. Ecological Engineering 79: 120-131.
tion of fertilization. Wetlands 34: 1039-1045.
 Shahriar, M.M., J.X. Wang, S. Alam, and W.B. Patterson. 2015. Soil-binding
 Judy, C.R., S.A. Graham, Q. Lin, A. Hou, and I.A. Mendelssohn. 2014. ability of vegetation roots in enhancing erosion resistance of a shallow slope.
Impacts of Macondo oil from Deepwater Horizon spill on the growth International Journal of Geotechnical Engineering 10: 409-417.
response of the common reed Phragmites australis: a mesocosm study.
 Theriot, J.M., J.L. Conkle, S.R. Pezeshki, and R.D. DeLaune. 2013. Will
Marine Pollution Bulletin 79: 69-76.
hydrologic restoration of Mississippi River riparian wetlands improve their
 Kolker, A.S., C. Li, N.D. Walker, C. Pilley, A.D. Ameen, G. Boxier, C. critical biogeochemical functions? Ecological Engineering 60: 192-198.
Ramatchandirane, M. Ullah, and K.A. Williams. 2014. The impacts of
 VanZomeren, C.M. and K.R. Reddy. 2015. Use of a modified chemical
the great Mississippi/Atchafalaya River flood on the oceanography of the
fractionation scheme to characterize organic nitrogen in wetland soil. Soil
Atchafalaya Shelf. Continental Shelf Research 86: 17-33.
Society of America Journal 79: 1509-1517.
 Levine, B., J.R. White, and R.D. DeLaune. 2017. Impacts of the long-term
 VanZomeren, C.M., J.R. White, and R.D. DeLaune. 2013. Ammonification
presence of buried crude oil on salt marsh soil denitrification in Barataria
and denitfrification rates in coastal Louisiana bayou sediment and marsh soil:
Bay, Louisiana. Ecological Engineering 99: 454-461.
implications for Mississippi River diversion management. Ecological Engineer-
 Pendergraft, M.A., Z. Dincer, J.L. Sericano, T.L. Wade, J. Kolasinski, and ing 54: 77-81.
B.E. Rosenheim. 2013. Linking ramped pyrolysis isotope data to oil con-
 VanZomeren, C.M., J.R. White, and R.D. DeLaune. 2012. Fate of nitrate in
tent through PAH analysis. Environ. Res. Lett. 8: 1-10.
a vegetated brackish coastal marsh. Soil Science Society of America Journal
 Pendergraft, M.A. and B.E. Rosenheim. 2013. Varying relative degrada- 76: 1919-1927.
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 Pietroski, J.P. and J.R. White. 2015. Fresh and weathered crude oil ef- tree biomass. Forest Ecology and Management 277: 173-179.

Prepared By: Summer Langlois