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J. H. Burge
Tolerances for optics are very tight. We need to
support them so they are accurately located.
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J. H. Burge
Defining moment from applied force
M= A rAB × FB
A
rAB FB
B
A M A = rAB FB sin θ
rAB
B
FB
θ
A
F⊥ = F sin
M A = rAB ⋅ F⊥ rAB
FB
A
M A = r⊥ ⋅ F rAB FB
B
θ
r⊥ = rAB sin θ
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J. H. Burge
Force couples
Two forces, equal and opposite in direction, which do not act in the
same line cause a pure moment
F
M=Fd
M=Fd F
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J. H. Burge
Simple cases
Cable
Can only transmit tension
along direction of cable
No compression
No moment
No lateral force
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Constraints
Constraints are attachment points that will maintain their
position.
Idealization of 2D supports
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J. H. Burge
Idealization of 3D supports
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Free Body Diagrams
Step 1. Determine which body or combination of
bodies is to be isolated. The body chosen will
usually involve one or more of the desired unknown
quantities.
Step 2. Next, isolate the body or combination of
bodies chosen with a diagram that represents its
complete external boundaries.
Step 3. Represent all forces that act on the
isolated body as applied by the removed contacting
bodies in their proper positions in the diagram of the
isolated body. Do not show the forces that the object
exerts on anything else, since these forces do not
affect the object itself.
Step 4. Indicate the choice of coordinate axes
directly on the diagram. Pertinent dimensions may
also be represented for convenience. Note, however,
that the free-body diagram serves the purpose of
focusing accurate attention on the action of the
external forces; therefore, the diagram should not be
cluttered with excessive information. Force arrows
should be clearly distinguished from other arrows to
avoid confusion.
When these steps are completed a correct free-body
diagram will result. Now, the appropriate equations of
equilibrium may be utilized to find the proper solution.
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J. H. Burge
For a rigid body to be static, the net sum of forces
and moments acting on it must be zero.
∑F = 0 ∑M = 0
∑F x =0 ∑M x =0
∑F y =0 ∑M y =0
∑F z =0 ∑M z =0
∑F = 0
x
∑F = 0
y
∑M = 0
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J. H. Burge
Solving Statics problems
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J. H. Burge
2D Particle Example
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Link Pin joint at both ends
Equilibrium requires that the forces be equal, opposite
and collinear.
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J. H. Burge
Simple Examples
Determine reaction forces and moments:
Simple support
F
a b
B
A
F
Cantilever
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X and Y components
F
Cantilever
45°
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Reaction from moments
M
F
a
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Example: Hanging a mass, using a pulley
1 kg
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2D Pulley Example
Specifications:
• Mass of block A = 22 kg
• Mass of block B = 34 kg
Assumptions:
• Pulleys are frictionless
• Block A is free to roll
• Cable system is continuous
Determine:
• Displacement “y” for equilibrium
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J. H. Burge
3D Cable System Example
Specifications:
• Weight of plate = 250 lb
Assumptions:
• Plate is homogeneous
Determine:
• Force in each supporting cable
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Overconstraint
Such as x, y, z, θx, θy , θz
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J. H. Burge
If the mechanical constraints provide an
attachment so that there is no unique solution
for the reaction forces, the body is
overconstrained
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J. H. Burge
If you are not sure, then try solving for the
reaction forces and moments.
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J. H. Burge
Frames
• Designed to support loads.
• Typically rigid, stationary and fully constrained.
• Contains at least one multi-force member.
Machines
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J. H. Burge
Analysis of Structures – Method of joints
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Analysis of structures – Method of sections
The equation summing forces in the Y direction only has one unknown because all cut
members except A-B are horizontal.
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J. H. Burge
Assuming the beam does not fall, what is the direction
of the force applied to the beam at C?
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Example
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