m10111-1 2

Portal module: m10111 1
∗
Solving Systems with Cramer's Rule
First Last
This work is produced by Portal and licensed under the
†
Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0
Abstract
In this section, you will:
• Evaluate 2 × 2 determinants.
• Use Cramer's Rule to solve a system of equations in two variables.
• Evaluate 3 × 3 determinants.
• Use Cramer's Rule to solve a system of three equations in three variables.
• Know the properties of determinants.
We have learned how to solve systems of equations in two variables and three variables, and by multiple
methods: substitution, addition, Gaussian elimination, using the inverse of a matrix, and graphing. Some of
these methods are easier to apply than others and are more appropriate in certain situations. In this section,
we will study two more strategies for solving systems of equations.
1 Evaluating the Determinant of a 2 ×2 Matrix
A determinant is a real number that can be very useful in mathematics because it has multiple applications,
such as calculating area, volume, and other quantities. Here, we will use determinants to reveal whether a
matrix is invertible by using the entries of a square matrix to determine whether there is a solution to the
system of equations. Perhaps one of the more interesting applications, however, is their use in cryptography.
Secure signals or messages are sometimes sent encoded in a matrix. The data can only be decrypted with an
invertible matrix and the determinant. For our purposes, we focus on the determinant as an indication
of the invertibility of the matrix. Calculating the determinant of a matrix involves following the specic
patterns that are outlined in this section.
: The determinant of a 2 × 2 matrix, given
 
a b
A=  (1)
c d
is dened as
∗ Version 1.2: Jun 20, 2017 11:46 am -0500

† http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
http://software.cnx.rice.edu/content/m10111/1.2/
Notice the change in notation. There are several ways to indicate the determinant, including det (A) and
replacing the brackets in a matrix with straight lines, |A|.
Example 1
Finding the Determinant of a 2 × 2 Matrix
Find the determinant of the given matrix.
 
5 2
A=  (2)
−6 3
Solution
5 2
det (A) = | |
−6 3
(3)
= 5 (3) − (−6) (2)
= 27
2 Using Cramer's Rule to Solve a System of Two Equations in Two Variables
We will now introduce a nal method for solving systems of equations that uses determinants. Known as
Cramer's Rule, this technique dates back to the middle of the 18th century and is named for its innovator,
the Swiss mathematician Gabriel Cramer (1704-1752), who introduced it in 1750 in Introduction à l'Analyse
des lignes Courbes algébriques. Cramer's Rule is a viable and ecient method for nding solutions to systems
with an arbitrary number of unknowns, provided that we have the same number of equations as unknowns.
Cramer's Rule will give us the unique solution to a system of equations, if it exists. However, if the
system has no solution or an innite number of solutions, this will be indicated by a determinant of zero.
To nd out if the system is inconsistent or dependent, another method, such as elimination, will have to be
used.
To understand Cramer's Rule, let's look closely at how we solve systems of linear equations using basic
row operations. Consider a system of two equations in two variables.
a1 x + b1 y = c1 (1)
(4)
a2 x + b2 y = c2 (2)
We eliminate one variable using row operations and solve for the other. Say that we wish to solve for x. If
equation (2) is multiplied by the opposite of the coecient of y in equation (1), equation (1) is multiplied by
the coecient of y in equation (2), and we add the two equations, the variable y will be eliminated.
b2 a1 x + b2 b1 y = b2 c1 Multiply R1 by b2
(5)
−b1 a2 x − b1 b2 y = −b1 c2 Multiply R2 by − b1
________________________________________________________
b2 a1 x − b1 a2 x = b2 c1 − b1 c2
Now, solve for x.
b2 a1 x − b1 a2 x = b2 c1 − b1 c2
x (b2 a1 − b1 a2 ) = b2 c1 − b1 c2
 
 c1 b1 



 (6)
b2 c1 −b1 c2
c2 b2
x= b2 a1 −b1 a2 =  
 a1 b1 
 
 
a2 b2
Similarly, to solve for y,we will eliminate x.
a2 a1 x + a2 b1 y = a2 c1 Multiply R1 by a2
(7)
−a1 a2 x − a1 b2 y = −a1 c2 Multiply R2 by − a1
________________________________________________________
a2 b1 y − a1 b2 y = a2 c1 − a1 c2
Solving for y gives
a2 b1 y − a1 b2 y = a2 c1 − a1 c2
y (a2 b1 − a1 b2 ) = a2 c1 − a1 c2
a1 c1
| | (8)
a2 c1 −a1 c2 a1 c2 −a2 c1
a2 c2
y= a2 b1 −a1 b2 = a1 b2 −a2 b1 =
a1 b1
| |
a2 b2
Notice that the denominator for both x and y is the determinant of the coecient matrix.
We can use these formulas to solve for x and y, but Cramer's Rule also introduces new notation:
D :determinant of the coecient matrix

Dx :determinant of the numerator in the solution ofx
Dx
x= (9)
D
Dy :determinant of the numerator in the solution of y
Dy
y= (10)
D
The key to Cramer's Rule is replacing the variable column of interest with the constant column and calcu-
lating the determinants. We can then express x and y as a quotient of two determinants.
: Cramer's Rule is a method that uses determinants to solve systems of equations that have the
same number of equations as variables.
Consider a system of two linear equations in two variables.
a1 x + b1 y = c1
(11)
a2 x + b2 y = c2
The solution using Cramer's Rule is given as
c1 b1 a1 c1
| | | |
Dx c2 b2 Dy a2 c2
x= = 6 0; y =
, D= = , D 6= 0. (12)
D a1 b1 D a1 b1
| | | |
a2 b2 a2 b2
If we are solving for x, the x column is replaced with the constant column. If we are solving
for y, the y column is replaced with the constant column.
Example 2
Using Cramer's Rule to Solve a 2 × 2 System
Solve the following 2 × 2 system using Cramer's Rule.
12x + 3y = 15
(13)
2x − 3y = 13
Solution
Solve for x.
15 3
| |
Dx 13 −3 −45 − 39 −84
x= = = = =2 (14)
D 12 3 −36 − 6 −42
| |
2 −3
Solve for y.
12 15
| |
Dy 2 13 156 − 30 126
y= = = =− = −3 (15)
D 12 3 −36 − 6 42
| |
2 −3
The solution is (2, −3) .
try it feature:
Exercise 3 (Solution on p. 32.)

Use Cramer's Rule to solve the 2 × 2 system of equations.
x + 2y = −11
(16)
−2x + y = −13
3 Evaluating the Determinant of a 3 × 3 Matrix
Finding the determinant of a 2×2 matrix is straightforward, but nding the determinant of a 3×3 matrix
is more complicated. One method is to augment the 3×3 matrix with a repetition of the rst two columns,
giving a 3×5 matrix. Then we calculate the sum of the products of entries down each of the three diagonals
(upper left to lower right), and subtract the products of entries up each of the three diagonals (lower left to
upper right). This is more easily understood with a visual and an example.
Find the determinant of the 3×3 matrix.
 
a1 b1 c1
 
A=
 a2 b2 c2 
 (17)
a3 b3 c3
1. Augment A with the rst two columns.
a1 b1 c1 a1 b1
det (A) = | a2 b2 c2 | a2 b2 | (18)
a3 b3 c3 a3 b3
2. From upper left to lower right: Multiply the entries down the rst diagonal. Add the result to the
product of entries down the second diagonal. Add this result to the product of the entries down the
third diagonal.
3. From lower left to upper right: Subtract the product of entries up the rst diagonal. From this result
subtract the product of entries up the second diagonal. From this result, subtract the product of entries
up the third diagonal.
The algebra is as follows:
|A| = a1 b2 c3 + b1 c2 a3 + c1 a2 b3 − a3 b2 c1 − b3 c2 a1 − c3 a2 b1 (19)
Example 3
Finding the Determinant of a 3 × 3 Matrix
Find the determinant of the 3 × 3 matrix given
 
0 2 1
 
A=
 3 −1 1 
 (20)
4 0 1
Solution
Augment the matrix with the rst two columns and then follow the formula. Thus,
0 2 1 0 2
|A| = | 3 −1 1 | 3 −1 |
4 0 1 4 0
(21)
= 0 (−1) (1) + 2 (1) (4) + 1 (3) (0) − 4 (−1) (1) − 0 (1) (0) − 1 (3) (2)
=0+8+0+4−0−6
=6
try it feature:

Find the determinant of the 3 × 3 matrix.
1 −3 7
det (A) = | 1 1 1 | (22)
1 −2 3
qa feature: Can we use the same method to nd the determinant of a larger matrix?
No, this method only works for 2 × 2 and 3 × 3 matrices. For larger matrices it is best to use a
graphing utility or computer software.
4 Using Cramer's Rule to Solve a System of Three Equations in Three Variables
Now that we can nd the determinant of a 3 × 3 matrix, we can apply Cramer's Rule to solve a system
of three equations in three variables. Cramer's Rule is straightforward, following a pattern consistent
with Cramer's Rule for 2 × 2 matrices. As the order of the matrix increases to 3 × 3, however, there are
many more calculations required.
When we calculate the determinant to be zero, Cramer's Rule gives no indication as to whether the
system has no solution or an innite number of solutions. To nd out, we have to perform elimination on
the system.
Consider a 3 × 3 system of equations.
Dx Dy Dz
x= ,y = ,z = , D 6= 0 (23)
D D D
where
If we are writing the determinant Dx ,we replace the x column with the constant column. If we are writing
the determinantDy ,we replace the y column with the constant column. If we are writing the determinant Dz ,we
replace the z column with the constant column. Always check the answer.
Example 4
Solving a 3 × 3 System Using Cramer's Rule
Find the solution to the given 3 × 3 system using Cramer's Rule.
x+y−z =6
3x − 2y + z = −5 (24)
x + 3y − 2z = 14
Solution
Use Cramer's Rule.
1 1 −1 6 1 −1 1 6 −1 1 1 6
D=| 3 −2 1 |, Dx = | −5 −2 1 |, Dy = | 3 −5 1 |, Dz = | 3 −2 −5 | (25)
1 3 −2 14 3 −2 1 14 −2 1 3 14
Then,
Dx −3
x= D = −3 =1
Dy −9
y= = =3 (26)
D −3
Dz 6
z= D = −3 = −2
The solution is(1, 3, −2) .
try it feature:

Use Cramer's Rule to solve the 3 × 3 matrix.
x − 3y + 7z = 13
x+y+z =1 (27)
x − 2y + 3z = 4
Example 5
Using Cramer's Rule to Solve an Inconsistent System
Solve the system of equations using Cramer's Rule.
3x − 2y = 4 (1)
(28)
6x − 4y = 0 (2)
Solution
We begin by nding the determinants D, Dx , and Dy .
3 −2
D=| | = 3 (−4) − 6 (−2) = 0 (29)
6 −4
We know that a determinant of zero means that either the system has no solution or it has an
innite number of solutions. To see which one, we use the process of elimination. Our goal is to
eliminate one of the variables.
1. Multiply equation (1) by − 2.

2. Add the result to equation (2) .
−6x + 4y = −8
(30)
6x − 4y = 0
_______________
0 = −8
We obtain the equation 0 = −8, which is false. Therefore, the system has no solution. Graphing
the system reveals two parallel lines. See Figure 1.
Figure 1
Example 6
Use Cramer's Rule to Solve a Dependent System
Solve the system with an innite number of solutions.
x − 2y + 3z = 0 (1)
3x + y − 2z = 0 (2) (31)
2x − 4y + 6z = 0 (3)
Solution
Let's nd the determinant rst. Set up a matrix augmented by the rst two columns.
1 −2 3 1 −2
| 3 1 −2 | 3 1 | (32)
2 −4 6 2 −4
Then,
1 (1) (6) + (−2) (−2) (2) + 3 (3) (−4) − 2 (1) (3) − (−4) (−2) (1) − 6 (3) (−2) = 0 (33)
As the determinant equals zero, there is either no solution or an innite number of solutions. We
have to perform elimination to nd out.
1. Multiply equation (1) by − 2 and add the result to equation (3):
−2x + 4y − 6x = 0
2x − 4y + 6z = 0
(34)
0=0
2. Obtaining an answer of 0 = 0, a statement that is always true, means that the system has an
innite number of solutions. Graphing the system, we can see that two of the planes are the
same and they both intersect the third plane on a line. See Figure 2.
Figure 2
5 Understanding Properties of Determinants
There are many properties of determinants. Listed here are some properties that may be helpful in
calculating the determinant of a matrix.
a general note label:
1.If the matrix is in upper triangular form, the determinant equals the product of entries down
the main diagonal.
2.When two rows are interchanged, the determinant changes sign.
3.If either two rows or two columns are identical, the determinant equals zero.
4.If a matrix contains either a row of zeros or a column of zeros, the determinant equals zero.
−1
5.The determinant of an inverse matrix A is the reciprocal of the determinant of the matrix A.
6.If any row or column is multiplied by a constant, the determinant is multiplied by the same
factor.
Example 7
Illustrating Properties of Determinants
Illustrate each of the properties of determinants.
Solution
Property 1 states that if the matrix is in upper triangular form, the determinant is the product of
the entries down the main diagonal.
 
1 2 3
 
A=
 0 2 1 
 (35)
0 0 −1
Augment A with the rst two columns.
 
1 2 3 1 2
 
A=
 0 2 1 | 0 2 
 (36)
0 0 −1 0 0
Then
det (A) = 1 (2) (−1) + 2 (1) (0) + 3 (0) (0) − 0 (2) (3) − 0 (1) (1) + 1 (0) (2)
(37)
= −2
Property 2 states that interchanging rows changes the sign. Given
 
−1 5
A=  , det (A) = (−1) (−3) − (4) (5) = 3 − 20 = −17
4 −3
(38)
 
4 −3
B=  , det (B) = (4) (5) − (−1) (−3) = 20 − 3 = 17
−1 5
Property 3 states that if two rows or two columns are identical, the determinant equals zero.
 
1 2 2 1 2
 
A=
 2 2 2 | 2 2 

−1 2 2 −1 2
(39)
det (A) = 1 (2) (2) + 2 (2) (−1) + 2 (2) (2) + 1 (2) (2) − 2 (2) (1) − 2 (2) (2)
=4−4+8+4−4−8=0
Property 4 states that if a row or column equals zero, the determinant equals zero. Thus,
 
1 2
A=  , det (A) = 1 (0) − 2 (0) = 0 (40)
0 0
−1
Property 5 states that the determinant of an inverse matrix A is the reciprocal of the determinant A. Thus,
 
1 2
A=  , det (A) = 1 (4) − 3 (2) = −2
3 4
(41)
 
−2 1
A−1 =   , det A−1 = −2 − 1 − 3
(1) = − 12

3 2 2
2 − 12
Property 6 states that if any row or column of a matrix is multiplied by a constant, the determinant
is multiplied by the same factor. Thus,
 
1 2
A=  , det (A) = 1 (4) − 2 (3) = −2
3 4
(42)
 
2 (1) 2 (2)
B=  , det (B) = 2 (4) − 3 (4) = −4
3 4
Example 8
Using Cramer's Rule and Determinant Properties to Solve a System
Find the solution to the given 3 × 3 system.
2x + 4y + 4z = 2 (1)
3x + 7y + 7z = −5 (2) (43)
x + 2y + 2z = 4 (3)
Solution
Using Cramer's Rule, we have
2 4 4
D=| 3 7 7 | (44)
1 2 2
Notice that the second and third columns are identical. According to Property 3, the determinant
will be zero, so there is either no solution or an innite number of solutions. We have to perform
elimination to nd out.
1. Multiply equation (3) by 2 and add the result to equation (1).
−2x − 4y − 4x = −8
2x + 4y + 4z = 2
(45)
0 = −6
Obtaining a statement that is a contradiction means that the system has no solution.
media feature label: Access these online resources for additional instruction and practice with
Cramer's Rule.
1
• Solve a System of Two Equations Using Cramer's Rule
2
• Solve a Systems of Three Equations using Cramer's Rule
6 Key Concepts
 
a b
• The determinant for   is ad − bc. See Example 1.
c d
Dx Dy
• Cramer's Rule replaces a variable column with the constant column. Solutions are x = D ,y = D . See
Example 2.
• To nd the determinant of a 3×3 matrix, augment with the rst two columns. Add the three diagonal
entries (upper left to lower right) and subtract the three diagonal entries (lower left to upper right).
See Example 3.
• To solve a system of three equations in three variables using Cramer's Rule, replace a variable column
Dx Dy Dz
with the constant column for each desired solution: x =
D , y = D , z = D . See Example 4.
• Cramer's Rule is also useful for nding the solution of a system of equations with no solution or innite
solutions. See Example 5 and Example 6.
• Certain properties of determinants are useful for solving problems. For example:
· If the matrix is in upper triangular form, the determinant equals the product of entries down the
main diagonal.
· When two rows are interchanged, the determinant changes sign.
· If either two rows or two columns are identical, the determinant equals zero.
· If a matrix contains either a row of zeros or a column of zeros, the determinant equals zero.
1 http://openstaxcollege.org/l/system2cramer
2 http://openstaxcollege.org/l/system3cramer
−1
· The determinant of an inverse matrix A is the reciprocal of the determinant of the matrix A.
· If any row or column is multiplied by a constant, the determinant is multiplied by the same factor.
See Example 7 and Example 8.
7 Section Exercises
7.1 Verbal
Explain why we can always evaluate the determinant of a square matrix.
Exercise 13
Examining Cramer's Rule, explain why there is no unique solution to the system when the deter-
minant of your matrix is 0. For simplicity, use a 2 × 2 matrix.
Explain what it means in terms of an inverse for a matrix to have a 0 determinant.
Exercise 15
The determinant of 2 × 2 matrix A is 3. If you switch the rows and multiply the rst row by 6 and
the second row by 2, explain how to nd the determinant and provide the answer.
7.2 Algebraic
For the following exercises, nd the determinant.

1 2
| |
3 4
Exercise 17
−1 2
| |
3 −4
2 −5
| |
−1 6
Exercise 19
−8 4
| |
−1 5
1 0
| |
3 −4
Exercise 21
10 20
| |
0 −10

10 0.2
| |
5 0.1
Exercise 23
6 −3
| |
8 4
−2 −3
| |
3.1 4, 000
Exercise 25
−1.1 0.6
| |
7.2 −0.5
−1 0 0
| 0 1 0 |
0 0 −3
Exercise 27
−1 4 0
| 0 2 3 |
0 0 −3
1 0 1
| 0 1 0 |
1 0 0
Exercise 29
2 −3 1
| 3 −4 1 |
−5 6 1
−2 1 4
| −4 2 −8 |
2 −8 −3
Exercise 31
6 −1 2
| −4 −3 5 |
1 9 −1

5 1 −1
| 2 3 1 |
3 −6 −3
Exercise 33
1.1 2 −1
| −4 0 0 |
4.1 −0.4 2.5
2 −1.6 3.1
| 1.1 3 −8 |
−9.3 0 2
Exercise 35
− 12 1
3
1
4
1
| 5 − 16 1
7
|
1
0 0 8
For the following exercises, solve the system of linear equations using Cramer's Rule.

2x − 3y = −1
4x + 5y = 9
Exercise 37
5x − 4y = 2
−4x + 7y = 6
6x − 3y = 2
−8x + 9y = −1
Exercise 39
2x + 6y = 12
5x − 2y = 13
4x + 3y = 23
2x − y = −1
Exercise 41
10x − 6y = 2
−5x + 8y = −1
4x − 3y = −3
2x + 6y = −4
Exercise 43
4x − 5y = 7
−3x + 9y = 0
4x + 10y = 180
−3x − 5y = −105
Exercise 45
8x − 2y = −3
−4x + 6y = 4
For the following exercises, solve the system of linear equations using Cramer's Rule.

x + 2y − 4z = −1
7x + 3y + 5z = 26
−2x − 6y + 7z = −6
Exercise 47
−5x + 2y − 4z = −47
4x − 3y − z = −94
3x − 3y + 2z = 94
4x + 5y − z = −7
−2x − 9y + 2z = 8
5y + 7z = 21
Exercise 49
4x − 3y + 4z = 10
5x − 2z = −2
3x + 2y − 5z = −9
4x − 2y + 3z = 6
− 6x + y = −2
2x + 7y + 8z = 24
Exercise 51
5x + 2y − z = 1
−7x − 8y + 3z = 1.5
6x − 12y + z = 7
13x − 17y + 16z = 73
−11x + 15y + 17z = 61
46x + 10y − 30z = −18
Exercise 53
−4x − 3y − 8z = −7
2x − 9y + 5z = 0.5
5x − 6y − 5z = −2
4x − 6y + 8z = 10
−2x + 3y − 4z = −5
x+y+z =1
Exercise 55
4x − 6y + 8z = 10
−2x + 3y − 4z = −5
12x + 18y − 24z = −30
7.3 Technology
For the following exercises, use the determinant function on a graphing utility.

1 0 8 9
0 2 1 0
| |
1 0 3 0
0 2 4 3
Exercise 57
1 0 2 1
0 −9 1 3
| |
3 0 −2 −1
0 1 1 −2
1
2 1 7 4
1
0 2 100 5
| |
0 0 2 2, 000
0 0 0 2
Exercise 59
1 0 0 0
2 3 0 0
| |
4 5 6 0
7 8 9 0
7.4 Real-World Applications

For the following exercises, create a system of linear equations to describe the behavior. Then, calculate the
determinant. Will there be a unique solution? If so, nd the unique solution.

Two numbers add up to 56. One number is 20 less than the other.
Exercise 61
Two numbers add up to 104. If you add two times the rst number plus two times the second
number, your total is 208

Three numbers add up to 106. The rst number is 3 less than the second number. The third
number is 4 more than the rst number.
Exercise 63
Three numbers add to 216. The sum of the rst two numbers is 112. The third number is 8 less
than the rst two numbers combined.
For the following exercises, create a system of linear equations to describe the behavior. Then, solve the
system for all solutions using Cramer's Rule.

You invest $10,000 into two accounts, which receive 8% interest and 5% interest. At the end of a
year, you had $10,710 in your combined accounts. How much was invested in each account?
Exercise 65
You invest $80,000 into two accounts, $22,000 in one account, and $58,000 in the other account.
At the end of one year, assuming simple interest, you have earned $2,470 in interest. The second
account receives half a percent less than twice the interest on the rst account. What are the
interest rates for your accounts?

A movie theater needs to know how many adult tickets and children tickets were sold out of the
1,200 total tickets. If children's tickets are $5.95, adult tickets are $11.15, and the total amount of
revenue was $12,756, how many children's tickets and adult tickets were sold?
Exercise 67
A concert venue sells single tickets for $40 each and couple's tickets for $65. If the total revenue
was $18,090 and the 321 tickets were sold, how many single tickets and how many couple's tickets
were sold?

You decide to paint your kitchen green. You create the color of paint by mixing yellow and blue
paints. You cannot remember how many gallons of each color went into your mix, but you know
there were 10 gal total. Additionally, you kept your receipt, and know the total amount spent was
$29.50. If each gallon of yellow costs $2.59, and each gallon of blue costs $3.19, how many gallons
of each color go into your green mix?
Exercise 69
You sold two types of scarves at a farmers' market and would like to know which one was more
popular. The total number of scarves sold was 56, the yellow scarf cost $10, and the purple scarf
cost $11. If you had total revenue of $583, how many yellow scarves and how many purple scarves
were sold?

Your garden produced two types of tomatoes, one green and one red. The red weigh 10 oz, and
the green weigh 4 oz. You have 30 tomatoes, and a total weight of 13 lb, 14 oz. How many of each
type of tomato do you have?
Exercise 71
At a market, the three most popular vegetables make up 53% of vegetable sales. Corn has 4%
higher sales than broccoli, which has 5% more sales than onions. What percentage does each
vegetable have in the market share?

At the same market, the three most popular fruits make up 37% of the total fruit sold. Strawberries
sell twice as much as oranges, and kiwis sell one more percentage point than oranges. For each
fruit, nd the percentage of total fruit sold.
Exercise 73
Three bands performed at a concert venue. The rst band charged $15 per ticket, the second band
charged $45 per ticket, and the nal band charged $22 per ticket. There were 510 tickets sold, for a
total of $12,700. If the rst band had 40 more audience members than the second band, how many
tickets were sold for each band?

A movie theatre sold tickets to three movies. The tickets to the rst movie were $5, the tickets to
the second movie were $11, and the third movie was $12. 100 tickets were sold to the rst movie.
The total number of tickets sold was 642, for a total revenue of $6,774. How many tickets for each
movie were sold?
Exercise 75
Men aged 2029, 3039, and 4049 made up 78% of the population at a prison last year. This year,
the same age groups made up 82.08% of the population. The 2029 age group increased by 20%,
3
the 3039 age group increased by 2%, and the 4049 age group decreased to
4 of their previous
population. Originally, the 3039 age group had 2% more prisoners than the 2029 age group.
Determine the prison population percentage for each age group last year.

At a women's prison down the road, the total number of inmates aged 2049 totaled 5,525. This
year, the 2029 age group increased by 10%, the 3039 age group decreased by 20%, and the 4049
age group doubled. There are now 6,040 prisoners. Originally, there were 500 more in the 3039
age group than the 2029 age group. Determine the prison population for each age group last year.
For the following exercises, use this scenario: A health-conscious company decides to make a trail mix out
of almonds, dried cranberries, and chocolate-covered cashews. The nutritional information for these items is
shown in Table 1.
Fat (g) Protein (g) Carbohydrates (g)

Almonds (10) 6 2 3
Cranberries (10) 0.02 0 8
Cashews (10) 7 3.5 5.5
Table 1
Exercise 77
For the special low-carbtrail mix, there are 1,000 pieces of mix. The total number of carbohydrates
is 425 g, and the total amount of fat is 570.2 g. If there are 200 more pieces of cashews than
cranberries, how many of each item is in the trail mix?

For the hiking mix, there are 1,000 pieces in the mix, containing 390.8 g of fat, and 165 g of
protein. If there is the same amount of almonds as cashews, how many of each item is in the trail
mix?
Exercise 79
For the energy-booster mix, there are 1,000 pieces in the mix, containing 145 g of protein and
625 g of carbohydrates. If the number of almonds and cashews summed together is equivalent to
the amount of cranberries, how many of each item is in the trail mix?
8 Review Exercises
8.1 Systems of Linear Equations: Two Variables

For the following exercises, determine whether the ordered pair is a solution to the system of equations.

3x − y = 4
and (−1, 1)
x + 4y = −3
Exercise 81
6x − 2y = 24
and (9, 15)
−3x + 3y = 18
For the following exercises, use substitution to solve the system of equations.

10x + 5y = −5
3x − 2y = −12
Exercise 83
4
7x + 15 y = 43
70
5
6x − 13 y = − 23
5x + 6y = 14
4x + 8y = 8
For the following exercises, use addition to solve the system of equations.
Exercise 85
3x + 2y = −7
2x + 4y = 6
3x + 4y = 2
9x + 12y = 3
Exercise 87
8x + 4y = 2
6x − 5y = 0.7
For the following exercises, write a system of equations to solve each problem. Solve the system of equations.

A factory has a cost of production C (x) = 150x+15,000 and a revenue function R (x) = 200x. What
is the break-even point?

A performer charges C (x) = 50x + 10,000, where x is the total number of attendees at a show. The
venue charges $75 per ticket. After how many people buy tickets does the venue break even, and
what is the value of the total tickets sold at that point?
8.2 Systems of Linear Equations: Three Variables

For the following exercises, solve the system of three equations using substitution or addition.

0.5x − 0.5y = 10
− 0.2y + 0.2x = 4
0.1x + 0.1z = 2
Exercise 91
5x + 3y − z = 5
3x − 2y + 4z = 13
4x + 3y + 5z = 22
x+y+z =1
2x + 2y + 2z = 1
3x + 3y = 2
Exercise 93
2x − 3y + z = −1
x + y + z = −4
4x + 2y − 3z = 33
3x + 2y − z = −10
x − y + 2z = 7
−x + 3y + z = −2
Exercise 95
3x + 4z = −11
x − 2y = 5
4y − z = −10
2x − 3y + z = 0
2x + 4y − 3z = 0
6x − 2y − z = 0
Exercise 97
6x − 4y − 2z = 2
3x + 2y − 5z = 4
6y − 7z = 5

Three odd numbers sum up to 61. The smaller is one-third the larger and the middle number is
16 less than the larger. What are the three numbers?
Exercise 99
A local theatre sells out for their show. They sell all 500 tickets for a total purse of $8,070.00. The
tickets were priced at $15 for students, $12 for children, and $18 for adults. If the band sold three
times as many adult tickets as children's tickets, how many of each type was sold?
8.3 Systems of Nonlinear Equations and Inequalities: Two Variables

For the following exercises, solve the system of nonlinear equations.
y = x2 − 7
y = 5x − 13
Exercise 101
y = x2 − 4
y = 5x + 10
x2 + y 2 = 16
y =x−8
Exercise 103
x2 + y 2 = 25
y = x2 + 5
2 2
x +y =4
y − x2 = 3
For the following exercises, graph the inequality.
Exercise 105
y > x2 − 1
1 2
4x + y2 < 4
For the following exercises, graph the system of inequalities.
Exercise 107
x2 + y 2 + 2x < 3
y > − x2 − 3
2 2
x − 2x + y − 4x < 4
y < −x+4
Exercise 109
x2 + y 2 < 1
y2 < x
8.4 Partial Fractions

For the following exercises, decompose into partial fractions.

−2x+6
x2 +3x+2
Exercise 111
10x+2
4x2 +4x+1
7x+20
x2 +10x+25
Exercise 113
x−18
x2 −12x+36
−x2 +36x+70
x3 −125
Exercise 115
−5x2 +6x−2
x3 +27
x3 −4x2 +3x+11
(x2 −2)2
Exercise 117
4x4 −2x3 +22x2 −6x+48
x(x2 +4)2
8.5 Matrices and Matrix Operations

For the following exercises, perform the requested operations on the given matrices.
 
" # " # 6 7
4 −2 6 7 −3  
 11 −2  , D
A = ,B = ,C = = (46)
1 3 11 −2 4
 
14 0
   
1 −4 9 7 −14 3
   
,E =  2
5 −7  −1 3 
 10 
 
2 8 5 0 1 9

−4A
Exercise 119
10D − 6E
B+C
Exercise 121
AB
BA
Exercise 123
BC
CB
Exercise 125
DE
ED
Exercise 127
EC
CE
Exercise 129
A3
8.6 Solving Systems with Gaussian Elimination

For the following exercises, write the system of linear equations from the augmented matrix. Indicate whether
there will be a unique solution.
Exercise
 130  (Solution on p. 36.)
1 0 −3 7
 
 0
 1 2 | −5 

0 0 0 0
Exercise
 131 
1 0 5 −9
 
 0
 1 −2 | 4 

0 0 0 3
For the following exercises, write the augmented matrix from the system of linear equations.
−2x + 2y + z = 7
2x − 8y + 5z = 0
19x − 10y + 22z = 3
Exercise 133
4x + 2y − 3z = 14
−12x + 3y + z = 100
9x − 6y + 2z = 31

x + 3z = 12
−x + 4y = 0
y + 2z = −7
For the following exercises, solve the system of linear equations using Gaussian elimination.
Exercise 135
3x − 4y = −7
−6x + 8y = 14
3x − 4y = 1
−6x + 8y = 6
Exercise 137
−1.1x − 2.3y = 6.2

−5.2x − 4.1y = 4.3
2x + 3y + 2z = 1
−4x − 6y − 4z = −2
10x + 15y + 10z = 0
Exercise 139
−x + 2y − 4z = 8
3y + 8z = −4
−7x + y + 2z = 1
8.7 Solving Systems with Inverses

For the following exercises, nd the inverse of the matrix.
Exercise
 140  (Solution on p. 36.)
−0.2 1.4
 
1.2 −0.4
Exercise
 141
1
2 − 12
 
− 14 3
4
Exercise
 142  (Solution on p. 36.)
12 9 −6
 
 −1 3 2 
 
−4 −3 2
Exercise
 143
2 1 3
 
 1 2 3 
 
3 2 1
For the following exercises, nd the solutions by computing the inverse of the matrix.

0.3x − 0.1y = −10
−0.1x + 0.3y = 14
Exercise 145
0.4x − 0.2y = −0.6
−0.1x + 0.05y = 0.3
4x + 3y − 3z = −4.3
5x − 4y − z = −6.1
x + z = −0.7
Exercise 147
−2x − 3y + 2z = 3
−x + 2y + 4z = −5
−2y + 5z = −3

Students were asked to bring their favorite fruit to class. 90% of the fruits consisted of banana,
apple, and oranges. If oranges were half as popular as bananas and apples were 5% more popular
than bananas, what are the percentages of each individual fruit?
Exercise 149
A sorority held a bake sale to raise money and sold brownies and chocolate chip cookies. They
priced the brownies at $2 and the chocolate chip cookies at $1. They raised $250 and sold 175
items. How many brownies and how many cookies were sold?
8.8 Solving Systems with Cramer's Rule

For the following exercises, nd the determinant.

100 0
| |
0 0
Exercise 151
0.2 −0.6
| |
0.7 −1.1

−1 4 3
| 0 2 3 |
0 0 −3
Exercise
√ 153
2 0 0
√
| 0 2 0 |
√
0 0 2
For the following exercises, use Cramer's Rule to solve the linear systems of equations.

4x − 2y = 23
−5x − 10y = −35
Exercise 155
0.2x − 0.1y = 0
−0.3x + 0.3y = 2.5
−0.5x + 0.1y = 0.3
−0.25x + 0.05y = 0.15
Exercise 157
x + 6y + 3z = 4
2x + y + 2z = 3
3x − 2y + z = 0
4x − 3y + 5z = − 52
7x − 9y − 3z = 32
x − 5y − 5z = 52
Exercise 159
3 1 3 1
10 x − 5 y − 10 z = − 50
1 1 1 9
10 x − 10 y − 2 z = − 50
2 1 3 1
5x − 2y − 5z = −5
9 Practice Test
Is the following ordered pair a solution to the system of equations?
−5x − y = 12 with (−3, 3)

x + 4y = 9
For the following exercises, solve the systems of linear and nonlinear equations using substitution or elimi-
nation. Indicate if no solution exists.
Exercise 161
1 1
2x − 3y =4
3
2x − y =0
− 21 x − 4y = 4
2x + 16y = 2
Exercise 163
5x − y = 1
−10x + 2y = −2
1
4x − 6y − 2z = 10
x − 7y + 5z = − 14
6
3x + 6y − 9z = 5
Exercise 165
x + z = 20
x + y + z = 20
x + 2y + z = 10
5x − 4y − 3z = 0
2x + y + 2z = 0
x − 6y − 7z = 0
Exercise 167
y = x2 + 2x − 3
y =x−1
2 2
y + x = 25
y 2 − 2x2 = 1
For the following exercises, graph the following inequalities.
Exercise 169
y < x2 + 9
2 2
x +y >4
y < x2 + 1
For the following exercises, write the partial fraction decomposition.
Exercise 171
−8x−30
x2 +10x+25
13x+2
(3x+1)2
Exercise 173
x4 −x3 +2x−1
x(x2 +1)2
For the following exercises, perform the given matrix operations.
Exercise
 174   (Solution on p. 37.)
4 9 1
−6 12
5 +
2
 
−2 3 4 −8
Exercise
 175   
1 4 −7 3 −4
   
 −2 9 5   1 3 
   
12 0 −4 5 10
  −1
1 1
 2 3 
1 1
4 5
Exercise 177
0 0
det| |
400 4,000
1
2 − 12 0
det| − 12 0 1
2
|
1
0 2 0
Exercise 179
If det (A) = −6, what would be the determinant if you switched rows 1 and 3, multiplied the
second row by 12, and took the inverse?

Rewrite the system of linear equations as an augmented matrix.
14x − 2y + 13z = 140

−2x + 3y − 6z = −1 (47)
x − 5y + 12z = 11
Exercise 181
Rewrite the augmented matrix as a system of linear equations.
 
1 0 3 12
 
 −2
 4 9 | −5 
 (48)
−6 1 2 8
For the following exercises, use Gaussian elimination to solve the systems of equations.

x − 6y = 4
2x − 12y = 0
Exercise 183
2x + y + z = −3
x − 2y + 3z = 6
x−y−z =6
For the following exercises, use the inverse of a matrix to solve the systems of equations.

4x − 5y = −50
−x + 2y = 80
Exercise 185
1 3 1
100 x − 100 y + 20 z = −49
3 7 1
100 x − 100 y − 100 z = 13
9 9 9
100 x − 100 y − 100 z = 99
For the following exercises, use Cramer's Rule to solve the systems of equations.

200x − 300y = 2
400x + 715y = 4
Exercise 187
0.1x + 0.1y − 0.1z = −1.2
0.1x − 0.2y + 0.4z = −1.2
0.5x − 0.3y + 0.8z = −5.9
For the following exercises, solve using a system of linear equations.

A factory producing cell phones has the following cost and revenue functions: C (x) = x2 + 75x +
2
2,688 and R (x) = x + 160x. What is the range of cell phones they should produce each day so there
is prot? Round to the nearest number that generates prot.
Exercise 189
A small fair charges $1.50 for students, $1 for children, and $2 for adults. In one day, three times
as many children as adults attended. A total of 800 tickets were sold for a total revenue of $1,050.
How many of each type of ticket was sold?
Solutions to Exercises in this Module

Solution to Exercise (p. 5)
(3, −7)
−10
Solution to
Exercise (p. 8)
−2, 35 , 12
5
A determinant is the sum and products of the entries in the matrix, so you can always evaluate that
producteven if it does end up being 0.
The inverse does not exist.
−2
7
−4
0
−7, 990.7
3
−1
224
15
−17.03
(1, 1)
1 1

2, 3
(2, 5)
−1, − 13
(15, 12)
(1, 3, 2)
(−1, 0, 3)
Solution
to Exercise (p. 17)
1
2 , 1, 2
(2, 1, 4)

Innite solutions
24
1
Yes; 18, 38
Yes; 33, 36, 37
$7,000 in rst account, $3,000 in second account.
120 children, 1,080 adult
4 gal yellow, 6 gal blue
13 green tomatoes, 17 red tomatoes
Strawberries 18%, oranges 9%, kiwi 10%
100 for movie 1, 230 for movie 2, 312 for movie 3
2029: 2,100, 3039: 2,600, 4049: 825
300 almonds, 400 cranberries, 300 cashews
No
(−2, 3)
(4, −1)
No solutions exist.
(300, 60, 000)
(400, 30, 000)
(10, −10, 10)
No solutions exist.
(−1, −2, 3)
Solution to
Exercise (p. 22)
x, 8x 14x
5 , 5
11, 17, 33
(2, −3) , (3, 2)

No solution
No solution
Solu-
tion to Exercise (p. 23)
Solu-
2 −4
x+2 , x+1
7 −15
x+5 , (x+5)2
3 −4x+1
x−5 , x2 +5x+25
x−4 5x+3
(x2 −2) , (x2 −2)2
Solution
 to Exercise
 (p. 24)
−16 8
 
−4 −12
undened; dimensions do not match
undened; inner dimensions do not match
Solution

to Exercise

(p. 25)
113 28 10
 
 44
 81 −41 

84 98 −42
Solution

to Exercise (p. 25)
−127 −74 176
 
 −2 11 40 
 
28 77 38
undened; inner dimensions do not match
x − 3z = 7
with innite solutions
y + 2z = −5
Solution

to Exercise (p.

25)
−2 2 1 7
 

 2 −8 5 | 0 

19 −10 22 3
Solution

to Exercise (p. 25)
1 0 3 12
 
 −1
 4 0 | 0 

0 1 2 −7
No solutions exist.
No solutions exist.
Solution
 to
 Exercise (p. 26)
1
2 7
 
8
6 1
No inverse exists.
(−20, 40)
(−1, 0.2, 0.3)
17% oranges, 34% bananas, 39% apples
0
6
6, 12


(x, 5x + 3)
Solutionto Exercise (p. 28)
0, 0, − 21
Yes

No solutions exist.
1
20 (10, 5, 4)
x, 16x 13x

5 − 5
Solution
√ to
√ Exercise
√ (p.
√ 29)
√ √ √ √
−2 2, − 17 , −2 2, 17 , 2 2, − 17 , 2 2, 17
Solu-
5 2x+3
3x+1 − (3x+1)2
Solution
 toExercise (p. 30)
17 51
 
−8 11
Solution
 to Exercise
 (p. 30)
12 −20
 
−15 30
− 18
Solution

to Exercise (p. 30)
14 −2 13 140
 
 −2
 3 −6 | −1 

1 −5 12 11
No solutions exist.
(100, 90)
Solution
to Exercise (p. 31)
1
100 , 0
32 or more cell phones per day
Glossary
Denition 1: Cramer's Rule
a method for solving systems of equations that have the same number of equations as variables
using determinants
Denition 2: determinant
a number calculated using the entries of a square matrix that determines such information as
whether there is a solution to a system of equations

m10111-1 2

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

m10111-1 2

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Portal module: m10111 1

• Use Cramer's Rule to solve a system of equations in two variables.

• Use Cramer's Rule to solve a system of three equations in three variables.

• Know the properties of determinants.

1 Evaluating the Determinant of a 2 ×2 Matrix

: The determinant of a 2 × 2 matrix, given

∗ Version 1.2: Jun 20, 2017 11:46 am -0500

2 Using Cramer's Rule to Solve a System of Two Equations in Two Variables

 D :determinant of the coecient matrix

Consider a system of two linear equations in two variables.

Exercise 3 (Solution on p. 32.)

3 Evaluating the Determinant of a 3 × 3 Matrix

1. Augment A with the rst two columns.

The algebra is as follows:

Exercise 5 (Solution on p. 32.)

graphing utility or computer software.

4 Using Cramer's Rule to Solve a System of Three Equations in Three Variables

Consider a 3 × 3 system of equations.

Exercise 7 (Solution on p. 32.)

1. Multiply equation (1) by − 2.

1. Multiply equation (1) by − 2 and add the result to equation (3):

5 Understanding Properties of Determinants

a general note label:

1. Multiply equation (3) by 2 and add the result to equation (1).

Exercise 16 (Solution on p. 32.)

Exercise 22 (Solution on p. 32.)

Exercise 32 (Solution on p. 32.)

Exercise 36 (Solution on p. 32.)

Exercise 46 (Solution on p. 32.)

Exercise 56 (Solution on p. 33.)

7.4 Real-World Applications

Exercise 60 (Solution on p. 33.)

Exercise 62 (Solution on p. 33.)

Exercise 64 (Solution on p. 33.)

Exercise 66 (Solution on p. 33.)

Exercise 68 (Solution on p. 33.)

Exercise 70 (Solution on p. 33.)

Exercise 72 (Solution on p. 33.)

Exercise 74 (Solution on p. 33.)

Exercise 76 (Solution on p. 33.)

Fat (g) Protein (g) Carbohydrates (g)

Cranberries (10) 0.02 0 8

Cashews (10) 7 3.5 5.5

Exercise 78 (Solution on p. 33.)

8.1 Systems of Linear Equations: Two Variables

Exercise 80 (Solution on p. 33.)

Exercise 82 (Solution on p. 33.)

Exercise 88 (Solution on p. 33.)

Exercise 89 (Solution on p. 33.)

8.2 Systems of Linear Equations: Three Variables

Exercise 90 (Solution on p. 33.)

Exercise 98 (Solution on p. 33.)

8.3 Systems of Nonlinear Equations and Inequalities: Two Variables

Exercise 100 (Solution on p. 33.)

8.4 Partial Fractions

Exercise 110 (Solution on p. 35.)

8.5 Matrices and Matrix Operations

Exercise 118 (Solution on p. 35.)

8.6 Solving Systems with Gaussian Elimination

Exercise 132 (Solution on p. 36.)

Exercise 134 (Solution on p. 36.)

−1.1x − 2.3y = 6.2

8.7 Solving Systems with Inverses

D :determinant of the coecient matrix

1. Augment A with the rst two columns.

1. Multiply equation (3) by 2 and add the result to equation (1).