MODULE 3

CONTROL QUESTIONS
“GENERAL METABOLIC REGULARITY”
Maintaining module 11. Metabolism of amino acids. Enzymopathology of amino acids metabolism.
1. Metabolism of serine and glycine.
2. Metabolism of sulphur-containing amino acids: methionine, cysteine, cystine.
3. Metabolism of arginine. Participation of arginine in the synthesis of urea and creatine.
4. Metabolism of phenylalanine and tyrosine.
5. Genetic anomaly of phenylalanine and tyrosine metabolism.
6. Scheme of the intracellular tryptophan metabolism.
7. Biologically active substances formed from tryptophan – neurotransmitters.
8. Genetic anomalies of tryptophan metabolism.
9. Biologically active substances formed from homocyclic amino acids.
10. Transamination as a link between carbohydrate and protein metabolism.
11. Mechanism of transamination.
12. Role of pyridoxal phosphate in the transamination process.
13. Define amino acid deamination. Enumerate all possible types of deamination and write them schematically.
14. What type of amino acid deamination is characteristic for human organism? What enzymes and coenzymes are
involved in this process?
15. Define amino acid decarboxylation processes? Enumerate all possible types of decarboxylation.
16. Formation of biogenic amines, their biological activity.
17. Detoxification of ammonia. Mechanism of reductive deamination of α-ketoglutarate, its biological importance.
18. Mechanism of the pyridoxal phosphate participation in the amino acids decarboxylation processes.
19. Write reactions of the histidine, tyrosine, tryptophan, glutamate, and aspartate decarboxylation.
20. Characteristic of the glutamate metabolism in human organism.
21. Role of glutamate and aspartate in ammonia transportation.
22. Write the enzymatic process of the urea synthesis. Why it is called the ornithine cycle?
23. Participation of biotin, ATP, glutamate and aspartate in urea cycle.
24. Write reactions of the citrulline and asparagine synthesis in urea cycle.
25. What compound is formed from ammonia and CO2? What vitamin is required for functioning of carbamoyl
phosphate synthase?
“MOLECULAR BIOLOGY. BIOCHEMISTRY OF INTRACELLULAR COMMUNICATION”
Maintaining module 12. Principles of the molecular biology.
26. Nitrogen bases, nucleosides and nucleotides as a composite components of the nucleic acids. Minor nitrogen bases
and nucleotides.
27. Free nucleotides (ATP, NAD, NADP, FAD, FMN, CTP, UTP, 3´,5´-cAMP, 3´,5´-cGMP), their biochemical
functions.
28. Nucleic acids. General characteristics of DNA and RNA, their biological importance in the storage and the transfer
of genetic information.
29. Features of DNA and RNA primary structure. Chemical bonds, which are responsible for the formation of nucleic
acids primary structure.
30. Secondary structure of DNA, role of hydrogen bonds in its formation (Chargaff´s rules, Watson-Crick model), anti-
parallelity of strands.
31. Tertiary structure of DNA. Physical and chemical properties of DNA, interaction with cation ligands, formation of
nucleosomes.
32. Molecular organization of nuclear chromatin of eukaryotes; nucleosome organization, histone and non-histone
proteins.
33. Structure, properties and biological functions of RNA. Types of RNA: m-RNA, t-RNA, r-RNA. Features of the
different type of RNA structural organization.
34. Nucleoproteins: structure, biological functions.
35. Biosynthesis of purine nucleotides; scheme of IMP synthesis reactions.
36. Formation of AMP and GMP from IMP, mechanisms of regulation.
37. Biosynthesis of pyrimidine nucleotides; scheme of reactions, regulation of synthesis.
38. Biosynthesis of deoxyribonucleotides. Formation of the thymidine nucleotides, inhibitors of dTMP synthesis as anti-
cancer medicines.
39. Catabolism of purine nucleotides, hereditary disturbances of the uric acid metabolism.
40. Scheme of the pyrimidine nucleotide catabolism.
41. Replication of DNA: biological importance, semiconservative mechanism of replication.
42. Sequence of the steps and DNA replication enzymes in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
43. RNA transcription: prokaryotes and eukaryotes RNA-polymerases, signals of transcription (promoter, initiator and
terminator fragments of genome).
44. Processing – post-translational modification of synthesized RNA.
45. Genetic (biologic) code, triplet structure and properties.
46. Transport RNA and transportation of amino acids. Amino acyl-tRNA-synthetases.
47. Steps and mechanism of translation (protein synthesis) in ribosomes: initiation, elongation and termination.
Maintaining module 13. Principles of the molecular genetics.
48. Post-translational modification of peptide chains. Regulation of translation.
49. Inhibitors of transcription and translation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes: antibiotics and interferons – use in
medicine. Diphtheria toxin.
50. Regulation of prokaryotes gene expression: regulatory and structural fragments of lactose (Lac-) operon (gene-
regulatory, promoter, operator).
51. Amplification of genes. Examples. Polymerase chain reaction. Biological importance.
52. Mutations: genome, chromosome, gene. Mechanisms of mutagen activity; role of the induced mutations in the origin
of the enzymopathology and hereditary human diseases.
53. Biological importance and mechanisms of DNA reparations. Reparation of UV-induced gene mutations: xeroderma
pigmentosum.
54. Gene engineering: construction of recombinant DNA; gene cloning; Genetic engineering of enzymes, hormones,
interferons, etc.
Maintaining module 14. Molecular mechanisms of the hormones activity on the target cells.
55. Hormones: general characteristics. Role of hormones and other bioregulators in the system of the intracellular
integration of the human organism functions.
56. Classification of hormones and bioregulators: correspondence of structure and mechanisms of hormone activity.
57. Reaction of the target cells on the hormone action. Membrane (ionotropic, metabotropic) and cytosol receptors.
58. Biochemical systems of the hormonal signals intracellular transfer: G-proteins, secondary messengers (cAMP, Ca 2+-
calmodulin, inositol-3-phosphate, diacylglycerol).
59. Molecular cell mechanisms of the steroid and thyroid hormone activity.
Maintaining module 15. Biochemistry of the metabolism hormonal regulation.
60. Hypothalamus neuropeptides. Mechanisms of activity. Biological role.
61. Hormones of pituitary gland: melanotropin, thyrotropin, corticotropin, lutropin, somatotropin (growth hormone),
prolactin. Mechanisms of activity. Biological role. Pathological processes related to the disturbance of hormones
functions.
62. Hormones of pituitary gland posterior lobe. Vasopressin and oxytocin: structure, biological functions. Pathological
processes related to the disturbance of hormone functions.
63. Insulin: structure, biosynthesis and secretion.
64. Mechanisms of insulin activity on the carbohydrate metabolism.
65. Mechanisms of insulin activity on the lipid metabolism.
66. Mechanisms of insulin activity on the protein and nucleotide metabolism.
67. Glucagon: mechanisms of activity on the carbohydrate and lipid metabolism.
68. Thyroid hormones: structure, biological effects of T3 and T4. Disturbance of metabolic processes due to hypo- and
hyperthyreosis.
69. Epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine: structure, biosynthesis, physiological effects, biochemical mechanisms of
activity. Pathological processes related to the disturbance of hormone functions.
70. Steroid hormones of the suprarenal glands (С21-steroids) – glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids; structure,
properties.
71. Mechanisms of glucocorticoids activity on the carbohydrate and lipid metabolism.
72. Mechanisms of glucocorticoids activity on the protein and nucleotide metabolism.
73. Anti-inflammatory mechanism of glucocorticoids activity.
74. Glucocorticoids as hormones of adaptation.
75. Mechanisms of mineralocorticoids activity. Pathological processes related to the disturbance of hormones functions.
76. Mechanisms of the hyperpigmentation due to the Addison desease.
77. Mechanisms of the fat accumulation due to the Itsenko-Cushing syndrome.
78. Hormones, which leads to hyperglycemia.
79. Hormones, which regulates of water-mineral metabolism.
80. Female sex hormones: estrogens, progesterone. Physiological and biochemical effects, connection with the
ovulation cycle phases.
81. Male sex hormones (C19-steroids). Physiological and biochemical effects of androgens, regulation of synthesis and
secretion.
82. Hormonal regulation of calcium homeostasis in the human organism. Parathormone, calcitonin, calcitriol.
83. Kallikrein-kinin and renin-angiotensin system. Physiological and biochemical effects.
84. Inhibitors of renin-angiotensin system.
85. Prostaglandins, prostacyclins, thromboxanes. Mechanism of the formation. Physiological and biochemical effects.
Anti-inflammatory medicines as inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis.
86. Leukotriens. Mechanism of the formation. Physiological and biochemical effects. Inhibitors of leukotrien synthesis.
87. Paracrine and autocrine mechanisms of the hormone activity.