i

Contents
Declaration ...................................................................................................................................... ii
DeclarationofOriginality ................................................................................................................ iii
Dedication ...................................................................................................................................... iv
Acknowledgement .......................................................................................................................... v
LISTOFTABLES ......................................................................................................................... viii
LISTOFFIGURES ......................................................................................................................... ix
Abstract .......................................................................................................................................... xi
ListofAbbreviations ...................................................................................................................... xii
CHAPTER1:INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................... 1
1.1 History of WPT
1.2 ProblemStatement ................................................................................................................. 1
1.3 Justification fortheStudy
1.4 Health and Safety Consideration
CHAPTER2:Objectives ................................................................................................................... 2
2.1Overallobjective.................................................................................................................. 2
2.2Specificobjectives ............................................................................................................... 2

CHAPTER 3:THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK .......................................................................... 12

CHAPTER 4: METHODS ANDMATERIALS ........................................................................... 17
4.1 General Principle of Design ................................................................................................ 17
4.2 Hardware .............................................................................................................................. 20
4.2.1.1 PowerSupply ............................................................................................................... 21
4.2.1.2 DC - DC Boost Converter .......................................................................................... 21
4.2.1.3 Royer Oscillator ......................................................................................................... 22
4.2.1.4 Battery Charging Circuit
1)Full WaveBridgeRectifier ...................................................................................... 23
2)TheMicrocontrollerUnit And The LCD Screen ..................................................... 25
3)SwitchingCircuit..................................................................................................... 30

CHAPTER 5: RESULTSANDDISCUSSIONS ........................................................................... 34

ii
 5.1 Results ................................................................................................................................. 34
CHAPTER 6: APPLICATIONS
CHAPTER 7: CONCLUSIONS ANDRECOMMENDATIONS ................................................. 40
6.1Conclusions .......................................................................................................................... 40
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................. 42

iii
LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1: Summary of main WPTInterface1 ............................................................................... 11

iv
LIST OF FIGURES
Fig 2.1: WardenclyffeTower1 ......................................................................................................... 6

Fig 2.2: Classification ofWPT1 ...................................................................................................... 7

Fig: 2.3 Microwave PowerTransfers1............................................................................................. 8

Fig 3.2: Magnitude ofB 1 .............................................................................................................. 13

Fig 3.3: MagnitudeofA1................................................................................................................ 14

Fig: 4.1Design1 ............................................................................................................................. 17

Fig: 4.2 Transmitter sectioncircuit1 .............................................................................................. 18

Fig: 4.2 transmitter sectioncircuit2 ............................................................................................... 18

Fig: 4.3 ReceiverCircuit1 .............................................................................................................. 19

Fig 4.4: PowerSupply1.................................................................................................................. 21

Fig 4.5:switchingregulator1 .......................................................................................................... 22

Fig 4.6:Oscillator1 ........................................................................................................................ 23

Fig 4.7: Flow ofCurrent1 .............................................................................................................. 24

Fig 4.8: Flow ofCurrent1 .............................................................................................................. 25

Fig 4.9: Port Diagram of the AT mega328P 1 .............................................................................. 28

ix
Fig 4.10: 16X2 LCD1 ................................................................................................................... 29

Fig 4.11: LCD &AT mega 328connection1 ................................................................................. 29

Fig 4.12: Multiplexerswitch1 ........................................................................................................ 30

Fig 4.13: USBaspConnection1 ..................................................................................................... 31

Fig 4.14: Codeflowchart 1 ............................................................................................................ 33

Fig 5.1: Components on theVeroboard1 ....................................................................................... 34

Fig 5.2: Imbedded Coils 1 ............................................................................................................ 35

Fig 5.3:Fabrication1 ...................................................................................................................... 36

Fig 5.4:LED1 ................................................................................................................................ 37

Fig 5.5: LED2 1 ............................................................................................................................ 37

x
Abstract
Wireless charging is one of the new emerging technologies in the world at the moment. The most
common method used at the moment is wireless power transfer by inductive coupling. . Wireless
power transfer is one of the simplest and inexpensive ways of charging as it eliminate the use of
conventional copper cables and current carrying wires. In this project write up, a methodology
and principle of operation are devised for wireless power transfer through inductive coupling,
and a feasible design is modeled accordingly. The inductive coupling technique is used since
currently it’s the easiest method of wireless power transfer because of high efficiency and large
amount of the energy transferred. In the report paper, results of experiments done to check
wireless working will be shown. Also to further show its versatility and range of applications the
power transferred will be used to charge a battery with the aid of additional circuitry. This
research work focuses on the study of wireless power transfer for the purpose of transferring
energy at maximum efficiency within a small range or in the near field region

xi
List of Abbreviations

EMF Electromotive force

LCD Liquid Crystal Display

LED Light Emitting Diode

MOSFET Metal–Oxide–Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor

Q Factor Quality factor

RF Radio frequency

RFID Radio frequency identification

RX Receiver

SAR Specific absorption rate

TX Transmitter

USB Universal serial bus

WPT Wireless power transfer

xii
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

If you are using an electronic device perhaps a mobile phone and you need to recharge the
battery then you will probably have to get a charger and connect the phone to the wire. But what
if you could charge it without having to connect it to wire? Meaning power will be transferred
wirelessly. This is possible through a concept called Wireless Power Transmission. Research and
studies have been done ever since the 19th century but it is only recently that this concept has
begun to beimplemented.
Wireless power transmission (WPT) is based on the principle of electromagnetic induction.
Electromagnetic induction works on the concept of a primary coil generating a predominantly
magnetic field and a secondary coil being within that field so a current is induced within its coils.
This causes the relatively short range due to the amount of power required to produce an
electromagnetic field.
1.1 History of Wireless Power Transfer
This concept was first discussed in the late 19th century. Nikola Tesla was the brains behind this
concept. He together with Heinrich Hertz theorized the possibility of power being transmitted
wirelessly. Tesla’s main idea was to use the planet as the conductor to transmit power to any
point on the earth. In 1899 Tesla successfully managed to illustrate the concept by powering
fluorescent lamps 25 miles away from the source of power. In 1901 Tesla built the Wardenclyffe
Tower.

His intentions were to use it to transmit messages and also to incorporate his WPT ideas. This
however wasn’t fruitful as his financier refused to invest in the project. Tesla’s ideas were then
dismissed as being impractical and unsafe.

1.2 ProblemStatement
The project seeks to eliminate the use of wires in the transmission of power from the source to
the device to be powered. Although WPT is based on electromagnetic induction, there are
various methods that are used. Some are less efficient than others and costly while others don’t
allow for a longer range of transmission. In this project, it is required to design and construct an

1
electronic device that shall transmit power within a small range. The device can then be used to
charge batteries for devices like pacemakers.

In the project a suitable method will be used to ensure that enough power is transmitted
wirelessly so that it can then charge batteries. The major challenge will be in the coupling circuit
which comprises of the coils where electromagnetic induction occurs. The number of turns of the
coil, inductance

2
1.3 Justification for theStudy
The need for devices that can wirelessly transmit power has over the years increased. Currently a
lot of research is being conducted in order to obtain suitable methods that can be used in the
development of such devices. The following are reasons why it is important

1.3.1 Flexibility: WPT will eliminate the use of conductors and wires. Rather than have
many wires running from a power source to power devices, the power can be
transmitted wirelessly hence the mess caused by cables can be avoided and also more
devices can be powered without having them all placed next to the powersource
1.3.2 Safety: With the increase in electrification in areas, cases of electrical shocks have been
rampant as people and even animals end up touching the conductors. WPT will
eliminate these conductors hence preventing the electricalshocks.
1.3.3 Convenience: The application of WPT will enable the convenient use of devices. For
example, in the medical field pacemakers which use batteries can be recharged. than
having a surgery every time the battery life is over. This will save on costs for surgery and also
is a more convenient option.
1.3.4 Reliability: Many times people are using a device and it runs out of power yet one
doesn’t have a cord to charge the device or perhaps there is no source of power around.
However with WPT the devices can be charged wirelessly hence the risk of low battery
power will beeliminated.

1.4 Health and safety considerations

“The purpose of this standard is to provide exposure limits to protect against established
adverse health effects to human health induced by exposure to RF (radio frequency) electric,
magnetic, and electromagnetic fields over the frequency range of 3 kHz to 300GHz.”[IEEE]

“The main objective of this publication is to establish guidelines for limiting EMF
(electromagnetic field) exposure that will provide protection against known adverse health
effects. An adverse health effect causes a detectable impairment of the health of the exposed
individual or of his or her offspring; a biological effect on the other hand, may or may not result
in an adverse health effect”. [ICNIRP]

3
2. Objectives

2.1 Overall Objective

The main objective of the project is to develop a device for wireless power transfer

2.2 Specific Objectives

The project will be divided into the following specific objectives that will aid in achieving the
main objective

2.2.1 Design and assemble a power supply unit.

2.2.2 Step up the dc supply.
2.2.3 Design and assemble an appropriate oscillator. (In case, D.C. supply is used)
2.2.4 Develop transmitter and receiver coils.
2.2.5 Design the receiver module and rectify the ac voltage received on the receiver coil.
2.2.6 Designing a battery charging circuit.

4
Classification of wireless power transfer-

Near Field

The near field region can be said to be the found within the radius of a wavelength while far field
region is the area outside a radius of two wavelengths. This however is for transmitters and
receivers that have diameters shorter than the wavelength being used. The near field transfers
have all the polarization types i.e. vertical, horizontal, elliptical and circular while the far field
transfer only has one type.

This far in research the near field transfer has been found to have a higher efficiency during
transfer of power. This can be attributed to the decrease in both electric and magnetic fields
proportionally to the distance from the source. In addition, the near-field region allows higher
diffraction of the wave, resulting in stronger penetrability and weak directivity on a short range.
In light of all these, more research is being focused on development of the near field transfers as
compared to far field transfer.
Far Field Transfer

a) Microwave Power transfer

In this method, dc is fed to the microwave generator which converts it to microwaves. This
radiation is passed through the coaxial-waveguide adaptor, and then through the waveguide
circulator, which reduces the radiation to exposure from outside power. Finally the radiation
passes through the tuner and directional coupler device, which separates the signal according to
signal propagation direction. The radiation is then transmitted over the air through antennae,
5
where it is received by the antenna at the rectenna, at which the microwave radiation passes
through a low pass filter, then a matching network, and then a rectifier as it is converted to DC
power

6
7
CHAPTER 3: THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
3.1 Wireless transfer by InductiveCoupling

This chapter elaborates on the method of wireless power transfer that was selected which is
inductive coupling.

The concept of transmitting power wirelessly is based on electromagnetic fields, precisely due to
electromagnetic induction. Biot-Savart's law, which is similar to Coulomb's law, states that the
magnetic field intensity dHat r due to current element / d\ at r' is dR. It gives the relation between
the magnetic field and magnitude, direction, proximity and length of the electriccurrent
by which it has been generated.

(1)

Where R is the full displacement vector from the current source to the field point, Idl is the
Fig: 3.1Magnetic
infinitesimal current source point in the wire. A magnetic field of B(r) is produced by the copper
coil. The magnitude of the magnetic field is affected by r which is the distance from the center of
the coil to the field point. The strength of magnetic field B is proportional to the current I in the
coil. Supposing two copper laminated coils are placed within the near the field region while
aligned together side by side a magnetic field is generated. This however only occurs provided
the transmitter coil is powered and the current flowing through it alternating current. This
magnetic field that has been generated by the TX coil at the point x which is on the RX coil is
thus going to be given by

= ( )
(2)

8
Where N is the number of turns of the coil, I is the transmitter inductor current, a is the radius of
the TX coil while d is the distance of separation between the TX and RX coil. The magnetic flux
that will pass through the Rx coil will be given by:
Φ=∬ (3)
B is the magnetic flux density generated by the transmitter and S is the area of the receiver coil
surface. In the transmitter coil the current flowing is time dependent thus produces magnetic flux
variation in the receiver coil. An electromotive force (emf) will then be induced in the RX coil,
which is obtained by applying Faraday’s law of induction which states that “The induced emf ε
in a c oil is proportional to the negative of the rate of change of magnetic flux”. The equation for
emf is as below.

= − (4)

For a coil that consists of N loops, the total induced emf would be N times as large:
Φ
= − (5)

Where Φ is the magnetic flux. The EMF is driving the current in the secondary coil whose
magnetic field is opposing the time variation in the magnetic flux according to Lenz’s law.
Hence, the power is transferred from TX coil to RX coil. An emf may be induced in the
following ways:

(i) by varying the magnitude of B with time as in the figurebelow

Fig 3.2: Magnitude of B 1

(ii) by varying the magnitude of A, i.e., the area enclosed by the loop withtime

9
 Fig 3.3: Magnitude of A1
Self- nce is the property of the circuit when its own magnetic field is opposing the current
inductachan e circuit. Self-inductance of the coil can be defined as:
ge in th (6)
Φ
= re N is the nu mber of turns Φis magnetic flux and I is the current of the coil. By combining
Whe
(4)a nd (6) we obtain:

=− (7)

Or

=− (8)

Where L is self-inductance of the coil, M is mutual inductance of two coils, I is the current of the
coil. Thus the EMF induced on the coil is directly proportional to the mutual inductance of the
coils andrat e atwhic h the current is oscillating. Mutual inductance can also be given by

= (9)

Where k is the coupling factor, L1andL2are TX and RX inductances. The coupling factor
determines the grade of the coupling, i.e. how much flux of the total flux actually penetrated the
receiver coil. It can have a value from 0 to According to (2) and (3) and if the current is
alternating,get:

( )
Φ= ( )
(10)

Combining it withiv
(4) gives:

()
( )
ℰ=− (11)

1
0
This clearly shows that the voltage induced to the secondary coil depends on the current and
voltage in the primary coil, the frequency of the current and voltage in the primary coil, the
separation distance between the coils and the surface area of the coils. The resulting two coil
coupling system is depicted below.

Fig: 3.4 the two coil coupling system1

Here C1 and C2 are tuning capacitors, L1 and L2 are coupled inductors with mutual
inductanceM, R1 and R2 represent parasitic resistances (loss resistances in the inductors), d is the
betw distanceeen the coils and V1 and V2 are input and output voltages. The output power of the
coilc second
anbe defined as:
(12)
( )

Where the operating frequency of the system, RLis load resistance. Thus the overall efficiency
of the system depends only on the transmission frequency, mutual inductance, coils’ parasitic
resistances and loadresistance.

Quality factor (Q factor) which is defined as the ratio of the inductance to the resistance of the
coil determines the energy transmitted and overall efficiency of the system. A higher Q factor
means a lower energy loss and so better transmission efficiency. Usually Q factor has values
from 0 up to 1000 for WPT coils. It is defineas

Q= (13)

1
1
Where L is the inductance of the coil, R is its resistance and is the operating frequency of the
system. Obviously, Q factor increases when the operating frequency increases. However, when it
reaches its peak values, it will decrease as the operating frequency continues to rise. A higher Q
factor means a narrower band-width, which results in dropped coupling efficiency and the need
of a tuning circuit. The maximum transfer efficiency is definedby:

= (14)

Where k is the coupling factor between two coils, Q1and Q2are the quality factors of the
transmitter and receiver coils. Consequently, in order to reach the maximum efficiency,
developers should optimize the coupling and quality factors of their systems.

CHAPTER 4: METHODS AND MATERIALS

4.1 General Principle of Design

From the theory in chapter 4 the general principle of operation was designed using inductive
coupling and ensuring that the power transfer was as efficient as possible and the transfer within
the near field. The design also ensured for purposes of versatility and optimization the battery
charging circuit was energy efficient and prevented losses.
The circuit was divided into two sections:
1. TransmitterCircuit
2. ReceiverCircuit
The transmitter circuit comprised of the power supply, boost converter, royer oscillator and the
copper laminated coils. The receiver side had the receiver coil, rectifier, LCD, Atmega 328
microcontroller and the switching circuit that used the CD4066. The figure below shows the
block diagram of the design.

1
2
 Fig: 4.1 Design 1

AC power is supplied from the mains and fed to the power supply. It is stepped down and then
rectified to give dc power. The dc voltage is then passed through the voltage regulator LM7805
so as to give a constant 5V dc. This DC signal is however not enough to cause a significant to
create a large emf that will cause the induction. The 5V is then fed to the dc boost converter to
raise the voltage to 30V. The 30V now becomes the input to the royer oscillator circuit. The
oscillator then converts the received DC voltage to AC power with a high frequency.

1
3
The MOSFETS cause a large current which is then supplied to the transmitting copper coil. The
diagram below shows the circuit of the transmitter section.

Fig: 4.2 Transmitter section circuit 1

The transmitter circuit section has two power MOSFETs (IRF540) which are biased using the
resistors R1, R2, R3, R4.There is also a choke made up of inductors L1 & L2.The 8 capacitors C
operate as resonating capacitors to ensure the coils are at resonant frequencies. Oscillators have
feedback, in the case of the royer oscillator negative feedback. The two diodes D1 & D2 thus
provide the cross coupled feedback required. The transmitter coil L which is basically an
inductor is where the electromagnetic induction occurs. The coil used in this case is gauge 26.
When power is given to the oscillator circuit, the DC current starts flowing through the two sides
of the coil (L1&L2) and also to the Drain terminals of the MOSFET. During the same instant,
voltage appears on gate terminal of both the transistors and tries to turn ON the transistors. Any
one of the transistor will be faster than the other and it will turn ON first.
When Q1 turns on first, its drain voltage will be clamped to near ground. Meanwhile Q2 will be
in the off state. Once Q2 is in the conduction state its drain voltage begins rising steadily to peak
and then immediately begins to drops due to the tank circuit formed by the capacitor C and the
primary coil of oscillator through one half cycle. The operating frequency of the oscillator is
determined by the resonance formula given below

1
4
F = ½ × π × √ (LC)
In the receiver side the circuit was as below

Fig: 4.3 Receiver Circuit 1

When the receiver coil is placed within the near field range from the transmitter coil, the
magnetic field in the transmitter coil extends and it induces an AC voltage which generates a
current flow in the receiver coil of the wireless charger. The transmitted AC voltage is then fed
to the rectifier which converts it to DC. A capacitive filter is used to eliminate any ripples. The
rectified voltage is fed to the voltage regulator LM7812 to ensure that the voltage is regulated
and constant. The output is regulated 12V dc. This power then goes to the power the
microcontroller, LCD and the CD4066switch.

4.2.1Hardware

4.2.1.1 PowerSupply

15
 Fig 4.4: Power Supply 1
The oscillator needed 30V dc supplied. The power supply unit used however gave an output of
5V dc. The power supply contained a transformer that stepped down the 230V ac supplied from
the mains to 9V ac. A full-wave bridge rectifier then rectified the 9V ac. Full wave bridge
rectifier is preferred over the half wave bridge rectifier since, for the half wave rectifier, a large
capacitor will be required to hold up the voltage during the gap whereby an AC cycle is skipped.

The bridge rectifier has an efficiency of 80% hence the rectified output was less than the input.
The output received was 7.2V dc. This voltage however is still erratic and pulsating thus a
smoothening capacitor is required. The smoothening capacitor supplies charge when as the
rectifier voltage falls thus evening out any fluctuations by the signal. The smoothened dc voltage
is then fed to the voltage stabilizer LM7805 which ensures a stable output voltage of 5v.

4.2.1.2 DC - DC BoostConverter
This is required since the voltage required to be fed into the oscillator is 30V yet from the power
supply unit only 5V is being achieved. To step up to 30V we used the switching regulator below.

16
 Fig 4.5: switching regulator1
This switching regulator can operate in the continuous or the discontinuous mode so that the
output voltage is higher. It consists of the following components: an inductor, capacitor,
switching device, diode, and the input voltage source. The switch is usually controlled by a pulse
width modulator. A potentiometer is also available that regulates the output voltage. In the
continuous mode, the switch conducts and thus the current through the inductor is ramped up.
When the switch is turned off, the voltage at point 4 in the above circuit rises rapidly. This is
because the inductor is attempting to maintain the current at a constant. The diode in turn goes on
and thus the inductor dumps the current into capacitor C3 resulting in more energy being
generated and thus a higher output voltage than the input voltage.

5.2.1 Battery Charging Circuit

The battery charging circuit consisted of the rectifier which converted the ac power to dc, an
Atmega 328 microcontroller, a 16X2 LCD and a CD4066 switch. This part was largely
controlled by the microcontroller. Initially a relay was used as the switch once the battery is full.
However it was drawing more current and thus acted as load. The CD4066 became a better
alternative as it consumed less current and also was less bulky as compared to the single channel
relay.

One of the challenges with modern chargers is that once charging is complete; there is no
notification to the user to stop the charging. To solve this; a buzzer was used so that once the
charging is complete it sounds. However this meant the input signal had to be driven at the same
frequency as that of the buzzer and also it consumes more power. An RGB LED was instead
17
used. Its operation was coded and loaded to the microcontroller.

It was observed that, once the battery started charging it heavily loaded the rectifier voltage and
caused it to drop significantly. The battery internal resistance is suspected to be the major cause
of this.

4.2.1.3 Full Wave BridgeRectifier

The transmitted current received on the receiver side is ac. However for purposes of charging the
battery, dc is needed hence the need for rectification. In the design, a full wave bridge rectifier
instead of a half wave rectifier. It’s basically a full wave rectifier but uses four diodes instead of
two which then form arms that are the bridge rectifier. It was used because of the following
reasons:

18
 i. It doesn’t require a center tap on the secondary winding thus ac voltage can be fed
directly to the bridgecircuit.
ii. For its construction, crystal diodes can be used. The diodes are easily available in the
market and cheap. The circuit is also morecompact.
iii. The transformer utilization power ishigher
There are four diagonal arms. When ac voltage is applied to one arm, the rectified dc voltage is
obtained from the opposite arm. The bridge rectifier operates in positive and negative halfcycles.
During the positive cycle point A is positive and point B becomes negative. In this case diodes
D1 and D2 will be conducting while D3 and D4 will be off. D1 and D2 at this point are forward
biased and conducting in series with the load. The current flows in the direction as in the figure
below

Fig 4.7: Flow of Current 1

During the negative half cycle, the polarity of the ac voltage being fed is reversed such that point
B now is the positive while point A becomes negative. Diodes D3 and D4 in this case will be on
meaning they are forward biased hence can conduct while D1 and D2 which are off will be
reverse biased. Similarly to the positive ac cycle, D3 and D4 will conduct in series with the load
and current will flow as in the figure below

19
 Fig 4.8: Flow of Current 1
It is worth noting that current in the load flows in the same direction for both ac cycles. This
therefore means that the current in the full wave cycle is unidirectional. However the rectified dc
voltage had ripples. A capacitive filter was added instead of the inductive filter since the
reactance of the capacitor is much smaller than the resistor value.

The MicrocontrollerUnit and The LCDScreen

A simple definition of the microcontroller is a computer on a chip. The microcontroller enables

the project to be a standalone system which is able to produce varied reactions to various
situations according to preset controls. The microcontroller in this project is the AT mega 328
microcontroller.
The system is required to alert the user if a load is in place, calculate and display the level of
charge, start the charging if needed and finally cut the charging when the load is fully charged.
To do these actions on its own, the microcontroller needs to be loaded with a program to enable
it execute all theseactions.

In this project, a display screen can be used to show various aspects of the project. The LCD
displayed the name of the project and the battery status. Internally, the LCD is made up of a thin
layer of liquid crystals sandwiched between two layers of transparent electrode glass sheets. The
nature of the glass sheets determines the type of the LCD screen. If both glass sheets are
transparent then the LCD is transmissive and if one sheet has a reflective coat then the cell will
be reflective. The liquid crystal molecules are able to twist, therefore changing slightly the
amount of light penetration resulting in different characters being displayed on thescreen.

20
21
4.2.1.4 SwitchingCircuit
When the charging is complete, it is important to cut supply to the load so that power is
conserved. The switching off of the circuit is achieved by the IC Cd 4066. Conventional
switching circuit components such as the relay are not possible in this situation because of the
lower power produced after transmission. Had a relay been used in the circuit, there would not
have been enough power for the relay to work and therefore the switch will not work.
The CD 4066 is a low power multiplexing switch circuit which is an ideal replacement for
mechanical switches. The IC has a bandwidth of around 8MHz, current consumption of 1 mA
but it requires a high level power supply voltage since the input impedance of the circuit drops
with higher voltage levels. The circuit cuts supply to the load once the batteries are full so that
power is not lost unnecessarily.

CHAPTER 5: RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

5.1 Results
22
The main objective of the project was to develop a device for wireless power transfer. The
device had to be an electronic circuit. The achievement of this objective was further broken
down into specific objectives which all together aided the development of the device. The other
objectives were asfollows:

I. Design and assemble a power supply unit. The power supply was to step down 230V
ac supplied by the mains to 12V ac high frequency. The 12V ac was then to be rectified
to give 5Vdc.

II. Step up the dc supply. Using a boost converter, the dc voltage was raised to 30Vdc

III. Design and assemble an appropriate oscillator. For the project, a royer oscillator was
found to be mostsuitable.

IV. Develop transmitter and receiver coils. Electromagnetic induction occurs between
these two coils and an emf generated on the TX coil that induces a current on the RX
coil. The coils were embedded on the fabricated casing of the modules.

V. Design the receiver module and rectify the ac voltage received on the receiver coil.
For A rectifier was needed to output dc power which would be used to power other
components.

VI. Designing a battery charging circuit. The transmitted power was to be used to charge a
battery so as to further demonstrate the application of wireless power transmission in the
modern world.

INPUT(AC) OUTPUT (DC) DISTANCE(cm)

230 12.58v 0

230 7.2 1

230 5.3 2

230 4 3

230 3.2 5

23
 230 2.8 6
Table 3.Output voltages at different distances

Applications of WPT

Several applications of wireless power transfer are apparent and obvious. Firstly, WPT could
eliminate traditional charging systems in place today. Instead of plugging in a mobile phone or laptop
via power cord to charge the battery, wireless power can be harnessed and implemented in a home
such that a laptop and phone charge continuously and wirelessly without the need for plugging
anything in. Higher level applications include charging of electric vehicles (EVs). As EVs become
more and more prevalent on the roads, the feasibility of driving such a vehicle can be maximized via
stationary, and even mobile, WPT systems. Future and theoretical applications include a potential
solution to renewable energy for the planet, by means of satellites collecting sunlight and sending
power back to earth through MPT. Applications of WPT are described in this section.

3.1 Electronic portable devices

Cell phones, laptops, tablets, even smart watches are found all over the globe and are owned and used
by billions of people. What these devices all have in common is the need to recharge their internal
battery so that the device can be used while mobile. Such is the paradox of portable devices: they
provide convenience by running off internal power so they can be used anywhere, but always must
return to be tethered to a power cord in order to charge.

Electric Vehicles

As concern over global warming and greenhouse gas emissions grows across the globe, the
prevalence of electric vehicles has also increased. One of the drawbacks of electric vehicles is their
battery. Electric vehicles currently need to be plugged in to recharge their internal batteries, and take
many hours to do so

3.3 Theoretical applications: Aerial Vehicles and Solar Power Satellites

While portable device and vehicle charging are applications that could be implemented in the near
future, some other theoretical applications have been posited for further research and development.

24
CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

6.1 Conclusions
Conclusions that were drawn from the project study are as follows:

1. Based on the theory of wireless charging via inductive coupling, which is the method
used in the project, the various aspects i.e. distance, resonant frequency, quality factor;
coil turns ratio determine the efficiency of WPT. In addition there is an exponential decay
for power versus the distance of separation.
2. From the project WPT for short range or near field occur up to a distance of 5cm after
which the power transferred began to significantlydrop.
3. It can also be concluded that WPT can be used in other applications. In the project we are
able to charge a 9V battery from power that was transmittedwirelessly.
4. Lastly, we can conclude that WPT is not affected by non-magnetic materials shielding he
two coils. This therefore means that it can be effectively used in the medical field to
charge pacemakers and otherdevices

REFERENCES
[1] D. Chattopadhyay, Electronics (fundamentals And Applications) 7th Ed. New Dehli, India:
New Age Pub.,2006.

[2] Paul Horowitz and Winfield Hill, The Art of Electronics, 2nd Ed. Cambridge, England:
Cambridge Univ. Press,1989.

[3] U.A. Bakshi and A.P.Godse, Electronic Devices And Circuits I, 3rd Ed. Pune, India:
Technical Pub.,2008.

[4] A. F. J. Levi,Applied Quantum Mechanics, 2nd Ed. Cambridge, England: Cambridge Univ.
Press,2006.
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[5] Luciano Mesciaet al, Innovative Materials and Systems for Energy HarvestingApplications,
Hershey PA: IGI Global, 2015.

[6] W.C.Brown(1996,January).TheHistoryofWirelessPowerTransmission:Solarenergy
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[7] Mandip Jung Sibakoti and Joey Hambleton (2011, December) Wireless Power Transmission
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[8] Dr. Morris Kesler (2013) Highly Resonant Wireless Power Transfer: Safe, Efficient, and over
Distance [Online] Available: http://www.witricity.com/assets/highly-resonant-power-transfer-
kesler-witricity-2013.pdf

[9] Daniel Teninty, P.E (2010, November 2) Wireless Power Consortium [Online] Available:
http://www.energy.ca.gov/appliances/battery_chargers/documents/2010-10-
11_workshop/comments/Wireless%20Power%20Consortium%20Comments_TN%2058928.pdf

[10] VladislavKhayrudinov “Wireless Power Transfer system Development and

Implementation,” Thesis, Dept Electron Eng., Helsinki Metropolia University of Applied
Sciences, Helsinki, Finland,2015.

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