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Parameters are
a. numerical characteristics of a sample
b. numerical characteristics of a population
c. the averages taken from a sample
d. numerical characteristics of either a sample or a population
3. The probability distribution of all possible values of the sample proportion is the
a. probability density function of
b. sampling distribution of
c. same as , since it considers all possible values of the sample proportion
d. sampling distribution of
7. A study was conducted to assess a new surgical procedure designed to reduce the incidence of
post-operative complications. The incidence of complications was found to be 40% in 25 patients
having the new procedure and 60% in 20 patients having the old procedure. This difference was
found to be not statistically significant. It may be concluded that
a. The new procedure is effective in reducing post-operative complications
b. The new procedure is ineffective in reducing post-operative complications
c. The sample is biased
d. The result is clinically significant
9. Since the sample size is always smaller than the size of the population, the sample mean
a. must always be smaller than the population mean
b. must be larger than the population mean
c. must be equal to the population mean
d. can be smaller, larger, or equal to the population mean
1. A simple random sample from an infinite population is a sample selected such that
2. In point estimation
3. If we consider the simple random sampling process as an experiment, the sample mean is
a. always zero
b. always smaller than the population mean
c. a random variable
d. exactly equal to the population mean
7. The serum blood glucose was measured for a group of 20 diabetics, then an injection of
insulin was given and after 2 hours another reading for blood glucose was recorded. To assess
the effect of insulin in reducing the blood glucose level we conduct,
a. binomial distribution
b. Poisson distribution
c. normal distribution
d. chi-square distribution
9. Whenever the population has a normal probability distribution, the sampling distribution
of is a normal probability distribution for
a. sample median
b. sample mode
c. sample mean
d. any measure of central location
a. a statistic
b. a parameter
c. a sample
d. the mean deviation
3. A property of a point estimator that occurs whenever larger sample sizes tend to provide
point estimates closer to the population parameter is known as
a. efficiency
b. unbiased sampling
c. consistency
d. relative estimation
a. a statistic
b. a parameter
c. the mean deviation
d. the central limit theorem
a. standard deviation
b. standard error
c. point estimator
d. variance of estimation
a. a parameter
b. a population parameter
c. a mean estimator
d. a point estimate
7. A theorem that allows us to use the normal probability distribution to approximate the
sampling distribution of sample means and sample proportions whenever the sample size is large
is known as the
a. approximation theorem
b. normal probability theorem
c. central limit theorem
d. central normality theorem
8. A property of a point estimator that occurs whenever the expected value of the point
estimator is equal to the population parameter it estimates is known as
a. consistency
b. the expected value
c. the estimator
d. unbiasedness
10. For a population with any distribution, the form of the sampling distribution of the
sample mean is
1. The absolute value of the difference between the point estimate and the population
parameter it estimates is the
a. standard error
b. sampling error
c. precision
d. error of confidence
e. None of the above answers is correct.
a. significance
b. degree of association
c. confidence level
d. precision
a. confidence
b. precision
c. interval
d. error
4. In a study about hemoglobin level in pregnant and non-pregnant women, the mean levels in
the two groups were 12 gm/100ml and 14gm/100ml respectively. A test of significance between
the means of the two groups was carried out and the difference was found significant at p<0.05,
this means that the difference
5. As the number of degrees of freedom for a t distribution increases, the difference between
the t distribution and the standard normal distribution
a. becomes larger
b. becomes smaller
c. stays the same
d. None of the above answers is correct.
6. A clinical trial was designed to test the efficiency of a medicine to reduce the systolic blood
pressure. A group of 20 hypertensive patients were randomly selected and their blood pressure
was recorded. The medicine was administered and a second reading was recorded from the same
group of patients. The convenient test of significance to be conducted is:
a. confidence level
b. interval estimate
c. parameter value
d. population estimate
9. The difference between the point estimate, such as the sample mean, and the value of the
population parameter it estimates, such as the population mean, is known as the
a. confidence level
b. sampling error
c. parameter estimate
d. interval estimate
1. Whenever the population standard deviation is unknown and the population has a normal
or near-normal distribution, which distribution is used in developing an interval estimation?
a. standard distribution
b. z distribution
c. beta distribution
d. t distribution
2. The relationship between α and β is
a. Direct
b. Indirect
c. No relation
d. all of these
a. Direct
b. Indirect
c. No relation
d. none of these
a. Increasing
b. Decreasing
c. Constant
d. all of these
8. From a population which is not normally distributed and whose standard deviation is not
9. A sample of 100 elements from a population is selected, and the standard deviation of the
a. normal distribution
b. t distribution with 100 degrees of freedom
c. t distribution with 99 degrees of freedom
d. None of the above answers is correct.
10. From a population that is normally distributed, a sample of 25 elements is selected and
the standard deviation of the sampl
distribution to use is the
a. normal distribution
b. t distribution
c. t distribution with 26 degrees of freedom
d. t distribution with 24 degrees of freedom
a. increases
b. decreases
c. stays the same
d. None of the above answers is correct.
a. P = 0.99
b. P = 0.90
c. P = 0.01
d. P = 0.50
5. A 95% confidence interval for a population mean is determined to be 100 to 120. If the
a. becomes narrower
b. becomes wider
c. does not change
d. becomes 0.1
e. None of the above answers is correct.
6.
0.65 to 0.75. If the level of significance is decreased, the interval for the population proportion
a. becomes narrower
b. becomes wider
c. does not change
d. Not enough information is provided to answer this question.
e. None of the above answers is correct.
7. The ability of an interval estimate to contain the value of the population parameter is
described by the
a. confidence level
b. degrees of freedom
c. precise value of the population mean
d. None of the above answers is correct.
8. After computing a confidence interval, the user believes the results are meaningless
because the width of the interval is too large. Which one of the following is the best
recommendation?
1. As a solution to his criticisms of null hypothesis testing, Loftus (1991;1996) suggested that
researchers should make it their practice to report confidence intervals alongside their statistical
tests.
A. True
B. False
3. Even if there is no real relationship between variables in the population, it is highly likely that
you will find a relationship between variables in your randomly selected sample.
A. True
B. False
A. Individuals with lower levels of depression will have higher levels of anxiety. Any result
otherwise observed is the product of chance.
B. There is no relationship between depression and anxiety. Any observed relationship is the
result of chance.
C. There will not be a significant difference between those individuals who score high on
depression, in comparison to those individuals who score high on anxiety. Any observed
difference is the result of chance alone.
D. Individuals with higher levels of depression will have lower levels of anxiety. Any
relationships otherwise observed are the result of chance alone.
6. Hypothesis: Individuals who listen to music whilst revising will achieve significantly higher
exam grades than will individuals who do their revision in silence.
Thinking about this research hypothesis, which of the below would be an appropriate null
hypothesis?
A. There will be no difference in exam grade between those individuals who revise whilst
listening to music and those individuals who revise in silence. Any observed differences
are due to chance alone.
B. Individuals who listen to music whilst revising for their exam will achieve significantly
lower exam grades than will individuals who revise in silence.
C. There will be no relationship between examination grade and the amount of music or
silence experienced during revision. Any observed relationship is the product of chance
alone.
D. The more music an individual listens to when they are revising, the higher their exam
grade will be. In addition, the more silence an individual experiences whilst revising, the
lower their exam grade will be.
7. If you decided to make the critical p-value for significance 0.001 as opposed to the
conventional level of 0.05, what would the consequences be?
8. Loftus (1991; 1996) criticised hypothesis testing. What was his criticism?
A. Loftus' criticism was that the null hypothesis always states that there is no relationship.
The actual chance of ‘no’ relationship at all being found is very unusual even in
biological sciences. To base probability judgments on this hypothesis is misleading.
B. Loftus' criticism was that it is difficult for researchers to test the null hypothesis when
they cannot access exact p values consistently. The results reported are therefore
misleading.
C. Loftus' criticism was that reporting descriptive statistics and confidence intervals is
misleading when testing the null hypothesis.
D. Loftus' criticism was that the null hypothesis always states that there is a relationship.
The actual chance of a relationship at all being found is very unusual even in biological
sciences. To base probability judgments on this hypothesis is misleading.
9. Look at the hypothesis described in question 7. What are the dependent and independent
variables?
A. The independent variable is exam grade and the dependent variable is revision condition.
B. The independent variable is revision condition and the dependent variable is exam grade.
C. The independent variable is silence and the dependent variable is exam grade.
D. The independent variable is music and the dependent variable is silence.
10. One of the problems we face when conducting research is that when we select samples from
populations, we might not get a sample that accurately reflects that population.
A. True
B. False
1. Sometimes, due to _____, we are likely to get patterns of scores in our samples that do not
accurately reflect the underlying population.
A. sampling error
B. scattergrams
C. probability
D. relationships between variables
A. True
B. False
3. The second criticism Loftus (1991; 1996) raised was that psychologists don't give enough
consideration to the _____________ when reporting their results.
A. exact p value
B. statistical tests
C. null hypothesis
D. population means