Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Structure Details
1.1 Type of Structures
Proposed box culvert will be cast in-situ reinforced concrete single cell box culvert.
The proposed single cell box culvert location in accordance to employer’s drawings as shown
below:-
C1
C2
Location for Single cell box culvert C1 (15m (width) x 3.74m (depth))
C3
Location for Single cell box culvert C3 (16m (width) x 3.74m (depth))
1
2. Site Details
2.1 Site Constraints
There is no major building nearby except existing flyover column near to the proposed single
cell culvert C3 near Newton Circus shown as below:-
C3
Existing Flyover
column
Location for Single cell box culvert C3
The impact of piling work and construction of box culvert must be taken into consideration for
the existence of existing structure. Impact assessment to be conducted to identify the impact
and further precaution mitigation shall be proposed.
All affected services in the vicinity of the works shall be verified with trial trench. The
contractor shall determine and coordinate with the utility agencies for any diversion of affected
services and laying of new services. The services that need not be diverted shall be supported
and protected.
2
3. Proposed Structure
3.1 Description of Structure
The proposed structure is form of single cell box culvert of various depth and width.
The proposed single cell box culvert is supported by piled foundation. Micro pile will be used.
Not applicable.
a. Concrete
b. Reinforcement Steel
3
4. Design Criteria
4.1 Design Information – Code of Practices
The following Codes of Practices to be used for the purpose of design:-
a) LTA’s Design Criteria
b) PUB’s Code of Practice
c) latest Euro code and Singapore National Annex
d) PD6694-1 Recommendations for the design of structures subject to traffic
loading to BS EN 1997-1:2004
Load Model 1
4
Load Model 1 is defined in accordance with SS EN 1991-2 Section 4.3.2 as follows:
Table 4.1.1 Characteristic values Qik and qik for Load Model 1
Load Model 2
Load Model 2 (LM2) represents a single axle load applied on specific type contact areas
which covers the dynamic effects of normal traffic on short structural members. LM2 is
defined in accordance with SS EN 1991.2 Section 4.3.3 and defined as:
Single axle load βQQak equal to 400 kN which shall be applied at any location on
the carriageway. When relevant, only one wheel of 200 βQ (kN) shall be taken into account.
The value of BQ as specified in Singapore National Annex shall be 1.00.
The contact surface of each wheel shall be taken as a square of sides 0.33m (not
0.35x0.60) as specified in Singapore National Annex.
Load Model 3
Load Model 3 (special vehicles) is defined in accordance with SS EN 1991-2 Section 4.3.4
5
as follows. The use of SV-196 as the LM3 load model vehicle has been adopted. Though
Annex NA.A stipulates the SV196 loading shall be restricted to center 5m strip of
carriageway.
Details of Load Model 3:
6
Basic axle load (kN) DAF
100 1.2
130 1.16
165 1.12
180 1.10
225 1.07
b. Surcharge:-
Type Surcharge
Material Density
Not applicable.
e. Minimum headroom provided
Not applicable.
7
f. Longitudinal braking and acceleration forces
These forces are defined in accordance with SS EN 1991.2 Section NA.2.18.1 as follows:
The longitudinal force shall be taken as the more severe of either the braking or the
acceleration force.
The characteristic value of longitudinal braking force on individual axles, Qlk,S, of special
vehicle (SV) should be calculated as follows:
Qlk,S = δw
Where δ is the deceleration factor (0.40 for SV-100 and 0.25 for SV-196) and w is
the basic axle load of the relevant SV vehicle in kN.
The acceleration force shall be taken as 10% of the gross weight of the SV vehicle and
distributed between the axles and wheels in the same position as the vertical loads.
The full value of braking or acceleration action shall be applied for buried structure with
less than 0.6m depth of earth cover based on CL 10.2.1 of PD 6694-1.
8
g. Assessment of groups of traffic loads
gr1b Characteristic
gr3(1)
gr4 Characteristic
Dominant component action (the group is sometimes designated by this component for convenience).
(1) This group is irrelevant if gr4 is considered.
(2) Characteristic value obtained from section 5.1
(3) This is a reduced value accompanying the characteristic value of LM1 and should not be factored by ψ1. However,
when gr1a is combined with leading non-traffic actions this value should be factored by ψ0.
(4) The ψ1 factors should be taken from the Singapore National Annex to SS EN 1990.
9
4.3 Ultimate Limit State
a. Load combinations and load factors considered
10
x ɣQ,dst
ɣQ,dst = Partial factor on destabilizing
uplift water pressure
x ɣf1 x ɣf2
1.0
11
4.4 Serviceability Limit State
a. Load combinations and load factors considered
Load combination and partial factor ɣf shall be in accordance to SS EN1990, is summarized
as below:-
Permanent Leading Variable Accompanying
Action (Gk) Action (Qk,1) Variable Action (Qk, i)
Characteristic 1.0 1.0 1.0*0.7=0.7
Frequent 1.0 1.0*0.7=0.7 1.0*0.6=0.6
Quasi-permanent 1.0 1.0*0.6=0.6 1.0*0.6=0.6
c. Settlement allowed
The maximum allowable foundation settlement shall in accordance to LTA Civil Design
Criteria Section 6.3
Foundation Type Maximum Allowable Settlement Remarks
Total Differential
Short Term Long Short & Long Term
Term
Deep 15mm 25mm 1:1000 Single cell box
Foundation culvert
Element
4.5 Durability
12
a. Exposure conditions
Concrete surfaces are subject to long term water contact. Class XC4 (cyclic wet and dry) is
considered.
b. Minimum cover
Minimum cover for concrete to satisfy requirement as follow:-
Element Concrete Grade Concrete Cover (mm)
N/mm2 Exposure class cmin Δcdev cnom
RCBC / RCU / 32/40 XC4 30 10 40
RCS
5. Structural Analysis
13
5.1 Method of analysis proposed superstructure, sub-structure and foundations
Structural analysis including derivation of slabs and wall forces and deflection will be done by
both hand calculation and computer software, STAAD-Pro and checked by spreadsheet. These
spreadsheets comply with relevant design codes.
14
Figure 5-2 Minimum vertical load with maximum horizontal load
15
Figure 5-4 Traction with maximum vertical load
16
Figure 5-5 Traction with minimum vertical load
17
Figure 5-6 Traction with minimum vertical load& uplift
Below is the typical view of the STAAD Pro model for analysis of the proposed single cell
box culvert:-
18
5.3 Assumptions intended for calculation of structural element stiffness
The structural stiffness of the structure is nominally taken as the Ec(28) recommended in SS EN
1992-1-1.
5.4 Proposed earth pressure coefficients (Ka, Ko or Kp) to be used in the design of
permanent earth retaining structure
The analysis will use Ko and Ka for maximum and minimum earth pressure distribution
respectively. The Ko values are specified in LTA DC Table 5.4. The Ka values will be derived
from moderately conservative parameters using Rankine equation.
19
6. Geotechnical Conditions
6.1 Types of piles proposed
The culvert is designed to be supported by piled foundation. RC micro pile will be used.
The design approach for checking the structural geotechnical capacity of piles shall be based
on procedure as described in section 7.6.2.3 (8), NA to SS EN 1997-1: 2010. The maximum
settlement at each pile is assumed to be 25 mm. The piles are modeled as vertical springs with
stiffness taken as WL/0.0125 kN/m. The percentage difference will be comply to allowable
differential settlement in Cl 6.4
Vertical and horizontal support spring constant for RC piles values presented in the calculations
are as follows:
Vertical Spring,
kv = Pile Capacity / Allowable Settlement
= (7.5 N/mm2 x Cross Section Area of Pile ) / 12.5 mm / pile spacing
Horizontal Spring:
kh = kv / 20
The design approach for checking the structural geotechnical capacity of piles shall be based
on procedure as described in section 7.6.2.3 (8), NA to SS EN 1997-1: 2010.
The PE endorsed Geotechnical Investigation Report is currently outstanding pending addition
soil investigation bore logs despite 4 previous borelogs were provided during tender.
The micro pile design parameters as below shall be assumed and final pile design length (to be
submitted to BCA) to be subjected to the latest PE endorsed Geotechnical Investigation Report.
In general, top layer of the soil consist of fill material and Kallang Formation (Marine Clay).
Negative skin friction and excessive settlement caused by weak soil shall be considered.
However, there is no further information of the soil based on existing borelogs and additional
soil investigation will be proposed to determine the over-consolidation ratio of weak soil.
Further details will be described and explained once the additional Geotechnical Investigation
report is obtained.
Design Parameters:
20
UNIT SKIN FRICTION:
Fs = 2N < 250kN/m2 (FOR SOIL)
PILES ARE DESIGNED BASED ON ALTERNATIVE PROCEDURE IN
ACCORDANCE TO CL.7.6.2.3(8), SS EN 1997
1.Model Factor = 1.4 (resistance verified by maintained load test
2.Partial Safety Factors:
a. Combination 1
i. Action (Permanent) = 1.35
ii. Action (Variable) = 1.5
iii.Material = 1.0
iv. Resistance (End bearing) = 1.0
v. Resistance (Shaft) = 1.0
v. Resistance (Compression) = 1.0
b. Combination 2
i. Action (Permanent) = 1.0
ii. Action (Variable) = 1.3
iii.Material = 1.0
iv. Resistance (End bearing) = 1.7
v. Resistance (Shaft) = 1.4
v. Resistance (Compression) = 1.7
6.2 Acceptance of recommendations of the Geotechnical Report to be used in the design and
reasons for any proposed changes
The existing boreholes data obtained from LTA during tender shall be used for the preliminary
design. Additional soil boreholes are proposed and on-going.
In general, the top soil profile are composed of filled materials (Sandy silt or sandy sand) above
Kallang Formation, follow with the Old Alluvium. Proposed penetration length of micro pile
will be go into Old Alluvium layer which are stiff layer.
21
As per Table 6.1 LTA’s Design Criteria, differential settlement of 1:1000 shall be considered
for short and long term condition.
Foundation Maximum Allowable Settlement Remarks
Type Total Differential
Short Term Long Term Short & Long Term
Deep 15mm 25mm 1:1000 Single cell box
Foundation culvert
Element
22
8. QP (D) Endorsement
THE ABOVE IS SUBMITTED FOR ACCEPTANCE
SIGN:_____________________________________________
SIGN :_________________________________________
NAME : _________________________________________
DATE : _________________________________________
23
Appendix A: Site plan, longitudinal section, detail
5 L/ER381/RR/DET/0001 Details
6 L/ER381/RR/DET/0003 Details
7 L/ER381/RR/DET/0004 Details
24