Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Harmful constituents:
• Any air pollution materials or combination of
materials - such as physical, chemical or
biological substances emitted into the
atmosphere (or ambient air) and in indoors
• Ambient air – that portion of the atmosphere
external to buildings to which public has access
1
8/14/2014
12
• Pollutant:
• The undesirable state of the environment being
contaminated is pollution.
• The substance that cause air pollution is called
pollutant
• It must be a contaminant responsible for causing
adverse effects on the atmosphere.
• Any contaminant is a potential pollutant.
• e. g. CO2, SO2, NOx, SPM, etc.
15
2
8/14/2014
Pollutant classification
• Based on the formation
• They are classified as primary and secondary
pollutants.
• Primary pollutant:
• The pollutants which are directly emitted into the
atmosphere from sources as a direct consequence
of human activity
• They retain original form (native/unmodified)
• e. g. SO2, NOX (mostly NO), CO, SPM, Pb or 18
VOC.
• Secondary pollutant:
• They are formed as a consequence of chemical
reactions taking place in the atmosphere
• e. g. the primary pollutants undergo chemical
reactions to form other species.
• They change their basic form after released from
the sources due to:
• Oxidation, decay, reaction with or other form of
pollutants or primary pollutants.
• e. g. SO3, H2SO4 (Acid rain), PAN (Peroxy-Acetyl
–Nitrate, HC+O2+NO2+hν), O3 (Ozone formation),
22
and NO2
•They essentially enter as the primary pollutants
3
8/14/2014
Forms of pollutants:
• The pollutants are found in two forms:
• Gaseous
• Particulate matter (fine dust)
• Both of these forms have different chemical
compositions
• They can be classified as primary and secondary
gaseous and particulate pollutants
23
24
4
8/14/2014
28
5
8/14/2014
33
6
8/14/2014
42
7
8/14/2014
46
8
8/14/2014
Secondary particulate
compounds
• Primary gases can transform into secondary
particulate compounds.
• They may form in gaseous phase or aqueous
phase with OH radical
• SO2 to SO42- (sulfate) (i.e. SO2+OH+O2 = SO42-)
• NO2 to NO3- (nitrate)
48
53
9
8/14/2014
56
58
10
8/14/2014
Natural sources
• Volcanic eruption:
• CO, Sulfur, Chlorine, Soot particles (unburnt
carbons), HC, H2S, SO2, CH4
• e.g. Icelandic volcanic cloud spread all over the
Europe – leading to the cancellation of flights
• Forest fire:
• It is caused due to lightening and responsible for
unburnt HC, SO2, NOx, particulate, and smoke,
uncontrolled, CO, CO2 and ash.
• Controlled burning of forests – cause germination
61
of trees which renew the forest but adds to pollution
• Dust storms:
• A large area of land with no or little vegetation
causes dust storms
• They entrain a large amount of particulate matter
• e.g. airborne particulate of size range 10 - 100 µ
• e.g. deserts – Sahara, Arid land in northern India,
i.e. in Rajasthan
• The environmental problems caused - are
particularly the visibility reduction
• Which may affect air travel
62
11
8/14/2014
• Oceans:
• Oceans produce salt particles, also called aerosols
– corrosive to metals and paints
• Specially in coastal areas (like Mumbai, etc.)
• Plants and trees or vegetation:
• Vegetation are extensive sources of natural
pollutants.
• VOCs - in the presence of sunlight and humidity
produce non-methane-hydrocarbon (NMHC)
• Isoprene (carcinogenic pollutant)
64
• Blue haze over forested area, from the atmospheric
reaction of VOCs (VOCs react with NOx, SO2 on warmer days)
• Pollen grain:
• from flowers, fine particles from weed, tree, grass
• it has peculiar irritating properties
• cause allergic reactions in humans
• Typical size range from 10 to 50 µ
65
12
8/14/2014
Anthropogenic sources
• Industrial processes:
• Particulate, SO2, fluoride, H2S, CO2 and NO
• Thermal power plants:
• Use fossil fuels such as coal, oil, natural gas
• They release particles, HC, SO2, NOx, fly ash
• Domestic:
• Cooking, heating, painting and other indoor
sources such as photocopier, printer (O3, VOCs,
PM), and tobacco smoke
• Fumes from paints, hair spray, aerosol sprays, and
other solvents. 69
13
8/14/2014
• Fugitive source:
• is another important source of air pollution – such
as evaporative emissions, leakages from storage
tanks, or equipment
• e.g. mostly volatile in nature (VOCs)
• Open burning of plastic:
• is practiced in several parts of the world which
releases mostly chlorine and chlorides in various
forms
• e.g. solid waste disposal
• Population increase:
• use natural resources, pressure on fossil fuel use 74
76
14
8/14/2014
Key Pollutants
• CO:
• major source is incomplete combustion of fuel (gasoline or
petrol driven cars)
• Colorless, odorless but poisonous gas
• NOx – (NO + NO2):
• produced from an incomplete combustion process at high
temperature, 90% NOx is in form of NO2
• another source - decomposition of organics in soil (soil
bacteria)
• Produced from thunderstorms of electric discharge
• Black carbon:
• Is a light absorbing material and yields a large positive 80
radiative forcing – participate in climate change
• VOCs:
• Entire set of vapor phase atmospheric organics
excluding CO, CO2
• Are the non-methane group of organic compounds
NMHC (non-methane hydrocarbon)
• Benzene, toluene, xylene are carcinogens – cause
leukemia through a prolonged exposure
• 1,3-butadiene is another dangerous compound
• incomplete combustion in presence of sunlight
produce NMHC (alkanes, alkenes, alkynes groups)
• Outdoor – traffic, industry
• Indoor – paints, furniture, varnish
• Methane: 82
• Efficient greenhouse gas – contributes to climate
change
15
8/14/2014
• NH3 (ammonia):
• emitted from agricultural processes
• microbial decomposition of uric acid and urea,
(source - landfill site), smell of urine
• e.g. farming, livestock
• pungent odor
• it is widely used but caustic and hazardous
• SO2:
• emissions of black smoke, coal burning is the
major source
• causes acid rain problem
86
16
8/14/2014
17
8/14/2014
Homework: week 1
• Find out about the role of gaseous radicals
in atmosphere and discuss with the help of
examples.
18