Dlda - It

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YADAVRAO TASGAONKAR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & MANAGEMENT, CHANDAI, KARJAT
EXPERIMENT NO 1 :-STUDY OF GATES
Aim: To study basic logic gates and derived logic gates on IC’s .
Apparatus: Digital IC trainer kit, connecting wires,

IC 7402, IC 7400, IC7408, IC 7404, IC7486, IC 7432, IC74266.
Theory: Gate is a logic circuit with one or more inputs but only one output. Gates are digital
(two state) circuit because the input & output are either low or high.Gates provide high
output for certain combinations of input & for other combinations the output is low.
Total number of combinations for a gate is 2n; Where n is number of input.
Classification: The two types of gate are:

1: Basic or Fundamental Gates: 2: Derived Gates:
• OR gate • NAND gate
• AND gate • NOR gate
• NOT gate • X-OR gate
• X-NOR gate
1) Basic Gates:
OR gate: The OR gate has two or more inputs but only 1 output. If any or all the inputs are
high, the output is high. If all the inputs are low, the output is low.
Y=A+B For number of inputs;

Where, Y is output A, B are inputs Y=A+B+C+D+…. +N.
Rules for OR operations are: 0+0=0

0+1=1 A
1+0=1 B Y=A+B
1+1=1
AND gate: The AND gate has two or more inputs but only one output. If any or all inputs are
high then output is also high
Y=A.B For number of inputs;

Where; Y is output A, B are inputs Y=A.B.C.D……N
Rules for AND operations are; 0.0=0

0.1=0 A
1.0=0 B Y=A.B
1.1=1
Information Technology Department Digital Logic Design And Applications 1

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NOT gate: The Not gate is a gate with only one input and one output. The output is always in
opposite state of an input. A NOT gate is also called as Inverter because it performs inversion.
Y= Not A. Where, Y is output and A is input; A Y=A
Rules for NOT operations are : 0 = 1 and

1=0
2) Derived Gates :
EX-OR gate : The EX-OR gate has two or more inputs but only one output. For odd no of ones
as a input output of EX-OR gate is high.
Y=A O B For number of inputs;

Where; Y is output A, B are inputs Y=A O B O C O D…… O N
Rules for EX-OR operations are; 0O0=0

0O1=1 A
1O0=1
1O1=0 B Y=AOB
NOR gate : The NOR gate has two or more inputs but only one output.If any of its input is
HIGH then it will give LOW output and only when all of its inputs are LOW the output is HIGH
Y=A+B For number of inputs;

Where, Y is output A, B are inputs Y=A+B+C+D+…. +N.
Rules for NOR operations are: 0+0=0

0+1=1 A
1+0=1 B Y=A+B
1+1=1
EX-NOR gate : The EX-NOR gate has two or more inputs but only one output. For even no of
ones or all zeroes the output of this gate is high.
Y=A O B For number of inputs;

Where; Y is output A, B are inputs Y=A O B O C O D…… O N
Rules for EX-OR operations are; 0O0=1

0O1=0 A
1O0=0
1O1=1 B Y=AOB

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NAND gate : The NAND gate has two or more inputs but only one output. When any of the
input is low the output will be high.
Y=A.B For number of inputs;

Where; Y is output A, B are inputs Y=A.B.C.D……N
Rules for NAND operations are; 0.0=1

0.1=1 A
1.0 =1 Y=A.B
1.1 =0 B
Pin Diagrams :
Conclusion :

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EXPERIMENT NO 2 :- 2’S COMPLEMENT SUBTRACTION
Aim : 2’s Complement subtraction using IC 7483.
Apparatus: Digital Trainer kit, connecting wires, IC 7483.
Theory: For subtraction of one binary number from another, we do so by adding 2’s
complement of the former to the latter number using a full adder circuit.IC 7483 is a 16
pin, 4-bit full adder. This IC has a provision to add the carry output to transfer and end
around carry output using Co and C4 respectively. Pin diagram is as shown in fig. 2’s
complement: 2’s complement of any binary no. can be obtained by adding 1 in 1’s
complement of that no.
e.g. 2’s complement of +(10)10 =10102 is as follows

1C of 1010  0101
+1
-(10)10  0110
In 2’s complement subtraction using IC 7483, we are representing negative number in 2’s
complement form and then adding it with 1st number. Circuit connection is as shown in fig.
Procedure:
1) Locate the IC 7483 and 4-not gates block on trainer kit.

2) Connect 1st input no. to A4-A1 input slot and 2nd (negative) no. to B4-B1 through 4-not
gates(1C of 2nd no.)
3) Connect high input to Co so that it will get added with 1C of 2nd no. to get 2C.
4) Connect 4-bit output to the output indicators.
5) Switch ON the power supply and monitor the output for various input combinations.
Example: 710 -210 = 510
7  0111 0111
2  0010 + 1110
1C of 2  1101 1 0101
+1
2C of 2  1110

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PIN Diagram:
Logic Diagram:
Conclusion :

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EXPERIMENT NO 3 :- 4-BIT MAGNITUDE COMPARATOR
Aim: To verify 4-bit magnitude comparator using IC 7485.
Theory: IC 7485 is a 4-bit comparator. It compares two 4-bit words. Three fullydecoded
decisions (A > B, A < B, and A = B) about two, 4-bit words (A, B) are made and
are
externally available at three outputs. These devices are fully expandable to any
number of bits without external gates. Words of greater length may be compared
by connecting comparators in cascade.The A > B, A < B, and A = B outputs of a
stage handling less-significant bits are connected to the corresponding inputs of
the next stage handling more significant bits.The stage handling the least-
significant bits must have a high-level voltage applied to the A = B input as shown
Procedure: 1) Make connection as shown in the circuit diagram.

2) Connect high logic to A=B IN output.
3) Apply 1st number to A4-A1 and 2nd number to B4-B1 input for
comparison.
4) Connect three OUT outputs to output indicators.
5) Apply different inputs and verify the output.
Pin Diagram:
Logic Diagram:
Comparison Table:
Comparing CASCADING INPUTS CASCADING OUTPUTS

inputs I(A<B) I(A=B) I(A>B) Y(A<B) Y(A=B) Y(A>B)
A<B X X X 1 0 0
0 0 0 1 0 1
0 0 1 0 0 1

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A=B 1 0 0 1 0 0
1 0 1 0 0 0
X 1 0 1 1 0
A>B X X X 0 0 1
Conclusion:
EXPERIMENT NO 4 : - MULTIPLEXER
Aim: To study Multiplexer using IC 74151.
Apparatus: Digital trainer kit, connecting wires, IC 74151.
Theory : Multiplexer is a digital switch. It allows digital information from several sources to
be routed onto a single output line. The basic multiplexer has several data-input
lines and a single output line. The selection of particular input line is controlled by
a set of selection lines. Normally, there are 2n input lines and n selection lines
whose bit combinations determine which input is selected. Therefore, multiplexer
is ‘many into one’ and it provides the digital equivalent of an analog selector switch.
The 74151 8-to-1 Multiplexer.

It is a 8 to 1 multiplexer. It has eight inputs. It provides two outputs one is active high and
other is active low. There are three sect inputs A, B, C which select one of the eight input. This
IC is provided with active low enable input.
In this following table for each input combinations output is not specified in 1s and 0s.
because, we know that, multiplexer is a data switch, it does not generate any data of its own, but
it simply passes external input data from the selected input to the output.
Truth table
Input Output
Select Enable
A B C EN Y Y
X X X 1 0 1

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0 0 0 0 D0 D0
0 0 1 0 D1 D1
0 1 0 0 D2 D2
0 1 1 0 D3 D3
1 0 0 0 D4 D4
1 0 1 0 D5 D5
1 1 0 0 D6 D6
1 1 1 0 D7 D7
Logic Diagram :
Pin Diagram :

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Conclusion :
EXPERIMENT NO 5 : - CODE CONVERTER
Aim: To study the code converter.
Theory : There is a wide variety of binary codes used in digital systems. Some of these codes are
binary-coded-decimal (BCD), Excess-3, gray, and so on. Many times it is required to convert one
code to another. That’s why we used code converter.
Here we study about Gray to Binary and Binary to Gray code converter.
The gray code is often used in digital systems because it has the advantage that only one bit in
the numerical representation changes between successive numbers.
Binary To Gray
Decimal Binary code Gray code

B3 B2 B1 B0 G3 G2 G1 G0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
2 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1
3 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0
4 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0
5 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
6 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1
7 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0
8 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0
9 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1

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10 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1
11 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0
12 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0
13 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1
14 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1
15 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0
Note: Draw k map for G0, G1, G2, G3 and write equations for each. And draw logic diagram for
binary to gray code converter.
Gray To Binary :
Gray code Binary code

G3 G2 G1 G0 B3 B2 B1 B0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1
0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0
0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1
0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0
0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0
0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1
1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0
1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0
1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1
1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0
1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1
1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0
Note: Draw k map for B0, B1, B2, B3 and write equations for each. And draw logic diagram for
gray TO binary code converter.
Conclusion :
Information Technology Department Digital Logic Design And Applications

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EXPERIMENT NO 6 : - FLIP-FLOPS
Aim: To study flip flops (J-K, D, and T flip flop) using IC 7476.
Apparatus: Digital trainer kit, connecting wires, IC 7476.
Theory: "Flip-flop" is the common name given to two-state devices which offer basic
memory for sequential logic operations. Flip-flops are heavily used for digital data
storage and transfer and are commonly used in banks called "registers" for the
storage of binary numerical data.
JK Flip Flop: JK-flip flop has two inputs, traditionally labeled J and K. IC 7476 is a dual JK
master slave flip flop with preset and clear inputs. If J and K are different then the
output Q takes the value of J at the next clock edge. If J and K are both low then no change
occurs. If J and K are both high at the clock edge then the output will toggle from one state to the
other. It can perform the functions of the set/reset flip-flop and has the advantage that there are
no ambiguous states.
D Flip Flop: D flip-flop tracks the input, making transitions with match those of the input D.
The D stands for "data"; this flip-flop stores the value that is on the data line. It can
be thought of as a basic memory cell. D flip-flop can be made from J-K flipflop by connecting
both inputs through a not gate as shown in fig.
T Flip Flop: T or "toggle" flip-flop changes its output on each clock edge, giving an output
which is half the frequency of the signal to the T input. It is useful for constructing
binary counters, frequency dividers, and general binary addition devices. It can be made from a
J-K flip-flop by tying both of its inputs high.

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Procedure: 1) Locate IC 7476 on Digital trainer kit

2) Apply various inputs to J & K pins by means of the output on logic
output indicator.
3) Connect a pulsar switch to the clock input.
4) Connect the J&K as D and T flip flop as shown in diagrams and verify
the respective Truth Tables.
Observations :
D Flip-flop Logic Diagram :(draw logic diagram for D, JK and T F/F)
D O/P
0 0
1 1
J-K Flip-flop
Q J K Qn+1 Q n+1
0 0 0 0 1
0 0 1 0 1
0 1 0 1 0
0 1 1 1 0
1 0 0 1 0
1 0 1 0 1
1 1 0 1 0
1 1 1 0 1
T Flip-flop
T O/P
0 Qn
1 Qn
Pin Diagram :

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Conclusion :
EXPERIMENT NO 7 :- MOD-100 COUNTER
Aim: To study MOD 100 counter using IC 7490 and IC 7493.
Apparatus: Digital trainer kit, connecting wires.
Theory: IC 7490: The 7490 integrated circuit counts the number of pulses arriving at its
input. The number of pulses counted (up to 9) appears in binary form on four pins
of the ic. When the tenth pulse arrives at the input, the binary output is reset to
zero (0000) and a single pulse appears at another output pin. So for ten pulses in
there is one pulse out of this pin. The 7490 therefore divides the frequency of the
input by ten. If this pulse is applied to the input of a second 7490 then this second
ic will count the pulses from the first ic. It will give one pulse out after 100 pulses
have been applied to the first ic. The 7490 can be connected to divide by other
values.
Decimal Binary
0 0000
1 0001
2 0010
3 0011
4 0100
5 0101
6 0110
7 0111

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8 1000
9 1001
IC 7493: These are ripple counters so beware that glitches may occur in any logic gate
systems connected to their outputs due to the slight delay before the later counter
outputs respond to a clock pulse. The count advances as the clock input becomes
low (on the falling-edge), this is indicated by the bar over the clock label. This is
the usual clock behavior of ripple counters and it means a counter output can
directly drive the clock input of the next counter in a chain.
The counter is in two sections: clockA-QA and clockB-QB-QC-QD. For normal use
connect QA to clockB to link the two sections, and connect the external clock signal to clockA.
For normal operation at least one reset0 input should be low, making both high
resets the counter to zero (0000, QA-QD low). Note that the 7490 has a pair of reset9 inputs on
pins 6 and 7, these reset the counter to nine (1001) so at least one of them must be low for
counting to occur.
Counting to less than the maximum (9 or 15) can be achieved by connecting

theappropriate output(s) to the two reset0 inputs. If only one reset input is required the two inputs
can be connected together. For example: to count 0 to 8 connect QA (1) and QD (8) to the reset
inputs.
MOD 100 counter : A Mod 100 counter can be created by cascading IC7490 and Ic 7493.
These IC’s can be individually act as MOD-10 counters. The clock pulse
is applied to a input of 7493, pin1 and 12 are shorted, output of Qb is
connected to pin2 and output of Qd is connected to pin 3. Iutput of IC
7493 is connected to a input of IC 7490. Preset and Reset pins of 7490
are connected to ground. The output of IC 7493 is treated as LSB. This
circuit counts pulses from 0 to 99.
Pin Diagram :
Logic Diagram: MOD-100 using IC 7490 and IC 7493

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Conclusion :
EXPERIMENT NO 8 :- STUDY BASIC LOGIC GATES USING VHDL.
Aim: To study Basic logic gates using VHDL on FPGA/CPLD.
Apparatus: VHDL s/w, FPGA/CPLD kit, connecting wires, etc.
Theory: VHDL is stands for ‘Very High Speed Integrated circuit Hardware Description
Language’. It is inherently parallel i.e. commands which responds to logic gate are
executed to parallel as soon as input arrives. Level of Representation and Abstraction:
The highest level of abstraction to the behavioral level that decribes the system in terms of its
components and interconnection between them. A behavioral description specifies the
relationship between the input and output. The structural level describes that are interconnected
to perform a desired task. A structural description can be compared to a schematic of
interconnected logic gates.
Entity declaration:The entity declaration defines the name of entity and lists the inputs and
outputs.
Entity NAME_OF_ENTITY is
Port(signal name : mode type;
___;
___;
___);
end ENTITY_NAME;

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The architecture body specifies how the circuit operates and how it is
implemented. The architecture body tools_
Architecture ARCHITECTURE_NAME of ENTITY_NAME

_Declaration
_Components Declaration
_Signal Declaration
_Constant Declaration
_Function Declaration
_Procedure Declaration
_Type Declaration
Behavioral Modeling: Sequential Statement:

a) Process: A process statement is the main construct in behavior modeling that allows to
describe the behavior of system over time. The system of process statement is :
[process label=]process[(sensitivity list)][is][process declaration]

begin
list of sequential statements such as :
Signal assignment
Variable assignment
Case statement
If statement
Loop statement
Next statement
:
:
end process[process label];
a process is declared within an architecture and is a concurrent statement. However the statement
inside a process is executes sequentially. A process reads and writes signals and values if the
interface port to indicate root of architecture.
****Basic Gates Using VHDL****
Library IEEE;
use IEEE.STD_LOGIC_1164.ALL;
use IEEE.STD_LOGIC_ARITH.ALL;
use IEEE.STD_LOGIC_UNSIGNED.ALL;
-- Uncomment the following lines to use the declaration that are provided for
-- instantiating Xilink Primitive components.
-- library UNISIM;
-- use UNISIM.VComponents.all;
entity logic_gates is

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Port(a: in std_logic;
b: in std_logic;
c: out std_logic;
d: out std_logic;
e: out std_logic);
end logic_gates;
architecture Behavioral of logic_gates is
begin
c<= not a;
d<= a and b;
e<= a or b;
end Behaviral;
Conclusion:
EXPERIMENT NO 9 :- 4:1 MUX USING VHDL.
Aim: Implementation of 4:1 MUX using VHDL and Simulation using ModelSim
Apparatus: VHDL s/w, ModelSim simulator, etc.
outputs.
___;
___;
___);
end ENTITY_NAME;

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_Declaration
_Signal Declaration
_Type Declaration


begin
Signal assignment
Variable assignment
Case statement
If statement
Loop statement
Next statement
:
:
interface port to indicate root of architecture.
Multiplexer: MUX or Multiplexer is a special type of combinational circuit that is one of

the most widely used standard circuit in digital design. The block diagram of
multiplexer consist of n-data inputs, one output and m select lines with 2m=n relation.
A multiplexer is a digital circuit which selects one of n data inputs. Selection
of data input is depends upon select inputs.
4:1 MUX : In 4:1 MUX no. of data inputs are n=4, no. of select lines are m=2 so that
2m=n and 1 output. A 4:1 multiplexer is shown in figure below, each of 4 input lines DI0 to DI3
is applied to one input of an AND gate. Selection lines S0 and S1 are decoded to select a
particular AND gate. The truth table for the 4:1 MUX is given in the table below.

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Logic:
1) For the implementation of 4:1 MUX using VHDL, according to the truth
table, we take four variables for data input, two variables for select line and one
variable for output. Assigned one of the data input to output depending upon the
combination of select lines.
Circuit Diagram: Truth Table:

S1 S0
o o
S1 S0 Y
D0 0 0 D0
0 1 D1
D1 1 0 D2
Y 1 1 D3
D2
D3
****4:1 Multiplexer Using VHDL****
Library IEEE;
-- library UNISIM;
entity mux is
Port(d: in std_logic_vector(3 downto 0)
s: in std_logic_vector(1 downto 0)
y: out std_logic);
end mux;
architecture Behavioral of mux is
begin
y<=d(0) when s=”00” else
d(1) when s=”01” else
d(2) when s=”10” else
d(3) when s=”11”;
end Behaviral;

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Conclusion :
EXPERIMENT NO 10 :- 4-BIT SYNCHRONOUS COUNTER
Aim: To implement 4-bit Synchronous counter using VHDL and simulate on

ModelSim.
Apparatus: VHDL s/w, ModelSim simulator, etc.
outputs.
___;
___;
___);

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end ENTITY_NAME;

_Declaration
_Signal Declaration
_Type Declaration


begin
Signal assignment
Variable assignment
Case statement
If statement
Loop statement
Next statement
:
:
interface port to indicate root of architecture
Synchronuos Counter: Digital circuit used for counting pulses is known as counter. It is a

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sequential circuit. It is a group of flip flops with a clock signal applied.

With some modifications it can be used to measuring frequency as time period.
4-bit Synchronous Counter: In synchronous counter clock pulse is applied to all flip flops
separately which drives each flip flop. In 4-bit synchronous
counter there are 4 flip flops which counts 0000 to 1111 on application of clock pulse. The
circuit diagram is as shown. This concept is used to design it using VHDL.
Logic: To implement the 4-bit synchronous counter using VHDL, we need one variable for
clock pulse which changes between 0 and 1 after specific time duration. Then 4 variable
for 4 bits and one variable to reset the counter.
****Synchronous Counter Using VHDL****
Library IEEE;
-- library UNISIM;
entity sync_4 is
Port(clk: in std_logic;
q: out std_logic_vector(3 downto 0)
clr: in std_logic;
ld: in std_logic;
enp: in std_logic;
ent: in std_logic;
tc: out std_logic);
end sync_4;
architecture Behavioral of sync_4 is
signal q_s: std_logic_vector(3 downto 0);
begin

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process(clk)
begin
if(clk’event and clk=’1’ and clr=’0’)
then q_s<=”0000”;
end if;
if(ent=’1’ and enp=’1’ and clk=’1’)then
q_s<=q_s+1;
end if;
if(q_s=”1111” and ent=’1’ and enp=’1’)
then tc<=’0’;
end if;
end process;
q<=q_s;
end Behaviral;
Conclusion :

23

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SES’S

YADAVRAO TASGAONKAR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & MANAGEMENT, CHANDAI, KARJAT

EXPERIMENT NO 1 :-STUDY OF GATES

Apparatus: Digital IC trainer kit, connecting wires,

Total number of combinations for a gate is 2n; Where n is number of input.

Classification: The two types of gate are:

Y=A+B For number of inputs;

Rules for OR operations are: 0+0=0

Y=A.B For number of inputs;

Rules for AND operations are; 0.0=0

Information Technology Department Digital Logic Design And Applications 1

Y= Not A. Where, Y is output and A is input; A Y=A

Rules for NOT operations are : 0 = 1 and

Y=A O B For number of inputs;

Rules for EX-OR operations are; 0O0=0

Y=A+B For number of inputs;

Rules for NOR operations are: 0+0=0

Y=A O B For number of inputs;

Rules for EX-OR operations are; 0O0=1

Information Technology Department Digital Logic Design And Applications 2

Y=A.B For number of inputs;

Rules for NAND operations are; 0.0=1

Information Technology Department Digital Logic Design And Applications 3

EXPERIMENT NO 2 :- 2’S COMPLEMENT SUBTRACTION

Aim : 2’s Complement subtraction using IC 7483.

Apparatus: Digital Trainer kit, connecting wires, IC 7483.

e.g. 2’s complement of +(10)10 =10102 is as follows

1) Locate the IC 7483 and 4-not gates block on trainer kit.

Example: 710 -210 = 510

Information Technology Department Digital Logic Design And Applications 4

Information Technology Department Digital Logic Design And Applications 5

EXPERIMENT NO 3 :- 4-BIT MAGNITUDE COMPARATOR

Aim: To verify 4-bit magnitude comparator using IC 7485.

Apparatus: Digital Trainer kit, connecting wires, IC 7485.

Procedure: 1) Make connection as shown in the circuit diagram.

Comparing CASCADING INPUTS CASCADING OUTPUTS

Information Technology Department Digital Logic Design And Applications 6

Aim: To study Multiplexer using IC 74151.

Apparatus: Digital trainer kit, connecting wires, IC 74151.

The 74151 8-to-1 Multiplexer.

Information Technology Department Digital Logic Design And Applications 7

Information Technology Department Digital Logic Design And Applications 8

EXPERIMENT NO 5 : - CODE CONVERTER

Aim: To study the code converter.

Apparatus: Digital Trainer kit, connecting wires, IC 7485.

Decimal Binary code Gray code

Information Technology Department Digital Logic Design And Applications 9

Gray code Binary code

Information Technology Department Digital Logic Design And Applications

Apparatus: Digital trainer kit, connecting wires, IC 7476.

Information Technology Department Digital Logic Design And Applications

Procedure: 1) Locate IC 7476 on Digital trainer kit

D Flip-flop Logic Diagram :(draw logic diagram for D, JK and T F/F)

Information Technology Department Digital Logic Design And Applications

EXPERIMENT NO 7 :- MOD-100 COUNTER

Aim: To study MOD 100 counter using IC 7490 and IC 7493.

Apparatus: Digital trainer kit, connecting wires.

Information Technology Department Digital Logic Design And Applications

Counting to less than the maximum (9 or 15) can be achieved by connecting

Logic Diagram: MOD-100 using IC 7490 and IC 7493

Information Technology Department Digital Logic Design And Applications

EXPERIMENT NO 8 :- STUDY BASIC LOGIC GATES USING VHDL.

Basic Gates Using VHDL

4:1 Multiplexer Using VHDL

Synchronous Counter Using VHDL