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Application of Internet

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Chapter 1: Internet
1.1 Introduction
The Internet has revolutionized the computer and communications world like nothing
before. The invention of the telegraph, telephone, radio, and computer set the stage for
this unprecedented integration of capabilities. The Internet is at once a world-wide
broadcasting capability, a mechanism for information dissemination, and a medium for
collaboration and interaction between individuals and their computers without regard for
geographic location.
The Internet represents one of the most successful examples of the benefits of sustained
investment and commitment to research and development of information infrastructure.
Beginning with the early research in packet switching, the government, industry and
academia have been partners in evolving and deploying this exciting new technology.
This is intended to be a brief, necessarily cursory and incomplete history. Much material
currently exists about the Internet, covering history, technology, and usage.
The Internet today is a widespread information infrastructure, the initial prototype of
what is often called the National (or Global ) Information Infrastructure. Its history
involves many aspects - technological, organizational, and community. And its
influence reaches not only to the technical fields of computer communications but
throughout society as we move toward increasing use of online tools to accomplish
electronic commerce, information acquisition, and community operations.
1.2 Origins of the Internet
The beginning of internet technology can be traced back to 1969,when the Advanced
Research Projects Agency, funded by the U.S Department of Defense,conducted research
on Networking. Their goal was to design a network that allowed computers on different
types of networks to communicate with each other.
During the 1960s and 1970s, many computer networking technologies were created, each
based on a particular hardware design. Some of these networks, called Local Area
networks (LANs), connect computers over short distances, using cables and hardware
installed on each computer. Other larger networks called, Wide Area Networks (WANs),
connect many computers over large distances, using transmission lines similar to those
used in telephone systems.
Although LANs and WANs made it much easier to share information within
organizations, the information stopped at the boundaries of each network. Each
networking technology moved information around in a different way, often based on the
design of its hardware. A particular LAN technology could only work with specific
computers, and most LAN and WAN technologies were incompatible with each other.
The internet was designed to interconnect the different types of networks and allow
information to move freely among users, regardless of the machines or networks they
used. It did this by adding special devices called routers, to connect LANs and WANs of
different types. The connected computers needed common protocol, a shared set of rules
describing how to transmit data. The new networking protocol was called TCP/IP.
Together, TCP/IP and System of connected computers formed the Internet.
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1.3 How Internet Works?


One of the greatest things about the Internet is that nobodyreallyowns it. It is a global
collection of networks, both big and small. These networks connect together in many
different ways to form the single entity that we know as the Internet. In fact, the very
name comes from this idea of interconnected networks.
Since its beginning in 1969, the Internet has grown from four host computer systems to
tens of millions. However, just because nobody owns the Internet, it doesn't mean it is not
monitored and maintained in different ways. TheInternetSociety, a non-profit group
established in 1992, oversees the formation of the policies and protocols that define how
we use and interact with the Internet.
1.3.1 AHierarchyofNetworks
Every computer that is connected to the Internet is part of a network, even theonein your
home. For example, you may use a modem and dial a local number to connect to an
Internet Service Provider (ISP). At work, you may be part of a Local Area Network
(LAN), but you most likely still connect to the Internet using an ISP that your company
has contracted with. When you connect to your ISP, you become part of their network.
The ISP may then connect to a larger network and become part of their network. The
Internet is simply a network of networks.
Most large communications companies have their own dedicated backbones connecting
various regions. In each region, the company has a Point of Presence (POP). The POP is
a place for local users to access the company's network, often through a local phone
number or dedicated line. The amazing thing here is that there is no overall controlling
network. Instead, there are several high-level networks connecting to each other through
Network Access Points or NAPs.

Fig. 1. Internet connection.


Note: When you connect to the Internet, your computer becomes part of a Network.

1.4 Servers and Clients


Every computer program that communicates on the internet is either a server or a client.
A Server….is a computer that provide service to other computers on a network.
Example: i.FileServer……it give service of storage and retrieval of files.
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A Client …. is a computer that requests service from a Server.

Fig. 2:Server providing service for Client..


1.5Services of the Internet
Some of the popular services on the internet are the following:
FTP (File Transfer Protocol)……..is an internet service that transfers files from one computer
to another.
ii. E-mail (Electronic Mail)………is the postal system of the internet.
Bulletin Boards (News Groups)…..is like an e-mail, but instead of writing
messages to individuals users participants in a news groups post their messages
to news server.
iv. World Wide Web (WWW)…….World Wide Web is the most popular and fastest
growing internet service. It uses hypertext links called hyperlinks to locate
and retrieve pages from World Wide Web Servers.
1.6: Internet Connections
The following are the different types of internet connections:
1.6.1 Dialup (Modem)
1.6.2 ISDN
1.6.3 T1 Line
1.64 T3 Line
1.6.1 Dialup Connection
The Internet — the huge network that connects millions of computers from around the world.
This topic is for those of you who have no access to the Internet yet. Here, you’ll learn all the
different options for getting online and the step-by-step procedures needed to create a dial-up
connection to the Internet from your own PC.
1.6.1.1 A Modem
To connect to the Internet, your computer will need a modem. A modem is a device that
connects yourcomputer to the a phone line, cable, or satellite.The word MoDem is drived from
two words i.e Modulator &Demodulator, that is amodemconverts a computer data into analog
signal, and at the receiving end another modem converts the analog signal back to computer
data.The speed of a modem is measured in kilobits per second(kbps).The most common speeds
are 14.4kbps,28.8kbps,33.6kbps & 57.6kbps.
Although there are hundreds of makes and models ofmodems to choose from, they break down
into two main categories:
Dial-up : Connects your computer to a standard telephone line. Many computers comewith this
type of modem already built in.
Broadband: High-speed cable and always on internet connection.Broadband capability refers to
high-speed access to data, video, and telephony through “fatter pipes that can handle the crush of
information and complex applications currently available.”
Most ISPs (Internet Service Provider) that offer broadband services, such as cable or DSL, will
provide a modem with the service,or give you a list of compatible modems to choose from. If you
won’t be going with such a service, but plan to use a “standard” dial-up connection instead,
you’ll need a dial-up modem.
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Note: There are three basic types of dial-up modems from which to choose:
Internal Modem
The modem is built in to the computer, only the plugs for connecting to a phone line (and
perhaps a telephone) are visible outside the computer.
External Modem:
The modem is outside the computer. You’ll need to connect one cable from the modem to the
computer, another from the modem to the phone line, and perhaps another to the telephone if you
use the same phone line for both voice calls and your Internet connection.
PC card (PCMCIA): Personal Computer Memory Card Industry Association
A small credit-card-sized modem that fits into the PCMCIA slot found on most Laptop
computers.
Note: i. If your computer came with a modem built in, the modem is probably ready to go.
You just need to connect the “Line” jack to your telephone line. Optionally, if you’ll be using
one phone line for both voice calls and your Internet connection, you’ll also need to connect the
“Phone” jack on the computer to your telephone.
ii.If your computer doesn’t have a modem built in, you need to purchase a modem
that’s compatible with Windows XP as well as with your Internet service provider. Virtually all
ISPs support 56K modems that support the V.90 standard, and there are literally hundreds of
those to choose from on the market.
Note : If you can get Internet access through some other computer, you might want to change
the Windows XP hardware compatibility list for modems that have been tested and certified to
run on Window XP.After you’ve purchased a modem, you need to install it as per the
manufacturer’s instructions.
1.6.1.2 Setting Up an Internet Account
Once your modem is hooked up and installed, you’re ready to set your account with an
ISP. There are thousands of ISPs to choose from. If you plan on setting up a dial-up account
with a traditional modem and phone line, it’s important to find an ISP that can provide a local
access numberthat you can dial for free. The local access number is the phone number your
modem will dial to connect to the Internet. You want to make sure that number is within the
area code and range of dialing prefixes for which there are no tolls whatsoever. Check your local
telephone directory for a list of dialing prefixes you can dial free. Then check out your
potential ISP’s list of local access numbers to ensure they have one that will be toll free for you.
1.6.1.3 Using the New Connection Wizard
The New Connection Wizard, which comes with Windows XP, is a handy program for setting up
your
Internetaccount. The wizard poses questions for you to answer and gives you blanks to fill in.
To start the New Connection Wizard, follow these steps:
Click Start buttonAllProgramsAccessoriesCommunicationsNew
ConnectionWizard.
From the first wizard screen, click the Next button.
Choose Connect To the Internet from the second wizard screen and then click the Next button.
The third wizard screen asks how you want to set up your account.
Choose whichever option best describes what you want to do.
For clarification, here’s what they mean:
Choose from a list of Internet service providers (ISPs):
Select this option only if you’ve never contacted an ISP or set up an account and you want to
purchase an account right now.
Set up my connection manually:
If you’ve set up an account with an ISP and have a user name and password (and perhaps some
other information from choose this option.See Fig.
Use the CD I got from an ISP:
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If you purchased an account already and your ISP has provided you with a CD, choose this
option.

Figure 3: Three ways on the New Connection Wizard


After making your choice, click the Next button and follow the instructions on the screen. If you
chose the first or third option, it’s all just a matter of doing what the wizard tells you to do.
Note: It’s important to pay attention to the following warning.
User names and passwords are usually case-sensitive.
Any time the New Connection Wizard asks you to type a user name or password, make sure you
type it using the exact upper/lowercase letters provided by your ISP.
If you chose the second option, Set up my connection manually, you’ll be presented with
questionsabout your account. Remember, you must enter the requested information exactlyas
provided by yourISP (ETC –Ethiopian Telecommunication Corporation).
Note: The slightest typographical error will prevent your account from working properly. The
first screen for setting up a connection manually, shown in Figure 3, asks how you want to
connect.Assuming you’re setting up a traditional dial-up account (or ISDN account), choose the
first option andclick the Next button. The next page asks for the ISP’s name,you can type
ETC.Click the Next button. You’ll then be prompted for a phone number as in Figure 4. This
will be the local access number provided by ISP, type 900 (optional) or exactly as specified by
your ISP, and follow any dialing rules of your area. Then, include the area code. As the wizard
suggests, you might want to dial the number with your telephone and listen for a modem sound,
to verify that you’ve dialed the number correctly. Click Next after typing in the local access
number.

Figure 4: Phone number wizard screen.Example:


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The next wizard screen, shown in Figure 5, asks for your user name and password. Type
exactlyas provided by your ISP (ETC).

Figure 5:The Internet Account Information Wizard screen


Options at the bottom of the screen are summarized here:
Use this account name and password when anyone connects:
Choose this option if you’ve set up multiple user accounts on this computer and want all users to
use
this account to access the Internet.
Make this the default Internet connection:
If this is your only account or is your “main” account for accessing the Internet, choose this
option.
Turn on the Internet Connection Firewall:
A firewall protects your computer from unauthorized users (hackers) trying to access your
computer through the Internet.
The last wizard screen tells you that you’ve completed all the necessary steps. To make it easy to
get tothe connection’s icon, you may want to select the Add a shortcut check box as in Figure 6.
Then click the Finish button.

Figure 6: Connection Wizard “successfully completed” Di.alog Box


1.6.1.4: Making the connection
If you have set up an “always on” broadband account or leasedline , you should be connected
to the Internet and ready to go at this point.
To test your connection,
Open Microsoft InternetExplorer .
If you set up a dial-up account, you might need to connect “manually.”
There are many ways to do that.
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If you want to add a shortcut icon to your desktop, you can just click (or double-click) that icon to
getstarted. If you didn’t set up a desktop shortcut, you’ll need to get to the connection’s icon
(sometimescalled a connectoid) in the Network Connections window.
To open that window, follow these steps:
Click the Start button.
Choose All ProgramsAccessoriesCommunicationsNetworkConnections.
Click (or double-click) the icon for your Internet account. For example, the MyISP icon in
Figure7is a dial-up connection for my Internet account.

Figure 7: Exampleof dial-up connectionto an ISP.


Note: If you want to create an easy shortcut to your connection, create a short cut onto the
desktop or Quick Launch toolbar.
1.6.1.5 Adding Network Connections to Start Menu
You can add a Network Connections option to your Start menu, so that you don’t have to go
through
All Programs Accessories to get there.
Right-click the Start button and choose Properties.
Click on the Customize button and
Click on the Advanced tab.
Under Show Menu Items, scroll down to the NetworkConnections option. You’ll have two
choices for displaying that option.
If you choose Display as Connect to Menu, the Start menu will gain an option titled Connect To.
Clicking that option will display a submenu of all available Internet connections. If you select
Link to Network connection Folder instead, your Start menu will gain a Network Connections
option. Clicking that option will take you to the full Network Connections window shown in
Figure 8.
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Figure 8: The Connect dialog box


The Connect dialog box appears (see Figure 8). If you filled out all the questions correctly in the
NewConnection Wizard, all the information you need to log on will already be filled in.
Otherwise, you’ll need to fill in the user name, password, and local access number provided by
your ISP. Then click the Dial button to make your connection.
Note:Broad Band and Leased Lines Connections.
If you already connected to the Internet OR you are using Internet Connection Sharing with an account of
large commercial online service such as MSN (Microsoft Network), you may be able to access the Internet
through your computer at work. If you’re in doubt, ask your networkadministrator, or whoever is in
charge of granting network access to workers in your organization.
Windows XP comes with a feature called InternetConnectionSharing, in which several computers that
are connected together in a network can share a single modem and Internetaccount. If you plan to use that
feature, you need set your Internet connection in only one computer in your network. It doesn’t really
matter which computer you use, so long as you use the computer to which you’ve attached your modem.
Other computers in the server based network won’t need their own modems. Once you get that Internet
connection working, you can set up your user accounts with the help of Network Administrator.

11.6.2 ISDN
ISDN…..Stands for Integrated Services Digital Network.ISDN lines are connections that use
ordinary phone lines to transmit digital instead of analog signal. Withdigital signals, data can be
transmitted at a much faster rate than with a traditional modem.
ISDN converts analog signal into digital bits. Because bits can be transmitted very quickly, we
can get much faster speed out of the same telephone line 4 times faster than a modem. In addition
ISDN connections are made up of two different channels, allowing two simultaneous
“conversations”, you therefore can speak on one channel & send a fax or connect to the internet
over the other channel.
ISDN is apowerful tool for internet communications, but it is not available
everywhere.Traditionally, it has been used in urban business zones and large corporate settings
with special digital switching equipment,but residential ISDN service is expanding rapidly.An
ISDN line can offer inexpensive, high band width connections, but you may have to buy special
hardware that will allow ISDN to communicate with home or office PC.
1.6.3 T1 Line
T1 Line is a high-speed digital connection capable of transmitting data at a rate of approximately
1.5 million bits per second. AT1 line is typically used by small and medium sized companies with
a heavy network traffic.
This line large enough to send and receive large text files,graphics,sounds and databases
instantaneously,and it works at the fastest speed commonly used to connect networks to the
internet.Sometimes referred to as leased line, a T1 line is basically too large and too expensive
for individual home use.
1.6.4 T3 Line
A T3 Line is a super high-speed digital connection capable of transmitting data at a rate of 45
million bits per second. This connection represents a band width equal to about 672 regular voice-
grade telephone lines.A T3 Line is wide enough to transmit full-motion,real-time video and very
large databases over a busy network.
A T3 Line is typically installed as a major networking artery for large corporations and
universities with high volume network traffic.The backbones of the major Internet Service
Providers, for example, are made up of T3 Lines.
1.7 Review Questions
Define internet.
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What is a server computer.What is a client computer?


Discuss the different services of an internet.
What are the different types of internet connections?
What is the difference between Dailup & Broadband internet connections?
What is a modem? Discuss about internal modem & external modem.
Who owns the internet?
How much is data transmitting rates of T1 line&T3 line connections?
Chapter 2: Browsing the World Wide Web
WorldWideWeb is an application that utilizes the internet to transport
hypertext/Multimedia documents.Synonyms are WWW,W3 and W3 .
In 1980 at CERN (European Laboratory for Particle Physics) Tim Berners-Lee
envisioned the development of a worldwide computer interconnection that would provide
access to all sorts of information and files for physics community.In 1989,after years of
toying around with his vision of a more interactive world,he submitted a proposal that
was to be the beginning of the World Wide Web.
Soon people realized that the application of this “interconnected community” could reach
far beyond those involved with physics.After the phrase “WorldWideWeb” was
born,organizations began excitedly to assemble the hardware and know-how to develop
this expansive network.
These first World Wide Web computers were created at CERN.The visible success and
ease of creating and employing these types of computers facilitated the resulting
explosion of the World Wide Web and its utilization.
TheWeb provides an easy point-and-click interface to a vast amount of information,
freesoftware, News,Sports,technicalsupport, and just plain fun.
2.1 Web Browsers & Web Servers
Since the World Wide Web is an internet service, it is based on Clients and Servers.A World
Wide Web Client is calledWeb Browser or simply browser,and World Wide Web server is
called Web Server or simply Server.Both Web Browser & Web Server use a set of
communication rules called http (hyper text transfer protocol).
Examples of Web Browsers are:-
Netscape Navigator
Internet Explorer
Note:Web Browserrequests a Pagefrom a server based on its Internet Address.
It retrieves the document from the server & displays the contents.
2.2 World Wide Web Terminology
The most important parts of the World Wide Web are the elements, such as Servers,
Pages, hot links andmore.
The following are some related terms we use in WWW.
Web Site
It is a collection of World Wide Web documents, usually consisting of a home page and
several related pages. You might think of a web site as an interactive electronic book.
Home Page
Frequently, the “cover” of a particular web site. The home page is the main, or first, page
displayed for an organization’s or person’s world wide web site.
Hyperlinks
A hyperlink is a pointer from a World Wide Web page to another file on the World
Wide Web.The destination of of the hyperlink is most often another World Wide
Page,but it can also be a multimedia file or even a program
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HTML
Is Hyper Text Markup Language .HTML is a coding language for the world wide web
that informs browsers how to display a document’s text, links, graphics, and other media.
This language forms the foundation for all web pages.
Pages
A file that can be read over the world wide web is web page or page. The basic document
of WWW is a page.Pages are written in an evolving language called html.
Web Pages
The global collections of documents associated with and accessible via the WWW are
known as WebPages.
Hypermedia
A web document that contains ant combination of audio, graphics, movies, or video as
well as links, and navigation tools.
URLs
Is a Uniform Resource Locator.It gives the location of a file on WWW and also
identifies the internet service,such as FTP or WWW that handle the file.
Example of URL;
http://www.microsoft.com/products/yourproduct.htm/#information

Protocol Network Location Path File Name Book Mark


ix. FTP
Is a File Transfer Protocol .It indicates that the file is on an FTP server.
An example of FTP URL is ftp://ftp.microsoft.com/file.doc
2.3 Getting on the Web
Getting on to the World Wide Web is easy. The exact way you go about it, however,
depends on yourInternet connection and your Internet service provider (ISP). If you work
for a company that provides apermanent connection to the Internet, for example, you may
have to log on to your company’s networkand then start your Web browser.
As a general rule, however, you probably can get right on to the World Wide Web by
opening MicrosoftInternet Explorer. You can do this in three different ways.
Open the InternetExplorer icon on your desktop.
Click the LaunchInternetExplorer Browser icon in the Quick Launch toolbar.
Choose StartInternetExplorer.
If an Internet Connection Wizard dialog box appears, read it carefully and follow its
instructions to set upyour Internet connection. Most browsers, including Internet
Explorer, automatically prompt you to connect to the Internet if you’renot connected
already. This means you can start your browser without bothering to connect first. If
youare prompted to connect, just click the Connect button that appears.Your Web
browser will start and connect to its default home page. That page will fill the large
documentarea within Internet Explorer, as in the example shown in Figure 9. The default
home page is likely to bewww.msn.com, the home page for the Microsoft Network.
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Figure 9: Internet Explorer, showing the home page


2.4Visiting a Web Site
Every Web site has its own unique address, or Uniform Resource Locator (URL). Most
start withhttp://www (for Hypertext Transfer Protocol, World Wide Web). Most also
end with a three-letterextension that tells you a bit about who owns the site.
For example,
Commercial sites end in .com,
Educational institutions end in .edu,
Government sites end in .gov
Non-profit organizations end in.org.
To visit a Web site, point your Web browser to that site by entering the site’s URL into
the Address textbox of your Web browser. Here are the steps:
Click the URL currently in the Address bar (http://www.msn.com in this example).
Thecurrent URL will be selected (highlighted).
Note:If you don’t see the Address bar,
ChooseViewToolbarsAddressBar from theInternet Explorer menu bar. If no text box
appears next to the Address bar toolbar, double-click the vertical bar to the left of the word
Address and the text box will appear.
Replace the address currently shown with the address to which you want to go.
You can typeover the highlighted address or use standard text-editing techniques to change the
currentURL to the URL you want.
Press Enter.
Wait for the page to appear.
Note:While you’re waiting, the icon near the upper-right corner will spin to let you know the
browser isworking. The status bar at the bottom of the screen will present messages to inform you
of thebrowser’s progress. When the Done message appears in the left side of the status bar, the
entire pagehas been downloaded to your PC.
Figure 10shows the Web site that is downloaded.
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Figure 10: Downloaded Website


2.5Using Navigation Tools
The Standard Buttons toolbar across the top of the Internet Explorer window provides
some additional,simple navigation buttons. You also can navigate by using shortcutkeys
or menu options, if you prefer.
If the Standard Buttons toolbar isn’t visible, choose
ViewToolbarsStandardButtons from theInternet Explorer menu bar.
If you don’t see text descriptions on each button and you want to, choose
ViewToolbarsCustomize and select Showtextlabels in theText options list box to
turn them on. Click Close to close the Customize Toolbar dialog box.

Fig 11:Yahoo Web Site


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BackForewardStopRefreshHomeSearchFavoritesHistoryMail
Note:The following are navigation buttons, shortcuts, and menu options:
Back:
Returns to the previous page you visited during this browsing session, if any
(sameas pressing Alt+left arrow, backspace, or choosing ViewGoToBackfrom the menubar).
Forward:
Goes to the page from which you just backed up during this browsing session, ifany (same as pressing
Alt+right arrow or choosing ViewGoToForward from themenu bar).
Stop: Ends the download (useful if you find that a download is taking too long). This freesthe
browser, enabling you to visit elsewhere (same as pressing Esc or choosingView→Stop from the
menu bar).
Refresh: Ensures you are viewing the absolute latest version of the current page (same aspressing
F5 or choosing ViewRefresh from the menu bar).
Home: Returns to your default home page (same as choosing ViewGo ToHomePage from
the menu bar).
Media Bar: Displays the Media bar in the left pane of the screen (same as choosing
ViewExplorerBarMedia).
This frame includes a pane you can use to search the Web formultimedia (that is, music and
videos) and includes controls for playing media files.
Search: Displays a Search Explorer bar in the left frame of the screen (same as
choosingViewExplorerBarSearch or pressingCtrl+E).
Favorites: Displays the Favorites Explorer bar in the left frame of the screen (same aschoosing
ViewExplorerBarFavorites from the menu bar or pressing Ctrl+H).
History: Displays the History Explorer bar in the left frame of the screen.
(same aschoosing ViewExplorerBarHistory from the menu bar or pressing Ctrl+H).
Note:
Choosing ViewGo To from the menu bar also displays a brief list of recently
visited Web pages. Click any pagelisted on the menu to revisit. The small arrows
attached to the Back and Forward buttons in the Standard toolbar also provide lists
of recently visited pages.
Mail: Takes you to Internet e-mail, as discussed in Chapter 3.
Print: As mentioned, prints the Web page you’re viewing (same as choosing FilePrintfrom the
menu bar or pressing Ctrl+P).
Tip of the Day: Choosing ViewExplorerBarTip of the Day
displays a daily “tip” in abar along the bottom of the window.
2.6Searching from a Web page
You can search the Internet from the Web site for a specific search engine if you want.
For example,you can go straight to the Yahoo! Web site by entering www.yahoo.com
into the Address box. Or, visitthe Lycos search engine at www.lycos.com. Other popular
search engines can be found atwww.excite.com (Excite) and www.infoseek.com
(Infoseek).
2.6.1 What’s a Search Engine?
A search engineis a special type of Web site that helps you find resources on the
Internet, includingWebpages, newsgroups, and more. When you start a search, the
engine looks through an existingdatabase of Web pages, not the Internet itself. This is
good, because it would take an extremely longtime to actually visit all the millions of
pages on the World Wide Web.
Note:Web sites come and go, so some ofthe links that appear might lead to Web sites that no longer exist
leaving you with “Page notfound error”. If that happens, just click the Back button to try another page on
the list.
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Some of the common search engines available on the internet are listed in the following table.
Site Address
Yahoo http://WWW.Yahoo.com/
Google http://WWW.Google.com/
Infoseek http://WWW.infoseek.com/
Alta Vista http://WWW.alatavista.digital.com/
Magellan http://WWW.mckinley.com/
Lycos http://WWW.lycos.com/
Open Text http://WWW.Opentext.com/
WebCrawler http://WWW.Webcrawler.com/
Table 1
2.7 Searching Options & Framing a Search.
Every search engine we use follows the same basic steps.These steps are :-
i. Point to the browser to the search sitefind the field to enterthen, click the search
button.OR,
ii. Browsethrough a directory by Category.We can browse directories on topicssuch as
Art,Science,Business,Sports,BBC News etc.
The search terms we use usually determine our success.The words & operators we use to help us
in our search can greatly improve or reduce the effectiveness of our search. Most search engines
can make use of of Boolean Operators, which are designed to put conditions on a search.
Some of the common operators and techniques are listed below:-
“And”or “+”
These operators are used to produce a hit based on both terms entered as search criteria.
Example:-To search for “Computer Science And Engineering”, we can enter Computer +
Science + Engineering and click Search button.
“OR”
This operator accepts a hit from either term entered as search criteria.
Example:-To search for “Science” and “Technology”, we can enter Science or
Technology and click Search button.
“And Not”…………opposite of “And”
This operator enables us to exclude a term specifically.
Example:-If we enter “Science And Not Technology”, as search criteria,
onlydocuments containing the word “Science” not followed by “Technology” would be
produced as hits.
Case
Many search engines are case sensitive.
Example:To search for Qeen Victoria, it is better if we capitalize for the initialletters.
Real Language
Many search engines now can interpret real language searches. When we misspelled a
search criteria, the search engines automatically correct it and prompts to confirm us .
Note: Search results produced by search engines are called Hits.
2.8 Using hyperlinks
One of the best features of the Web is its use of hyperlinks — hot spots on the screen —
which, when clicked, take you to images, videos, audioclips, or other Webpages. Most
hyperlinks appear as underlined text; but any text, or even part of a picture, can be a
hyperlink. When the mouse pointer is touching a hyperlink, it changes to the little
pointing hand. A ToolTip showing a description of the hyperlink or the address to which
the hyperlink will take you also may appear near the mouse pointer.
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The status bar typically will show the hyperlink’s address. To follow the link to its
destination, click the left mouse button and wait for the new page to appear on your
screen.
While you tour the Web, Internet Explorer may occasionally display Security Alert dialog boxes.
These alert you to the possible security risks of carrying out an action. The message is really more
a provision than a warning of an actual threat.
2.9 Printing a Web page
You can easily print a copy of whatever Web page you’re viewing at the moment by
clicking the Print button on the Internet Explorer toolbar. To print,
Choose FilePrint from the Internet Explorer menu bar, or
Click the Printbutton on the toolbar.
If the page you’re viewing is divided into separate frames,
Right-click within the frame you want to print and
Choose Print from the menu that appears.
2.10 Creating a Favorites list
As you follow links and explore the Web, you’re sure to find sites you’ll want to revisit.
You can make the return trip easier by adding the site to your Favorites while you’re
there. To add a site to your Favorites list, follow these steps:
While viewing the page you want to add, choose Favorites
AddtoFavorites from the Internet Explorer menu bar.
The AddFavorite dialog box displays, as shown in Figure 12.

Figure 12: The Add Favorite dialog box


Type in a name for this favorite item or accept the suggestedname.
Click the OK button.
Note: As a shortcut, you can go to the page you want to add to Favorites and then press Ctrl+D.
InternetExplorer adds the page to your Favorites list without displaying the Add Favorite dialog
box.

2.11 Revisiting a Favorite page


When you want to revisit this site, you needn’t type its address. Instead, follow these
steps:
Click the Favorites menu in the Internet Explorer menu bar.
If your favoritepage is stored in a subcategory (or folder) on the Favorites menu,
pointto or click that folder.
Click the name of the site you want to revisit.
2.12 Choosing Your Own Home Page
You’re not restricted with using the Internet Explorer default home page. In fact, you can
specify any starting page you want, use the page you’re currently viewing, or start with a
blank one.
To do this,
Choose ToolsInternetOptions from the Internet Explorer menu bar.
Click the General tab.
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Next, fill in the Address text box in the Home Page area with the address of your favorite
starting Web page or
Click the Use Currentbutton to select the current page you’re browsing as your home
page.
Click the UseDefaultbutton to revert to Microsoft’s site as the home page.
Alternatively, click the UseBlank button to save a few seconds when you fire up Internet
Explorer.
If you do this, Explorer won’t go looking for your home page.
Finally, click OK to save your changes.

2.13Browsing without Internet Explorer


Practically everything in Windows XP is capable of connecting you to the Internet,
whether you’ve firedup Internet Explorer or another browser first.
Example:
Open WindowsExplorer,
On the Addresstoolbaron the taskbar,
Type a URL into the Address text box.(i.e typehttp://www.yahoo.com/)
Press Enter, just as youdo in Internet Explorer.
Note:Instantly the window will have all the basic features of Internet Explorer, and you
can surf the Net as usual.If you don’t see an Address bar in Windows Explorer,
choose ViewToolbarsAddressBar from itsmenu bar.

Figure 13: The Address bar visible in Windows Explorer.

2.14Adding Internet Links to the Desktop


Windows XP offers plenty of ways to integrate the Internet with your desktop. To begin,
go to the Web page you want toadd to your desktop or go to a Web page containing a
hyperlink you want to add. Now, do any of thefollowing steps to add a hyperlink to your
desktop:
To add a link to the current page,
Choose FileSendShortcut to Desktop from the InternetExplorer menus.
To drag-and-drop a link to the current page, be sure you can see the desktop.
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Then drag the little icon shown next to the URLin the Address box to your desktop and
release the mouse button (see Figure 14).

Figure 14: Desktop Hyperlink


To drag-and-drop a link that’s somewhere on the current Web page, point to the link so
that themouse pointer changes to a pointing hand. Then drag the link to your desktop and
release themouse button (see Figure 15).

Figure 15: Desktop Hyperlinkto another Hyperlink .


A shortcut to the Internet hyperlink will appear on your desktop. Now you can open it as
you would openany shortcut on your desktop (for example, by double-clicking or
clicking it), and the Web page youlinked to will open in your browser.
Of course, what goes on the desktop can easily be swept off it. If you no longer want the
desktopshortcut, just drag it to the Recycle Bin.
2.15Downloading from the Web
Downloadingmeans to copy a file from the Internet to your own PC. Plenty of things
exist on the Web foryou to download — mostly in the form of freeprograms, updates to
existing programs, and sharewareprograms. Downloading from the Web is remarkably
easy, almost effortless.
Typically, you’ll find a link to the program or file you want to download, as in the
example shown inFigure 16. The links shown are available at
www.microsoft.com/downloads.
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Figure 16: Available Links on many web sites..


To perform the download when a link exists, follow these steps:
Click the link that offers to download the file.
If necessary, read any instructions thatappear, and keep on clickinglinks as needed until
you see a dialog box like the one shownin Figure 17.

Figure 17: Down loaded File dialog box..


Choose Save this file to disk and then click the OK button.
The SaveAs dialog boxappears, as shown in Figure 18.

Figure 18: Save As dialog box.


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In the SaveAs dialog box, choose the diskdrive and folder in which you want to store
thefile you’re downloading.
Give the file name.
Click the Save button.
The download will begin and you’ll see a progress meter. You can do other work while
waiting for thedownload to complete; but if you interact with the Internet a lot, you’ll
slow down the download. If youcan find something to do locally (on your own PC rather
than on the Internet), you won’t compete withthe download. Of course, if the file you’re
downloading is a large one, going out to lunch isn’t a bad idea!
2.16Downloading when no link exists
In some cases, you might see a picture in a Web page, or some other item that offers no
real downloadoption. Chances are, you can download a copy of that item right to your
own PC by following thesesteps:
Right-click the link or the item you want to download to your own PC.
From the pop-up menu that appears, choose SaveTargetAs or SavePictureAs
Choose the diskdrive and folder in which you want to Save & give the file name.
Click the Save button to begin the download.
2.17Saving a Web page
You can save an entire Web page, which is handy if you want to design a page similar to
an existingpage on the Web.
To save the page,
Choose FileSaveAs from the Internet Explorer menus.
Fromthe SaveasType drop-down list, choose one of the following options:
i. Web Page, complete (*.htm,*.html):
Saves the Web page and any graphics that go alongwith it. But graphics and text are stored in
separate files.
ii. Web Archive, single file (*.mht):
Saves the Web page and its graphic images in a singlefile with the .mht extension.
iii. Web Page, HTML only (*.htm,*.html):
Saves only the text and HTML (formatting) codes,but no graphics.
iv.Text File (*.txt):
Saves only the text with no graphics or HTML formatting.
Then enter a name for the page, and click the Save button.
2.18Copying off the Web
It isn’t really necessary to download an entire page of the Web if you’re just looking to
copy some textinto a word processing program, or a picture into a graphics program. A
simple cut-and-paste procedurewill do the trick there.
To copy text, for example,
Open any text editor such as (WordPad,MSWord) program,
Click Back in Internet Explorer,
Select the text you want to copy by dragging the mouse pointer through it.
Press Ctrl+C or choose EditCopy from the Internet Explorer menu .
Position the cursor in MS Word or WordPad document, and
Press Ctrl+V or choose EditPaste from that program’s menu bar.

Note:To copypictures;
Open a graphics program, such as Paint or some other, more completeprogram such as
PaintShopPro or PhotoShop and do the same as the above steps.
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2.19 Pictures, Sounds, and Movies


If a Web page displays a large photo or picture, the picture will be resized to fit within
the current Explorer window size. If you rest the mouse pointer on the picture for a few
seconds, you’ll see a button with arrows at all four corners. Clicking that button will
switch the picture between full size and the smaller size needed to fit within your browser
window. You’ll also see a small menu bar that enables you to save the picture to your
own computer, print it, or e-mail it to someone.
When you click a link to a video or audio file, you’ll be given the option to play the file
in Internet Explorer. If you choose Yes, the Media Explorer bar will open, and you can
continue browsing while the file is being downloaded. However, you won’t be able to
save a copy of the file to your own PC. If you choose No, the file will (usually) open in
Windows Media Player, where you can save a copy to your own computer.
For more information on using multimedia files in Internet Explorer,
Choose HelpContents and Index from the Internet Explorer menu bar.
Click the Search tab, type media options, and then
Click ListTopics. You also can find many settings for customizing how multimedia files are
played by :
Choosing ToolsInternetOptions from the Internet Explorer menu bar.
On the Advanced tab, scroll down to the Multimedia category to view your options.
Note:For more information about an option, click the ? button in theupper-right corner of the
Internet Options dialog box, and then click the option for which you need help.

The AutoComplete feature is entirely optional. To turn it on or off,


Choose ToolsInternetOptions from the Internet Explorer menu bar.
Click the Advanced tab.
Under the Browsingcategory in the list that appears,
Click the checkbox next to UseInlineAutoComplete to turn this feature on (checked) or off (no
check mark).

2.20 Review Exercices


What is World Wide Web ?
What is a web server? What is a web browser?
Discuss the following WWW terminologies.
Website
Home Page
HTML
Hyperlinks
URL
FTP
Give at least 4 examples of websites.
Write the steps to visit a web site.
Discuss the functions of the different navigation tools.
What is a search engine? Give at least 3 examples of search engines.
Discuss the different Boolean operators used to put conditions to search in a search
engine.
Write the steps to add sites to your favorites list.
Write the steps how to browse without opening internet explorer.
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Write the steps how to download from the web.


Write the steps how to save a web page.
Write the steps how to copy text or picture from the web.

Chapter 3: Internet E-Mail


Perhaps the diligent feature of the Internet is electronic mail, e-mail for short. Unlike
regular slowlymail, which takes days to reach its destination, e-mail usually takes only a
few seconds, no matter how far the message has to travel. And unlike phone calls, which
require that you stop what you’re doing to talk and aren’t easily recorded, you can attend
to your e-mail messages when convenient. And you can also file them away for future
reference, so you have a record of your communications.
3.1 E-Mail Addresses
In the e-mail world, every person has a unique address. E-mail address is an address that
identifies a specific user’s electronic mailbox. Every e-mail address has three necessary
elements.These are:-
User ID
Every person with an e-mail address has a user identification of some sort.
“@”
The “at” sign connects the user ID with the third element.
Domain
The domain name is an “English Version” of an IP address. Domain Name Servers
translate domain names into IP addresses for fast access on the internet. Every e-mail
address has one Domain.
Example of e-mail address:-oroict@yahoo.com

User ID “at” Domain

3.2 Anatomy of E-Mail Message


Every e-mail message contains two basic parts. These are:
The Header
TheBody.

The Header
We write any typical letter on paper, put it in an envelope and mail it to someone. The e-
mail message header is like digital envelope andthe body isthesameas electronic letter.
The following are the different messageheaders we need to be concerned about when
sending an e-mail .
i. To:
is a field that contains the e-mail address of the person to whom you are sending e-mail.
Example: oroict@yahoo.com
ii. From:
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is a field that includesyour e-mail address.You don’t have to worry about this field
because most e-mail clients automatically fills it for you.
iii. Subject:
This field should contain a very short (20-30) characters description of what your
message is about. Example: Sending Annual Report
iv. CC:
CC….Stands for Carbon Copy.
is a field that contains the e-mail addressesof additional recipients.It is Used to send a
copy of the message to different recipients.
v. BCC:
BCC….stands for Blind Carbon Copy.
is a field that gives you a way of copying an e-mail message to another person without
the first person you send the message knowing about it.

vi. Attachments:
Enables us to attach entire documents or a file to e-mail messages.

The Body
The body of an e-mail message is simply the text that we want the person on other end to
see when he or she receives our message.

3.3 CreatingE-mail Account


To register for e-mail account on Yahoo domain, follow the following steps:
Double click “InternetExplorer” on the desktop.
Open WWW.Yahoo.Com web site or “mail.yahoo.com” web site.

Figure 19: Yahoo Domain to register for e-mail.


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Clik on “mail” or “mymail”


If you don’t have Yahoo ID before, click on “SignUp”
Fill your personal information in the following “YahooRegistration” given as an
example.

Create Your Yahoo! ID

* First name: Chaltu

* Last name: Regassa

Yahoo! U.S.
Please select the local Yahoo! site from this

list that best meets your content needs. Note: If you change this setting, you
* Preferred content:
may receive a country-specific Yahoo! email address instead of one that ends

in @yahoo.com.

* Gender: Female

* Yahoo! ID: chaltu_regassa


@yahoo.com
ID may consist of a-z, 0-9, underscores, and a single dot (.)

* Password:
Six characters or more; capitalization matters!

* Re-type password:

If You Forget Your Password...

* Security question: What w as the name of your first school?

* Your answer: Biftu

Four characters or more. Make sure your answer is memorable for you but hard for
others to guess!
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January 1 1980
, Please provide an accurate birthdate for

your own protection. We ask your birthdate to verify your account if you
* Birthday:
ever forget your Yahoo! ID or password. (Yahoo! will never request your

password or ID in an unsolicited email or phone call.)

* ZIP/Postal code: 8748

tklu_itana@yahoo.co.uk
We use your alternate email address to
Alternate Email: send information about your account (including new password requests)

and important news about your Yahoo! services.

Customizing Yahoo!

Industry: Computers/Electronics

Title: Database Administrator

Specialization: Computer: Netw orking

CU37ieVZFel8i2f

Verify Your Registration

* Enter the code pAV277


shown:
This helps Yahoo! prevent automated registrations.
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Terms of Service
Please review the following terms and indicate your agreement below. Printable
Version

1. ACCEPTANCE OF TERMS
Yahoo! Inc. ("Yahoo!") w elcomes you. Yahoo!
provides its service to you subject to the follow ing
Terms of Service ("TOS"), w hich may be updated
by us from time to time w ithout notice to you. You
can review the most current version of the TOS at
By clicking "I Agree" you agree and consent to (a) the
Yahoo! Terms of Service and Privacy Policy, and (b)
receive required notices from Yahoo! electronically.

Bottom
I Agree
of
Form

6.After completing the registration form,click on “IAgree”

7. If there are errors,correct the errors & click on “Submit” button.

8.If you successfully complete the form,the following form appears.

Yahoo! - Help

Registration Completed: Welcome chaltu_regassa!


Top of Form
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A confirmation message has been sent to the Email Your Yahoo! ID:
Address you provided. Please read the email and chaltu_regassa
follow the instructions to fully activate your
account. Your Yahoo! Mail Address:
chaltu_regassa@yahoo.com
We also recommend that you print out this page
for future reference.

If you forget your password you will be Security Question: Date of Birth:
asked for the following information. What was the name of your January 01,
first school? 1980

ZIP/Postal
Your Answer:
Code:
Biftu 4050

9. Close “InternetExplorer”
10. Open “InternetExplorer” again.
11. Open WWW.Yahoo.Com web site or “mail.yahoo.com” web site
12. Clik on “mail” or “mymail”.
13. Give your “AccountID” & “password”.
14. Click on “Sign In”,then you will get a message from Yahoo domain.
3.4 . Sending an E-mail Message
To send an e-mail message to some one who as an e-mail address,follow the following
steps:
After you “Sign in”,Click on “Compose” tab.
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Figure 20: Yahoo Domain to send e-mail.

Type your message.


Write the Address on the address bars
To:_______________________(e-mailaddress of the recipient).
CC:_______________________( e-mail address of the 2ndrecipient),(Carbon Copy)
BCC:______________________ (e-mailaddress of the 3rdrecipient),(Blind Carbon Copy)
Subject:_______________________ Subject of the Message.
Click on “Send” tab.

3.5 . Checking/Reading an E_mail Message


To check or read an e-mail message sent from any one, follow the following steps:
Open “InternetExplorer” on the desktop.
Open WWW.Yahoo.Com web site or “mail.yahoo.com” web site.
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Figure 21: Yahoo Domain to Read e-mail.

Give your Yahoo ID: someone


Password: xxxxxxxxx
After you “Sign in”,Click on “InBoX” folder.
Double click on the message you want to read.

Figure 22: e-mail messages on Yahoo Domain to be Read.


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The message will be displayed.

Replying to E-mail Message

After “Sign in”,Click on “InBox” tab.


Double click on the message you want to read.
After you read the message you can Reply.
Click on Reply button.
Type your messageor Reply.
Click Send button.

3.7. Attaching a file to E-mail Message


After “Sign in”,Click on “Compose” tab.
Type your message.
Write the Address on the address bars
To:_______________________e-mail address of the recipient.

Figure 23: Attaching a file on Yahoo Domain.

Click on “AttachFiles” tab.


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Click on “Browse” to locate the destination of the “File”


Click on “AttachFiles” again.
When the file is attached, click on “Send” tab.

3.8. Receiving an Attached File to E-mail Message


After “Sign in”, Click on “In Box” tab.
When the messages appear, make sure that there is an attached file .
Note: An attached files have symbols like “”.
Click on the “attached” file.
Click on “DownLoad” the attached file.
After the system scan complete, click on “Down load” again.
Click on “Save” option on the dialog box.
Locate the drive or folder you want to save in.

3.9 Forewarding an E-mail Message to a Friend


After “Signin”, Click on “In Box” tab.
After you read the messages, click on “Foreword” tab if you want to send the message
to your friend.
Write the Address of your friend on the address bar.
To:_______________________e-mail address of the recipient.
Click on “ Send” tab.

3.10 Registering for a Free Hotmail E-mail Account


To register for hotmail, follow the following steps.

Double click, ,the Internet ExplorerIcon onthe Desktop .


OR
Click ‘Start’ ‘Programs’‘InternetExplorer’
Click in the AddressBaror on ‘File’ ‘Open’ and type in www.hotmail.com.
Press the Enter Key to connect to the HotmailRegistration page.
This is how your screen should look now:
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Figure 24: MSN Domain.


Click Sign Up to begin registration for your free Email Account .

The following screen appears:


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Figure 25: Hotmail Regfistration on MSN Domain.

To register for a FREE account click the ‘Get it Free’ icon

The following registration form appears:


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Figure 26:Creating e-mail address on MSN Domain.

To fill in the form:


Create your email address:
• For Country/Region select United Kingdom
• For Email address type in the name that you would like to select for you email address.
• You can only use letters, numbers, periods (.), hyphens (-), or underscores (_).
• You only need to type in the first part of the address (eg: your name) as Hotmail already selects the
‘@hotmail.co.uk’ bit for you.
• Once you have typed this in click ‘Check Availability’. Hotmail will tell you if someone has already
selected this address and you may need to choose another name so try some variations of your name to find
an address that is available:
Examples:
oroedu@hotmail.co.uk
tkl_ita@hotmail.co.uk
teklu1972@hotmail.co.uk

Create your password:


• Once you have selected an address that is available you need to select a password.
• The password must contain at least six characters and is case sensitive.
• You can use a combination of letters, numbers and characters to create a password.
• Hotmail will tell you how secure your password is by grading it as weak, medium or strong.
• For a strong password use a combination of letters, numbers and characters (but remember, you need to
be able to remember it!)

Create your password reset questions:


• You know need to choose a security question that will enable Hotmail to reset your password should you
forget it.
• Click on the drop-down arrow in the ‘Question’ field to select the question that you would like to have.
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• Type in your secret answer – it must be a minimum of five character s and is not case sensitive.
• Hotmail can send a password prompt email to an alternate email address if you have one. If so, type it into
the relevant field.

Enter your account information:


Now you need to fill in some basic personal details.
• Enter your first and last name into the relevant boxes.

• To select your dateofbirth click on the drop down arrows and click on the date, month and year of your
birth to select them.
• For constituentcountry click on the drop-down arrown and select the relevant area.
• Type in your postcode.
• Click on the drop-down arrow and click on the relevant timezone to select it.
• If you own or work with a small business click in the ‘checkbox’. If not, then leave it blank.

Type the characters you see in the picture:


• As security precaution you need to type the characters you see in the picture into the
empty box below.

Review and accept the agreements:


• You now need to agree to Microsoft’s ‘terms and conditions’ regarding Hotmail.
• Click on the links to Microsoftserviceagreementand
Microsoftonlineprivacystatement.
The agreements will open in a new window.
• Once you are satisfied with the information close the window with the agreement in it
(important: do not close the window with your account information in it or else you will
need to start again from scratch!)
• If you are satisfied with the agreement click the grey button that says ‘I Agree’ on it. If
you decide not to proceed then click on the grey button that says ‘Cancel’.
• Once you have clicked ‘IAgree’ Hotmail will let you know whether there are any areas
on the screen that you have missed out or that require alternate information. Make the
amendments then click ‘IAgree’ again.
A new screen should appear with the following message on it:
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Figure 27: Confirmation of Hotmail Registration dialog box.

• From this screen, click on the bluelink to use your own email address
• A new screen will appear asking you whether you want to subscribe to any email
newsletters used for marketing purposes.
• If you want to subscribe to any of them click in the boxes next to them to select them.
• Once you have finished, scroll down to the bottom of the page and click on the blue
‘Continue’ button.

Your Hotmail account screen will appear:

Figure 28: Hotmail Account screen.

Click on ‘My Messages’


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Figure 29: A Message screen.

A new window will appear. There should be one message in there


from ‘Hotmail Staff’.

Figure 30: List of Messages screen.

• Click on the name of the person who sent the email (in this case ‘Hotmail Staff’) to open
the email.
• This email contains valuable information about using your Hotmail account. It’s a good
idea to save it in you inbox and not to delete it.
• To sign-out of your account click the button at the top of the screen. For security
reasons it is always recommended to sign-out of your account once you have finished checking
your emails.
To log-on back onto your account:
Go to www.hotmail.com
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Figure 31: Sign in Dialog box to MSN Domain.

• Enter your new email address and password into the relevant fields.
• Decide whether you want your computer to save you email address and password. If
you are using your own computer at home then it can be convenient for your computer to
automatically know your address and password.
• If you are using a computer that other people use it is generally not advised to select the
options for the computer to save your details as other people may be able to access your
account.

• Click the grey ‘Sign In’ button to enter into your Hotmail account.

Congratulations! You have now created your own HotmailAccount!


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3.11 Review Questions

What is an e-mail ?
What is the benefit of e-mail when compared to phone calls?
Discuss the three elements of of e-mail address.
What are the different message headers we need to be concerned about when sending an e-
mail?
Write the steps to register for an e-mail account.
Write the steps how to send an e-mail to some one.
Write the steps how to check/read an e-mail message.
Write the steps how to reply toan e-mail message.
Write the steps how to attach a file toe-mail message.
Write the steps how to receive an attached file toe-mail message.
Write the steps how to foreward ane-mail message to a friend.
Write the steps to register for an Hot-mail account.

Chapter 4: Internet Security


Using the internet brings a security risk, because the network is public and hence open to
everyone and illegal access. A number of methods can be used to provide security.
4.1 Internet Security Methods.
The following are some of internet security methods:
Password principles
For a system to be secure against attack,”strong” passwords are required.
Encryption
It is an ancient technique for hiding information. A reader cannot understand the information
unless s/he possesses a “key”. It gives two important facilities, Privacy & Authentication
(certification).
Firewalls
A “Firewall” describes hardware or software used to filter packets as they pass through the
system.The packets can be filtered based on IP addresses,Port number etc.
Proxy Servers

38
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Proxy servers provide a single point of access to the internet.This is more secure than
allowing each user to connect directly and allows network “behind” the proxy server to be
hidden.
Virtual Private Networks (VPN).
It connects the components and resources of one network over another network.It uses
encryption technology to ensure that the security of a private network is available and the
secure connection across the internet appears to the user as a private network communication.
Web Browser Security
Internet Security has a system of zones,for which we can set different security levels.We can
then able the use of active web connects and files downloading on trusted sites.

Note: The detail explanation of the above internet security methods is beyond the
scope of this manual, therefore ,it is recommended to refer to the “Internet”
or other referencebooks on internetsecurity.

4.2 Viruses
Computer viruses are program designed to replicate and duplicate amongst computers.They
produce a wide variety of symptoms on a PC and ,in extreme cases,can cause permanent
damage or loss of files.
Types of Viruses
Computer viruses are generally classified by the different ways they can affect the computer.The
following are some types of viruses:
Boot Sector Viruses
They attack the boot sector information, the partition table & sometimes the file system.
Program Viruses
They are sequences of codes that insert themselves into another executable program. When the application is
executed, the virus code becomes active.
Macro Viruses
Are viruses that affect office documents,and have become very common because of the wide distribution of
these documents, especially over the internet.
Worms
Are memory- resident viruses that replicate over network resources.
Symptoms of Virus Infections.
The following are examples of the symptoms that may indicate a virus infection.
The computerfails to boot.
Hard or FloppyDisks are reformatted .
The Filesystem becomes corrupt
The master boot record is corrupted .
Individual files on HardDisks or FloppyDisks are Corrupt.
Strange Messages or Graphics appear on the screen.

Reducing Risk of Virus Infections.


Downloading files attached to e-mails are the main sources of virus infection. The following
are some of steps to be taken to reduce risk of virus infections.
Carry out regular backups that allow data to be recovered.
Prevent staff from downloading files or attachments that do not come
from a known genuine source.
Apply Operating systems & application security patches.
Install & use Antivirus Packages.The Anti-virus packages must be kept up to date signatures.
Select Anti-virus software that scans automatically (on-access).

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Application of Internet
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Scanning for Viruses.


The following steps use SymantecAntivirus Client Scanas an example of scanning for
viruses.
To scan for viruses:
Open the “SymantecAntivirus Application”.
Expand “+ Scan” folder in the console tree.
Click “ScanFloppy Disk” or “Scan Computer”.
Select “Local Disk C:\” or “Local Disk D:\”or both.
Click “Scan” button.
When the scan complete,the virus names are captured in “Quarantine”.
Select all virus names in quarantine,and Right click.
From the short cut options, Click “Delete Permanently”.
Click “Start Delete” button.
Clic Close button when finished.

4.3 Review Exercises


Discuss the different internet security methods .
What are Viruses?
Discuss the difference between each type of Viruses.
What are some of the symptoms of virus infections?
Hoe do you reduce the risk of virus infections?
Write the steps how to scan for viruses using Antivirus Application on your PC.

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Application of Internet
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List of References

Internet Training Manual.(DefenseEngineeringCollege)


gtslearning program (A+ Certification OS Technologies) Training manual.
Internet
Alan Simpson’s Windows XP Bible. (www.hungryminds.com)
WWW.Google.com/
WWW.Yahoo.com/

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