4.

Water treatment:
2-settling

Sudha Goel
Civil Eng. Dept., IITKgp
Kharagpur 721 302

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 Solids separation: Sedimentation and
clarification

Discrete particles
 Particles do not change size, shape and specific gravity over time

Flocculating particles
 Size, shape and specific gravity of particles changes over time as
they aggregate or coalesce

Dilute suspensions
 If conc of particles in suspension is insufficient to displace water
as the particles settle

Concentrated suspensions
 If conc of particles in suspension is sufficient to displace water as
the particles settle

Sedimentation
 Removal of discrete particles (>1 micron) that are heavy enough to
settle by gravity alone
 Sedimentation or settling tanks for floc removal as well
 Detention times range from 1 to 10 hours
PRT, 1985 2
 Settling types (M&E)

In dilute suspensions
 Type I or discrete settling

Stokes equation

 Type II or flocculant settling

Experimental settling curves have to be generated

No model can predict a priori

In concentrated suspensions
 Type III: Hindered settling

Particles are in a fixed position relative to each other

Entire mass of particles settles as a whole

 Type IV: Compression settling

As above, but due to higher conc., further settling takes place
only by compression of the previously settled mass

See also WQT(1990) 3

http://nptel.iitm.ac.in/courses/Webcourse-contents/IIT-KANPUR/wasteWater/Lecture%206.htm
 Type 1 - discrete settling

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 Type 1 - discrete settling
For spherical particles in a laminar flow regime

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Coefficient of drag in different flow regions /regimes

1.00E+14
1.00E+12
Drag coefficient, Cd

1.00E+10
Transitional
1.00E+08
1.00E+06
Turbulent
1.00E+04
Laminar
1.00E+02
Re>1000
1.00E+00
Re<0.2
1.00E-02

Reynolds Number

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 Long rectangular settling basin

PRT, 1985 7
Raw water from IIT Kgp
Water Works

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 Backwash water from IIT
Kgp Water Works
PRT, 1985 9
 Settling velocity

PRT, 1985 10
PRT, 1985 11
 Settling Tanks (M&E)

Rectangular basin

Circular basins

Upflow clarifiers

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PRT, 1985 13
 Design of rectangular settling tanks

PRT, 1985 14
Design of rectangular settling tanks

vh = Q/A

t0 = V/Q = LZ0W/Q = Z0 / v0; Z0 = Depth

v0 = Q/LW = Q/As = surface overflow rate or q0

Detention time, T = 2 to 4 h - type I settling
= 4 to 6 h - type II settling

q0 = 1 to 2.5 m/h – type I settling
= 0.6 to 1.0 m/h – type II settling
 Weir overflow rate = 6 to 14 m3/h-m weir

 Vh = 9 (flocculant) to 36 (discrete) m/h

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 16
PRT, 1985
 Inboard Weir Arrangement to Increase Weir Length

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http://nptel.iitm.ac.in/courses/Webcourse-contents/IIT-KANPUR/wasteWater/Lecture%206.htm
Circular basins or
clariflocculator

Pune Wastewater Treatment

Plant, 2014

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 19
PRT, 1985
PRT, 1985

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 Weir plates with V-notch

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Pune Wastewater Treatment Plant, 2014
END

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