1.TIME AND NARRATIVE IN VIRGINIA WOOLF'S MRS. DALLOWAY.

In "Mrs. Dalloway", Virginia Woolf uses the stream of consciousness technique to create a one-day novel in which time
becomes the central character that unites the past and present experiences, feelings and thoughts of the human
characters. This article examines how the revival of the past and the events of the present are comprised in a single day.
Big Ben is a central temporal symbol in the novel which keeps reminding the characters that their physical life on Earth
is limited. All characters are afraid of the passing of external time and feel unable to prevent their lives from going by
rapidly without having accomplished all their personal and/ or professional goals. This leads to frustrations, dark
thoughts, depression and even suicide. The characters are overwhelmed by past memories with which they have to cope
in order to find their inner peace and pace. Some manage to do so, others are weak and fail in their attempt to leave the
past behind and to begin a new life .The narration shifts to Septimus and his wife’s perspective for the next
page before switching back again to Clarissa. This interlinking of characters through the technique of
memory and her detailed use of narration connects Woolf’s character’s lives through their individual
yet shared experience.The finale of the novel with the climax of the party (public, exterior time)
involves the weaving together of all the characters memories and thoughts which have been
introduced through the novel. The result is an experience and a deep sense of temporality. As Clarissa
hears of Septimus suicide (from his Doctors wife) she retreats to a room and identifies with him,
admiring him for having taken the plunge and for not compromising his soul.

2.Definition of Colonialism:
Colonialism is the policy or practice of acquiring full or partial political control over another country, occupying it
with settlers, and exploiting it economically.
Colonialism in “Heart of Darkness”:
In Heart of Darkness, the author, Joseph Conrad explores the nature of colonialism. He reveals the horrors of
colonialism and is cynical of the entire process. He uses several symbolic characters to accomplish this. The
main one being the shadowy and elusive Kurtz, who represents all of Europe.oseph Conrad shows that the
very nature of colonialism has not changed much from Roman times to his day, except that the tools and
weapons used have become more sophisticated. The main purpose and the results have stayed the same.
Conrad illuminates the secret evils of colonialism and the Europeans capitalist approach through Marlow’s
journey up the Congo. Joseph Conrad shows that one of the purposes of colonialism is the suppression of the
Native’s beliefs and traditional way of life. Conrad begins with a focus on what the Company overtly tells the
public: They are going into the Congo to civilize the Natives. The Europeans, on face level, seek to convert the
inhabitants of the Congo region to the European way of life .Finally, Conrad explores the true purpose of
colonialism. Colonialism is really about obtaining all of the natural resources of the land for profit and in
the process. The Europeans are far more interested in ivory that in civilizing the Natives .
3joseph Conrad was born in the south Poland on 6th December,1857. After the five stories
published as Tale of Unrest upread Lord Jim a tale (1900), the greatest of his early works.Lord
Jim is not completely an autobiographical Conrad’s, his subjects of novel are about people
surrounded by him.Sea, danger, depths are his parts of novel. It is right to call that this novel is
psyche logical novel. It has a fascinating narrative technique. Marlow is a kind of character
through flash back, The character of Jim even described in Narrative technique. Conrad was a
consummate artist for whom the novel was not merely an entertainment but a serious art
form.His purpose was to explore of the human situation to study and analyze the motives and
springs of human action , and toconvey his perceptions to the readers. His aims getting at the
truth. His pursues this purpose with unflinching tenacity andhis art and techniques. His
language, setting, narration and characters all together from one organic whole, and
contributeto the total effect.Purpose of Conrad’s art is to convey his own vision of life and man,
realistically and convincingly.He has a highlyrealism about his aims, spiritual and emotional
realism. He wants to render human psycho or soul, so he uses impressionistic techniques and
techniques of “ the multiple point of view” to achieve his purpose.Having little imaginationhe
accepts things as they are. Everything he saw was interesting because it is new. He had keen
psychological insight intobehaviour of men. All the time there was developing in him
philosophy of life which his imagination expanded into a vision.That chance offered him for
the play of a creative imagination if he had it.Conrad’s indirect, oblique technique of narration
is a difficult one and it puts great strains upon the memory
andimagination of the readers. Therefore Conrad is not for those who read a novel only
for entertainment, to while away aleisure hour. These difficulties further increase by Conrad’s
use of the Marlow, a sea captain and a narrator who comes between the novelist and the
readers.
4.The French Lieutenant's Woman as a Postmodern Novel
In The French Lieutenant's Woman, John Fowles has made a contrast between Ernestine and
Sarah Woodruff. Ernestine stands for a superficial womanhood. The traditional nature of the
text is questioned. The moment traditional nature of a text is questioned, elements of
postmodernism get introduced in the novel.Postmodernism in fiction subverts the master-
narrative. Master-narrative is a narrative of emancipation. In The French Lieutenant's
Woman had Sarah accepted Charles the novel might have been a master-narrative. But Sarah
rejected Charles. Consequently, it became an existential narrative of the protagonist's
evolution of personality and progression of self. Any experimental world anxious with elements
of postmodernism subverts all traditional components of the narrative. In 1969, The French
Lieutenant’s Woman by John Fowles was published. This novel is considered a landmark
between the old tradition and the new experimental attempts, a bridge between the Victorian
and the modern world, and one of the most exemplary and influential novels of the 1960s
British fiction, which reflects the changes stimulated by postmodern philosophy and view of the
world. This thesis focuses on the postmodern themes and strategies employed in The French
Lieutenant’s Woman – that is on the themes and strategies which, under the rising influence of
postmodern philosophy, reflect the changed attitude toward the old and familiar constituents of
fiction, and prevent the novel set in Victorian England to become “another” traditional
historical fiction. In contrast, the deployment of these themes and strategies categorizes The
French Lieutenant’s Woman as a historiographic metafiction, a postmodern genre which
bridges the gap between the past and the present, and thus gives a new life to the old forms.
The aim of the thesis, thus, is to point out and discuss the postmodern elements in The French
Lieutenant’s Woman and show what constitutes it as a genre of historiographic metafiction,
experimenting with and innovating the traditional
5.. Magic realism is a literary style that combines incredible events with realistic details and presents
them in a tone that seems to suggest credibility. Midnight's Children. It is clear that Rushdie
incorporates "real" and "unreal" elements, drawing on mythology, and, some critics argue,
"remythologising" India in the process. We can see this is evident from the beginning of the novel,
which focuses on the Independence of India. However, immediately, this very real and political event is
juxtaposed with the midnight's children, who are gifted with magical powers.
This is what makes this novel so attractive and such a gripping read. Rushdie seems to offer comment
on real political events but through flights of fantasy that seem to draw on various myths and legend.
Equally, you might want to consider the role of the central protagonist, Saleem, who is presented in
such a way as to undermine his credibility. He is unattractive and foolish, and yet he is the central way
in which Rushdie offers serious political commentary on the postcolonial nature of India. Again and
again, the absurd and ludicrous is matched with the deathly serioius.
Intertextuality:is the shaping of a text's meaning by another text. It is the interconnection
between similar or related works of literature that reflect and influence an audience's
interpretation of the text. Intertextual figures
include: allusion, quotation, calque, plagiarism, translation, pastiche and parody. Intertextuality
is a literary device that creates an 'interrelationship between texts' and generates related
understanding in separate works.ex:T.S. Eliot: the waste land
Epiphany:Derived from the Greek word epiphaneia, epiphany means “appearance,” or “manifestation.” In
literary terms, an epiphany is that moment in the story where a character achieves realization, awareness, or
a feeling of knowledge, after which events are seen through the prism of this new light in the story.James
Joyce, the great Irish writer, used this term in his writings to indicate a sudden eye-opener regarding the
nature of a person or situation.
Kunstlerroman:Künstlerroman, (German: “artist’s novel”), class of Bildungsroman,
or apprenticeship novel, that deals with the youth and development of an individual who
becomes—or is on the threshold of becoming—a painter, musician, or poet. The classic
example is James Joyce’s Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man (1916).
symbol :A symbol is literary device that contains several layers of meaning, often concealed at first
sight, and is representative of several other aspects, concepts or traits than those that are visible in the
literal translation alone. Symbol is using an object or action that means something more than its literal
meaning.
Allegory:An allegory is a symbolism device where the meaning of a greater, often abstract, concept is
conveyed with the aid of a more corporeal object or idea being used as an example. Usually a rhetoric
device, an allegory suggests a meaning via metaphoric examples. Stream of consciousness:
The phrase ‘stream of consciousness’ refers to an uninterrupted and unhindered collection and
occurrence of thoughts and ideas in the conscious mind. In literature, the phrase refers to the flow of
these thoughts, with reference to a particular character’s thinking process. This literary device is usually
used in order to provide a narrative in the form of the character’s thoughts instead of using dialogue or
description.
Example:All writings by Virginia Woolff are a good example of literary stream of consciousness.

Multiple narrative: describes a type of story that follows several protagonists rather than focusing on one main
character. In some cases, writers choose this structure to show the individual perspectives of characters in a larger
"macro story" and how they relate to each other. In other stories, the purpose is to use the multiple characters'
perspectives to establish a larger theme. Knowing the conventions of a multiple narrative can help you identify its use in
film and literature, as well as gain ideas for writing projects featuring this structure. Samuel Richardson's "Clarissa,
postmodernism :, in Western philosophy, a late 20th-century movement characterized by
broad skepticism, subjectivism, or relativism; a general suspicion of reason; and
an acutesensitivity to the role of ideology in asserting and maintaining political and economic
power.