Additional Mathematics Module Form 4

Chapter 9- Differentiation SMK Agama Arau, Perlis

CHAPTER 9- DIFFERENTIATION

9.1 LIMIT OF A FUNCTION

Example 1:
lim ( x + 2)
x→2

=2+2
= 4

Brief explaination:

y
y = x+2
4

0 2 x

1. If x is not 2 but 1.9, 1.99 and 1.999, the value of y gets nearer and nearer to 4 but it does not exceed
4.

2. It is also just the same if the value of x is 2.1, 2.01, 2.001, the value of y gets nearer and nearer to 4
but it does not exceed 4.

3. In this situation, we can say that x + 2 approaches 4 as x approaches 2 or lim ( x + 2) = 4

x→2

4. Hence, the function y = x + 2 has limit 4 as x → 2 .

Example 2:
x2 − 4
lim First of all, factorize the numerator first.
x→2 x−2
Then simplify.
( x + 2)( x − 2)
lim
x→2 ( x − 2)
lim ( x + 2)
x→2

= 2+2
=4

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 Additional Mathematics Module Form 4
Chapter 9- Differentiation SMK Agama Arau, Perlis

Example 3:
We know that any number that divided by zero will
x +1
lim ( ) result infinity. For example:
x →∞ x
1
x 1 = ∞ . So if we can change the equation to be like this
= lim ( + ) 0
x→∞ x x
1
1 = 0 that is 1 divided by will result zero.
= lim (1 + ) ∞
x→∞ x
= 1+ 0
For this question, at first we have to separate the terms
=1 into two fractions. Then simplify for the terms that can
be simplified.
EXERCISE 9.1
Find:
1 1
3x 2 + 2 Substitute x= ∞ into and becomes . We know that
(a) lim x ∞
x →∞ x2 1
(b) lim (2 x + 3) = 0.
x →1 ∞
(c) lim 2 x 2
x→5

x2 − 9
(d) lim
x→4 x−3

9.2 FIRST DERIVATIVE OF A FUNCTION

9.21 GRADIENT OF THE TANGENT TO A CURVE AND THE FIRST DERIVATIVE OF A FUNCTION
1. Tangent to a curve is a line which is just touching the curve and not cut the curve.

2. The gradient of the tangent to a curve can be determined by finding the small changes in y divided by
small changes in x.

Brief explaination:

o Q(1.1,2.4)

o P(1,2)

1. When the point Q is move nearer and neared to the point P, there will be a point which is very near to
point P but not the point P and there is a very small change in value of x and y at the point from point P.

2. The point and the point P are joined in a line that is the tangent of the curve.

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 Additional Mathematics Module Form 4
Chapter 9- Differentiation SMK Agama Arau, Perlis

2. The small change in y is the difference in value of y between the point and point P while the small
change in x is the difference between the value of x of the point and point P.

3. Small changes in y can be written as δy that is read as “delta y” while small changes in x can be
written as δx that is read as “delta x”.

Q(x+ δx , y + δy )
o

δy
This graph show the point Q that
very close to point P that has moved
o
P(x, y) δx x+ δx nearer to point P

Tangent to the curve

δy
4. From the graph above, we know that m PQ = .
δx
δy
5. But at point P, m P = lim
δx → 0 δx
δy
6. lim is the gradient of tangent at point P.
δx
δx →0

δy dy
7. To write lim , it is a quite long, so we can write them as .
δx →0 δx dx
dy
8. is differentiation.
dx

9.22 DIFFERENTIATION BY THE FIRST PRINCIPLE

y = x2 o Q( x+ δx , y + δy )

o P(x, y)

The both points lie on the same curve, so

they can be solved simultaneously.
y = x2 1

y + δy = ( x + δx ) 2
y + δy = x 2 + 2 xδx + δx 2 2

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 Additional Mathematics Module Form 4
Chapter 9- Differentiation SMK Agama Arau, Perlis

Left hand side and right hand side are

2 - 1 ,
δy
divided by δx to make the term . The
δx
y + δy − y = x 2 + 2 x δx + δx 2 − x 2
right hand side is then simplified.
δy = 2 xδx + δx 2
δy 2 xδx + δx 2 When Q approaches P, there is no
=
δx δx change in x or δx approaches 0.
δy
= 2 x + δx
δx For left hand side, we already know that
δy δy dy
lim = lim 2 x + δx lim can be converted into . For
δ x → 0 δx δx → 0
δx →0 δx dx
dy right hand side, the value of δx is
= 2x
dx replacing by zero.

EXERCISE 9.20
dy
Find of the following equation using the first principle.
dx
(a) y = 3x 2 (b) y = 2 x 2 + 5
2 3
(c) y = (d) y = 5 −
x x
(e) y = 1 − 3 x 2 2
(f) y = 3x − 5 x

dy
- Finding by using formula - dy
dx If the y = x 2 , then = 2x .
dx
y = ax n
If f ( x ) = x 2 , then f ' ( x ) = 2 x
dy
= a.n. x n −1
dx
If y = 2 x
Given that y = f(x), d d
dy ( y) = ( 2 x)
The first derivate is equivalent to f ' ( x) , dx dx
dx dy
=2
That is if f ( x ) = ax n , dx
If f ( x ) = 2 x
Then, d d
[ f ( x )] = (2 x )
dx dx
f ' ( x ) = a.n.x n −1
df ( x )
=2
dx
df ( x )
= f ' ( x) f ' ( x) = 2
dx
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 Additional Mathematics Module Form 4
Chapter 9- Differentiation SMK Agama Arau, Perlis

Example 1: Compare the solution by using formula

2
y=x and by using the first principle. We get
dy d 2 the same answer for the same equation.
= (x )
dx dx
dy
= 1.2. x 2 −1
dx
dy
= 2x
dx Tips…
Example 2: When differentiate the terms without
f ( x) = 3x 2 + 6 the variable or unknown, it will result
f ' ( x ) = 3.2. x 2−1 + 6.0. x 0−1 zero.
f ' ( x) = 6 x

EXERCISE 9.21
dy dy
1. Find for each of the following equation. Hence, find the value of at point where x = 2 .
dx dx
(a) y = 2 x 4 − 4
(b) y = x ( x 2 + 5)
2x2 + x
(c) y =
x2

2. Find f ' ( x ) for each of the following functions. Hence, find the value of f ' (3) .
(a) f ( x ) = x 2 + 3 x
(b) f ( x) = (2 x − 1) 2
(c) f ( x) = (2 x − 2)( x − 3)

9.3.1 Differentiate expression with respect to x

We add the terms x0 because to do
Example 1: differentiation, it involves x if it is respect
1 4 to x. x0 = 1.
Differentiate x − 4 with respect to x.
2
Solution: We cannot change the expression into an
d 1 4 equation and then differentiate it.
( x − 4x 0 )
dx 2
1 The solution must be started with
= 4. x 4−1 − 0.4 x 0 −1
2 d 1 4 1
( x − 4) , cannot with x 4 − 4 .
= 2 x3 dx 2 2

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 Additional Mathematics Module Form 4
Chapter 9- Differentiation SMK Agama Arau, Perlis

Example 2:
Differentiate (2 x − 3)(2 x + 3) with respect to x.
d
[(2 x − 3)(2 x + 3)] First of all, expand the bracket. Then
dx
differentiate the expression.
d
(4 x 2 − 9x 0 )
dx
We add the terms x0 because to do
= 2.4. x 2 −1 − 0.9. x 0−1
differentiation, it involves x if it is respect
= 8x to x. x0 = 1.

EXERCISE 9.22
Differentiate each of the following with respect to x.
(a) 3 x 2 − 5
2
(b) x 2 −
x
(c) (3 x − 4)(3 x + 4)

9.3 FIRST DERIVATIVE OF COMPOSITE FUNCTION

Example 1:
dy
Find for the function y = (2 x + 1) 2
dx

Solution:
Method 1
First of all, expand the bracket. Then
y = (2 x + 1) 2 differentiate it
y = 4x 2 + 4x + 1
dy
= 8x + 4
dx
Method 2
y = (2 x + 1) 2

Let dy du
u = 2x + 1 We know the value and , but we
du dx
du dy
=2 have to find . So we have to use the
dx dx
concept below.
y = u2

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 Additional Mathematics Module Form 4
Chapter 9- Differentiation SMK Agama Arau, Perlis

dy
= 2u
du
dy dy du
If we simplify = × at right
dx du dx
dy dy du
= × dy
dx du dx hand side, it will result . This is called
dx
chain rule.
dy
= 2u × 2
dx
= 4u
= 4(2 x + 1)
= 8x + 4

Brief Explaination:
From the second method above, the concept to differentiate it is:
1. Consider the expression in the bracket as a term such as u but cannot x. Then differentiate it.
y = u2
dy Tips…
= 2u
du
We can use method 1 to differentiate if the
2. Then, differentiate the part in the bracket.
number of power is small such as 2. But, if it is
u = 2x + 1
the power of 4, 5 and above, we can still use
du
=2 the method 1 but it is very complicated to
dx
solve but it is easy to differentiate by using the
method 2.
dy
3. Multiply both of them and it will result .
dx

4. We can use the method 2 in all situations easily but method 1 can be used easily in certain situations
only that is the number of power is small such as 2.

Example 2: We are not supposed to use method 1. It is

dy quite complicated have to expand the bracket
Find for the function y = (3 x + 4) 5
dx because it is the power of 5. So we can use the
method 2.
Let
u = 3x + 4
du
=3
dx
y = u5
dy
= 5u 4
du

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 Additional Mathematics Module Form 4
Chapter 9- Differentiation SMK Agama Arau, Perlis

dy dy du
= ×
dx du dx

dy
= 5u 4 × 3
dx
Substitute u = 3 x + 4 into 15u 4
= 15u 4
= 15(3 x + 4) 4

We can also write directly like this:

dy
= 5(3 x + 4) 5−1 .3
dx
= 15(3 x + 4) 4

EXERCISE 9.3
dy
Find for each of the following equation.
dx
(a) y = (1 − 3 x ) 4
1
(b) y = (1 + ) 3
x
1
(c) y =
(3 x − 5) 4

9.4 FIRST DERIVATIVE OF TWO POLYNOMIALS

9.41 FIRST DERIVATIVE OF THE PRODUCT OF TWO POLYNOMIALS

y = (2 x + 1)( x + 1)

u v

y = uv 1
How to get the formula?
y + δy = (u + δu )(v + δv )
y + δy = uv + uδv + vδu + δuδv 2

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 Additional Mathematics Module Form 4
Chapter 9- Differentiation SMK Agama Arau, Perlis

2 - 1 ,,

y + δy − y = uv + uδv + vδu + δuδv − uv

δy = uδv + vδu + δuδv
δy uδv + vδu + δuδv
=
δx δx
δy uδv vδu δuδv
= + +
δx δx δx δx
δy uδv vδu δuδv
lim = lim ( + + )
dx → 0 δx dx → 0 δx δx δx
δy δv δu δv
lim = lim u × lim × lim v × lim × lim δu × lim
dx → 0 δx dx → 0 dx → 0 δx dx → 0 dx → 0 δx dx → 0 dx → 0 δx

dy dv du dv
=u +v + 0.
dx dx dx dx
dy dv du
=u +v
dx dx dx

Example:
dy
Find for the function y = (2 x + 1)( x + 1)
dx

y = (2 x + 1)( x + 1)

u v

u = 2x + 1
du
=2
dx
v = x +1
dv
=1
dx

dy dv du dy
The formula is =u +v , just substitute each term into the formula to find
dx dx dx dx
dy
= (2 x + 1)(1) + ( x + 1)(2)
dx
= 2x + 1 + 2x + 2
= 4x + 3

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 Additional Mathematics Module Form 4
Chapter 9- Differentiation SMK Agama Arau, Perlis

EXERCISE 9.40
dy dy
1. Find for each of the following equation. Hence, find the value of at point where x = −1 .
dx dx
(a) y = (1 − 3 x )( x + 2)
(b) y = ( x + 2)( x − 3) 2
(c) y = ( x + 3) 2 ( x + 2) 3

2. Find f ' ( x ) for each of the following functions. Hence, find the values of f ' (1) and 2 f ' (−2)
(a) f ( x) = (2 x + 5)( x + 3)
(b) f ( x ) = (2 x − 1)( x + 4) 5
(c) f ( x ) = (2 x − 2) 4 ( x − 3) 2

9.4.2 Differentiate expression with respect to x

Example:
Differentiate 3 x 2 ( 2 x − 5) 4 with respect to x.

3 x 2 ( 2 x − 5) 4

u v

u = 3x 2
du
= 6x
dx
v = (2 x − 5) 4
If it is given an equation, the formula used is
dv
= 4(2 x − 5) 3 .2 dy dv du
dx =u +v . If it is given an expression not
dx dx dx
= 8(2 x − 5) 3
equation, the formula used is just
dv du
d u +v without equal sign because it is an
[3 x 2 (2 x − 5) 4 ] dx dx
dx expression not an equation.
= 3 x 2 . 8( 2 x − 5) 3 + ( 2 x − 5) 4 . 6 x
= 24 x 2 (2 x − 5) 3 + 6 x (2 x − 5) 4
= 6 x ( 2 x − 5) 3 [4 x + (2 x − 5)] Factorize
= 6 x ( 2 x − 5) 3 ( 6 x − 5)

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 Additional Mathematics Module Form 4
Chapter 9- Differentiation SMK Agama Arau, Perlis

EXERCISE 9.41
Differentiate each of the following with respect to x.
(a) (3 x − 5)(2 − 4 x ) 3
(b) 4 x 3 (5 x − 6) 5
(c) (8 x − 9) 3 ( x + 4) 4

9.42 FIRST DERIVATIVE OF THE QUOTIENT OF TWO POLYNOMIALS

2x + 1 u
y=
x +1
v

u
y= 1 How to get the formula?
v

u + δu
y + δy = 2
v + δv

2 - 1 ,,

u + δu u
y + δy − y = −
v + δv v
v (u + δu ) u ( v + δv )
δy = −
v ( v + δv ) v ( v + δv )
uv + vδu − uv − uδv
δy =
v ( v + δv )
vδu − uδv
δy =
v ( v + δv )
δy vδu − uδv 1
= ×
δx v (v + δv ) δx
δu δv
v −u
δy
= δx δx
δx v ( v + δv )
 δu δv 
 v −u 
δy
lim = lim  δx δx

dx → 0 δx
 v ( v + δv ) 
dx → 0

 

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 Additional Mathematics Module Form 4
Chapter 9- Differentiation SMK Agama Arau, Perlis

 δu δv 
 v − u
= lim  δx δx 

 v (v + δv ) 
dx → 0

 
δu δv
lim v × lim − lim u × lim
dx → 0 dx → 0 δx dx → 0 dx → 0 δx
=
lim v × lim (v + δv )
dx → 0 dx → 0

du dv
v −u
dy dx dx
=
dx v.v

du dv
v −u
dy dx dx
= 2
dx v

Example:
du dv
v −u
dy 2x + 1 dy dx dx .
Find for the function y = by using formula =
dx x +1 dx v2

u = 2x +1
du
=2
dx
v = x +1
dv
=1
dx

dy
Substitute each term into the formula to find ,
dx
dy ( x + 1)( 2) − (2 x + 1)(1)
=
dx ( x + 1) 2
2( x + 1) − ( 2 x + 1)
=
( x + 1) 2
2x + 2 − 2x + 1
=
( x + 1) 2
3
=
( x + 1) 2

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 Additional Mathematics Module Form 4
Chapter 9- Differentiation SMK Agama Arau, Perlis

EXERCISE 9.42
dy dy
1. Find for each of the following equation. Hence, find the value of at point where x = 1 .
dx dx

(a) y =
(3 x + 2)2
2x − 5

(b) y =
(2 x + 1)3
(x + 1)2
(c) y=
(5 x − 6)
2

(4 x − 7 )3

2. Find f ' ( x ) for each of the following functions. Hence, find the values of f ' (1) and 2 f ' (5)
x + 2x2
(a) f ( x ) =
2x − 5

(b) y=
(3x + 2)
3

2x − 5

(c) y=
(3 x + 2)
2

2 x 2 − 5x

9.4.3 Differentiate expression with respect to x

Example:
3x 2 + 2 x
Differentiate with respect to x.
x +1
u = 3x 2 + 2 x
du
= 6x + 2
dx If it is given an equation, the formula used is
v = x +1 du dv
v −u
dv dy dx dx . If it is given an expression not
=1 = 2
dx dx v
d  3x 2 + 2 x  equation, the formula used is just
 
dx  x + 1  v
du
−u
dv
dx dx without equal sign because it is an
( x + 1)(6 x + 2) − (3 x 2 + 2 x)(1) v 2
=
( x + 1) 2 expression not an equation.
2 2
6 x + 8x + 2 − 3x + 2 x
=
( x + 1) 2

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 Additional Mathematics Module Form 4
Chapter 9- Differentiation SMK Agama Arau, Perlis

3 x 2 + 10 x + 2
=
( x + 1) 2

EXERCISE 9.43
Differentiate each of the following with respect to x.
x2 + 3
(a)
3x − 2
4x3 + x
(b)
x2
5x 2
(c)
2x + 1

9.5 TANGENT AND NORMAL TO THE CURVE

Normal to the curve

Tangent to the curve

1. Tangent to a curve is a line which is just touching the curve and not cut the curve.

2. Normal to a curve is a straight line perpendicular to the tangent at same point on the curve as shown
in the figure above. Hence, since the both straight lines are perpendicular to each other,
mtan gent × mnormal = −1
dy
3. We have learned that is the gradient of tangent. So, when we are going to find the gradient of
dx
normal, at first we have to find the gradient of tangent.

4. If it is given the gradient of normal, we can find the gradient of the tangent by using formula above.

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 Additional Mathematics Module Form 4
Chapter 9- Differentiation SMK Agama Arau, Perlis

Example 1:
Find the equation of the tangent and the equation of normal to the curve y = 2 x 2 − 9 x − 5 at the point
(3, 4)

Solution:
y = 2x2 − 9x − 5
dy
= 4x − 9
dx

At point (1, 3), Substitute the value of x into the equation to find the
dy gradient of tangent at point (1, 3)
= 4(3) − 9
dx
= 12 − 9
=3

Gradient of tangent is 3.
m tan gent × m normal = − 1
3 × m normal = − 1
1
m normal = −
3
The equation of the tangent at (3, 4) is
y−3
=3
x −3
y − 3 = 3x − 9 We have learned that to find the gradient, we
y 2 − y1
y = 3x − 6 use the formula . Use the point (x, y)
x 2 − 21
The equation of the normal at (3, 4) is that is as a general point and given point (3, 4).
y−3 1
=−
x −3 3
3y − 9 = 3 − x
x + 3 y − 12 = 0

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 Additional Mathematics Module Form 4
Chapter 9- Differentiation SMK Agama Arau, Perlis

Example 2:
Find the equation of normal to the curve y = 3 x 2 − 4 x + 2 that is parallel to the line 2 y − x = 5 .

Solution:
y = 3x 2 − 4 x + 2
dy We do not know any point so we cannot find
= 6x − 4 the gradient of tangent at the moment .
dx

2y − x = 5 Given that the gradient of normal is equal to

1 5 the gradient of this line. So we can find the
y= x+
2 2 gradient of normal.
1
m=
2
1
m normal is parallel to this line, so m normal = .
2
mtan gent × m normal = −1
Normal to a curve is a straight line
1 perpendicular to the tangent. We know the
mtan gent × = −1
2 gradient of normal, so we can find the gradient
mtan gent = −2 of tangent.

dy
We know that = 6 x − 4 and mtan gent = −2 , hence
dx
At the early of the solution, we got
6 x − 4 = −2 dy
= 6 x − 4 that is the gradient of tangent. From
1 dx
x= the gradient of normal, we got the gradient of
3
tangent. So compare these two equations

1 1
mtan gent = −2 and m normal = at point which x = .
2 3
y = 3x 2 − 4 x + 2 We are going to find the value of y for this point
1 that results the gradient of tangent and normal are
x= ,
3 1
-2 and respectively. We substitute the value of
2 2
1 1
y = 3  − 4  + 2 x into the equation of the curve that is
3 3
y = 3 x 2 − 4 x + 2 to find the value of y.
=1

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 Additional Mathematics Module Form 4
Chapter 9- Differentiation SMK Agama Arau, Perlis

1 
Hence the point is  ,1 .
3 
1 
The equation of the normal at  ,1 is
3 
y −1 1
=
1 2
x−
3
Multiply the equation by 3
1
2y − 2 = x −
3
6 y − 6 = 3x − 1
3x − 6 y + 5 = 0

EXERCISE 9.5
Find the equation of tangent and the equations of normal for each of the following functions at given
points:
(a ) y = x 3 − 6 x 2 + 4 x ; x = 3
(b) y = ( x + 2)( x − 3) 2 ; x = −2
x2 + 3
(c) y = ; x =1
3x − 2

9.6 SECOND ORDER DIFFERENTIATION

dy
1. First differentiation is .
dx
d2y
2. Second order differentiation is that is we differentiate for the second times.
dx 2
Example 1: d  dy  d 2 y
 =
3 2 d2y dx  dx  dx 2
Given y = x − 6 x + 4 x ,find 2 .
dx
3 2
y = x − 6 x + 4x
dy
= 3 x 2 − 12 x + 4
dx Differentiate one more time
2
d y
= 6 x − 12
dx 2

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 Additional Mathematics Module Form 4
Chapter 9- Differentiation SMK Agama Arau, Perlis

Example 1:
1
Given f ( x) = x 3 + 4 x + ,find f '' ( x) . df ( x )
x If = f ' ( x) ,
dx
1
f ( x) = x 3 + 4 x + d 2 f ( x)
x then 2
= f '' ( x )
dx
f ( x ) = x + 4 x + x −1
3

f ' ( x ) = 3 x 2 + 4 − 1x − 2
f '' ( x ) = 6 x + 2 x −3
2 Differentiate one more time
f '' ( x ) = 6 x +
x3
EXERCISE 9.6
d2y d2y
1. Find for each of the following equation. Hence, find the value of at point where x = 1 .
dx 2 dx 2
(a) y = 2 x 4 − 5 x
(b) y = 2 x ( x 2 + 5 x )
2 x 2 + 3x
(c) y =
x2
2. Find f '' ( x) for each of the following functions.
(a) f ( x ) = x 2 + 3 x
(b) f ( x ) = (3x − 2) 2
(c) f ( x ) = (4 x − 2)( x − 3) 3

9.7 CONCEPT OF MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM VALUES

y

C
D
A

B
x

1. Based on the graph above:

(a) A and C are maximum points
(b) B and D are minimum points
(c) A, B, C and D are turning points

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 Additional Mathematics Module Form 4
Chapter 9- Differentiation SMK Agama Arau, Perlis

dy
2. At turning points, =0
dx
3. This is because the line of the tangent at the turning points is a horizontal line that is parallel to x-axis
dy dy
which is the gradient is 0. is the gradient of tangents so at at turning points, = 0.
dx dx

9.6.1 Steps to determine a turning point is maximum or minimum

dy
1- Find
dx
2- Determine the turning points, find the value of x then find the value of y
3- Determine whether the turning point (x, y) is maximum or minimum.

(a) minimum point:

x <x1 x1 >x1
dy
negative 0 positive
dx
Sketch position of
tangent
Shape of the graph

(b) maximum point:

x <x1 x1 >x1
dy
positive 0 negative
dx
Sketch position of
tangent
Shape of the graph

Example 1:
Find the turning point for the function y = x 3 − 3 x 2 − 9 x + 5 . Hence, state each point is minimum or
maximum.

Solution:
Method 1
y = x 3 − 3x 2 − 9 x + 5
dy
= 3x 2 − 6 x − 9
dx

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 Additional Mathematics Module Form 4
Chapter 9- Differentiation SMK Agama Arau, Perlis

dy
At turning point, = 0.
dx
3x 2 − 6 x − 9 = 0
x 2 − 2x − 3 = 0 Factorize to find the values of x
( x + 1)( x − 3) = 0
x = −1 or x = 3 Substitute the value of x into the equation of the curve
that is y = x 3 − 3 x 2 − 9 x + 5 to find the value of y.
(i) x = −1
y = (−1) 3 − 3( −1) 2 − 9( −1) + 5 (-1, 10)
= 10 Use the first value of x that is -1. Take a value that
is greater than -1 such as 0 and a value that is less
(ii) x = 3
than -1 such as -2. Then solve it to find out either it
y = (3) 3 − 3(3) 2 − 9(3) + 5 (3, -22) is a maximum or minimum point. For the second
y=2 value of x that is 3, repeat the same steps to find
The turning points are (-1 , 10) and (3,-22) out either it is a maximum or minimum point.

(i)
x <-2 -1 0 (i) x = −2
dy dy
positive 0 negative = 3( −2) 2 − 6( −2) − 9
dx dx
Sketch position of dy
= 15
tangent dx
Shape of the graph
(i) x = 0
dy
= 3( 0 ) 2 − 6 ( 0 ) − 9
dx
So, the point (-1, 10) is a maximum point.
dy
= −9
dx
(ii)
x 2 3 4 (i) x = 2
dy dy
negative 0 positive = 3(2) 2 − 6(2) − 9
dx dx
Sketch position of dy
=9
tangent dx
Shape of the graph
(i) x = 4
dy
= 3( 4 ) 2 − 6 ( 4 ) − 9
dx
So, the point (3, -22) is a minimum point.
dy
= 15
dx

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 Additional Mathematics Module Form 4
Chapter 9- Differentiation SMK Agama Arau, Perlis

Method 2
y = x 3 − 3x 2 − 9 x + 5
dy
= 3x 2 − 6 x − 9
dx

dy
At turning point, = 0.
dx
3x 2 − 6 x − 9 = 0
x 2 − 2x − 3 = 0 Factorize to find the values of x
( x + 1)( x − 3) = 0
x = −1 or x = 3
To find the coordinates of the turning
(i) x = −1 points. Substitute the value of x into the
y = (−1) 3 − 3( −1) 2 − 9( −1) + 5 (-1, 10) equation y = x 3 − 3 x 2 − 9 x + 5 to find
= 10 the value of y.

(ii) x = 3
y = (3) 3 − 3(3) 2 − 9(3) + 5 (3, -22)
y=2
The turning points are (-1 , 10) and (3,-22).

dy
= 3x 2 − 6 x − 9
dx
d2y Differentiate one more time
= 6x − 6
dx 2
At point (-1, 10),
d2y Tips…
= 6(−1) − 6
dx 2 d2y d2y
If < 0 , then it is a maximum value. If >0,
= −12
dx 2 dx 2
then it is a minimum value.
d2y
<0
dx 2

(-1, 10) is a maximum point

At point (3, -22),

d2y
= 6(3) − 6
dx 2

= 12

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 Additional Mathematics Module Form 4
Chapter 9- Differentiation SMK Agama Arau, Perlis

d2y
>0
dx 2

(3, -22) is a minimum point.

EXERCISE 9.7
1. Find the turning point for each of the following function. Hence, state each point is minimum or
maximum.
1
(a ) y = x +
x
16
(b) f ( x ) = x 2 +
x2
2. Find the turning point at the following curve
(a ) y = 8 x − x 2
96
(b ) f ( x ) = 2 x 2 +
x2

9.8 RATE OF CHANGE

1. The first derivative for a function denotes the change in the quantity y with respect to the change in
the quantity x.
d
2. Rate of change is differentiation that is respect to time  
 dt 
4. The formula for rate of change is

dA dA dB
= ×
dt dB dt

where A and B are variables that can be changes depends on the case and situation.

Example 1:
The sides of a cube increases at the rate of 1.4cms-1. Find the rate of change of the volume when the
sides measure 5 cm.

Solution:
In this case, A is the volume (V) and B is the side(s).
ds dV
Given that = 1.4cms −1 , s = 5cm and V = s 3 . We are going to find .
dt dt

V = s3 V = s 3 is the formula for the volume of

dV cube. Differentiate it that is respect to s.
= 3s 2
ds

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 Additional Mathematics Module Form 4
Chapter 9- Differentiation SMK Agama Arau, Perlis

The formula is
dV dV ds
= ×
dt ds dt
dV
Substitute = 3s 2 into the formula.
ds
dV ds
= (3s 2 ) ×
dt dt
ds
When = 1.4cms −1 , s = 5 ,
dt
dV
= 3(5) 2 × 1.4 Substitute the value of r that is 5 into 3s2
dt
ds
= 75 × 1.4 and the value of into the formula.
3 −1
dt
= 105cm s

Example 2:
The volume of a sphere decreases at the rate of 4cm 3 s −1 . Find the rate of change of the radius of
sphere when the radius is 3cm.

Solution:
In this case, A is the volume (V) and B is the radius (r).
dV 4 dr
Given that = −4cm 3 s −1 , r = 3cm and V = πr 3 . We are going to find .
dt 3 dt
4 3
V = πr 4 3
3 V = πr is the formula for the volume of
dV 3
= 4πr 2 sphere. Differentiate it that is respect to r.
dr

The formula is
Info…
dV dV dr
= × dV
dt dr dt The value of is negative because the rate
dV dt
Substitute = 4πr 2 into the formula, is decreasing. If it is increasing, it will be
dr
positive.
dV dr
= 4πr 2 ×
dt dt

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 Additional Mathematics Module Form 4
Chapter 9- Differentiation SMK Agama Arau, Perlis

dV
When = −4cm 3 s −1 , r = 3cm ,
dt
dr Substitute the value of r that is 3 into
− 4 = 4π (3) 2 ×
dt dV
dr −4 4πr 2 and the value of into the
= cms −1 dt
dt 36π formula.
1 −1
=− cms
9π

EXERCISE 9.8
1. The area of a circular water ripple expands at the rate of 6cm 2 s −1 when the radius is 5 cm. Hence,
find the rate of change of the radius if the ripple.
4
2. Given that y = 5 x + . If y increases at a constant rate of 3 unit per second, find the rate of change of
x
x when x= 4.

9.9 SMALL CHANGE AND APPROXIMATION

1. We have learned that delta x( δx ) is the small change in x and delta y( δy ) is the small change in y.
δy dy
2. We know that lim = .
δx →0 δx dx
2. The formula for small change and approximation is

δy dy
≈
δx dx

Where x and y are variables that can be changes depends on the case and situation.

Example 1:
Given the radius of a circle increases from 4cm to 4.01.cm. Find the approximate change in its area.

Solution:
In this case, A is the area (A) and B is the radius (r).
Given that δr = 0.01cm , r = 4cm and A = πr 2 . We are going to find δA .

A = πr 2
A = πr 2 is the formula for the area of circle.
dA
= 2πr Differentiate it that is respect to r.
dr

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 Additional Mathematics Module Form 4
Chapter 9- Differentiation SMK Agama Arau, Perlis

The formula is
δA dA
≈
δr dr
dA
Substitute = 2πr into the formula,
dr
δA
≈ 2πr Move δr to other side.
δr
δA ≈ 2πr × δr
When δr = 0.01cm , r = 4cm , Substitute the value of r into and the
δA ≈ 2π (4) × (0.01) value of δr into the formula.
≈ 8π × (0.01)
≈ 0.08πcm 2

Example 2:
Given y = 3 x 2 + 4 . Find the approximate change in y when x increases from 2 to 2.03.

Solution:
In this case, A is y and B is x.
Given that δx = 0.03 , x = 2 and y = 3 x 2 + 4 . We are going to find δy .

y = 3x 2 + 4 dy
Find
dy dx
= 6x
dx
The formula is
δy dy
≈
δx dx
dy
Substitute = 6 x into the formula,
dx
δy
≈ 6x
δx Move δx to other side.
δy ≈ 6 x.δx
When δx = 0.03 , x = 2 , Substitute the value of x into and the
δy ≈ 6(2) × .0.03 value of δx into the formula.
≈ 0.36
EXERCISE 9.9
dy
1. Given y = 2 x 3 − 7 x 2 + 5 , find the value of at the point (3, -4). Hence, find the small change in y,
dx
when x decreases from 2 to 1.97.
2. Find the small change in the area of a circle if its radius increases from 5cm to 5.02cm.

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 Additional Mathematics Module Form 4
Chapter 9- Differentiation SMK Agama Arau, Perlis

CHAPTER REVIEW EXERCISE

1. Evaluate the following limits:

4x + 6
(a) lim
x →∞ 5 x − 3

x2 − 4
(b) lim ( )
x→2 x − 2

1+ x
(c) lim
x →3 1 − x

dy
2. Given y = 3 x 2 − 4 x + 1 . Find .
dx
x3 − 5
3. Differentiate with respect to x.
x2
4. Given f ( x ) = ( x + 2)( x 2 − 1) . Find f ' ' (3)
5. Given y = (3x + 2) 5 . Find the gradient of the curve at the point where x= -1.
1
6. Given the gradient of the normal to the curve y = kx 2 − 3x + 4 at x= -2 is − . Find the value of k.
13
7. Find the equation of the tangent and the equation of normal to the curve y = 3 − x 2 at point (2, -1)
8. Given P = xy and x + y = 30 , find the maximum value of P.
9. P Q

X cm

R S
y cm
The diagram above shows a circle inside rectangle PQRS such that the circle is constantly touching the
two sides of the rectangle. Given the perimeter of PQRS is 60 cm.
4 +π  2
(a) Show that the area of shaded region A = 30 x −  x
 4 
(b) Using π = 3.142 , find the length and width of the rectangle that make the area of the shaded
region a maximum.

10. Given y = 2 x 3 − 7 x 2 + 5. Find the rate of change in y, at the instant when x= 3 and the rate of
change ion x is 5 units per second.
9 2 dp dp
11. Given p = (t − 1) 3 + t . Find and hence find the values of t where = 9.
2 dt dt

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 Additional Mathematics Module Form 4
Chapter 9- Differentiation SMK Agama Arau, Perlis

q 192
12. Given that graph of function f ( x) = px 3 + 2
has a gradient function f ( x ) = 6 x 2 − 3 where p
x x
and q are constants, find
(a) the values of p and q
(b) the x-coordinate of the turning point of the graph of the function.

13. The straight line 4 y + x = k is the normal to the curve y = ( 2 x − 3) 2 − 5 at point E. Find
(a) the coordinates of point E and the value of k
(b) the equation of tangent at point E

14. Differentiate the following expressions with respect to x.

(a) (1 + 5 x 2 ) 3
3x − 4
(b)
x4 + 2
1
15. Given f ( x ) = 5 x 3 − , find f ' ' ( x) .
x
16. Given that y = 2 x 2 − 3x and p = 5 − x .
dy
(a) Find when x= 2,
dp
(b) Find the small change in x when p increases from 4 to 4.05.

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