Grasshopper

Grasshoppers are an informal group of insects in the suborder Caelifera. They are
Grasshopper
among what is probably the most ancient living group of chewing herbivorous
insects, dating back to the early Triassic around 250 million years ago. Grasshoppers Informal grouping of insects in
are typically ground-dwelling insects with powerful hind legs which enable them to Caelifera
escape from threats by leaping vigorously. As hemimetabolous insects, they do not
undergo complete metamorphosis; they hatch from an egg into a nymph or "hopper"
which undergoes five moults, becoming more similar to the adult insect at each
developmental stage. At high population densities and under certain environmental
conditions, some grasshopper species can change colour and behaviour and form
swarms. Under these circumstances, they are known aslocusts.
American grasshopper
Grasshoppers are plant-eaters, with a few species at times becoming serious pests of (Schistocerca americana)
cereals, vegetables and pasture, especially when they swarm in their millions as
including
locusts and destroy crops over wide areas. They protect themselves from predators
by camouflage; when detected, many species attempt to startle the predator with a Tetrigoidea
brilliantly-coloured wing-flash while jumping and (if adult) launching themselves Eumastacoidea
into the air, usually flying for only a short distance. Other species such as the Pneumoroidea
rainbow grasshopper have warning coloration which deters predators. Grasshoppers Pyrgomorphoidea
are affected by parasites and various diseases, and many predatory creatures feed on Acridoidea
both nymphs and adults. The eggs are the subject of attack by parasitoids and Tanaoceroidea
predators. Trigonopterygoidea

Grasshoppers have had a long relationship with humans. Swarms of locusts can have
devastating effects and cause famine, and even in smaller numbers, the insects can be serious pests. They are used as food in
countries such as Mexico and Indonesia. They feature in art, symbolism and literature.

Contents
Characteristics
Phylogeny
Biology
Diet and digestion
Sensory organs
Circulation and respiration
Jumping
Stridulation
Life cycle
Swarming
Predators, parasites and pathogens
Anti-predator defences
Relationship with humans
In art and media
Symbolism
As food
 As pests
In literature
In mechanical engineering
See also
Notes
References
Sources
External links

Characteristics
Grasshoppers have the typical insect body plan of head, thorax and abdomen. The head is held vertically at an angle to the body, with
the mouth at the bottom. The head bears a large pair of compound eyes which give all-round vision, three simple eyes which can
detect light and dark, and a pair of thread-like antennae that are sensitive to touch and smell. The downward-directed mouthparts are
modified for chewing and there are two sensory palps in front of thejaws.[1]

The thorax and abdomen are segmented and have a rigid cuticle made up of overlapping plates composed of chitin. The three fused
thoracic segments bear three pairs of legs and two pairs of wings. The forewings, known as tegmina, are narrow and leathery while
the hindwings are large and membranous, the veins providing strength. The legs are terminated by claws for gripping. The hind leg is
particularly powerful; the femur is robust and has several ridges where different surfaces join and the inner ridges bear stridulatory
pegs in some species. The posterior edge of the tibia bears a double row of spines and there are a pair of articulated spurs near its
[1]
lower end. The interior of the thorax houses the muscles that control the wings and legs.

The abdomen has eleven segments, the first of which is fused to the thorax and
contains the tympanal organ and hearing system. Segments two to eight are ring-
shaped and joined by flexible membranes. Segments nine to eleven are reduced in
size; segment nine bears a pair of cerci and segments ten and eleven house the
reproductive organs. Female grasshoppers are normally larger than males, with short
ovipositors.[1] The name of the suborder "Caelifera" comes from the Latin and
means chisel-bearing, referring to the shape of the ovipositor.[2]

Those species that make easily heard noises usually do so by rubbing a row of pegs
Ensifera, like this great green bush-
on the hind legs against the edges of the forewings (stridulation). These sounds are
cricket Tettigonia viridissima,
produced mainly by males to attract females, though in some species the females somewhat resemble grasshoppers
also stridulate.[3] but have over 20 segments in their
antennae and different ovipositors.
Grasshoppers may be confused with Ensifera (crickets, etc.), but they differ in many
aspects; these include the number of segments in their antennae and the structure of
the ovipositor, as well as the location of the tympanal organ and the methods by which sound is produced.[4] Ensiferans have
antennae that can be much longer than the body and have at least 20–24 segments, while caeliferans have fewer segments in their
shorter, stouter antennae.[3]

Phylogeny
Grasshoppers belong to the suborder Caelifera. Although, "grasshopper" is sometimes used as a common name for the suborder in
general,[5][6][7] some sources restrict it to the more "advanced" groups.[8] They may be placed in the infraorder Acrididea[9] and have
been referred-to as "short-horned grasshoppers" in older texts[10] to distinguish them from the also-obsolete term "long-horned
grasshoppers" (now bush-crickets or katydids) with their much longer antennae. The phylogeny of the Caelifera, based on
mitochondrial ribosomal RNA of thirty-two taxa in six out of seven superfamilies, is shown as a cladogram. The Ensifera, Caelifera
monophyletic.[11][12]
and all the superfamilies of grasshoppers except Pamphagoidea appear to be
 Ensifera (crickets) [6 superfamilies]

Tridactyloidea

Tetrigoidea

Eumastacidae
Orthoptera
Caelifera
Proscopiidae

Pneumoridae

Pyrgomorphidae

Acrididae + Pamphagidae

In evolutionary terms, the split between the Caelifera and the Ensifera is no more
recent than the Permo-Triassic boundary;[13] the earliest insects that are certainly
Caeliferans are in the extinct families Locustopseidae and Locustavidae from the
early Triassic, roughly 250 million years ago. The group diversified during the
Triassic and have remained important plant-eaters from that time to now. The first
modern families such as the Eumastacidae, Tetrigidae and Tridactylidae appeared in
the Cretaceous, though some insects that might belong to the last two of these
groups are found in the early Jurassic.[14][15] Morphological classification is
Fossil grasshoppers at the Royal
difficult because many taxa have converged towards a common habitat type; recent
Ontario Museum
taxonomists have concentrated on the internal genitalia, especially those of the male.
This information is not available from fossil specimens, and the palaentological
[16]
taxonomy is founded principally on the venation of the hindwings.

The Caelifera includes some 2,400 valid genera and about 11,000 known species. Many undescribed species probably exist,
especially in tropical wet forests. The Caelifera have a predominantly tropical distribution with fewer species known from temperate
zones, but most of the superfamilies have representatives worldwide. They are almost exclusively herbivorous and are probably the
[16]
oldest living group of chewing herbivorous insects.

The most diverse superfamily is the Acridoidea, with around 8,000 species. The two main families in this are the Acrididae
(grasshoppers and locusts) with a worldwide distribution, and theRomaleidae (lubber grasshoppers), found chiefly in the New W
orld.
The Ommexechidae and Tristiridae are South American, and the Lentulidae, Lithidiidae and Pamphagidae are mainly African. The
Pauliniids are nocturnal and can swim or skate on water, and the Lentulids are wingless.[14] Pneumoridae are native to Africa,
[17]
particularly southern Africa, and are distinguished by the inflated abdomens of the males.

Biology

Diet and digestion

Most grasshoppers are polyphagous, eating vegetation from multiple
plant sources,[18] but some are omnivorous and also eat animal tissue
and animal faeces. In general their preference is for grasses,
including many cereals grown as crops.[19] The digestive system is
typical of insects, with Malpighian tubules discharging into the
midgut. Carbohydrates are digested mainly in the crop, while
proteins are digested in the ceca of the midgut. Saliva is abundant but
largely free of enzymes, helping to move food and Malpighian
secretions along the gut. Some grasshoppers possess cellulase, which
by softening plant cell walls makes plant cell contents accessible to
other digestive enzymes.[20] Structure of mouthparts

Sensory organs
Grasshoppers have a typical insect nervous system, and have an extensive set of
external sense organs. On the side of the head are a pair of large compound eyes
which give a broad field of vision and can detect movement, shape, colour and
distance. There are also three simple eyes (ocelli) on the forehead which can detect
light intensity, a pair of antennae containing olfactory (smell) and touch receptors,
and mouthparts containing gustatory (taste) receptors.[21] At the front end of the
abdomen there is a pair of tympanal organs for sound reception. There are numerous
fine hairs (setae) covering the whole body that act as mechanoreceptors (touch and
wind sensors), and these are most dense on the antennae, the palps (part of the
mouth), and on the cerci at the tip of the abdomen.[22] There are special receptors
(campaniform sensillae) embedded in the cuticle of the legs that sense pressure and
cuticle distortion.[23] There are internal "chordotonal" sense organs specialized to Frontal view of Egyptian locust
detect position and movement about the joints of the exoskeleton. The receptors (Anacridium aegyptium) showing the
compound eyes, tiny ocelli and
convey information to the central nervous system through sensory neurons, and most
numerous setae
of these have their cell bodies located in the periphery near the receptor site
itself.[22]

Circulation and respiration

Like other insects, grasshoppers have an open circulatory system and their body cavities are filled with haemolymph. A heart-like
structure in the upper part of the abdomen pumps the fluid to the head from where it percolates past the tissues and organs on its way
back to the abdomen. This system circulates nutrients throughout the body and carries metabolic wastes to be excreted into the gut.
Other functions of the haemolymph include wound healing, heat transfer and the provision of hydrostatic pressure, but the circulatory
system is not involved in gaseous exchange.[24] Respiration is performed using tracheae, air-filled tubes, which open at the surfaces
of the thorax and abdomen through pairs of valved spiracles. Larger insects may need to actively ventilate their bodies by opening
some spiracles while others remain closed, using abdominal muscles to expand and contract the body and pump air through the
system.[25]

Jumping
A large grasshopper, such as a locust, can jump about a metre (twenty body lengths) without using its wings; the acceleration peaks at
about 20 g.[26] Grasshoppers jump by extending their large back legs and pushing against the substrate (the ground, a twig, a blade of
grass or whatever else they are standing on); the reaction force propels them into the air.[27] They jump for several reasons; to escape
from a predator, to launch themselves into flight, or simply to move from place to place. For the escape jump in particular there is
strong selective pressure to maximize take-off velocity, since this determines the range. This means that the legs must thrust against
the ground with both high force and a high velocity of movement. However, a fundamental property of muscle is that it cannot
contract with both high force and high velocity at the same time. Grasshoppers overcome this apparent contradiction by using a
catapult mechanism to amplify themechanical power produced by their muscles.[28]

The jump is a three-stage process.[29] First, the grasshopper fully flexes the lower part of the leg (tibia) against the upper part (femur)
by activating the flexor tibiae muscle (the back legs of the grasshopper in the top photograph are in this preparatory position).
Second, there is a period of co-contraction in which force builds up in the large, pennate extensor tibiae muscle, but the tibia is kept
flexed by the simultaneous contraction of the flexor tibiae muscle. The extensor muscle is much stronger than the flexor muscle, but
the latter is aided by specializations in the joint that give it a large effective mechanical advantage over the former when the tibia is
fully flexed.[30] Co-contraction can last for up to half a second, and during this period the extensor muscle shortens and stores elastic
strain energy by distorting stiff cuticular structures in the leg.[31] The extensor muscle contraction is quite slow (almost isometric),
which allows it to develop high force (up to 14 N in the desert locust), but because it is slow only low power is needed. The third
stage of the jump is the trigger relaxation of the flexor muscle, which releases the tibia from the flexed position. The subsequent rapid
tibial extension is driven mainly by the relaxation of the elastic structures, rather than by further shortening of the extensor muscle. In
this way the stiff cuticle acts like the elastic of acatapult, or the bow of a bow-and-arrow. Energy is put into the store at low power by
slow but strong muscle contraction, and retrieved from the store at high power by rapid relaxation of the mechanical elastic
structures.[32][33]

Stridulation
Male grasshoppers spend much of the day stridulating, singing more Grasshopper stridulation
actively under optimal conditions and being more subdued when
0:00
conditions are adverse; females also stridulate, but their efforts are
insignificant when compared to the males. Late-stage male nymphs Several unidentified grasshoppers
can sometimes be seen making stridulatory movements, although they
stridulating
lack the equipment to make sounds, demonstrating the importance of
Problems playing this file? See media help.
this behavioural trait. The songs are a means of communication; the
male stridulation seems to express reproductive maturity, the desire for social cohesion and individual well-being. Social cohesion
becomes necessary among grasshoppers because of their ability to jump or fly large distances, and the song can serve to limit
dispersal and guide others to favourable habitat. The generalised song can vary in phraseology and intensity, and is modified in the
presence of a rival male, and changes again to a courtship song when a female is nearby.[34] In male grasshoppers of the family
Pneumoridae, the enlarged abdomen amplifies stridulation.[17]

Life cycle
In most grasshopper species, conflicts between males
over females rarely escalate beyond ritualistic
displays. Some exceptions include the chameleon
grasshopper (Kosciuscola tristis), where males may
fight on top of ovipositing females; engaging in leg
grappling, biting, kicking and mounting.[35]

The newly emerged female grasshopper has a

preoviposition period of a week or two while she
Romalea guttata grasshoppers: increases in weight and her eggs mature. After
female (larger) is laying eggs, with mating, the female of most species digs a hole with
Six stages (instars) of
male in attendance. her ovipositor and lays a batch of eggs in a pod in the development, from
ground near food plants, generally in the summer. newly hatched nymph
After laying the eggs, she covers the hole with soil to fully winged adult
and litter.[1] Some, like the semi-aquatic Cornops aquaticum, deposit the pod directly into plant

[36]
tissue.[36] The eggs in the pod are glued together with a froth in some species. After a few weeks of development, the eggs of most
species in temperate climates go into diapause, and pass the winter in this state. Diapause is broken by a sufficiently low ground
temperature, with development resuming as soon as the ground warms above a certain threshold temperature. The embryos in a pod
generally all hatch out within a few minutes of each other. They soon shed their membranes and their exoskeletons harden. These
first instar nymphs can then jump away from predators.[37]

Grasshoppers undergo incomplete metamorphosis: they repeatedly moult, each instar becoming larger and more like an adult, with
the wing-buds increasing in size at each stage. The number of instars varies between species but is often six. After the final moult, the
wings are inflated and become fully functional. The migratory grasshopper, Melanoplus sanguinipes, spends about 25 to 30 days as a
[37]
nymph, depending on sex and temperature, and lives for about 51 days as an adult.

Swarming
Locusts are the swarming phase of certain species of short-horned
grasshoppers in the family Acrididae. Swarming behaviour is a response to
overcrowding. Increased tactile stimulation of the hind legs causes an
increase in levels of serotonin.[38] This causes the grasshopper to change
colour, feed more and breed faster. The transformation of a solitary
individual into a swarming one is induced by several contacts per minute
over a short period.[39]

Following this transformation, under suitable conditions dense nomadic

Millions of plague locusts on the move in bands of flightless nymphs known as "hoppers" can occur, producing
Australia pheromones which attract the insects to each other. With several generations
in a year, the locust population can build up from localised groups into vast
accumulations of flying insects known as plagues, devouring all the
vegetation they encounter. The largest recorded locust swarmwas one formed by the now-extinctRocky Mountain locustin 1875; the
swarm was 1,800 miles (2,900 km) long and 110 miles (180 km) wide,[40] and one estimate puts the number of locusts involved at
3.5 trillion.[41] An adult desert locust can eat about 2 g (0.1 oz) of plant material each day, so the billions of insects in a large swarm
can be very destructive, stripping all the foliage from plants in an affected area and consuming stems, flowers, fruits, seeds and
bark.[42]

Predators, parasites and pathogens

Grasshoppers have a wide range of predators at different stages of their lives; eggs
are eaten by bee-flies, ground beetles and blister beetles; hoppers and adults are
taken by other insects such as ants, robber flies and sphecid wasps, by spiders, and
[43]
by many birds and small mammals including dogs and cats.

The eggs and nymphs are under attack by parasitoids including blow flies, flesh
flies, and tachinid flies. External parasites of adults and nymphs include mites.[43]
Female grasshoppers parasitised by mites produce fewer eggs and thus have fewer
offspring than unaffected individuals.[44]

The grasshopper nematode (Mermis nigrescens) is a long slender worm that infects
Cottontop tamarin monkey eating a
grasshoppers, living in the insect's hemocoel. Adult worms lay eggs on plants and
grasshopper
the host becomes infected when the foliage is eaten.[45] Spinochordodes tellinii and
Paragordius tricuspidatus are parasitic worms that infect grasshoppers and alter the
behaviour of their hosts. When the worms are sufficiently developed, the grasshopper is persuaded to leap into a nearby body of
life cycle, which takes place in water.[46][47]
water where it drowns, thus enabling the parasite to continue with the next stage of its
 Grasshoppers are affected by diseases caused
by bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoa. The
bacteria Serratia marcescens and
Pseudomonas aeruginosa have both been
implicated in causing disease in
grasshoppers, as has the entomopathogenic
fungus Beauveria bassiana. This widespread
fungus has been used to control various pest
insects around the world, but although it
Locusts killed by the naturally
infects grasshoppers, the infection is not
occurring fungus Metarhizium, an
usually lethal because basking in the sun has environmentally friendly means of
Grasshopper with parasitic
the result of raising the insect's temperature biological control. CSIRO, 2005[48]
mites
above a threshold tolerated by the fungus.[49]
The fungal pathogen Entomophaga grylli is
able to influence the behaviour of its grasshopper host, causing it to climb to the top of a plant and cling to the stem as it dies. This
[50]
ensures wide dispersal of the fungal spores liberated from the corpse.

The fungal pathogen Metarhizium acridum is found in Africa, Australia and Brazil where it has caused epizootics in grasshoppers. It
is being investigated for possible use as a microbial insecticide for locust control.[49] The microsporidian fungus Nosema locustae,
once considered to be a protozoan, can be lethal to grasshoppers. It has to be consumed by mouth and is the basis for a bait-based
commercial microbial pesticide. Various other microsporidians and protozoans are found in the gut.[49]

Anti-predator defences
Grasshoppers exemplify a range of anti-predator adaptations, enabling them to avoid detection, to escape if detected, and in some
cases to avoid being eaten if captured. Grasshoppers are often camouflaged to avoid detection by predators that hunt by sight; some
[51]
species can change their coloration to suit their surroundings.

Several species such as the hooded leaf grasshopper Phyllochoreia ramakrishnai (Eumastacoidea) are detailed mimics of leaves.
Stick grasshoppers (Proscopiidae) mimic wooden sticks in form and coloration.[52] Grasshoppers often have deimatic patterns on
their wings, giving a sudden flash of bright colours that may startle predators long enough to give time to escape in a combination of
jump and flight.[53]

Some species are genuinely aposematic, having both bright warning coloration and sufficient toxicity to dissuade predators.
Dictyophorus productus (Pyrgomorphidae) is a "heavy, bloated, sluggish insect" that makes no attempt to hide; it has a bright red
abdomen. A Cercopithecus monkey that ate other grasshoppers refused to eat the species.[54] Another species, the rainbow or painted
grasshopper of Arizona, Dactylotum bicolor (Acridoidea), has been shown by experiment with a natural predator, the little striped
whiptail lizard, to be aposematic.[55]
 Gaudy grasshopper,
Lubber grasshopper, Leaf
grasshopper, Painted grasshopper,
Atractomorpha lata,
Titanacris albipes, has Phyllochoreia Dactylotum bicolor,
evades predators with
deimatically coloured ramakrishnai, mimics a deters predators with
camouflage.
wings, used to startle green leaf. warning coloration.
predators.

Spotted grasshopper,
Aularches miliaris,
defends itself with toxic
foam and warning
colours.[56]

Relationship with humans

In art and media

Grasshoppers are occasionally depicted in artworks, such as the Dutch Golden Age
painter Balthasar van der Ast's still life oil painting, Flowers in a Vase with Shells
and Insects, c. 1630, now in the National Gallery, London, though the insect may be
a bush-cricket.[57]

Another orthopteran is found inRachel Ruysch's still life Flowers in a Vase, c. 1685.
The seemingly static scene is animated by a "grasshopper on the table that looks Detail of grasshopper on table in
about ready to spring", according to the gallery curator Betsy Wieseman, with other Rachel Ruysch's painting Flowers in
a Vase, c. 1685. National Gallery,
invertebrates including a spider, an ant, and two caterpillars.[58][59]
London
Grasshoppers are also featured in cinema. The 1957 film Beginning of the End
portrayed giant grasshoppers attacking Chicago.[60] In the 1998 Pixar film A Bug's
Life, the heroes are the members of an ant colony [61]
, and the lead villain and his henchmen are grasshoppers.

Symbolism
Grasshoppers are sometimes used as symbols.[62] During the Greek Archaic Era, the grasshopper was the symbol of the polis of
Athens,[63] possibly because they were among the most common insects on the dry plains of Attica.[63] Native Athenians for a while
wore golden grasshopper brooches to symbolize that they were of pure Athenian lineage with no foreign ancestors.[63] Another
 symbolic use of the grasshopper is Sir Thomas Gresham's gilded grasshopper in
Lombard Street, London, dating from 1563;[a] the building was for a while the
headquarters of the Guardian Royal Exchange, but the company declined to use the
symbol for fear of confusion with the locust.[64]

When grasshoppers appear in dreams, these have been interpreted as symbols of

"Freedom, independence, spiritual enlightenment, inability to settle down or commit
to decision". Locusts are taken literally to mean devastation of crops in the case of
farmers; figuratively as "wicked men and women" for non-farmers; and
Sir Thomas Gresham's gilded [65]
"Extravagance, misfortune, & ephemeral happiness" by "gypsies".
grasshopper symbol, Lombard
Street, London, 1563
As food
In some countries, grasshoppers are
used as food.[66] In southern Mexico, grasshoppers, known as chapulines, are eaten
in a variety of dishes, such as in tortillas with chilli sauce.[67] Grasshoppers are
served on skewers in some Chinese food markets, like the Donghuamen Night
Market.[68] Fried grasshoppers (walang goreng) are eaten in the Gunung Kidul
Regency, Yogyakarta, Java in Indonesia.[69] In Native America, the Ohlone people
burned grassland to herd grasshoppers into pits where they could be collected as
food.[70]

Fried grasshoppers from Gunung

It is recorded in the Bible that John the Baptist ate locusts and wild honey (Greek:
Kidul, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
ἀκρίδες καὶ μέλι ἄγριον, akrídes kaì méli ágrion) while living in the wilderness;[71]
attempts have been made to explain the locusts as suitably ascetic vegetarian food
such as carob beans, but the plain meaning ofἀκρίδες is the insects.[72][73]

As pests
Grasshoppers eat large quantities of foliage both as adults and during their
development, and can be serious pests of arid land and prairies. Pasture, grain,
forage, vegetable and other crops can be affected. Grasshoppers often bask in the
sun, and thrive in warm sunny conditions, so drought stimulates an increase in
grasshopper populations. A single season of drought is not normally sufficient to
stimulate a massive population increase, but several successive dry seasons can do
so, especially if the intervening winters are mild so that large numbers of nymphs
survive. Although sunny weather stimulates growth, there needs to be an adequate
Crop pest: grasshopper eating a food supply for the increasing grasshopper population. This means that although
maize leaf
precipitation is needed to stimulate plant growth, prolonged periods of cloudy
weather will slow nymphal development.[74]

Grasshoppers can best be prevented from becoming pests by manipulating their environment. Shade provided by trees will
discourage them and they may be prevented from moving onto developing crops by removing coarse vegetation from fallow land and
field margins and discouraging luxurious growth beside ditches and on roadside verges. With increasing numbers of grasshoppers,
predator numbers may increase, but this seldom happens sufficiently rapidly to have much effect on populations. Biological control is
being investigated, and spores of the protozoan parasite Nosema locustae can be used mixed with bait to control grasshoppers, being
more effective with immature insects.[75] On a small scale, neem products can be effective as a feeding deterrent and as a disruptor of
nymphal development. Insecticides can be used, but adult grasshoppers are difficult to kill, and as they move into fields from
[74]
surrounding rank growth, crops may soon become reinfested.
Some grasshopper species, like the Chinese rice grasshopper, are a pest in rice paddies. Ploughing exposes the eggs on the surface of
the field, to be destroyed by sunshine or eaten by natural enemies. Some eggs may be buried too deeply in the soil for hatching to
take place.[76]

Locust plagues can have devastating effects on human populations, causingfamines and population upheavals. They are mentioned in
both the Koran and the Bible and have also been held responsible for cholera epidemics, resulting from the corpses of locusts
drowned in the Mediterranean Sea and decomposing on beaches.[42] The FAO and other organisations monitor locust activity around
the world. Timely application of pesticides can prevent nomadic bands of hoppers from forming before dense swarms of adults can
build up.[77] Besides conventional control using contact insecticides,[77] biological pest control using the entomopathogenic fungus
[78]
Metarhizium acridum, which specifically infects grasshoppers, has been used with some success.

In literature
The Egyptian word for locust or grasshopper was written snḥm in the consonantal hieroglyphic
writing system. The pharaoh Ramesses II compared the armies of the Hittites to locusts: "They
[79]
covered the mountains and valleys and were like locusts in their multitude."
Egyptian hieroglyphs
"snḥm" One of Aesop's Fables, later retold by La Fontaine, is the tale of The Ant and the Grasshopper. The
ant works hard all summer, while the grasshopper plays. In winter, the ant is ready but the
grasshopper starves. Somerset Maugham's short story "The Ant and the Grasshopper" explores the
fable's symbolism via complex framing.[80] Other human weaknesses besides improvidence have become identified with the
grasshopper's behaviour.[65] So an unfaithful woman (hopping from man to man) is "a grasshopper" in "Poprygunya", an 1892 short
story by Anton Chekhov,[81] and in Jerry Paris's 1969 film The Grasshopper.[82][83]

In mechanical engineering
The name "Grasshopper" was given to the Aeronca L-3 and Piper L-4 light aircraft, both
used for reconnaissance and other support duties in World War II. The name is said to have
originated when Major General Innis P. Swift saw a Piper making a rough landing and
[83][84][85]
remarked that it looked like a "damned grasshopper" for its bouncing progress.

Grasshopper beam engines were beam engines pivoted at one end, the long horizontal arm
resembling the hind leg of a grasshopper. The type was patented by William Freemantle in
1803.[86][87][88]

See also A grasshopper beam engine,

1847
Orthoptera portal (Order including grasshoppers, locusts, crickets, and
grigs)

Notes
[62]
a. The symbol is a wordplay on the name Gresham and "grass".

References
1. Pfadt, 1994. pp. 1–8
2. Himmelman, John (2011).Cricket Radio (https://books.google.com/books?id=qp7Q4Vn9l-oC&pg=P A45). Harvard
University Press. p. 45.ISBN 978-0-674-06102-6. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20171127023307/https://bo
oks.google.com/books?id=qp7Q4Vn9l-oC&pg=P A45) from the original on 27 November 2017.
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External links
Media related to Caelifera at Wikimedia Commons
Quotations related to Grasshoppers at Wikiquote
Data related to Caelifera at Wikispecies
The dictionary definition ofgrasshopper at Wiktionary

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