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I.

Objectives

1. To determine the minor losses and velocity in pipe flows when subjected to sudden
expansion and contraction.
2. To be able to know the relationship between the head losses to the sudden change
of the pipe sizes and so as its velocity too.

II. Procedure

1. The hydraulic bench and materials to be used is prepared.


2. To avoid measuring errors, set up a designated value of volume to measure to be
able to pinpoint when the timer should be stopped.
3. Make sure that the valves that are not meant to be measured is closed including the
spillage hole of the hydraulic bench is blocked.
4. Adjust the flow from the bench control value, and at a given flow rate take the
readings of all the manometers. In order to determine the volume flow rate, a timed
volume should be carried out using the volumetric tank. In our group’s case, we set
the volume and time it when it will reach that volume.
5. Repeat the procedure to give a total of at least 5 trials.
6. Solve for the required data to be calculated.
IV. Conclusion

Minor losses are a major part in calculating the flow, pressure or energy reduction in
piping systems. After performing the experiment, the students come up with a conclusion that
the head losses are being affected by the sudden expansion and contraction of pipes. Based
from the computed result of the head losses, the head loss in enlarged pipes is less that of the
losses in contracted pipes. While in its velocity, the larger the pipe the lower its velocity, the
smaller the pipe the higher the velocity.

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