Analysis and Explanation

This experiment had purpose to determine the reaction order between sodium
thiosulfate with sulphuric acid and magnesium with hydrochloric acid. This experiment divide
into three part, which each part had certain steps. The first thing to do is prepare the tools and
materials which needed in this experiment. The tools were beaker glass, graduated cylinder,
pipettes, erlenmeyer and stopwatch. For the materials were Na2S2O3 0,1 M, H2SO4 0,5 M, HCl
with various concentration, Mg tape and aquades.

1. Reaction between sodium thiosulfate and sulphuric acid.

This reaction was to determine the reaction order of sodium thiosulfate. The
concentration of sodium thiosulfate determine as independent variable, and the concentration
of sulphuric acid as control variable. The initial colour of Na2S2O3 was colourless, also the
H2SO4 was colourless too. The various concentration of Na2S2O3 will manipulated by the
addition ration between Na2S2O3 and aquades.
There were need 3 beaker glass in this section, the first beaker glass which labelled as
A was filled with 10 ml of Na2S2O3 0,1 M which placed on the ‘X’ sign in white paper. Added
5 ml of H2SO4 0,5 M into the first beaker, and turned on the stopwatch. Observed the changes,
the solution will changes from colourless into yellowish colour (turbid). According to the
reaction, the turbidity came from the presence of sulphur in solid phase. This product had
turbidity highest than the two others beaker. For the first beaker need 61 second to completely
reacted, and produced sulphur.
Second beaker glass which labelled as B was filled with 7,5 ml of Na2S2O3 0,1 M and
2,5 ml of aquades. This ratio made the molarity of Na2S2O3 is decease into 0,075 M. this beaker
glass also placed on the ‘X’ sign in the white paper. The initial colour from this reaction were
colourless. Next, was added 5 ml of H2SO4 0,5 M. Observed the changes by counting the time
in stopwatch. The solution need 103 second to completely reacted, and produced sulphur. The
result of this experiment is turbid solution which presented the presence of sulphur. This beaker
had turbidity lighter than the A beaker.
Third beaker glass which labelled as C was filled with 5 ml of Na2S2O3 0,1 M and 5 ml
of aquades. This ratio made the molarity of Na2S2O3 is decease into 0,05 M. this beaker glass
also placed on the ‘X’ sign in the white paper. The initial colour from this reaction were
colourless. Next, was added 5 ml of H2SO4 0,5 M. Observed the changes by counting the time
in stopwatch. The solution need 192 second to completely reacted, and produced sulphur. The
result of this experiment is turbid solution which presented the presence of sulphur. This beaker
had turbidity lightest than other beaker.
According to the experiment, the data could written in the table as written below :
V H2SO4 (ml) V Na2S2O3 (ml) V Aquades (ml) V total (ml) t(s) Turbidity
10 0 61 +++
5 7.5 2.5 15 103 ++
5 5 192 +

And the reaction is :

3 Na2S2O3 (aq) + H2SO4 (aq)  3 Na2SO4 (aq) + 4S (s) + H2O (l)
According to the table, the reaction rate affected by the adding different concentration
of Na2S2O3. As higher the concentration, as lesser the time to react. That’s mean the rate is fast.
By the differential method, the rate reaction which gotten is written below :
[H2SO4 ](M) [Na2S2O3 ](M) t(s) r(M/s)
0,1 61 0.001454
0,5 0,075 103 0.000647
0,05 192 0.000229

According to the data above, proven that as concentrated the Na2S2O3, as fast the rate
reaction to change H2S2O4 into sulphur. Calculated by differential method, the order for
Na2S2O3 is :

𝑟1 𝑘[𝑁𝑎2 𝑆2 𝑂3 ]𝑎 [𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 ]𝑏

=
𝑟2 𝑘[𝑁𝑎2 𝑆2 𝑂3 ]𝑎 [𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 ]𝑏

0,001454 𝑘(0,1)𝑎 (0,5)𝑏

=
0,000647 𝑘(0,075)𝑎 (0,5)𝑏

2,240 = (1,33)b
log 2,240
a =
log 1,33
0,350
a =
0,124

a = 2,2 ≈ 2
therefore, the reaction order for Na2S2O3 is 2.
 By the graphical method the order of sodium thiosulfate is :

the ln [Na2S2O3] and ln r

0
-9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0
-0.5

-1

-1.5
ln r

y = 0.3759x + 0.1595
-2.302585093 -2
R² = 0.9993
-2.590267165
-2.5
-2.995732274
-3

-3.5
ln [Na2S2O3]

According to the graph, its order is calculated below :

∆𝑙𝑛𝑟 𝑙𝑛𝑟1 − 𝑙𝑛𝑟2 −6,53375−(−7,34278)

Orde = = = = 2,12≈ 2
∆𝑙𝑛[𝑁𝑎2 𝑆2 𝑂3 ] 𝑙𝑛[𝑁𝑎2 𝑆2 𝑂3 ]1 − 𝑙𝑛[𝑁𝑎2 𝑆2 𝑂3 ]2 −2,3025−(−2,5902)

2. Reaction between sulphuric acid and sodium thiosulfate.

This reaction was to determine the reaction order of sulphuric acid. The concentration
of sulphuric acid determine as independent variable, and the concentration of sodium
thiosulfate as control variable. The initial colour of Na2S2O3 was colourless, also the H2SO4
was colourless too. The various concentration of H2SO4 will manipulated by the addition
ration between H2SO4 and aquades.

There were need 3 beaker glass in this section, the first beaker glass which labelled as
D was filled with 10 ml of H2SO4 0,5 M which placed on the ‘X’ sign in white paper.
Added 5 ml of Na2S2O3 0,1 M into the first beaker, and turned on the stopwatch. Observed
the changes, the solution will changes from colourless into yellowish colour (turbid).
According to the reaction, the turbidity came from the presence of sulphur in solid phase.
This product had turbidity highest than the two others beaker. For the D beaker need 130
second to completely reacted, and produced sulphur.

Second beaker glass which labelled as B was filled with 7,5 ml of H2SO4 0,5 M and 2,5
ml of aquades. This ratio made the molarity of H2SO4 is decease into 0,375 M. This beaker
glass also placed on the ‘X’ sign in the white paper. The initial colour from this reaction
 were colourless. Next, was added 5 ml of Na2S2O3 0,1 M. Observed the changes by
counting the time in stopwatch. The solution need 171 second to completely reacted, and
produced sulphur. The result of this experiment is turbid solution which presented the
presence of sulphur. This beaker had turbidity lighter than the A beaker.

Third beaker glass which labelled as C was filled with 5 ml of H2SO4 0,5 M and 5 ml
of aquades. This ratio made the molarity of H2SO4 is decease into 0,25 M. this beaker glass
also placed on the ‘X’ sign in the white paper. The initial colour from this reaction were
colourless. Next, was added 5 ml of Na2S2O3 0,1 M. Observed the changes by counting the
time in stopwatch. The solution need 201 second to completely reacted, and produced
sulphur. The result of this experiment is turbid solution which presented the presence of
sulphur. This beaker had turbidity lightest than other beaker.

According to the experiment, the data could written in the table as written below :

V Na2S2O3(ml) V H2SO4 (ml) V Aquades(ml) V total(ml) t(s) Turbidity

10 0 130 +++
5 7.5 2.5 15 171 ++
5 5 201 +

And the reaction is :

3 Na2S2O3 (aq) + H2SO4 (aq)  3 Na2SO4 (aq) + 4S (s) + H2O (l)

According to the table, the reaction rate affected by the adding different concentration
of H2SO4. As higher the concentration, as lesser the time to react. That’s mean the rate is
fast. By the differential method, the rate reaction which gotten is written below :

[Na2S2O3](M) [H2SO4 t(s) r(M/s)

](M)
0,5 130 0.000338
0,1 0,375 171 0.000257
0,25 201 0.000219

According to the data above, proven that as concentrated the H2SO4, as fast the rate reaction
to change H2S2O4 into sulphur. Calculated by differential method, the order for H2SO4 is :
𝑟1 𝑘[𝑁𝑎2 𝑆2 𝑂3 ]𝑎 [𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 ]𝑏
=
𝑟2 𝑘[𝑁𝑎2 𝑆2 𝑂3 ]𝑎 [𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 ]𝑏
0.000338 𝑘(0,1)𝑎 (0,5)𝑏
=
0.000257 𝑘(0,1)𝑎 (0,375)𝑏

1,496 = (1,33)b
log 1,496
a =
log 1,33
0,175
a =
0,124

a = 1,12 ≈ 1
therefore, the reaction order for H2SO4 is 1.

For the graphic method, we could the reaction order below :

∆𝑙𝑛𝑟 𝑙𝑛𝑟1 − 𝑙𝑛𝑟2 −7,9911−(−8,26523)

Orde = = = = 0,95 ≈ 1
∆𝑙𝑛[𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 ] 𝑙𝑛[𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 ]1 − 𝑙𝑛[𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 ]2 −0,69314−(−0,98082)

3. Reaction between Mg and HCl

The tools which needed in this experiment is erlenmeyer, graduated cylinder,
and stopwatch. For the materials are magnesium tape and HCl with 2 N, 1,8 N, 1,6 N,
1,4 N, 1,2 N, 1,0 N, 0,8 N, and 0,6 N. This various concentration HCl it purpose to
determine the influence of concentration in rate reaction. With the different rate
reaction, it could use to determine the reaction order.
First, cleaned the magnesium with sand paper to remove the dust. The initial
magnesium before cleaned is black. After cleaned with sand paper, the magnesium tape
turn into grey. Cut it 8 cm magnesium into 16 pieces. In this experiment, we need 8
 erlenmeyer which labelled as a until h. This Erlenmeyer filled with 25 ml of HCl with
various concentration. This experiment repeated twice for the each concentration. This
step purposed to check the accuration and precision of the time. The initial colour of
HCl is colourless, and for the magnesium is grey. When the magnesium reacted with
HCl the reaction yields a gas and the surface of Erlenmeyer become warmer. This
increase of reaction indicate the exothermic reaction. The data from experiment written
as below :

V HCl (ml) [HCl] (M) [Mg](M) t1(s) t2(s) t avrg r (1/t) ln r

25 2 1 15 16 15.5 0.064516 -2.74084
25 1.8 1 16 32 24 0.041667 -3.17805
25 1.6 1 32 39 35.5 0.028169 -3.56953
25 1.4 1 45 43 44 0.022727 -3.78419
25 1.2 1 68 47 57.5 0.017391 -4.05178
25 1 1 49 109 79 0.012658 -4.36945
25 0.8 1 176 98 137 0.007299 -4.91998
25 0.6 1 258 257 257.5 0.003883 -5.55102

According to the experiment, the higher concentration of HCl makes the rate
reaction faster. With the graphical method, we could determine the reaction order by :

The experimental results can be seen that the greater the HCl concentration, the faster
the reaction. This is because the greater the concentration, the greater the number of particle
substances in the solution, so that more collisions occur. The more collisions, the faster the
energy activation (Ea) reaction will be.
 The rate equation is only determined by the concentration of HCl, because Mg was
a solids and the size of Mg used was same which is 0.5 cm so that it does not affect the
concentration of solution and finally from the rate equation above, Mg metal has no effect
in the reaction rate equation.
According to Keenan, the order of a reaction is the sum of all exponents of concentration
in the rate equation. If the reaction rate is directly proportional to the power of one
concentration, only one reactant.
Rate = k [HCl]
Then this reaction is said to be a first-order reaction. Determination of the reaction order
with the differential method, the integral method (the determination of the first reaction
order and the determination of the second reaction order).
(Keenan, 1991)
With the differential methods, the order is :

𝑟1 𝑘[𝑀𝑔]𝑎 [𝐻𝐶𝑙]𝑏
= 𝑘[𝑀𝑔]𝑎 [𝐻𝐶𝑙]𝑏
𝑟2

0.064516 𝑘(1)𝑎 (2)𝑏

=
0.041667 𝑘(1)𝑎 (1,8)𝑏

15,484 = (1,11)b
log 1,548
b = log 1,111
0,190
b = 0,0457

b = 0,92 ≈ 1

Conclusion
1. This experiment is purposed to determine the reaction order between
sodium thiosulfate and sulphuric acid and magnesium and hydrochloric
acid.
2. The method which used is differential method, with graph method and
non graph method.
3. For the order of sodium thiosulfate and sulphuric acid is 2 by graphic
and non graphic
4. For the order of sulphuric acid and sodium thiosulfate is 1 calculated by
graphic and non graphic.
5. For the order magnesium and HCl has 1 order reaction, because the rate
reaction didn’t influence by the concentration of magnesium.