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FM QSJNFS DVFOUP RVF MMFWB QPS U­UVMP ઴.PHFOTવ -F TPCSFDPHFS¡
VO NVOEP MB EJDIB MB SJRVF[B MB JODPODFCJCMF HSBOEJPTJEBE EF
UPEP VO NVOEP 1FSNBOF[DB Z WJWB QPS BMHºO UJFNQP FO FTUPT MJ
CSPT Z BQSFOEB EF FMMPT DVBOUP MF QBSF[DB EJHOP EF TFS BQSFOEJEP

؇ ؇
 SBJOFS NBSJB SJMLF

"OUF UPEP ¡NFMPT TV DBSJ±P MF TFS¡ QBHBEP NJMFT Z NJMFT EF WFDFT

: DVBMRVJFSB RVF QVFEB MMFHBS B TFS N¡T BEFMBOUF FM SVNCP EF TV
WJEB FTUPZ TFHVSP EF RVF FTF BNPS DSV[BS¡ TJFNQSF MB VSEJNCSF EF
TV FYJTUFODJB DPNP VOP EF MPT IJMPT N¡T JNQPSUBOUFT FO MB USBNB
EF TVT FYQFSJFODJBT EF TVT EFTFOHB±PT Z EF TVT BMFHS­BT
4J ZP IF EF EFDJSMF RVJFO NF FOTF±³ BMHP BDFSDB EFM DSFBS EF TV
FTFODJB EF TV QSPGVOEJEBE Z EF DVBOUP FO ©M IBZ EF FUFSOP T³MP
QVFEP DJUBS EPT OPNCSFT FM EFM HSBOEF NVZ HSBOEF +BDPCTFO Z FM

KFOT QFUFS KBDPCTFO 
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MFOUFT WFSTJPOFT EF MB OPWFMB .BSJB (SVCCF Z EF MPT DVFOUPT ઴.PHFOTવ Z ઴6O
UJSP FO MB OJFCMBવ IFDIBT MBT USFT QPS EPO .BOVFM EF .POUPMJV QBSB &EJUPSJBM
઴$FSWBOUFTવ EF #BSDFMPOB &O DVBOUP B MB D©MFCSF OPWFMB /JFMT -ZIOF TF QV
CMJDBSPO EPT WFSTJPOFT VOB EFM TF±PS *OTºB FEJUBEB IBDF B±PT FO .BESJE DPO
FM U­UVMP EF 3FBMJEBE Z FOTVF±P Z DPO QS³MPHP EF &ENPOE +BMPVY Z PUSB N¡T
SFDJFOUF RVF MMFWB TV WFSEBEFSP OPNCSF Z GVF FODBSHBEB QPS &EJDJPOFT ઴/BVTJ
DBવ EF #BSDFMPOB BM TF±PS #PૻMM J 'FSSP %F MPT 4FJT DVFOUPT IBO TJEP WFSUJEPT BM
DBTUFMMBOP BQBSUF EF MPT EPT ZB DJUBEPT USFT DVFOUPT N¡T QVCMJDBEPT KVOUPT FO
MB DPMFDDJ³O ઴&VSPવ EFM &EJUPS + +BO©T EF #BSDFMPOB ૻHVSBO FOUSF FMMPT "RV­
EFCFS­BO ‫׬‬PSFDFS SPTBT Z -B TF±PSB 'POT 'BMUB BºO QPS USBEVDJS -B QFTUF FO #FS
HBNP ؈FM N¡T JNQSFTJPOBOUF EF MPT ઴4FJT $VFOUPTવ؈ Z GBMUB TPCSF UPEP VOB
USBEVDDJ³O EJSFDUB EF MBT PCSBT DPNQMFUBT EFM HSBO QPFUB Z OPWFMJTUB EBO©T B
RVJFO 3JMLF EFCF UBOUP

؇ ؇
 DBSUBT B VO KPWFO QPFUB

EF "VHVTUF 3PEJO FM FTDVMUPS TJO QBS FOUSF UPEPT MPT BSUJTUBT RVF
WJWFO FO MB BDUVBMJEBE
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4V

3BJOFS .BSJB 3JMLF


.¡T BºO RVF +BDPCTFO N¡T RVF OBEJF JOૼVZ³ 3PEJO TPCSF 3JMLF &OUSF
FM JOTJHOF FTDVMUPS GSBOD©T Z FM KPWFO QPFUB QFOTBEPS OBDJFSPO B QSJODJQJPT EF
TJHMP VOBT SFMBDJPOFT RVF TF WPMWJFSPO DBEB WF[ N¡T FTUSFDIBT DPOWJSUJ©OEPTF
CJFO QSPOUP FO BNJTUBE QFSEVSBCMF RVF EJP NBHO­ૻDPT GSVUPT 3JMLF WJWJ³ MBS
HBT UFNQPSBEBT FO 1BS­T Z MMFH³ B TFS QPS BMHºO UJFNQP TFDSFUBSJP EF 3PEJO
TPCSF RVJFO FTDSJCJ³ FM NFKPS MJCSP FYJTUFOUF BDFSDB EFM NBFTUSP &TUB PCSB RVF
MMFWB QPS U­UVMP 3PEJO UJFOF UBNCJ©O TV WFSTJ³O DBTUFMMBOB QVCMJDBEB OP IBDF
NVDIP FO #VFOPT "JSFT

؇ ؇
 DBSUB JJJ

7JBSFHHJP DFSDB EF 1JTB *UBMJB

B  EF BCSJM EF 

.F IB DBVTBEP HSBO BMFHS­B FTUJNBEP Z EJTUJOHVJEP TF±PS DPO

TV DBSUB EF 1BTDVB RVF NF SFWFMB MP NVDIP EF CVFOP RVF UJFOF VT
UFE -B GPSNB FO RVF NF IBCMB EFM HSBOEF Z EJMFDUP BSUF EF +BDPC
TFO NF EFNVFTUSB RVF OP FTUVWF EFTBDFSUBEP BM RVFSFS FODBNJOBS
TV WJEB DPO TVT NºMUJQMFT QSPCMFNBT IBDJB FTB GVFOUF EF SJRVF[B
Z QMFOJUVE
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MMBT Z EF IPOEVSBT $VBOUP N¡T TF MFF N¡T QBSFDF RVF UPEP FTU¡
DPOUFOJEP FO ©M EFTEF FM QFSGVNF N¡T TVUJM EF MB WJEB IBTUB FM SJ
DP F JOUFOTP TBCPS EF TVT GSVUPT N¡T HS¡WJEPT "I­ OP IBZ OBEB RVF
OP IBZB TJEP DBQUBEP DPNQSFOEJEP TFOUJEP /BEB RVF OP IBZB
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TF EFTBSSPMMB DVBM TJ GVFTF UPEP VO EFTUJOP : IBTUB FM EFTUJOP NJT
NP FT DPNP VO UFKJEP BNQMJP Z NBSBWJMMPTP FO DVZB USBNB DBEB
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MPDBEP B MB WFSB EF PUSP IJMP QBSB TFS TPTUFOJEP Z DPOMMFWBEP QPS
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6TUFE TFOUJS¡ MB EJDIB EF MFFS FTUF MJCSP QPS QSJNFSB WF[ F JS¡
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TVF±P KBN¡T TP±BEP BOUFT .BT ZP QVFEP BTFHVSBSMF RVF TJFNQSF

؇ ؇
 DBSUBT B VO KPWFO QPFUB

TF WVFMWF B QBTBS DPO JHVBM BTPNCSP B USBW©T EF UBMFT MJCSPT TJO RVF
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MFDUPS &T DBEB WF[ N¡T JOUFOTP FM EFMFJUF RVF OPT CSJOEBO Z N¡T
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NFKPSFT Z N¡T TFODJMMPT FO FM NJSBS TF IBDF UBNCJ©O N¡T QSPGVOEB
OVFTUSB GF FO MB WJEB Z FO MB WJEB NJTNB MMFHBNPT B TFS N¡T WFOUV
SPTPT N¡T OPCMFT
-VFHP EFCF MFFS VTUFE FM BENJSBCMF MJCSP RVF OPT DVFOUB FM EFT
UJOP Z MPT BOIFMPT EF .BS­B (SVCCF BT­ DPNP MBT DBSUBT EF +BDPC
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TPT RVF BVORVF OP NVZ CJFO USBEVDJEPT WJWFO Z WJCSBO DPO SFTP
OBODJBT JOૻOJUBT -F BDPOTFKBS­B RVF DVBOEP VTUFE UVWJFSB BMHVOB
PQPSUVOJEBE QBSB FMMP DPNQSBSB MB CFMMB FEJDJ³O EF MBT PCSBT DPN
QMFUBT EF +BDPCTFO RVF DPOUJFOF UPEP FTP )B TJEP QVCMJDBEB VOB
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UPNP
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CBOEFS­B RVF QPS TV SJHJEF[ Z TV GBMUB EF WJEB IBO MMFHBEP B QFUSJ
ૻDBSTF Z B QFSEFS UPEP TFOUJEP P CJFO UBO T³MP I¡CJMFT KVFHPT EF
QBMBCSBT FO RVF QSFWBMFDF IPZ VOB PQJOJ³O Z NB±BOB MB DPOUSB
SJB -BT PCSBT EF BSUF WJWFO FO NFEJP EF VOB TPMFEBE JOૻOJUB Z B

؇ ؇
 SBJOFS NBSJB SJMLF

OBEB TPO NFOPT BDDFTJCMFT DPNP B MB DS­UJDB 4³MP FM BNPS BMDBO

[B B DPNQSFOEFSMBT Z IBDFSMBT TVZBT T³MP ©M QVFEF TFS KVTUP QBSB
DPO FMMBT %FTF TJFNQSF MB SB[³O B T­ NJTNP Z B TV QSPQJP TFOUJS
GSFOUF B UPEBT FTBT EJTDVTJPOFT HMPTBT P JOUSPEVDDJPOFT 4J MVFHP
SFTVMUB RVF OP FTU¡ FO MP DJFSUP ZB TF FODBSHBS¡ FM OBUVSBM EFTBSSP
MMP EF TV WJEB JOUFSOB EF MMFWBSMF QBVMBUJOBNFOUF Z DPO FM UJFNQP
IBDJB PUSPT DSJUFSJPT %FKF RVF TVT KVJDJPT UFOHBO RVFEBNFOUF Z TJO
FTUPSCP BMHVOP TV QSPQJP EFTFOWPMWJNJFOUP $PNP UPEP QSPHSF
TP ©TUF IB EF TVSHJS EFTEF EFOUSP EFTEF MP N¡T QSPGVOEP TJO TFS
BQSFNJBEP OJ BDFMFSBEP QPS OBEB 5PEP FTU¡ FO MMFWBS BMHP EFOUSP
IBTUB TV DPODMVTJ³O Z MVFHP EBSMP B MV[ EFKBS RVF DVBMRVJFS JNQSF
TJ³O DVBMRVJFS TFOUJNJFOUP FO HFSNFO NBEVSF QPS FOUFSP FO T­
NJTNP FO MB PTDVSJEBE FO MP JOEFDJCMF JODPOTDJFOUF F JOBDDFTJCMF
BM QSPQJP FOUFOEJNJFOUP IBTUB RVFEBS QFSGFDUBNFOUF BDBCBEP FT
QFSBOEP DPO QBDJFODJB Z QSPGVOEB IVNJMEBE MB IPSB EFM BMVNCSB
NJFOUP FO RVF OB[DB VOB OVFWB DMBSJEBE &TUF Z OP PUSP FT FM WJWJS
EFM BSUJTUB MP NJTNP FO FM FOUFOEFS RVF FO FM DSFBS
"I­ OP DBCF NFEJS QPS FM UJFNQP 6O B±P OP UJFOF WBMPS Z EJF[
B±PT OBEB TPO 4FS BSUJTUB FT OP DBMDVMBS OP DPOUBS TJOP NBEVSBS
DPNP FM ¡SCPM RVF OP BQSFNJB TV TBWJB NBT QFSNBOFDF USBORVJ
MP Z DPOૻBEP CBKP MBT UPSNFOUBT EF MB QSJNBWFSB TJO UFNPS B RVF
USBT FMMB UBM WF[ OVODB QVFEB MMFHBS PUSP WFSBOP " QFTBS EF UPEP FM
WFSBOP MMFHB 1FSP T³MP QBSB RVJFOFT TFQBO UFOFS QBDJFODJB Z WJWJS
DPO ¡OJNP UBO USBORVJMP TFSFOP BODIVSPTP DPNP TJ BOUF FMMPT
TF FYUFOEJFSB MB FUFSOJEBE &TUP MP BQSFOEP ZP DBEB E­B -P BQSFO
EP FOUSF TVGSJNJFOUPT B MPT RVF QPS FMMP RVFEP BHSBEFDJEP a-B
QBDJFODJB MP FT UPEP

؇ ؇
 DBSUBT B VO KPWFO QPFUB

3JDIBSE %FINFM $PO TVT MJCSPT ؈EJDIP TFB EF QBTP UBNCJ©O

DPO FM IPNCSF؈ NF PDVSSF FTUP &O DVBOUP EPZ DPO VOB EF TVT
CFMMBT Q¡HJOBT TJFOUP TJFNQSF UFNPS BOUF MB QS³YJNB RVF UBM WF[
QVFEB EFTUSVJSMP UPEP Z USBTUSPDBS MP RVF FT EJHOP EF BQSFDJP FO
BMHP JOEJHOP -P IB DBSBDUFSJ[BEP VTUFE NVZ CJFO DPO MBT QBMBCSBT
઴WJWJS Z DSFBS DPNP FO DFMPવ "T­ FT FM WJWJS MBT DPTBT DPNP MBT WJWF
FM BSUJTUB TF IBMMB UBO JODSF­CMFNFOUF DFSDB EFM NVOEP TFYVBM EFM
TVGSJNJFOUP Z EFM HPDF RVF ©TUF FOUSB±B RVF BNCPT GFO³NFOPT
OP TPO CJFO NJSBEPT TJOP EJTUJOUBT GPSNBT EF VO NJTNP BOIFMP
EF VOB NJTNB CJFOBOEBO[B : TJ FO MVHBS EF DFMP TF QVEJFSB EFDJS
઴TFYPવ FO FM TFOUJEP FMFWBEP BNQMJP Z QVSP EF FTUF DPODFQUP
MJCSF Z QPS FODJNB EF UPEBT MBT TPTQFDIBT DPO RVF IBZB QPEJEP
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%FINFM TFS­B HSBOEJPTP Z EF JOૻOJUP WBMPS (SBOEF FT TV GVFS[B
QP©UJDB Z UBO JNQFUVPTB DPNP VO JNQVMTP JOTUJOUJWP -MFWB FO T­
SJUNPT QSPQJPT MJCSFT EF QSFKVJDJPT Z NJSBNJFOUPT Z TBMF CSPUBOEP
EF ©M DVBM EF NPOUB±BT FO FSVQDJ³O
4JO FNCBSHP OP QBSFDF RVF FTUB GVFS[B TFB TJFNQSF EFM UPEP
TJODFSB OJ FTU© EFTQSFOEJEB EF UPEB BGFDUBDJ³O 1FSP FO FMMP QPS
DJFSUP FTU¡ VOB EF MBT QSVFCBT N¡T EVSBT JNQVFTUBT BM HFOJP DSFB
EPS RVF EFCF QFSNBOFDFS TJFNQSF JODPOTDJFOUF EF TV QSPQJB WB
M­B TJO TPTQFDIBS TJRVJFSB TVT NFKPSFT WJSUVEFT TP QFOB EF IBDFS
MFT QFSEFS TV DBOEPS Z TV QVSF[B
 "EFN¡T DVBOEP FTB GVFS[B EFM
QPFUB BUSBWFTBOEP UVNVMUVPTBNFOUF UPEP TV TFS BMDBO[B MPT EP

SJDIBSE EFINFM 
QPFUB M­SJDP BMFN¡O B RVJFO 3JMLF BE
NJS³ FO DJFSUB ©QPDB NVZ CSFWF FTDBQBOEP QSPOUP B TV JOૼVKP QBSB TFHVJS
DBNJOPT FOUFSBNFOUF EJTUJOUPT Z IBTUB PQVFTUPT

؇ ؇
 SBJOFS NBSJB SJMLF

NJOJPT EFM TFYP ZB OP FODVFOUSB BM IPNCSF UBO QVSP DPNP FMMB

MP OFDFTJUBS­B 1VFT BI­ OP IBZ VO NVOEP TFYVBM EFM UPEP NBEV
SP QVSP TJOP VO NVOEP RVF OP FT CBTUBOUF IVNBOP RVF TPMP
FT NBTDVMJOP RVF FT DFMP FCSJFEBE KVJDJPT Z PSHVMMPT DPO RVF FM
IPNCSF IB EFTૻHVSBEP Z HSBWBEP FM BNPS 1PS BNBS NFSBNFOUF
DPNP IPNCSF Z OP DPNP IVNBOP IBZ FO TV NPEP EF TFOUJS FM
TFYP BMHP FTUSFDIP TBMWBKF FO BQBSJFODJB MMFOP EF SFODPS Z NBMRVF
SFS BMHP NFSBNFOUF USBOTJUPSJP Z GBMUP EF DPOUFOJEP FUFSOP RVF
SFCBKB TV BSUF WPMWJ©OEPMP BNCJHVP Z EVEPTP %F FTUF BSUF RVF
OP FTU¡ TJO N¡DVMB Z MMFWB NBSDBEP FM FTUJHNB EFM UJFNQP Z EF MB
QBTJ³O QPDB DPTB QPES¡ TVCTJTUJS Z QFSEVSBS &TUP NJTNP PDVSSF
DPO DBTJ UPEP BSUF
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NFOUF FO DVBOUP BI­ IBZ EF HSBOEF 4³MP IBZ RVF QSPDVSBS OP QFS
EFSTF OJ WPMWFSTF QBSUJEBSJP EF FTF NVOEP EFINFMJBOP UBO MMFOP
EF BOHVTUJBT JOૻOJUBT DPOGVTJ³O Z EFTPSEFO RVF EJTUB NVDIP EF
MPT EFTUJOPT WFSEBEFSPT &TUPT IBDFO TVGSJS N¡T RVF FTBT USJCVMBDJP
OFT QBTBKFSBT FO DBNCJP EBO NBZPS PQPSUVOJEBE QBSB MMFHBS B MP
TVCMJNF Z N¡T WBMPS QBSB BMDBO[BS MP FUFSOP
&O DVBOUP B NJT QSPQJPT MJCSPT NJ NBZPS HVTUP TFS­B FOWJBS
MF UPEPT MPT RVF QVEJFSBO DBVTBSMF BMHVOB BMFHS­B 1FSP TPZ NVZ
QPCSF Z NJT MJCSPT VOB WF[ QVCMJDBEPT ZB OP NF QFSUFOFDFO /J
TJRVJFSB MPT QVFEP DPNQSBS QBSB EBSMPT DPNP B NFOVEP TFS­B NJ
EFTFP B RVJFOFT TBCS­BO BDPHFSMPT DPO BNPS 1PS FTUP MF JOEJDP FO
VOB DVBSUJMMB MPT U­UVMPT Z MPT FEJUPSFT EF NJT MJCSPT ºMUJNBNFOUF
QVCMJDBEPT ؈EF MPT N¡T SFDJFOUFT TF FOUJFOEF QVFT FOUSF UPEPT
TPO ZB VOPT EPDF P USFDF MPT RVF IF EBEP B MB JNQSFOUB Z EFCP

؇ ؇
 DBSUBT B VO KPWFO QPFUB

FTUJNBEP TF±PS EFKBS B TV WPMVOUBE FM FODBSHBS BMHVOP EF FMMPT

DVBOEP TF MF QSFTFOUF MB PDBTJ³O
.F FT HSBUP TBCFS RVF NJT MJCSPT FTU¡O DPO VTUFE "EJ³T
4V

3BJOFS .BSJB 3JMLF

؇ ؇
 DBSUB JW

8PSQTXFEF  DFSDB EF #SFNFO B  EF KVMJP EF 

)F BCBOEPOBEP 1BS­T IBDF VOPT E­BT QPS DJFSUP CBTUBOUF FO

GFSNP Z DBOTBEP QBSB BDPHFSNF B FTUB HSBO MMBOVSB OPSUF±B RVF
DPO TV BNQMJUVE TV DBMNB Z TV DJFMP IB EF EFWPMWFSNF MB TBMVE
1FSP BRV­ IF WFOJEP B DBFS CBKP VOB MMVWJB QFSTJTUFOUF IBTUB IPZ
RVF FT DVBOEP FNQJF[B B FTDBNQBS VO QPDP TPCSF FTUB DPNBSDB
TJO TPTJFHP B[PUBEB QPS MPT WJFOUPT "QSPWFDIP FTUJNBEP TF±PS
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QVFTUB VOB DBSUB TVZB /P QPSRVF MB IVCJFTF PMWJEBEP "M DPOUSB
SJP FT VOB EF FTBT DBSUBT RVF OPT BHSBEB SFMFFS DVBOEP WPMWFNPT B
FODPOUSBSMBT FOUSF PUSBT Z FO FMMB MF SFDPOPD­ B VTUFE DPNP EFTEF
NVZ DFSDB .F SFૻFSP B TV DBSUB EFM  EF NBZP RVF TFHVSBNFOUF SF
DPSEBS¡ $VBOEP MB MFP DPNP BIPSB FO NFEJP EFM HSBO TJMFODJP EF
FTUBT MFKBO­BT TV CFMMB JORVJFUVE QPS MB WJEB NF DBVTB VOB FNPDJ³O
BVO N¡T JOUFOTB RVF MB RVF TFOU­ ZB FO 1BS­T EPOEF UPEP TVFOB EF
PUSP NPEP Z BDBCB QPS QFSEFSTF EFTWBOFDJ©OEPTF FOUSF FM FOPSNF
FTUSVFOEP RVF BMM­ IBDF SFUFNCMBS UPEBT MBT DPTBT "RV­ SPEFBEP

8PSQTXFEF FT VOB DPMPOJB EF BSUJTUBT DFSDB EF #SFNFO B DVZP D­SDVMP
QFSUFOFDJFSPO FOUSF PUSPT )FJOSJDI 7PHFMFS MB HSBO QJOUPSB 1BVMB #FDLFS
.PEFSTPIO Z $MBSB 8FTUIPૺ FTDVMUPSB RVF GVF BMVNOB EF 3PEJO Z DPO RVJFO
3JMLF TF DBT³ FO  " FTUF NBUSJNPOJP EFM RVF OBDJ³ VOB IJKB TJHVJ³ QSPOUP
MB TFQBSBDJ³O

؇ ؇
 DBSUBT B VO KPWFO QPFUB

EF VO JNQPOFOUF QBJTBKF CBUJEP QPS MPT WJFOUPT RVF MPT NBSFT MF

FOW­BO TJFOUP RVF B FTBT QSFHVOUBT F JORVJFUVEFT RVF QPS T­ NJT
NBT Z BMM¡ FO TVT QSPGVOEJEBEFT UJFOFO WJEB QSPQJB OBEJF QVFEF
DPOUFTUBSMF 1VFT BºO MPT NFKPSFT ZFSSBO DPO TVT QBMBCSBT DVBOEP
©TUBT IBO EF FYQSFTBS BMHP FO FYUSFNP TVUJM Z DBTJ JOFGBCMF
$SFP TJO FNCBSHP RVF VTUFE OP IB EF RVFEBS TJO TPMVDJ³O TJ
TBCF BUFOFSTF B VOBT DPTBT RVF TF QBSF[DBO B ©TUBT FO RVF BIPSB TF
SFDSFBO NJT PKPT 4J TF BUJFOF B MB OBUVSBMF[B B MP RVF IBZ EF TFODJMMP
FO FMMB B MP QFRVF±P RVF BQFOBT TF WF Z RVF UBO JNQSPWJTBEBNFOUF
QVFEF MMFHBS B TFS HSBOEF JONFOTP TJ TJFOUF FTUF DBSJ±P IBDJB MBT
DPTBT ­OૻNBT Z DPO UPEB TFODJMMF[ DPNP RVJFO QSFTUB VO TFSWJDJP
USBUB EF HBOBS MB DPOૻBO[B EF MP RVF QBSFDF QPCSF FOUPODFT UPEP
TF UPSOBS¡ N¡T G¡DJM N¡T BSNPOJPTP EF BMHºO NPEP N¡T BWFOJCMF
5BM WF[ OP FO FM ¡NCJUP EF MB SB[³O RVF BTPNCSBEB TF RVFEB BUS¡T
QFSP T­ FO MP N¡T IPOEP EF TV DPOPDJNJFOUP FO FM DPOTUBOUF WFMBS
EF TV BMNB FO TV N¡T ­OUJNP TBCFS
1PS TFS VTUFE UBO KPWFO FTUJNBEP TF±PS Z QPS IBMMBSTF UBO MF
KPT BºO EF UPEP DPNJFO[P ZP RVFSS­B SPHBSMF DPNP NFKPS TFQB
IBDFSMP RVF UFOHB QBDJFODJB GSFOUF B UPEP DVBOUP FO TV DPSB[³O
OP FTU© UPEBW­B SFTVFMUP : QSPDVSF FODBSJ±BSTF DPO MBT QSFHVOUBT
NJTNBT DPNP TJ GVFTFO IBCJUBDJPOFT DFSSBEBT P MJCSPT FTDSJUPT FO
VO JEJPNB NVZ FYUSB±P /P CVTRVF EF NPNFOUP MBT SFTQVFTUBT
RVF OFDFTJUB /P MF QVFEFO TFS EBEBT QPSRVF VTUFE OP TBCS­B WJWJS
MBT BºO ؈Z TF USBUB QSFDJTBNFOUF EF WJWJSMP UPEP 7JWB VTUFE BIPSB
TVT QSFHVOUBT 5BM WF[ TJO BEWFSUJSMP TJRVJFSB MMFHVF BT­ B JOUFSOBS

&M WPDBCMP BMFN¡O ઴'SBH©વ FODJFSSB WBSJPT TJHOJૻDBEPT QVFEF USBEVDJSTF
QPS ઴QSFHVOUBવ Z UBNCJ©O QPS ઴DVFTUJ³Oવ ઴BTVOUPવ ઴QSPCMFNBવ 4J CJFO

؇ ؇
 SBJOFS NBSJB SJMLF

TF QPDP B QPDP FO MB SFTQVFTUB BOIFMBEB Z FO BMHºO E­B MFKBOP TF

FODVFOUSF DPO RVF ZB MB FTU¡ WJWJFOEP UBNCJ©O ‫ݩ‬VJ[¡T MMFWF VTUFE
FO T­ MB GBDVMUBE EF DSFBS Z EF QMBTNBS RVF FT VO NPEP EF WJWJS
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GVFS[BT MMFHVF B DPOTFHVJS Z B NBOUFOFS DPO FM TFYP VOB SFMBDJ³O
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FO FTUB DVBSUB DBSUB TF EBO BMHVOPT DBTPT FO RVF UBM WF[ TFS­B QSFGFSJCMF USBEVDJS
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SFDF DPSSFTQPOEFS NFKPS B MB QBMBCSB ઴SFTQVFTUBવ RVF DBTJ TJFNQSF MF TJHVF FO FM
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HVOUBવ Z ઴QSPCMFNBવ Z BDBTP OP TFS­B EFTBDFSUBEP QPOFSMPT BT­ KVOUPT FO
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5BNCJ©O FM WPDBCMP ઴TDIXFSવ RVF BCVOEB FO DBTJ UPEBT MBT DBSUBT EF 3JM
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؇ ؇
 DBSUBT B VO KPWFO QPFUB

FOUPODFT OJ FM QFSEFSTF B T­ NJTNP OJ FM IBDFSTF JOEJHOP EF TV N¡T

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NB EF BNPS Z BOIFMP 1VFEF UBNCJ©O WFS B MPT BOJNBMFT DPNP WF
B MBT QMBOUBT VOJ©OEPTF NVMUJQMJD¡OEPTF Z DSFDJFOEP OP QPS OJO
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؇ ؇
 SBJOFS NBSJB SJMLF

QFRVF±BT a: MP TPQPSUBSB TJOUJFOEP DV¡O UFSSJCMF Z BHPCJBOUF FT

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NP VOB SFQSPEVDDJ³O N¡T TVUJM N¡T BSSPCBEPSB Z N¡T QFSFOOF
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EFM BDBTP RVF BI­ QBSFDF IBCFSTF DPOTVNBEP EFTQJFSUB MB MFZ FO
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؇ ؇
 DBSUBT B VO KPWFO QPFUB

SB T­ NJTNPT MP QJFSEFO 1VFT DPO UPEP MP SFUSBOTNJUFO DPNP VO

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CSF Z MB NVKFS VOB WF[ MJCSFT EF UPEP GBMTP TFOUJS Z EF UPEP IBTU­P
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SB NVDIPT MP QVFEF BQSFTUBS ZB EFTEF BIPSB FM IPNCSF TPMJUBSJP
FEJૻD¡OEPMP DPO TVT NBOPT RVF ZFSSBO NFOPT 1PS FTP FTUJNBEP
TF±PS BNF TV TPMFEBE Z TPQPSUF FM TVGSJNJFOUP RVF MF DBVTB QSPૻ
SJFOEP TV RVFKB DPO BDFOUPT BSNPOJPTPT 4J DPNP EJDF TJFOUF RVF
FTU¡O MFKPT EF VTUFE MPT TFSFT N¡T BMMFHBEPT FT TF±BM EF RVF ZB DP

؇ ؇
 SBJOFS NBSJB SJMLF

NJFO[B B FOTBODIBSTF FM ¡NCJUP FO EFSSFEPS TVZP : TJ MP DFSDBOP

TF IBMMB UBO MFKPT FT RVF MB BNQMJUVE EF TV WJEB IB DSFDJEP NVDIP
Z BMDBO[B ZB MBT FTUSFMMBT "M©HSFTF EF TV QSPQJP DSFDJNJFOUP FO FM
DVBM QPS DJFSUP B OBEJF QVFEF MMFWBSTF DPOTJHP : TFB CVFOP DPO
DVBOUPT TF RVFEFO SF[BHBEPT QFSNBOFDJFOEP TFHVSP Z USBORVJMP
BOUF FMMPT TJO BUPSNFOUBSMPT DPO TVT EVEBT OJ BTPNCSBSMFT DPO TV
ૻSNF DPOૻBO[B FO T­ NJTNP P DPO TV BMFHS­B RVF FMMPT OP TBCS­BO
DPNQSFOEFS 5SBUF EF DPOTFHVJS BMHºO NPEP EF DPOWJWFODJB DPO
FMMPT 6O BMHP DPNºO RVF TFB TFODJMMP NPEFTUP TJODFSP RVF OP
UFOHB OFDFTJEBE EF BMUFSBSTF BVORVF VTUFE TJHB USBOTGPSN¡OEPTF
N¡T Z N¡T DBEB E­B "NF MB WJEB RVF FO FMMPT TF NBOJૻFTUB FO GPS
NB FYUSB±B B MB TVZB QSPQJB : TFB JOEVMHFOUF DPO BRVFMMPT RVF WBO
FOWFKFDJFOEP Z UFNFO MB TPMFEBE FO RVF VTUFE UBOUP DPO઱­B &WJUF
FODPOBS DPO OVFWPT NPUJWPT FM ESBNB TJFNQSF UFOTP FOUSF QBESFT
F IJKPT RVF FO MPT K³WFOFT DPOTVNF NVDIBT GVFS[BT Z FO MPT BODJB
OPT DPSSPF FTF DBSJ±P RVF TJFNQSF PCSB Z EB TV DBMPS BVO DVBOEP
OP DPNQSFOEB‫ ؖ‬/P MFT QJEB DPOTFKP OJ DVFOUF DPO TV DPNQSFO
TJ³O 1FSP UFOHB GF FO VO BNPS RVF MF RVFEB SFTFSWBEP DPNP VOB
IFSFODJB Z BCSJHVF MB DFSUF[B EF RVF IBZ FO FTUF BNPS VOB GVFS[B Z
UBNCJ©O VOB CFOEJDJ³O EF DVZP ¡NCJUP OP OFDFTJUB VTUFE TBMJSTF
QBSB MMFHBS NVZ MFKPT 
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MF WVFMWB JOEFQFOEJFOUF Z MF DPOૻFSB DPNQMFUB BVUPOPN­B FO UP
EPT MPT TFOUJEPT "HVBSEF DPO QBDJFODJB IBTUB QPEFS BWFSJHVBS TJ TV
WJEB ­OUJNB TF TJFOUF MJNJUBEB Z DPIJCJEB QPS MBT GPSNBT QSPQJBT EF
FTUB QSPGFTJ³O :P MB UFOHP QPS NVZ EJ઱­DJM Z MMFOB EF FYJHFODJBT

4F SFૻFSF B MB DBSSFSB NJMJUBS

؇ ؇
 DBSUBT B VO KPWFO QPFUB

QPSRVF FTU¡ HSBWBEB EF NVDIPT Z HSBOEFT DPOWFODJPOBMJTNPT :

QPSRVF FO FMMB IBZ BQFOBT DBCJEB QBSB VOB DPODFQDJ³O QFSTPOBM
EF TVT DPNFUJEPT 1FSP TV TPMFEBE BVO FO NFEJP EF DJSDVOTUBO
DJBT FYUSB±BT B TV NPEP EF TFS MF TFSWJS¡ EF TPTU©O Z EF IPHBS :
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؇ ؇
 DBSUB W

3PNB  EF PDUVCSF EF 

&TUJNBEP TF±PS

4V DBSUB EFM  EF BHPTUP MB SFDJC­ ZB FO 'MPSFODJB Z BQFOBT BIP

SB EFTQV©T EF EPT NFTFT MF IBCMP EF FMMB -F SVFHP NF QFSEPOF FT
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VO QPDP EF DBMNB Z EF TPMFEBE Z UBNCJ©O BMHVOB IPSB RVF OP TFB
EFNBTJBEP FYUSB±B B NJ ­OUJNP TFOUJS
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QB­T FYUSB±P IBDJ©OEPOPT TFOUJS FM QFTP EFM WJWJS TJO IPHBS DPNP
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TBDBO B SFMVDJS Z B EVSBT QFOBT TF NBOUJFOFO FO QJF NJFOUSBT EF
FMMBT TF OVUSF VO QSFTFOUF NF[RVJOP : UBNCJ©O QPS FTB EFTNFEJ
EB WBMPSBDJ³O ؈RVF GPNFOUBO FSVEJUPT Z ૻM³MPHPT Z SFNFEBO MPT
SVUJOBSJPT WJTJUBOUFT EF *UBMJB؈ EF UBOUBT DPTBT EFTૻHVSBEBT Z HBT

؇ ؇
 DBSUBT B VO KPWFO QPFUB

UBEBT RVF FO SFBMJEBE OP TPO TJOP SFTUPT DBTVBMFT EF PUSB ©QPDB Z

EF VOB WJEB RVF OJ FT OJ IB EF TFS MB OVFTUSB
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QJFOTB /P BRV­ OP IBZ N¡T CFMMF[B RVF FO DVBMRVJFS PUSP TJUJP :
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QBSUFT MB IBZ "HVBT SFCPTBOUFT EF WJEB JOૻOJUB WJFOFO BૼVZFOEP
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Z BM[BOEP TV NVSNVMMP FO MB OPDIF RVF BRV­ FT HSBOEJPTB Z FTUSF
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EFTMJ[BO Z DBFO FO DBTDBEBT EF BNQMJP EFDMJWF OBDJFOEP DBEB HSB
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MFT JNQSFTJPOFT MPHSBNPT SFDPHFSOPT Z SFDPCSBSOPT MJCS¡OEPOPT
EF MP NVDIP RVF BRV­ IBZ EF QSFTVOUVPTP Z IBCMBEPS aZ DV¡OUP
IBC­B‫ ؖ‬%F FTUF NPEP BQSFOEFNPT EFTQBDJP B EJTDFSOJS MBT NVZ
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BMHVOB TPMFEBE EF MB DVBM QPEFNPT QBSUJDJQBS RVFEBNFOUF
"VO IBCJUP FO MB DJVEBE KVOUP BM $BQJUPMJP OP NVZ MFKPT EF MB
N¡T CFMMB FTUBUVB FDVFTUSF RVF OPT IBZB RVFEBEP CJFO DPOTFSWBEB
EFM BSUF SPNBOP MB EF .BSDP "VSFMJP 1FSP EFOUSP EF QPDBT TFNB

؇ ؇
 SBJOFS NBSJB SJMLF

OBT NF BMPKBS© FO VO DVBSUP TJMFODJPTP Z TFODJMMP BOUJHVB HBMFS­B

QFSEJEB FO MP N¡T SFD³OEJUP EF VO HSBO QBSRVF Z PDVMUB B MB DJV
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EF BMHVOBT IPSBT CVFOBT Z GFDVOEBT
%FTEF BMM­ EPOEF NF TFS¡ ZB N¡T G¡DJM TFOUJSNF DPNP FO NJ
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ZB RVF OP FTU¡ QFSNJUJEP SFFYQFEJS QBRVFUFT BM FYUFSJPS &TUB QSP
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5BNCJ©O FTF MJCSP DPNP UPEP DVBOUP NF E© BMHVOB TF±BM EF
VTUFE MP IBCS­B SFDJCJEP DPO BHSBEP Z MPT WFSTPT RVF IBZBO TVSHJ
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B MFFSMPT B TFOUJSMPT B WJWJSMPT UBO CJFO Z UBO FOUSB±BCMFNFOUF DP
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؇ ؇
 DBSUB WJ

3PNB  EF EJDJFNCSF EF 

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/P IB EF RVFEBS TJO NJ TBMVEP BIPSB RVF MMFHBO MBT /BWJEB

EFT Z RVF FO NFEJP EF UBOUBT ૻFTUBT EFCF QFTBSMF TV TPMFEBE N¡T
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VOB TPMFEBE RVF OP UVWJFSB TV HSBOEF[B 4³MP IBZ VOB TPMFEBE &T
HSBOEF Z EJ઱­DJM EF TPQPSUBS : DBTJ B UPEPT OPT MMFHBO IPSBT FO RVF
EF CVFO HSBEP MB DFEFS­BNPT B USVFRVF EF DVBMRVJFS DPOWJWFODJB
1PS NVZ USJWJBM Z NF[RVJOB RVF GVFSF )BTUB QPS MB NFSB JMVTJ³O
EF VOB ­OૻNB DPJODJEFODJB DPO DVBMRVJFS PUSP TFS $PO FM QSJNF
SP RVF TF QSFTFOUF BVORVF SFTVMUF UBM WF[ FM NFOPT EJHOP .BT
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 SBJOFS NBSJB SJMLF

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 DBSUBT B VO KPWFO QPFUB

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 SBJOFS NBSJB SJMLF

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QFMJHSPT­TJNP DBNJOP /JOHVOB SFHJ³O EFM IVNBOP TFOUJS TF IBMMB
UBO QSPWJTUB EF DPOWFODJPOBMJTNPT DPNP ©TUB "I­ IBZ TBMWBWJEBT
EF WBSJBE­TJNB JOWFODJ³O CPUFT WFKJHBT ૼPUBEPSFT‫ ؖ‬3FDVSTPT Z
NFEJPT EF FTDBQF EF UPEB MBZB TVQP DSFBS MB TPDJFEBE ZB RVF QPS
IBMMBSTF QSFEJTQVFTUB B UPNBS MB WJEB BNPSPTB DPNP NFSP QMBDFS
UVWP UBNCJ©O RVF IBDFSMB G¡DJM CBSBUB TFHVSB Z TJO SJFTHPT DPNP
TVFMFO TFS MBT EJWFSTJPOFT QºCMJDBT
1PS DJFSUP NVDIPT K³WFOFT RVF BNBO EF VO NPEP GBMTP FT EF
DJS IBDJFOEP EFM BNPS VOB TJNQMF FOUSFHB Z SFIVZFOEP MB TPMFEBE
؈OVODB MMFHBS¡ B N¡T FM QSPNFEJP EF MPT IPNCSFT TJFOUFO FM QFTP
EF TV GBMUB Z UBNCJ©O B FTUF USBODF FO RVF IBO WFOJEP B FODPOUSBS
TF RVJFSFO JOGVOEJSMF WJEB Z GFDVOEJEBE EF VOB NBOFSB QSPQJB Z
QFSTPOBM 1VFT TV OBUVSBMF[B MFT SFWFMB RVF MBT DVFTUJPOFT EF BNPS
NFOPT BVO RVF DVBMRVJFS PUSB DPTB EF JNQPSUBODJB KBN¡T QVFEFO
TFS EJSJNJEBT QPS BMHºO QSPDFEJNJFOUP EF DBS¡DUFS QºCMJDP EF DPO
GPSNJEBE DPO UBM P DVBM DPOWFOJP ‫ݩ‬VF TPO BTVOUPT QSJWBUJWPT EF
DBEB DVBM Z EFCFO SFTPMWFSTF EF NPEP JOEJWJEVBM EF TFS B TFS QSF
DJT¡OEPTF FO DBEB DBTP EF VOB TPMVDJ³O FYDMVTJWBNFOUF QFSTPOBM

؇ ؇
 DBSUBT B VO KPWFO QPFUB

1FSP D³NP IB EF TFS QPTJCMF RVF FMMPT RVJFOFT BM KVOUBSTF TF IBO

EFTQF±BEP Z IVOEJEP FO VOB NJTNB DPOGVTJ³O EFKBOEP EF EFTMJO
EBSTF Z EF EJTUJOHVJSTF FM VOP EFM PUSP Z OP QPTFZFOEP QPS UBOUP
OBEB QSPQJP ZB BDJFSUFO B EBS DPO BMHVOB TBMJEB QPS T­ NJTNPT
EFTEF FM BCJTNP EF TV EFSSVNCBEB TPMFEBE
0CSBO FO WJSUVE EF VO DPNºO EFTBNQBSP Z DVBOEP MVFHP
RVJFSFO DPO MB NFKPS WPMVOUBE SFIVJS BMHºO DPOWFODJPOBMJTNP
OPUPSJP ؈QPS FKFNQMP FM NBUSJNPOJP DBFO FO MBT UFOB[BT EF PUSB
TPMVDJ³O DPOWFODJPOBM UBM WF[ NFOPT NBOJૻFTUB QFSP JHVBMNFO
UF NPSUBM 1VFT BI­ ؈EFOUSP EF VO BNQMJP ¡NCJUP FO EFSSFEPS
TVZP؈ UPEP FT DPOWFODJ³O "MM­ EPOEF TF PCSF BM JNQVMTP EF VOB
DPOૼVFODJB QSFNBUVSB Z EF VO UVSCJP DPOWJWJS DVBMRVJFS MB[P RVF
EFSJWF EF UBM EFTPSEFO UJFOF TV DPOWFODJPOBMJTNP QPS NVZ JOT³MJ
UP RVF QBSF[DB FT EFDJS BVORVF SFTVMUF ઴JONPSBMવ FO FM TFOUJEP
DPSSJFOUF EF MB QBMBCSB )BTUB MB TFQBSBDJ³O WJFOF B TFS VO QBTP DPO
WFODJPOBM VOB EFDJTJ³O OBDJEB EFM B[BS JNQFSTPOBM Z TJO GVFS[B OJ
GSVUP
‫ݩ‬VJFO TFSJBNFOUF SFQBSF FO FMMP EFTDVCSF RVF DPNP QBSB MB
NVFSUF RVF FT DPTB EJ઱­DJM UBNQPDP QBSB FM BSEVP DPNFUJEP EFM
BNPS TF IBO IBMMBEP BºO OJ MV[ OJ TPMVDJ³O OJ TF±BM OJ DBNJOP
1BSB FTBT EPT UBSFBT ؈BNPS Z NVFSUF RVF WFMBEBT Z PDVMUBT MMF
WBNPT EFOUSP Z RVF SFUSBOTNJUJNPT B PUSPT TJO EFTDPSSFS FM WF
MP RVF MBT SFDVCSF؈ OP TF QPES¡ EBS DPO OJOHVOB SFHMB DPNºO
RVF TF GVOEF FO BMHºO DPOWFOJP 1FSP FO MB NJTNB NFEJEB FO RVF
JOJDJFNPT OVFTUSPT JOUFOUPT EF WJWJS DBEB DVBM DPNP VO TFS JOEF
QFOEJFOUF FTPT NBHOPT BTVOUPT OPT FODPOUSBS¡O B DBEB VOP EF
OPTPUSPT N¡T QS³YJNPT B FMMPT -BT FYJHFODJBT RVF MB EJ઱­DJM UBSFB

؇ ؇
 SBJOFS NBSJB SJMLF

EFM BNPS QSFTFOUB B OVFTUSP EFTBSSPMMP TPO EF JONFOTB NBHOJUVE

/PTPUSPT DPNP QSJODJQJBOUFT OP FTUBNPT B TV BMUVSB 1FSP TJ B
QFTBS EF UPEP TBCFNPT QFSTFWFSBS Z MMFWBNPT FTUF BNPS B DVFTUBT
DPNP DBSHB Z BQSFOEJ[BKF FO MVHBS EF QFSEFSOPT FO FTF KVFHP G¡DJM
Z GS­WPMP USBT EFM DVBM MPT IPNCSFT TF IBO FTDPOEJEP QBSB FMVEJS
DVBOUP IBZ EF N¡T TFSJP Z EF N¡T HSBWF FO TV FYJTUFODJB FOUPODFT
VO QFRVF±P QSPHSFTP Z BMHºO BMJWJP TFS¡O UBM WF[ QFSDFQUJCMFT QBSB
BRVFMMPT RVF MMFHVFO MBSHP UJFNQP EFTQV©T EF OPTPUSPT : FTUP ZB
TFS­B NVDIP‫ؖ‬
&T RVF BQFOBT BIPSB FNQF[BNPT B DPOTJEFSBS MBT SFMBDJPOFT FO
USF VO JOEJWJEVP Z PUSP TJO QSFKVJDJPT Z EF NBOFSB PCKFUJWB -PT
JOUFOUPT RVF WBNPT SFBMJ[BOEP B ૻO EF WJWJS UBMFT SFMBDJPOFT OBEB
UJFOFO BOUF T­ RVF MFT QVFEB TFSWJS EF FKFNQMP 4JO FNCBSHP TF EBO
ZB FO FM DPSSFS Z NVEBS EFM UJFNQP NVDIBT DPTBT RVF RVJFSFO BDV
EJS FO BVYJMJP EF OVFTUSP U­NJEP QSJODJQJBS
-B NVKFS FO TV QSPQJP EFTFOWPMWJNJFOUP N¡T SFDJFOUF T³MP
QPS BMHºO UJFNQP Z EF NPEP QBTBKFSP JNJUBS¡ MPT I¡CJUPT Z NPEB
MFT NBTDVMJOPT CVFOPT Z NBMPT FKFSDJFOEP B TV WF[ MBT QSPGFTJPOFT
HFOFSBMNFOUF SFTFSWBEBT BM IPNCSF 5SBT MB JODFSUJEVNCSF EF UBMFT
FUBQBT USBOTJUPSJBT RVFEBS¡ EF NBOJૻFTUP RVF TJ MBT NVKFSFT IBO
QBTBEP QPS MB HSBO WBSJFEBE Z MB DPOUJOVB NVEBO[B EF FTPT EJTGSB
DFT B NFOVEP SJTJCMFT GVF UBO T³MP QBSB QPEFS EFQVSBS TV NPEP
EF TFS QFDVMJBS­TJNP Z MJNQJBSMP EF MBT JOૼVFODJBT EFGPSNBEPSBT
EFM PUSP TFYP 1PS DJFSUP MBT NVKFSFT FO RVJFOFT MB WJEB TF EFUJFOF
QFSNBOFDF Z NPSB EF VOB NBOFSB N¡T JONFEJBUB N¡T GFDVOEB
N¡T DPOૻBEB EFCFO EF IBCFSTF IFDIP TFSFT N¡T NBEVSPT Z N¡T
IVNBOPT RVF FM IPNCSF ‰TUF BEFN¡T EF MJWJBOP ؈QPS OP PCMJ

؇ ؇
 DBSUBT B VO KPWFO QPFUB

HBSMP FM QFTP EF OJOHºO GSVUP EF TVT FOUSB±BT B EFTDFOEFS CBKP MB

TVQFSૻDJF EF MB WJEB؈ FT UBNCJ©O FOHSF­EP QSFTVSPTP BUSPQFMMB
EP Z NFOPTQSFDJB FO SFBMJEBE MP RVF DSFF BNBS‫& ؖ‬TUB N¡T IPOEB
IVNBOJEBE EF MB NVKFS DPOTVNBEB FOUSF TVGSJNJFOUPT Z IVNJMMB
DJPOFT TBMES¡ B MB MV[ Z MMFHBS¡ B SFTQMBOEFDFS DVBOEP FO MBT NVEBO
[BT Z USBOTGPSNBDJPOFT EF TV DPOEJDJ³O FYUFSOB TF IBZB EFTQSFO
EJEP Z MJCSBEP EF MPT DPOWFODJPOBMJTNPT B±FKPT B MP NFSBNFOUF
GFNFOJOP -PT IPNCSFT RVF OP QSFTJFOUFO BºO TV BEWFOJNJFOUP
RVFEBS¡O TPSQSFOEJEPT Z WFODJEPT -MFHBS¡ VO E­B RVF JOEVEBCMFT
TJHOPT QSFDVSTPSFT BOVODJBO ZB EF NPEP FMPDVFOUF Z CSJMMBOUF TP
CSF UPEP FO MPT QB­TFT O³SEJDPT FO RVF BQBSFDFS¡ MB NVKFS DVZP
OPNCSF ZB OP TJHOJૻDBS¡ T³MP BMHP PQVFTUP BM IPNCSF TJOP BMHP
QSPQJP JOEFQFOEJFOUF /BEB RVF IBHB QFOTBS FO DPNQMFNFOUP
OJ FO M­NJUF TJOP UBO T³MP FO WJEB Z FO TFS FM )VNBOP GFNFOJOP‫ؖ‬
5BM QSPHSFTP ؈BM QSJODJQJP NVZ FO DPOUSB EF MB WPMVOUBE EF
MPT IPNCSFT RVF TF WFS¡O SFCBTBEPT Z TVQFSBEPT؈ USBOTGPSNBS¡
EF NPEP SBEJDBM MB WJEB BNPSPTB BIPSB MMFOB EF FSSPSFT Z MB DPO
WFSUJS¡ FO VOB SFMBDJ³O UBM RVF TF FOUFOEFS¡ EF TFS IVNBOP B TFS
IVNBOP Z ZB OP EF WBS³O B IFNCSB &TUF BNPS N¡T IVNBOP RVF
TF DPOTVNBS¡ DPO EFMJDBEF[B Z EVM[VSB JOૻOJUBT ؈JNQFSBOEP MV[
Z CPOEBE BT­ FO FM VOJSTF DPNP FO FM EFTMJHBSTF؈ TF BTFNFKBS¡ BM
RVF WBNPT QSFQBSBOEP FOUSF MVDIBT Z QFOPTPT FTGVFS[PT FM BNPS
RVF DPOTJTUB FO RVF EPT TPMFEBEFT TF QSPUFKBO TF EFTMJOEFO Z TF
TBMVEFO NVUVBNFOUF‫ؖ‬
"EFN¡T FTUP OP DSFB RVF TF IBZB QFSEJEP BRVFM HSBO BNPS
RVF MF GVF FODPNFOEBEP BOUB±P DVBOEP BVO FSB OJ±P "DBTP
QVFEF BૻSNBS VTUFE RVF OP NBEVSBSPO FOUPODFT FO TV DPSB[³O

؇ ؇
 SBJOFS NBSJB SJMLF

HSBOEFT Z CVFOPT BOIFMPT Z QSPQ³TJUPT EF MPT RVF BVO IPZ TJHVF

WJWJFOEP :P DSFP RVF FTF BNPS QFSEVSB UBO GVFSUF Z QPEFSPTP FO
TV SFDVFSEP QPSRVF GVF TV QSJNFS BJTMBNJFOUP QSPGVOEP : UBN
CJ©O MB QSJNFSB MBCPS RVF SFBMJ[³ FO BSBT EF TV WJEB a5PEPT NJT
CVFOPT EFTFPT QBSB VTUFE RVFSJEP TF±PS ,BQQVT
4V

3BJOFS .BSJB 3JMLF

؇ ؇
 DBSUB WJJJ

#PSHFCZ (BSE 'MBEJF 4VFDJB

 EF BHPTUP EF 

‫ݩ‬VJFSP WPMWFS B IBCMBSMF VO SBUP RVFSJEP TF±PS ,BQQVT BVO

RVF ZP DBTJ OBEB TFQB EFDJSMF RVF QVFEB QSPDVSBSMF BMHºO BMJWJP
/J TJRVJFSB BMHP RVF BMDBODF B TFSMF ºUJM 6TUFE IB UFOJEP NVDIBT Z
HSBOEFT USJTUF[BT RVF ZB QBTBSPO Z NF EJDF RVF JODMVTP FM QBTP EF
FTBT USJTUF[BT GVF QBSB VTUFE EVSP Z NPUJWP EF EFTB[³O 1FSP ZP MF
SVFHP RVF DPOTJEFSF TJ FMMBT OP IBO QBTBEP N¡T CJFO QPS FO NFEJP
EF TV WJEB NJTNB 4J FO VTUFE OP TF USBOTGPSNBSPO NVDIBT DPTBT
: TJ NJFOUSBT FTUBCB USJTUF OP DBNCJ³ FO BMHVOB QBSUF ؈FO DVBM
RVJFS QBSUF؈ EF TV TFS .BMBT Z QFMJHSPTBT TPO UBO T³MP BRVFMMBT
USJTUF[BT RVF VOP MMFWB FOUSF MB HFOUF QBSB TPGPDBSMBT $VBM FOGFSNF
EBEFT USBUBEBT EF NBOFSB TVQFSૻDJBM Z UPSQF TVFMFO FDMJQTBSTF QBSB
SFBQBSFDFS USBT CSFWF QBVTB Z IBDFO FSVQDJ³O DPO NBZPS WJPMFO
DJB 4F BDVNVMBO EFOUSP EFM BMNB Z TPO WJEB 1FSP WJEB OP WJWJEB
EFTQSFDJBEB QFSEJEB QPS DVZB DBVTB TF QVFEF MMFHBS B NPSJS
4J OPT GVFTF QPTJCMF WFS N¡T BMM¡ EF DVBOUP BMDBO[B Z BCBSDB
OVFTUSP TBCFS Z IBTUB VO QPDP N¡T BMM¡ EF MBT BWBO[BEJMMBT EF OVFT
USP TFOUJS UBM WF[ TPCSFMMFWBS­BNPT FOUPODFT OVFTUSBT USJTUF[BT N¡T
DPOૻBEBNFOUF RVF OVFTUSBT BMFHS­BT 1VFT TPO ©TPT MPT NPNFOUPT
FO RVF BMHP OVFWP BMHP EFTDPOPDJEP FOUSB FO OPTPUSPT /VFTUSPT
TFOUJEPT FONVEFDFO FODPHJEPT FTQBOUBEPT 5PEP FO OPTPUSPT TF
SFQMJFHB 4VSHF VOB QBVTB MMFOB EF TJMFODJP Z MP OVFWP RVF OBEJF
DPOPDF TF BM[B FO NFEJP EF UPEP FMMP Z DBMMB‫ؖ‬

؇ ؇
 SBJOFS NBSJB SJMLF

:P DSFP RVF DBTJ UPEBT OVFTUSBT USJTUF[BT TPO NPNFOUPT EF UFO

TJ³O RVF FYQFSJNFOUBNPT DPNP TJ TF USBUBSB EF VOB QBS¡MJTJT 1PS
RVF ZB OP QFSDJCJNPT FM WJWJS EF OVFTUSPT TFOUJEPT FOBKFOBEPT Z
OPT FODPOUSBNPT TPMPT DPO MP FYUSB±P RVF IB QFOFUSBEP FO OPTP
USPT 1PSRVF TF OPT BSSFCBUB QPS VO JOTUBOUF UPEP DVBOUP OPT FT
GBNJMJBS IBCJUVBM : QPSRVF OPT IBMMBNPT FO NFEJP EF VOB USBO
TJDJ³O FO MB DVBM OP QPEFNPT EFUFOFSOPT
1PS FTP QBTB MB USJTUF[B -P OVFWP RVF FTU¡ FO OPTPUSPT MP SF
DJ©O MMFHBEP TF OPT FOUSB FO FM DPSB[³O TF EFTMJ[B FO TV D¡NBSB N¡T
SFD³OEJUB Z ZB UBNQPDP FTU¡ BMM­ FTU¡ FO MB TBOHSF : OP BMDBO[B
NPT B TBCFS MP RVF GVF‫ ؖ‬4FS­B G¡DJM IBDFSOPT DSFFS RVF OP TVDFEJ³
OBEB 4JO FNCBSHP OPT USBOTGPSNBNPT DPNP TF USBOTGPSNB VOB
DBTB FO MB RVF IB FOUSBEP VO IV©TQFE /P QPEFNPT EFDJS RVJ©O
IB MMFHBEP ‫ݩ‬VJ[¡T OVODB MPHSFNPT TBCFSMP 1FSP NVDIPT JOEJDJPT
OPT SFWFMBO RVF FM QPSWFOJS FOUSB EF FTF NPEP FO OVFTUSB WJEB QBSB
USBOTGPSNBSTF FO OPTPUSPT NVDIP BOUFT EF BDPOUFDFS 1PS FTUP FT
UBO JNQPSUBOUF QFSNBOFDFS TPMJUBSJP Z BMFSUB DVBOEP TF FTU¡ USJTUF
1VFT FM JOTUBOUF BQBSFOUFNFOUF ZFSUP Z TJO TVDFTP FO RVF FM QPS
WFOJS OPT QFOFUSB TF IBMMB NVDIP N¡T DFSDB EF MB WJEB RVF BRVFM
PUSP NPNFOUP SVJEPTP Z BDDJEFOUBM FO RVF FM GVUVSP OPT BDBFDF
DPNP TJ QSPWJOJFTF EF GVFSB
$VBOUP N¡T DBMMBEPT DVBOUP N¡T QBDJFOUFT Z TJODFSPT TFQBNPT
TFS FO OVFTUSBT USJTUF[BT UBOUP N¡T QSPGVOEB Z SFTVFMUBNFOUF TF
BEFOUSB MP OVFWP FO OPTPUSPT 5BOUP NFKPS MP IBDFNPT OVFTUSP
Z DPO UBOUP NBZPS JOUFOTJEBE TF DPOWJFSUF FO OVFTUSP QSPQJP EFT
UJOP "T­ DVBOEP N¡T UBSEF TVSHF FM E­B FO RVF MP GVUVSP ઴BDPOUF
DFવ ؈FT EFDJS DVBOEP BM CSPUBS EF EFOUSP EF OPTPUSPT QBTB B MPT

؇ ؇
 DBSUBT B VO KPWFO QPFUB

EFN¡T OPT TFOUJNPT ­OUJNBNFOUF N¡T BૻOFT N¡T BMMFHBEPT B ©M

a&TUP FT MP RVF IBDF GBMUB )BDF GBMUB ؈Z B FTP IB EF UFOEFS QBVMB
UJOBNFOUF OVFTUSP EFTBSSPMMP؈ RVF OP OPT TVDFEB OBEB FYUSB±P
TJOP UBO T³MP BRVFMMP RVF EFTEF NVDIP UJFNQP BUS¡T OPT QFSUFOF[
DB a4F IB UFOJEP RVF SFWJTBS Z SFDUJૻDBS ZB UBOUPT BOUJHVPT DPO
DFQUPT BDFSDB EF MBT MFZFT RVF SJHFO FM NPWJNJFOUP 4F BQSFOEFS¡
UBNCJ©O B SFDPOPDFS QPDP B QPDP RVF MP RVF MMBNBNPT EFTUJOP QB
TB EF EFOUSP EF MPT IPNCSFT B GVFSB Z OP EFTEF GVFSB IBDJB EFOUSP
4³MP QPSRVF UBOUPT IPNCSFT OP TVQJFSPO BTJNJMBS Z USBOTGPSNBS
FO TV JOUFSJPS DBEB DVBM TV QSPQJP EFTUJOP NJFOUSBT ©TUF WJW­B FO
FMMPT OP BMDBO[BSPO UBNQPDP B DPOPDFS MP RVF EF FMMPT TBM­B -FT
FSB UBO BKFOP UBO FYUSB±P RVF FMMPT MMFOPT EF QBWPS Z EF DPOGV
TJ³O DSF­BO RVF EFC­B EF IBC©STFMFT FOUSBEP FO BRVFM NJTNP JOT
UBOUF FO RVF TF QFSDBUBCBO EF TV QSFTFODJB 1VFT IBTUB KVSBCBO RVF
KBN¡T BOUFT IBC­BO EFTDVCJFSUP OBEB QBSFDJEP FO T­ NJTNPT "T­
DPNP EVSBOUF NVDIP UJFNQP IVCP FSSPS BDFSDB EFM NPWJNJFOUP
EFM TPM TJHVF BºO FM FOHB±P TPCSF FM NPWJNJFOUP EF MP WFOJEFSP
&M QPSWFOJS FTU¡ ZB ૻKP RVFSJEP TF±PS ,BQQVT NBT OPTPUSPT OPT
NPWFNPT FO FM FTQBDJP JOૻOJUP a$³NP OP IBCS­B EF SFTVMUBSOPT
UPEP NVZ EJ઱­DJM‫ؖ‬
7PMWJFOEP B IBCMBS EF MB TPMFEBE BQBSFDF DBEB WF[ N¡T DMBSB
NFOUF RVF FMMB OP FT FO SJHPS OBEB RVF TF QVFEB UPNBS P EFKBS
: FT RVF TPNPT TPMJUBSJPT 6OP QVFEF RVFSFS FOHB±BSTF B FTUF SFT
QFDUP Z PCSBS DPNP TJ OP GVFTF BT­ FTUP FT UPEP a1FSP DV¡OUP N¡T
WBMF SFDPOPDFS RVF TPNPT FGFDUJWBNFOUF TPMJUBSJPT Z IBTUB QBSUJS
EF FTUB CBTF "T­ QPS DJFSUP PDVSSJS¡ RVF TJOUBNPT W©SUJHP QVFT
OPT WFNPT QSJWBEPT EF UPEPT MPT QVOUPT EF SFGFSFODJB FO RVF TPM­B

؇ ؇
 SBJOFS NBSJB SJMLF

EFTDBOTBS OVFTUSB WJTUB :B OP IBZ OBEB DFSDBOP : UPEP MP RVF FT

MFKBOP FTU¡ JOૻOJUBNFOUF MFKPT ‫ݩ‬VJFO GVFSB MMFWBEP DBTJ TJO QSFQB
SBDJ³O OJ USBOTJDJ³O BMHVOB EFTEF TV BQPTFOUP B MB DºTQJEF EF VOB
HSBO NPOUB±B UFOES­B RVF FYQFSJNFOUBS BMHP TFNFKBOUF 4F TFO
UJS­B DBTJ BOPOBEBEP QPS VOB JOTFHVSJEBE TJO JHVBM Z QPS FM WFSTF
BCBOEPOBEP BM DBQSJDIP EF BMHP RVF OP UJFOF OPNCSF -F QBSFDF
S­B FTUBS DBZFOEP P TF DSFFS­B MBO[BEP BM FTQBDJP P CJFO FTUBMMBOEP
FO NJM QFEB[PT a‫ݩ‬V© FOPSNF NFOUJSB EFCFS­B JOWFOUBS FOUPODFT
TV DFSFCSP QBSB BMDBO[BS B SFDVQFSBS FM BOUFSJPS FTUBEP EF TVT TFOUJ
EPT Z EFWPMWFSMFT TV TFSFOJEBE "T­ TF USBOTGPSNBO QBSB RVJFO TF
WVFMWB TPMJUBSJP UPEBT MBT EJTUBODJBT UPEBT MBT NFEJEBT .VDIPT
EF FTUPT DBNCJPT TF QSPEVDFO EF VO NPEP SFQFOUJOP CSVTDP :
BM JHVBM RVF FO BRVFM IPNCSF USBOTQPSUBEP B MB DJNB EF VOB NPO
UB±B TVSHFO FOUPODFT BQSFOTJPOFT JOT³MJUBT TFOTBDJPOFT FYUSB±BT
RVF QBSFDFO SFCBTBS UPEP MP IVNBOBNFOUF TPQPSUBCMF 1FSP FT OF
DFTBSJP RVF UBNCJ©O FTUP MP WJWBNPT %FCFNPT BDFQUBS Z BTVNJS
OVFTUSB FYJTUFODJB EFM NPEP N¡T BNQMJP QPTJCMF 5PEP JODMVTP MP
JOBVEJUP IB EF TFS WJBCMF FO FMMB &TUF FT FO SFBMJEBE FM ºOJDP WB
MPS RVF TF OPT QJEF Z FYJHF UFOFS ¡OJNP BOUF MBT DPTBT N¡T FYUSB±BT
N¡T QPSUFOUPTBT Z N¡T JOFYQMJDBCMFT RVF OPT QVFEBO BDBFDFS
&M RVF MPT IPNCSFT IBZBO TJEP DPCBSEFT FO FTUF UFSSFOP IB DBV
TBEP JOૻOJUP EB±P B MB WJEB -PT TVDFTPT B MPT RVF TF EB FM OPNCSF
EF ઴GFO³NFOPTવ P EF ઴BQBSJDJPOFTવ FM MMBNBEP ઴NVOEP FTQFD
USBMવ MB NVFSUF UPEBT FTBT DPTBT RVF OPT TPO UBO BૻOFT IBO TJEP
EF UBM NPEP EFTBMPKBEBT EF MB WJEB QPS FM EJBSJP BG¡O EF EFGFOEFSTF
EF FMMBT RVF MPT TFOUJEPT DPO RVF QPES­BNPT BQSFIFOEFSMBT TF IBO
BUSPૻBEP ؈aZ EF %JPT OJ IBCMBS .BT FM NJFEP BOUF MP JOFYQMJDB

؇ ؇
 DBSUBT B VO KPWFO QPFUB

CMF OP T³MP IB FNQPCSFDJEP MB FYJTUFODJB EFM JOEJWJEVP 5BNCJ©O

MBT SFMBDJPOFT EF TFS B TFS IBO RVFEBEP DFSDFOBEBT QPS ©M 7BMHB FM
T­NJM IBO TJEP EFTDVBKBEBT EFM DBVDF EF VO S­P DBVEBMPTP FO QPTJ
CJMJEBEFT JOૻOJUBT QBSB TFS MMFWBEBT B VO MVHBS ZFSNP EF MB SJCFSB
EPOEF OBEB TVDFEF 1VFT OP T³MP QPS EFTJEJB TF SFQJUFO MBT SFMBDJP
OFT IVNBOBT DPO UBO JOEFDJCMF NPOPUPO­B Z TJO SFOPWBDJ³O BMHV
OB EF VO DBTP B PUSP TJOP UBNCJ©O QPS UFNPS Z SFDFMP BOUF DVBM
RVJFS WJWFODJB OVFWB Z EF JNQSFWJTJCMF USBTDFOEFODJB RVF VOP DSFF
TVQFSJPS B TVT GVFS[BT 1FSP T³MP RVJFO FTU© BQFSDJCJEP QBSB UPEP
T³MP RVJFO OP FYDMVZB OBEB EF TV FYJTUFODJB ؈OJ TJRVJFSB MP RVF
TFB FOJHN¡UJDP Z NJTUFSJPTP؈ MPHSBS¡ TFOUJS IPOEBNFOUF TVT SFMB
DJPOFT DPO PUSP TFS DPNP BMHP WJWP 4³MP ©M FTUBS¡ FO DPOEJDJPOFT
EF BQVSBS QPS T­ NJTNP TV QSPQJB WJEB 1VFT FO DVBOUP DPOTJEFSB
NPT MB FYJTUFODJB EF DBEB JOEJWJEVP DPNP VOB IBCJUBDJ³O NBZPS P
NFOPS RVFEB EF NBOJૻFTUP RVF MPT N¡T T³MP MMFHBO B DPOPDFS BQF
OBT VO SJOD³O EF TV BQPTFOUP 6O TJUJP KVOUP B MB WFOUBOB 0 CJFO
BMHVOB FTUSFDIB GBKB EFM FOUBSJNBEP RVF WBO Z WJFOFO SFDPSSJFOEP
EF VO MBEP QBSB PUSP "T­ EJTGSVUBO EF BMHVOB TFHVSJEBE‫ؖ‬
4JO FNCBSHP aDV¡OUP N¡T IVNBOB FT BRVFMMB JOTFHVSJEBE MMF
OB EF QFMJHSPT RVF FO MPT DVFOUPT EF 1PF JNQVMTB B MPT DBVUJWPT B
QBMQBS MBT GPSNBT EF TVT IPSSJCMFT NB[NPSSBT Z B GBNJMJBSJ[BSTF DPO
MPT JOEFDJCMFT UFSSPSFT EF TV FTUBODJB 1FSP OPTPUSPT OP TPNPT QSF
TPT /J USBNQBT OJ SFEFT OJ MB[PT TF IBMMBO BQBSFKBEPT FO UPSOP
OVFTUSP /J IBZ OBEB RVF EFCB DBVTBSOPT BOHVTUJB P EBSOPT UPS
NFOUP 4J IFNPT TJEP QVFTUPT FO NFEJP EF MB WJEB FT QPS TFS ©TUF
FM FMFNFOUP BM RVF NFKPS DPSSFTQPOEFNPT BM RVF TPNPT N¡T BEF
DVBEPT "EFN¡T QPS PCSB EF VOB BEBQUBDJ³O NJMFOBSJB OPT IF

؇ ؇
 SBJOFS NBSJB SJMLF

NPT WVFMUP UBO TFNFKBOUFT B FTB WJEB RVF DVBOEP QFSNBOFDFNPT

JON³WJMFT BQFOBT TJ ؈NFSDFE B VO GFMJ[ NJNFUJTNP؈ TF OPT QVF
EF EJTUJOHVJS EF DVBOUP OPT SPEFB /JOHVOB SB[³O UFOFNPT QBSB
SFDFMBS Z EFTDPOૻBS EFM NVOEP FO RVF WJWJNPT 4J FOUSB±B UFSSPSFT
TPO OVFTUSPT UFSSPSFT 4J DPOUJFOF BCJTNPT FTUPT BCJTNPT OPT QFS
UFOFDFO : TJ FO ©M IBZ QFMJHSPT EFCFNPT QSPDVSBS BNBSMPT $PO
UBM RVF DVJEFNPT EF PSEFOBS Z BKVTUBS OVFTUSB WJEB DPOGPSNF B FTF
QSJODJQJP RVF OPT BDPOTFKB BUFOFSOPT TJFNQSF B MP EJ઱­DJM DVBOUP
BIPSB OPT QBSFDF TFS MP N¡T FYUSB±P BDBCBSB QPS TFSOPT MP N¡T GBNJ
MJBS MP NBT ૻFM $³NP QPES­BNPT PMWJEBSOPT EF BRVFMMPT NJUPT
BOUJHVPT RVF QSFTJEFO FM PSJHFO EF UPEPT MPT QVFCMPT FTPT NJUPT
EF MPT ESBHPOFT RVF FO FM NPNFOUP TVQSFNP TF USBOTGPSNBO FO
QSJODFTBT ‫ݩ‬VJ[¡ TFBO UPEPT MPT ESBHPOFT EF OVFTUSB WJEB QSJODF
TBT RVF T³MP FTQFSBO WFSOPT BMHVOB WF[ SFTQMBOEFDJFOUFT EF CFMMF[B
Z WBMPS ‫ݩ‬VJ[¡ UPEP MP UFSSJCMF OP TFB FO SFBMJEBE OBEB TJOP BMHP
JOEFGFOTP Z EFTWBMJEP RVF OPT QJEF BVYJMJP Z BNQBSP‫ؖ‬
/P EFCF QVFT B[PSBSTF RVFSJEP TF±PS ,BQQVT DVBOEP VOB
USJTUF[B TF BMDF BOUF VTUFE UBO HSBOEF DPNP OVODB WJTUB /J DVBO
EP BMHVOB JORVJFUVE QBTF DVBM SFૼFKP EF MV[ P DPNP TPNCSB EF
OVCFT TPCSF TVT NBOPT Z QPS TPCSF UPEP TV QSPDFEFS )B EF QFO
TBS N¡T CJFO RVF BMHP BDPOUFDF FO VTUFE ‫ݩ‬VF MB WJEB OP MF IB PM
WJEBEP ‫ݩ‬VF FMMB MF UJFOF FOUSF TVT NBOPT Z OP MP EFKBS¡ DBFS 1PS
RV© RVJFSF FYDMVJS EF TV WJEB UPEB JORVJFUVE UPEB QFOB UPEB USJT
UF[B JHOPSBOEP ؈DPNP MP JHOPSB؈ DV¡OUP MBCPSBO Z PCUBO FO
VTUFE UBMFT FTUBEPT EF ¡OJNP 1PS RV© RVJFSF QFSTFHVJSTF B T­ NJT
NP QSFHVOU¡OEPTF EF E³OEF QPES¡ WFOJS UPEP FTP Z B E³OEF JS¡ B
QBSBS a#JFO TBCF VTUFE RVF TF IBMMB FO DPOUJOVB USBOTJDJ³O Z RVF

؇ ؇
 DBSUBT B VO KPWFO QPFUB

OBEB EFTFBS­B UBOUP DPNP USBOTGPSNBSTF 4J BMHP EF MP RVF FO VT

UFE TVDFEF FT FOGFSNJ[P UFOHB FO DVFOUB RVF MB FOGFSNFEBE FT FM
NFEJP QPS FM DVBM VO PSHBOJTNP TF MJCSB EF BMHP FYUSB±P &O UBM DB
TP OP IBZ N¡T RVF BZVEBSMF B FTUBS FOGFSNP " QPTFFS Z EPNJOBS
UPEB TV FOGFSNFEBE GBDJMJUBOEP TV FSVQDJ³O QVFT FO FMMP DPOTJT
UF TV QSPHSFTP a&O VTUFE RVFSJEP TF±PS ,BQQVT TVDFEFO BIPSB
UBOUBT DPTBT‫ ؖ‬%FCF UFOFS QBDJFODJB DPNP VO FOGFSNP Z DPOૻBO
[B DPNP VO DPOWBMFDJFOUF 1VFT RVJ[¡ TFB VTUFE MP VOP Z MP PUSP
B MB WF[ "VO N¡T FT VTUFE UBNCJ©O FM N©EJDP RVF IB EF WJHJMBSTF
B T­ NJTNP 1FSP IBZ FO UPEB FOGFSNFEBE NVDIPT E­BT FO RVF FM
N©EJDP OBEB QVFEF IBDFS TJOP FTQFSBS &TUP TPCSF UPEP FT MP RVF
VTUFE EFCF IBDFS BIPSB NJFOUSBT BDUºF DPNP TV QSPQJP N©EJDP
/P TF PCTFSWF EFNBTJBEP B T­ NJTNP /J TBRVF QSFNBUVSBT DPO
DMVTJPOFT EF DVBOUP MF TVDFEB %FKF TJNQMFNFOUF RVF UPEP BDPO
UF[DB DPNP RVJFSB %F PUSB TVFSUF IBSUP G¡DJMNFOUF JODVSSJS­B FO
DPOTJEFSBS DPO ¡OJNP MMFOP EF SFQSPDIFT B TV QSPQJP QBTBEP RVF
EFTEF MVFHP UJFOF TV QBSUF FO UPEP DVBOUP BIPSB MF PDVSSB 1FSP
MP RVF TJHVF PCSBOEP FO VTUFE DPNP IFSFODJB EF MPT FSSPSFT Z BO
IFMPT EF TV NPDFEBE OP FT MP RVF BIPSB SFDVFSEB Z DPOEFOB -BT
DJSDVOTUBODJBT BOPSNBMFT EF VOB JOGBODJB TPMJUBSJB Z EFTBNQBSBEB
TPO UBO EJ઱­DJMFT UBO DPNQMFKBT TF IBMMBO FYQVFTUBT Z BCBOEPOBEBT
B UBOUBT JOૼVFODJBT Z BM NJTNP UJFNQP UBO EFTQSFOEJEBT EF UPEPT
MPT WFSEBEFSPT W­ODVMPT WJUBMFT RVF DVBOEP FO UBMFT DPOEJDJPOFT TF
EFTMJ[B VO WJDJP OP TF MF EFCF MMBNBS WJDJP TJO N¡T OJ N¡T  a)BZ
RVF TFS EF UPEPT NPEPT UBO DBVUP UBO QSVEFOUF DPO MPT OPNCSFT
a&T UBO GSFDVFOUF RVF UPEB VOB WJEB TF RVJFCSF Z RVFEF SPUB QPS
FM NFSP OPNCSF EF VO DSJNFO /P QPS MB BDDJ³O NJTNB QFSTPOBM

؇ ؇
 SBJOFS NBSJB SJMLF

Z TJO OPNCSF RVF BDBTP SFTQPOEJFSF B VO EFUFSNJOBEP NFOFTUFS

EF FTB WJEB Z IVCJFSB QPEJEP TFS BENJUJEB Z BCTPSCJEB QPS FMMB TJO
FTGVFS[P BMHVOP 4J FM DPOTVNJS UBOUBT FOFSH­BT MF QBSFDF HSBOEF
B VTUFE FT T³MP QPSRVF FYBHFSB FM WBMPS EF MB WJDUPSJB /P FTU¡ FO
FMMB MP HSBOEF RVF VTUFE DSFF IBCFS SFBMJ[BEP TJ CJFO UJFOF SB[³O
FO TV TFOUJS -P HSBOEF FTU¡ FO RVF BI­ ZB FYJTUJ³ BMHP RVF VTUFE
QVEP QPOFS FO MVHBS EF BRVFM BSUJૻDJPTP GSBVEF BMHP SFBM Z WFSEB
EFSP 4JO FTUP TV WJDUPSJB T³MP IBCS­B SFTVMUBEP TFS VOB SFBDDJ³O
NPSBM TJO JNQPSUBODJB OJ TFOUJEP NJFOUSBT RVF BT­ IB MMFHBEP B
GPSNBS QBSUF EF TV WJEB %F VOB WJEB RVFSJEP TF±PS ,BQQVT B MB
RVF ZP EFEJDP UBOUPT QFOTBNJFOUPT Z CVFOPT EFTFPT
 3FDVFSEB
VTUFE D³NP FTUB WJEB ZB EFTEF MB NJTNB JOGBODJB TVTQJS³ QPS MPT
઴HSBOEFTવ :P WFP D³NP BIPSB QBSUJFOEP EF MPT HSBOEFT BOIFMB
QPEFS BMDBO[BS B MPT N¡T HSBOEFT 1SFDJTBNFOUF QPS FTP OP DFTB TV
WJEB EF TFS EJ઱­DJM 1FSP QPS FTUB NJTNB SB[³O OP DFTBS¡ EF DSFDFS
4J IF EF EFDJSMF BMHP N¡T FT FTUP OP DSFB RVF RVJFO BIPSB FTU¡
USBUBOEP EF BMJWJBSMP WJWB EFTDBOTBEP TJO USBCBKP OJ QFOB FOUSF MBT
QBMBCSBT MMBOBT Z DBMNPTBT RVF B WFDFT MP DPOGPSUBO B VTUFE 5BN
CJ©O ©M UJFOF VOB WJEB MMFOB EF GBUJHBT Z EF USJTUF[BT RVF TF RVFEB
NVZ QPS EFCBKP EF FTBT QBMBCSBT %F OP TFS BT­ OP IBCS­B QPEJEP
IBMMBSMBT OVODB‫ؖ‬
4V

3BJOFS .BSJB 3JMLF

؇ ؇
 DBSUB JY

'VSVHPSH +POTFSFE FO 4VFDJB B  EF OPWJFNCSF EF 

.J RVFSJEP TF±PS ,BQQVT

%VSBOUF UPEP FTUF UJFNQP RVF IB USBOTDVSSJEP TJO RVF VTUFE

SFDJCJFSB OJOHVOB DBSUB N­B FTUVWF VOBT WFDFT EF WJBKF Z PUSBT UBO
BUBSFBEP RVF OP QVEF FTDSJCJS 5BNCJ©O IPZ NF DVFTUB IBDFSMP
QPSRVF IF UFOJEP RVF FTDSJCJS ZB WBSJBT DBSUBT Z NJ NBOP FTU¡ DBO
TBEB 4J ZP QVEJFTF EJDUBS MF EJS­B NVDIBT DPTBT QFSP BT­ MF SVFHP
RVF SFDJCB UBO T³MP VOBT QPDBT QBMBCSBT B DBNCJP EF TV FYUFOTB
DBSUB
&O VTUFE RVFSJEP TF±PS ,BQQVT QJFOTP B NFOVEP Z DPO WP
UPT UBO EFOTPT RVF FMMP IBCS­B EF BZVEBSMF EF BMHºO NPEP $PO
GSFDVFODJB EVEP RVF NJT DBSUBT QVFEBO TFS SFBMNFOUF VO BVYJMJP
/P EJHB VTUFE 4­ MP TPO઴ "D³KBMBT DPO TFSFOJEBE TJO QSPEJHBS
TV HSBUJUVE Z BHVBSEFNPT MP RVF RVJFSB WFOJS
5BM WF[ OP SFTVMUF OBEB QSPWFDIPTP FM RVF BIPSB NF QPOHB B
DPOTJEFSBS DPO UPEB NJOVDJB DVBOUP VTUFE NF SFૻFSF 1VFT MP RVF
ZP QVFEB EFDJSMF BDFSDB EF TV QSPQFOTJ³O B MB EVEB P TPCSF TV
JNQPUFODJB QBSB BSNPOJ[BS MB WJEB FYUFSOB DPO MB WJEB JOUFSOB P
SFTQFDUP EF UPEBT MBT EFN¡T DPTBT RVF MF BHPCJBO‫ ؖ‬TJFNQSF TFS¡
MP NJTNP RVF ZB MF UFOHP EJDIP TJFNQSF FM EFTFP EF RVF VTUFE IB
MMF FO T­ CBTUBOUF QBDJFODJB QBSB TVGSJS CBTUBOUF TFODJMMF[ Z DBOEPS
QBSB DSFFS MMFHBOEP B JOUJNBS Z B GBNJMJBSJ[BSTF DBEB WF[ N¡T DPO

؇ ؇
 SBJOFS NBSJB SJMLF

MP RVF FT EJ઱­DJM : UBNCJ©O DPO TV TPMFEBE FO NFEJP EF MPT PUSPT

&O DVBOUP B MP EFN¡T EFKF RVF MB WJEB PCSF B TV BOUPKP $S©BNF
UJFOF SB[³O MB WJEB 4JFNQSF Z FO DVBMRVJFS DBTP
$PO SFTQFDUP B MPT TFOUJNJFOUPT FTUP TPO QVSPT UPEPT MPT TFO
UJNJFOUPT RVF MF BCBSRVFO UPUBMNFOUF Z MF FMFWFO &T JNQVSP BRVFM
TFOUJNJFOUP RVF QSFOEB FO VO TPMP MBEP EF TV TFS Z MMFHVF QPS FMMP
B UPSDFSMP B EFGPSNBSMP 5PEP DVBOUP QVFEB QFOTBS EF DBSB B TV
JOGBODJB FT CVFOP 5PEP DVBOUP MF FMFWF BVO QPS FODJNB EF MP RVF
IBTUB BRV­ IBZB MPHSBEP TFS FO TVT IPSBT NFKPSFT FTU¡ CJFO $VBM
RVJFS TVQFSBDJ³O FT CVFOB TJ FTU¡ FO UPEB TV TBOHSF TJFNQSF RVF
OP TFB UBO T³MP VO NPNFOUP EF FCSJFEBE /J BMHºO UVSCJP BG¡O
TJOP BMFHS­B DMBSB HP[P EJ¡GBOP RVF TF EFKB DBMBS Z USBTWFS IBTUB FM
GPOEP $PNQSFOEF VTUFE MP RVF ZP RVJFSP EFDJS
4V EVEB QVFEF UPSOBSTF VOB WJSUVE TJ VTUFE MB FEVDB %FCF
DPOWFSUJSTF FO TBCFS Z FO DS­UJDB 1SFHºOUFMF DBEB WF[ RVF FMMB RVJF
SB FDIBSMF BMHP QPS UJFSSB QPS RV© FTF BMHP FTU¡ NBM &Y­KBMF QSVF
CBT 4PN©UBMB B VO FYBNFO "DBTP MB FODVFOUSF FOUPODFT QFSQMFKB
DPOGVOEJEB 0 RVJ[¡T SFCFMEF MFWBOUJTDB 1FSP OP DFEB VTUFE &YJ
KB BSHVNFOUPT Z PCSF BT­ BMFSUB Z DPOTFDVFOUF TJFNQSF Z DBEB WF[
RVF TFB QSFDJTP :B WFOES¡ MVFHP FM E­B FO RVF FM EVEBS EFKF EF TFS
EFTUSVDUPS QBSB DPOWFSUJSTF FO VOP EF TVT NFKPSFT PCSFSPT FM N¡T
JOUFMJHFOUF UBM WF[ FOUSF UPEPT MPT RVF WBO FEJૻDBOEP MB WJEB EF
VTUFE
&TUP RVFSJEP TF±PS ,BQQVT FT UPEP DVBOUP ZP QVFEB EFDJSMF
IPZ 1FSP BM NJTNP UJFNQP MF FOW­P VO FKFNQMBS FO UJSBEB BQBSUF
EF VO QFRVF±P QPFNB RVF BDBCB EF TFS QVCMJDBEP FO MB SFWJTUB

؇ ؇
 DBSUBT B VO KPWFO QPFUB

઴%FVUTDIF "SCFJUવ EF 1SBHB "I­ TJHP IBCM¡OEPMF B VTUFE EF MB

WJEB EF MB NVFSUF Z EF MP HSBOEFT Z NBHO­ૻDBT RVF BNCBT TPO
4V

3BJOFS .BSJB 3JMLF

؇ ؇
 DBSUB Y

1BS­T BM E­B TJHVJFOUF EF /BWJEBE EF 

)B EF TBCFS VTUFE RVFSJEP TF±PS ,BQQVT DV¡OUP NF BMFHSB

UFOFS FTB IFSNPTB DBSUB TVZB -BT OPUJDJBT RVF NF EB SFBMFT Z GSBO
DBT DPNP BIPSB WVFMWFO B TFSMP NF QBSFDFO CVFOBT : DVBOUP N¡T
MP QJFOTP N¡T TF BૻBO[B FO N­ MB TFOTBDJ³O EF RVF TPO CVFOBT EF
WFSEBE &TUP QPS DJFSUP RVFS­B ZP EFD­STFMP FO PDBTJ³O EF /PDIF
CVFOB 1FSP QPS DBVTB EFM NºMUJQMF Z DPOUJOVP USBCBKP FO RVF WJWP
FOWVFMUP FTUF JOWJFSOP NF TPSQSFOEJ³ MB BOUJHVB ૻFTUB MMFHBOEP
UBO QSPOUP RVF BQFOBT UVWF UJFNQP QBSB MPT SFDBEPT N¡T VSHFOUFT
Z NVDIP NFOPT QBSB FTDSJCJSMF 1FSP B NFOVEP IF QFOTBEP FO VT
UFE EVSBOUF FTUPT E­BT GFTUJWPT JNBHJOBOEP DV¡O USBORVJMP EFCF
EF FTUBS FO TV TPMJUBSJP GPSU­O QFSEJEP FOUSF FTBT NPOUB±BT EFTJFS
UBT TPCSF MBT RVF TF QSFDJQJUBO MPT QPEFSPTPT WJFOUPT EFM TVS DPNP
TJ RVJTJFSBO FOHVMMJSMBT B HSBOEFT USP[PT
%FCF EF TFS JONFOTP FM TJMFODJP FO RVF IBZ DBCJEB QBSB UBMFT
SVJEPT Z NPWJNJFOUPT $VBOEP TF QJFOTB RVF QPS B±BEJEVSB TF
BHSFHB B UPEP FTP MB QSFTFODJB EFM NBS MFKBOP DPO TV QSPQJP TP
OJEP DPOTUJUVZFOEP UBM WF[ FM UPOP N¡T ­OUJNP Z FOUSB±BCMF FO
FTB BSNPO­B EF QSFIJTU³SJDB NBHOJUVE FOUPODFT ZB T³MP SFTUB QPS
EFTFBSMF B VTUFE RVF MMFOP EF DPOૻBO[B Z EF QBDJFODJB EFKF PCSBS
FO TV ¡OJNP MB HSBOEJPTB TPMFEBE RVF ZB OVODB QPES¡ TFS CPSSBEB
EF TV WJEB Z RVF FO UPEP DVBOUP MF RVFEB QPS WJWJS Z IBDFS BDUVB
S¡ DVBM BO³OJNP JOૼVKP EF VO NPEP DPOUJOVP Z EFDJTJWP "MHP

؇ ؇
 DBSUBT B VO KPWFO QPFUB

BT­ DPNP FO OPTPUSPT ૼVZF TJO DFTBS MB TBOHSF EF OVFTUSPT BOUFQB

TBEPT NF[DM¡OEPTF DPO OVFTUSB QSPQJB TBOHSF QBSB GPSNBS FM TFS
ºOJDP TJOHVMBS F JSSFQSPEVDJCMF RVF TPNPT DBEB DVBM EF OPTPUSPT
FO DBEB SFDPEP EF OVFTUSB WJEB
4­ NF BMFHSP EF RVF VTUFE DVFOUF BIPSB FO TV IBCFS FTB FYJTUFO
DJB ૻSNF Z EFUFSNJOBEB &TF U­UVMP &TF VOJGPSNF &TF TFSWJDJP 5P
EP FTF DPOKVOUP EF DPTBT UBOHJCMFT Z DPODSFUBT RVF FO UBMFT QBSBKFT
DPNP MPT RVF BI­ MF SPEFBO DPO VOB HVBSOJDJ³O QPDP OVNFSPTB
F JHVBMNFOUF BJTMBEB OP EFKB EF BERVJSJS VO TFMMP EF HSBWFEBE Z
VSHFODJB Z RVF QPS FODJNB EF DVBOUP FO MB DBSSFSB NJMJUBS IBZ EF
KVFHP GS­WPMP Z QBTBUJFNQP TJHOJૻDB TFSWJDJP TJFNQSF BMFSUB Z OP
T³MP BENJUF MB PCTFSWBDJ³O JOEJWJEVBM Z BVU³OPNB TJOP RVF IBT
UB MB GPNFOUB Z FEVDB QSFDJTBNFOUF &M IBMMBSOPT FO DJSDVOTUBODJBT
RVF OPT GPSNFO Z MBCSFO DPMPD¡OEPOPT EF WF[ FO DVBOEP BOUF DP
TBT HSBOEFT Z OBUVSBMFT FT UPEP DVBOUP OPT IBDF GBMUB
5BNCJ©O FM BSUF FT T³MP VO NPEP EF WJWJS "VO WJWJFOEP EF DVBM
RVJFS NBOFSB QVFEF VOP QSFQBSBSTF QBSB FM BSUF TJO TBCFSMP &O
DVBMRVJFS SFBMJEBE TF FTU¡ N¡T DFSDB EF ©M RVF FO MBT DBSSFSBT JSSFBMFT
BSU­TUJDBT B NFEJBT RVF BQBSFOUBOEP DJFSUP BMMFHBNJFOUP BM BSUF
FO MB QS¡DUJDB OJFHBO Z TPDBWBO MB FYJTUFODJB EF UPEP BSUF $PNP MP
IBDFO QPS FKFNQMP FM QFSJPEJTNP FO TV UPUBMJEBE DBTJ UPEB MB DS­
UJDB QSPGFTJPOBM Z MBT USFT DVBSUBT QBSUFT EF MP RVF TF MMBNB Z RVJFSF
MMBNBSTF MJUFSBUVSB

؇ ؇
 SBJOFS NBSJB SJMLF

&O QPDBT QBMBCSBT NF BMFHSP EF RVF VTUFE TF IBZB TBMWBEP EFM

QFMJHSP RVF SFQSFTFOUB FM DBFS FO UPEP FMMP Z BIPSB WJWB FO VO MV
HBS DVBMRVJFSB TPMJUBSJP Z WBMJFOUF FO NFEJP EF VOB SVEB SFBMJEBE
a0KBM¡ QVFEB FM B±P RVF FTU¡ QPS MMFHBS NBOUFOFS Z BૻSNBSMP FO
FMMB
4JFNQSF
4V

3BJOFS .BSJB 3JMLF

઴5FNCMBOEP TVSDB NJ WJEB TJO RVFKB OJ TVTQJSP VOB IPOEB Z PT

DVSB DPOHPKB -B OJFWF QVSB Z ૼPSJEB EF NJT FOTVF±PT FT VODJ³O
EF NJT E­BT N¡T RVFEPT 1FSP B NFOVEP DSV[B MB HSBO QSFHVOUB NJ
TFOEB .F TJFOUP QFRVF±P Z QBTP BOUF FMMB USBOTJEP EF GS­P DPNP
B PSJMMBT EF VO MBHP DVZP ૼVKP OP NF BUSFWP B NFEJS : MVFHP NF
TPCSFDPHF VOB QFOB UBO UVSCJB DPNP FM HSJT EF MBT OPDIFT EF FTU­P
TJO CS­P RVF SJFMBOEP BUSBWJFTB VOB FTUSFMMB EF DVBOEP FO DVBOEP
&OUPODFT UJFOUBO NJT NBOPT FM FTQBDJP FO CVTDB EF BNPS QPSRVF
ZP RVJTJFSB SF[BS DPO QBMBCSBT RVF NJ CPDB BSEJFOUF OP TBCF FO
DPOUSBS‫ؖ‬વ
GSBO[ LBQQVT

,BQQVT WPMWJ³ TJO FNCBSHP B MB MJUFSBUVSB IBDJ©OEPTF VO OPNCSF DPNP
OPWFMJTUB TJ CJFO FTU¡ MFKPT EF ૻHVSBS FOUSF MPT EF QSJNFSB ૻMB 4V ઴(©OFSPવ FO
OBEB TF QBSFDF B MP RVF TV DPSSFTQPOEFODJB DPO 3JMLF QVEJFSB IBDFS FTQFSBS

؇ ؇