GATE Mathematics Vani

GATE
Previous Questions with solutions

Subject wise & Chapter wise
(1993 – 2016)
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Preface
Dear Reader,
First and foremost let me discuss about GATE exam. GATE is basically an objective type
examination, conducts IITs and IISc in the month of February every year. Now days GATE
examination gained lot of importance because, not only for M.Tech admission but also for Job in
PSU. These PSUs are providing fascinating career to young engineering graduates with excellent
packages.
So now question is all about how to crack this exam? For this exam one need to prepare
according to syllabus provided in notification. In GATE exam basically examiners test your
basics and concepts in each and every subject according to their weightages. So, one need to
know clearly what to prepare for secure good rank, for this Vani Institute is providing solution
with this book.
In this book we are providing Mathematics previous years questions with solutions. One can use
this book for practice and quick revision. student will understand clearly what to focus in each
topic.
We developed to the best of our knowledge, in case any mistake and suggestions please feel free
to inform us.
DIRECTOR,
VANI INSTITUTE
SYLLABUS
COMMON MATHS FOR ALL BRANCHES
1. Linear Algebra:
Linear Algebra: Finite dimensional vector spaces; Linear transformations and their matrix
representations, rank; systems of linear equations, eigen values and eigen vectors,
minimal polynomial, Cayley-Hamilton Theroem, diagonalisation, Hermitian, Skew-
Hermitian and unitary matrices; Finite dimensional inner product spaces, Gram-Schmidt
orthonormalization process, self-adjoint operators.
2. Fourier Series : Fourier series
3. Probability and statistics:
Sampling theorems, Conditional probability, Mean, median, mode and standard
deviation, Random variables, Discrete and continuous distributions, Poisson, Normal and
Binomial distribution, Correlation and regression analysis
4. Calculus:
Mean value theorems, Theorems of integral calculus, Evaluation of definite and improper
integrals, Partial derivatives, Maxima and Minima, Multiple integrals.
5. Numerical Methods:
Solutions of non-linear algebraic equations, single and multi-step methods for differential
equations.
6. Differential equations:
First order equation (linear and non-linear), Higher order linear differential equations
with constant coefficients, methods of variation of parameters, Cauchy’s and Euler’s
equations, Initial and boundary value problems, Partial Differential Equations and
Variable separable method.
7. Complex variables:
Analytic functions, Cauchy’s integral theorem and integral formula, Taylors and
Laurent’s series, Residue theorem, Solution integrals.
8. Vector Calculus: Vector identities, directional derivatives, line, surface and volume
integrals, Stokes, Gauss and Green’s theorems.
9. Laplace Transforms: Linear Property, First shifting theorem , change of scale
property, second shifting theorem, multiplication by ‘t’, division by ‘t’, Laplace
transform of integral, inverse Laplace transform, Convolution theorem.
Previous GATE Questions & Solutions to
Engineering Mathematics topic wise
CONTENTS
Chapter No. Name Of the Chapter Page No
Chapter -1 Linear Algebra 1 97
Chapter -2 Fourier Series 98 99
Chapter-3 Probability 100 159
Chapter-4 Calculus 160 224
Chapter-5 Numerical Methods 225 254
Chapter-6 Differential Equations 255 302
Chapter-7 Complex Variables 303 334

Chapter -8 Vector Calculus 335 361
Chapter -8 Laplace Transforms 362 383
GATE MATHEMATICS
CHAPTER- 1
LINEAR ALGEBRA
0 0 α 
01. The eigen vector(s) of the matrix 0 0 0 , α ≠ 0 is (are) (GATE-93)
 
0 0 0 
(a) (0,0, α ) (b) (α ,0,0) (c) (0,0,1) (d) (0, α ,0)
1 0 0 1
0 − 1 0 − 1
02. If A =  the matrix A4 , Calculated by the use of Cayley-Hamilton
0 0 i i 
 
0 0 0 − i
theorem (or) otherwise is (GATE-93)
03. If A and B are real symmetric matrices of order n then which of the following is true.
(GATE-94[CS])
(d) ( AB ) = B T AT
T
(a) AAT = I (b) A = A −1 (c) AB = BA
 1 0 1
04. The inverse of the matrix − 1 1 1 is (GATE-94)
 0 1 0
05. A 5×7 matrix has all its entries equal to -1. Then the rank of a matrix is (GATE-94[EE])
(a) 7 (b) 5 (c) 1 (d) zero
a 1
06. The eigen values of the matrix   are (GATE-94[EE])
a 1
(a) (a+1), 0 (b) a, 0 (c) (a-1), 0 (d) 0, 0
07. The number of linearly independent solutions of the system of equations
1 0 2  x1 
1 − 1 0   x  = 0 is equal to (GATE-94[EE])
  2 
2 − 2 0   x3 
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 0
VANI INSTITTUTE WWW.VANIINSTITUTE.COM

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GATE MATHEMATICS
08. The rank of (m × n) matrix (m<n) cannot be more than (GATE-94[EC])

(a) m (b) n (c) mn (d) none
09. Solve the following system (GATE-94[EC])
x1 + x 2 + x3 = 3
x1 − x 2 = 0
x1 − x 2 + x 3 = 1
(a) unique solution (b) No solution

(c) Infinite number of solutions (d) Only one solution
0 0 − 3
10. The rank of matrix 9 3 5  is (GATE-94[CS])
 
3 1 1 
1 − 4 5 − 4
11. The matrix   is an inverse of the matrix 1 − 1 (GATE-94[PI])
1 − 5  
(a) True (b) False
12. If for a matrix, rank equals both the number of rows and number of columns, then the
matrix is called (GATE-94[PI])
(a) Non-singular (b) Singular (c) Transpose (d) Minor
1 4 9
13. The value of the following determinant 4 9 16 is (GATE-94[PI])
9 16 25
(a) 8 (b) 12 (c) -12 (d) -8

1 −1
14. For the following matrix the number of positive roots is (GATE-94[PI])
2 3
(a) one (b) two (c) four (d) cannot be found
0 2 2 
15. Rank of the matrix  7 4 8  is 3 (GATE-94[ME])
− 7 0 − 4
(a) True (b) False

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GATE MATHEMATICS
1 0 0 
16. Find out the eigen value of the matrix A = 2 3 1  for any one of the eigen values,
 
0 2 4
find out the corresponding eigen vector? (GATE-94[ME])
2 1 
3 2
17. Given matrix L = 3 2 and M =  then L×M is (GATE-95[PI])
 
0 1
4 5
 8 1 6 5 1 8  6 2 
(a) 13 2 (b)  9 8  (c)  2 13  (d) 9 4
 22 5  1213 5 22  0 5
18. Solve the system 2 x + 3 y + z = 9, 4 x + y = 7 , x − 3 y − 7 z = 6 (GATE-95[ME])
19. Among the following, the pair of the vector orthogonal to each other is (GATE-95[ME])
(a) [3,4,7], [3,4,7] (b) [1,0,0], [1,1,0] (c) [1,0,2], [0,5,0] (d) [1,1,1], [− 1,−1,−1]
1 − 1 0
20. The inverse of the matrix S = 1 1 1 (GATE-95[EE])
 
0 0 1
1 0 1  0 1 1
(a) 0 0 0 (b) − 1 − 1 1
   
0 1 1  1 0 1
 2 2 − 2  1 1 −1 
 2 2 2
(c) − 2 2 − 2 (d) − 1 1 −1 
 
 0 2 2   02 0
2 2
1 
 
0 1 0 
21. 
Given the matrix A = 0 0 1  its eigen values are (GATE-95[EE])

− 6 − 11 − 6
22. The matrix of the following (n+1) × (n+1) matrix, where ‘a’ is a real number is

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GATE MATHEMATICS
1 a a 2 LL a n 
 2 n
1 a a LL a  (GATE-95[EE])
M 
 
1 a a 2 LL a n 
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) n (d) depends on the value of a
23. Let AX=B be a system of linear equations where A is an m×n matrix B is an n×1 column
Matrix which of the following is false? (GATE-96[CS])
(a) The system has a solution, if ρ ( A) = ρ ( A / B )
(b) If m = n and B is a non-zero vector then the system has a unique solution
(c) If m<n and B is a zero vector then the system has infinitely many solutions.
(d) The system will have a trivial solution when m=n, B is the zero vectors and rank of
A is n.
cosθ − sin θ   a 0
24. The matrices   and   commute under multiplication.
 sin θ cosθ  0 b
(GATE-96[CS])
(a) If a=b (or) θ = nπ , n is an integer (b) always
(c) never (d) If a cosθ ≠ b sin θ
 a11 a12   b11 b12 

25. Let A =  and B = b21 b22  be two matrices such that AB = I. Let C=
 a21 a22 
é1 0 ù
A ê ú and CD = I. Express the elements of D in terms of the elements of B.
êë11 úû
(GATE-96[CS])
1 1 1
26. The eigen values of 1 1 1 are (GATE- 96[ME])
 
1 1 1
(a) 0,0,0 (b) 0,0,1 (c) 0,0,3 (d) 1,1,1

27. In the Gauss – elimination for a solving system of liner algebraic equations,
triangularization leads to (GATE- 96[ME])
(a) Diagonal matrix (b) lower triangular matrix
(c) upper triangular matrix (d) angular matrix

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GATE MATHEMATICS
28. Let [A]n×n be matrix of order n and I12 be the matrix obtained by inter changing the first
and second rows of In. then A I12 is such that its first. (GATE- 97[CS])
(a) Row is the same as its second row (b) row is the same as second row of a
(c) column is the same as the second column of A (d) row is a zero row.
2 1 5 
29. Express the given matrix A = 4 8 13 as a product of triangular matrices L and
 
6 27 31
U where the diagonal elements of the lower triangular matrices L are unity and U is an
upper triangular matrix. (GATE- 97[EE])
30. For the following set of simultaneous equations
1.5x – 0.5y + z = 2
4x + 2y + 3z = 9
7x + y + 5z = 10
(a) The system is unique (b) infinitely many solutions exist
(c) the equations are incompatible (d) finite many solutions exist
1 3 2
If the determinant of the matrix 0 5 −6 is 26, then the determinant of the matrix
2 7 8
31.
2 7 8
0 5 −6 is
1 3 2
(GATE- 97[CE])
(a) -26 (b) 26 (c) 0 (d) 52

32. If A and B are two matrices and AB exists then BA exists , (GATE- 97[CE])
(a) only if A has as many rows as B has columns
(b) only if both A and B are square matrices
(c) only if A and B are skew matrices (d) Only if both A and B are symmetric
0 1 0
Inverse of matrix 0 0 1 is
1 0 0
33. (GATE- 97[CE])
0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1
(a) 1 0 0 0 0 1 (c) 0 1 0 (d) 0 1 0
0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0
(b)

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GATE MATHEMATICS
6 − 8 1 1
0 2 4 6 
34. The determinant of the matrix  is (GATE- 97[CS])
0 0 4 8
 
0 0 0 − 1
(a) 11 (b) -48 (c) 0 (d) -24
1
If ∆ = 1 then which of the following is a factor of∆. (GATE- 98[CS])
1
35.
(a) a+b (b) a-b (c) abc (d) a+b+c
36. Consider the following set of equations x+2y=5, 4x+8y=12, 3x+6y+3z=15.

This set (GATE- 98[CS])
(a) Has unique solution (b) has no solutions
(c) has infinite number of solutions (d) has 3 solutions
1 4 8 7
0 0 3 0
37. The rank of matrix  is (GATE- 98[CS])
4 2 3 1
 
3 12 24 2
(a) 3 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 4

38. If A is a real square matrix then is (GATE- 98[CE])
(a) un symmetric (b) always symmetric
(c) skew – symmetric (d) some times symmetric
39. In matrix algebra AS = AT (A, S, T, are matrices of appropriate order ) implies S=T only
if (GATE- 98[CE])
(a) A is symmetric (b) A is singular
(c) A is non- singular (d) A is skew- symmetric
40. The real symmetric matrix C corresponding to the quadratic form Q=4 -5 is
(GATE- 98[CE])
1 2 2 0 1 1 0 2
(a)  (b)  (c)  (d) 
2 −5 0 −5 1 −2 2 −5

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GATE MATHEMATICS
8 − 4
41. Obtain the eigen values and eigen vectors of A=   (GATE- 98[CE])
2 2 
0 1
42. The eigen values of the matrix A=   are (GATE- 98[CE])
1 0
(a) 1,1 (b) -1,-1 (c) j,-j (d) 1,-1
1 −2 2 −3
If the vector 2 is an eigen vector of A= 2 1 −6 then one of the eigen value
−1 −1 −2 0
43.
of A is (GATE- 98[EE])
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 5 (d) -1
2 0 0 − 1
0 1 0 0 
44. A=  the sum of the eigen values of the matrix A is (GATE- 98[EE])
0 0 3 0
 
− 1 0 0 4
(a) 10 (b) -10 (c) 24 (d) 22

5 0 2
If A=0 3 0 then =
2 0 1
45. (GATE- 98[EE])
1 0 −2 5 0 2
(a) 0 1/3 0 (b) 0 −1/3 0
−2 0 5 2 0 1
1/5 0 1/2 1/5 0 −1/2
(c) 0 1/3 0 (d) 0 1/3 0
1/2 0 1 −1/2 0 1
46. A set of linear equation is represented by the matrix equations Ax = b. The necessary
condition for the existence of a solution for this system is (GATE- 98[EE])
(a) A must be invertible
(b) b must be linearly dependent on the columns of A
(c) b must be linearly independent on the rows of A (d) None
1 −2 −1 −11 −9 1
If A= 2 3 1 and adj (A)= 4 −2 −3 then k=
0 5 −2 10 7
47. (GATE- 99)
(a) -5 (b) 3 (c) -3 (d) 5

 3 − 1
48. Find the eigen values and eigen vectors of The matrix   (GATE- 99)
− 1 3 

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GATE MATHEMATICS
49. If A is any nxn matrix and k is a scalar then │kA│= α │A│ where α is (GATE- 99[CE])
(b) (c)

(a) kn (d)
50. The number of terms in the expansion of general determinant of order n is

(GATE- 99[CE])
(b) n! (c) n (d) +

The equation − = 0 reperents a parabola passing the points.

51.
(GATE- 99[CE])
(a) (0, 1), (0,2), (0,-1) (b) (0,0),(-1,1),(1,2)
(c) (1,1), (0,0),(2,2) (d) (1,2),(2,1),(0,0)
52. An n × n array V is defined as follows v [i,j] = i-j for all i,j, 1≤ i,j ≤ n then the sum of the
elements of the array V is (GATE- 2000[CS])
(a) ! (b) n-1 (c) -3n+2 (d) n (n+1)
2 0 0 0
8 1 7 2
53. The determinant of the matrix  is (GATE- 2000[CS])
2 0 2 0
 
9 0 6 1
(a) 4 (b) 0 (c) 15 (d) 20

54. If A, B, C are square matrices of the same order then "# is equal be
(a) $ % &% ' % (b) $ % '% &% (c) &% '% $ % (d) &% $ % '%
(GATE- 2000[CS])
55. Consider the following two statements. (GATE- 2000[CS])

(I) The maximum number of linearly independent column vectors of a matrix A is called
the Rank of A
(II) If A is n×n square matrix then it will be non-singular if rank of A=n
(a) Both the statements are false (b)Both the statements are true
(c) (I) is true but (II) is false (d) (I) is false but (II) is true

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GATE MATHEMATICS
2 − 1 0 0
0 3 0 0
56. The eigen valus of the matrix  are (GATE- 2000[EC])
0 0 − 2 0
 
0 0 − 1 4
(a) 2,-2,1,-1 (b) 2,3,-2,4 (c) 2,3,1,4 (d) None

(
The rank of matrix A = ( ) * is
) + ,
57. (GATE- 2000[IN])
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3

58. Consider the following statements
- : The sum of two singular matrices may be singular.
- : The sum of two non- singular may be non- singular.
Which of the following statements is true?
(a) - & - are both true (b) - & - are both false
(GATE- 01[CS])
(c) - is true and - is false (d) - is false and - is true

59. The necessary condition to diagonalize a matrix is that (GATE- 01[CS])
(a) all its eigen value should be distinct (b) its eigen vectors should be independent
(c) its eigen values should be real (d) the matrix is non- singular
5 3 2
The determinant of the following matrix 1 2 6
3 5 10
60. (GATE- 01[CE])
(a) -76 (b) -28 (c) 28 (d) 72
5 3
61. The eigen values of the matrix   are (GATE- 01[CE])
2 9
(a) (5. 13,9.42) (b) (3.85,2.93) (c) (9.00,5.00) (d) (10.16,3.84)
62. The product [P] [Q]T of the following two matrics [P] and [Q] (GATE- 01[CE])
2 3 4 8
Where [P] =   , [Q] = 9 2
4 5  
32 24 46 56 35 22 32 56
(a)   (b)   (c)   (d)  
56 46 24 32 61 42 24 46

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GATE MATHEMATICS
1 1
63. The rank of the matrix   is (GATE- 02[CS])
0 0
(a) 4 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) 0
1 2 34
49 
0 2 94 
43
64. Obtain the eigen values of the matrix A =  (GATE- 02[CS])
0 0 − 2 104
 
0 0 0 −1
(a) 1,2,-2,-1 (b) -1,-2,-1,-2 (c) 1,2,2,1 (d) None

 1 0 0 0
100 1 0 0
65. The determinant of the matrix  is (GATE- 02[EE])
100 200 1 0
 
100 200 300 1
(a) 100 (b) 200 (c) 1 (d) 300

− 1 4 
66. Eigen values of the following matrix are   (GATE- 02[CE])
 4 − 1
(a) 3,-5 (b) -3,5 (c) -3,-5 (d) 3,5
5 3 2 . 2
Consider the following system of linear equations 1 2 6 / = 1 5 3
3 5 10 0 7
67.
(GATE- 03[CS])
Notice that the 245 and 365 column of the coefficient matrix are linearly dependent. For
how many value of α, does systems of equations have infinitely many solutions.
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) infinitel many.
4213
Given matrix [A] = 6 3 4 7, the rank of the matrix is
2101
68. (GATE- 03[CE])
(a) 4 (b) 3 (c) 2 (d) 1

69. A system of equations represented by AX = 0 where X is a column vector of unknown
and A is a matrix containing coefficient has a non- trivial solution when A is.
(GATE- 03)
(a) non-singular (b) singular (c) symmetric (d) hermitian
70. What values of X, Y, Z satisfy the following system of linear equations (GATE- 04)
(a) X= 6, Y= 3, Z= 2 (b) X= 12, Y= 3, Z= -4

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GATE MATHEMATICS
(c) X= 6, Y= 6, Z= -4 (d) X= 12, Y= -3, Z= 4

1
9 and . 8 -X+1=0 then the inverse of X is (GATE- 04)
− + − 1 1 −
8
71. If matrix X=7
1 − −1 1− −1
(a) 7 8 9 (b) 7 8 9
− + 1
− 1
(d) 7 − + 1 9
8
(c) 7 8 9
− + − 1 − 1 1 1−
72. The number of different n×n symmetric matices with each elements being either 0 or 1 is
(GATE- 04[CS])
;: <; ;: =;
(a) 24 (b) 24 (c) 2 (d) 2
:
: :
73. Let A, B, C, D be n×n matrices, each with non- zer5o determinant ABCD= I then '% =
(a) > % $ % &%

(GATE- 04[CS])
(b) CDA (c) ABC (d) does not exist
74. How many solutions does the following system of linear equations have
-X+5Y= -1 X-Y=2 X+3Y=3 (GATE- 04[CS])
(a) Infinitely many (b) two distinct solutions (c) unique (d) none
1 1 3
The some of the eigen values of the matrix 1 5 1 is
3 1 1
75. (GATE- 04[ME])
(a) 5 (b) 7 (c) 9 (d) 18

8 . 0
For what value of X will the matrix given below become singular? 4 0 2
12 6 0
76.
Real matrices?&@A×% , ?'@A×A , ?$@A×C , ?>@C×A , ?D@C×C , ?E@C×% are given. Matrices [B]
(GATE- 04[ME])
77.
and [E] are symmetric. Following statements are made with respect to their matrices.
(I) Matric product ?E@F ?$@F [B] [C] [F] is a scalar.
(II) Matric product ?>@F [F] [D] is always symmetric.
With reference to above statements which of the following applies? (GATE- 04[CE])
(a) Statement (I) is true but (II) is false (b) Statement (I) is false but (II) is true
(c) Both the statements are true (d) both statements are false
4 −2
The eigen values of the matrix 7 9 are
−2 1
78. (GATE- 04[CE])
(a) 1,4 (b) -1,2 (c) 0,5 (d) cannot be determined

Page 11
GATE MATHEMATICS
79. Considered the following system of equations in three real variable.% , .8 and .A :
2.% - .8 +3.A = 1 3.% +2.8 +5.A = 2 −.% +4.8 + .A = 3
This system of equations has (GATE- 05[CE])
(a) No solution (b) a unique solution
(c) More than one but a finite number of solutions (d) an infinite number of solutions
80. Consider a non- homogeneous system of linear equations represents mathematically an
over determined system. Such a system will be (GATE- 05[CE])
(a) Consistent having a unique solution (b) Consistent having many solutions.
(c) Inconsistent having a unique solution (d) Inconsistent having no solution
2 −1
What are the given values of the following 2×2 matrix 7 9
−4 5
81. (GATE- 05[CS])
(a) -1,1 (b) 1, 6 (c) 2, 5 (d) 4, -1

82. Consider the matrices .G×A , /G×A , and HG×A . The order of [P(. F /% H F @F will be
(GATE- 05[CE])
(a) 2×2 (b) 3×3 (c) 4×3 (d) 3×4
0 1 0 2
− 1 1 1 3
83. The deteminant of the matrix given below is  (GATE- 05[CE])
0 0 0 1
 
 1 −2 0 1
(a) -1 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) 2
Consider the system of equations, .4×% =λ .4×% where λ is a scalar. Let ( λK , .K ) be an
eigen value and its corresponding eigen vector for real matrix A. Let M4×4 be unti matrix.
84.
Which one of the following statement is not correct? (GATE- 05[CE])

For a homogeneous n×n system of linear equations (A- λI) X = 0, having a non
(a) Trivial solution, the rank of (A- λI) is less than n.
(b) For matrix( λN
K , XKN will be eigen pair for all i.
(c) If & F = & % THEN │λK │=1 for all i. (d) If & F = & then λK are real for all i.
85. In the matrix equation PX= Q which of the following is a necessary condition for one
solution for the existence of atleast one solution for the unknown vector X. Argumented
matrix [P|Q] must have the same rank as matrix P . (GATE- 05[EE])
Vector Q must have only non-zero elements.
Matrix P must be singular Matrix P must be square

Page 12
GATE MATHEMATICS
3 −2 2
For the matrix P = 0 −2 1 , one of the eigen values is -2. Which of the following is
0 0 1
86.
an eigen Vector?
3 −3 1 2
(GATE- 05[EE])
(a) Q−2R (b) 2 (c) −2 (d) 5

1 −1 3 0
1 0 −1
If R= 2 1 −1 then the top row of S % is
2 3 2
87. (GATE- 05[EE])
(a) [5 6 7] (b) [5 -3 1] (c) [2 0 -1] (d) [2 -1 0]

8 −6 2
The eigen values of the matrix M given below are 15, 3 and 0. M= −6 7 −4, the
2 −4 3
88.
value of the determinant of a matrix is (GATE- 05[PI])

(a) 20 (b) 10 (c) 0 (d) -10
1 0
Identify which one of the following is an eigen vector of the matrix A= 7 9
−1 −2
89.
(a) ?−1 1@F (b) ?3 −1@F (c) ?1 −1@F (d) ?−2 1@F
(GATE- 05[IN])
90. A is a 3 × 4 matrix and AX= B is an inconsistent system of equations. The highest

Possible rank of A is (GATE- 05[ME])
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
2 −0.1 1/2
If A= 7 9 and &% = 7 9 then a+b =
0 3 0
91. (GATE- 05[EE])
T A %V %%
8U 8U WU 8U
(a) (b) (c) (d)
5 0 0 0
0 5 0 0
92. Which one of the following is an eigen vector of the matrix  is
0 0 2 1
 
0 0 3 1
(a) ?1 −2 0 0@F (b) ?0 0 1 (c) ?1 0 0 −2@F (d) ?1 −1 2 1@F

(GATE- 05[IN])
0@F
93. Let A be 3×3 matrix with rank 2. Then AX= O has (GATE- 05[IN])
(a) only the trivial solution X = O (b) one independent solution
(c ) two independent solutions (d) there independent solutions

Page 13
GATE MATHEMATICS
1 1 1 1 
 & &F % is
1 1 − 1 − 1
94. Given an orthogonal matrix  (GATE- 05[EC])
1 − 1 0 0 
 
0 0 1 − 1
(a) MG (b) MG (d) MG

% % %
G 8 A
(c) I
−4 2
Given the matrix 7 9 the eigen vector is
4 3
95. (GATE- 05[EC])
3 4 2 −2
(a) 7 9 (b) 7 9 (c) 7 9 (d) 7 9
2 3 −1 1
3 2
Eigen values of a matrix S = 7 9 are 5 and 1. What are the eigen values of the
2 3
96.
matrix X 8 = SS ? (GATE- 05[EC])
(a) 1 and 25 (b) 6, 5 (c) 5, 1 (d) 2, 10
97. Multiplication of matrices E and F is G. Matrices E and G are
cos \ − sin \ 0 1 0 0
E = sin \ cos \ 0 and G = 0 1 0 what is the matrix F? (GATE- 06[ME])
0 0 1 0 0 1
cos \ − sin \ 0 cos \ cos \ 0
(a) sin \ cos \ 0 (b) −cos \ sin \ 0
0 0 1 0 0 1
cos \ sin \ 0 sin \ − cos \ 0
(c) − sin \ cos \ 0 (d) cos \ sin \ 0
0 0 1 0 0 1
1 1 1 1
For a given 2×2 matrix A, it is observed that A 7 9 = -1 7 9 and A 7 9 = -2 7 9
−1 −1 −2 −2
98.
then the matrix A is
2 1 −1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 2 1
(GATE- 06[IN])
(a) A = 7 9 7 9 7 9 (b) A = 7 9 7 9 7 9
−1 −1 0 −2 −1 −2 −1 −2 0 2 −1 −1
1 1 −1 0 2 1 0 −2
(c) A = 7 9 7 9 7 9 (d) A = 7 9
−1 −2 0 −2 −1 −1 1 −3
99. A system of linear simultaneous equations is given as AX = b
1 0
0 1 0
0
& b = _ ` then the rank of matrix A is
0 1 0 1
0
Where A =  (GATE- 06[IN])
1
1 1 0 0 
 
0 0 0 1
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4

Page 14
GATE MATHEMATICS
1 0 1 0
0 1 0 1 
100. A system of linear simultaneous equations is given as Ax = b. Where A =  
1 1 0 0
 
0 0 0 1 
0
0
and b = _ ` which of the following statement is true?
0
(GATE- 06[IN])
1
(a) x is a null vector (b) x is unique
(c) x does not exist (d) x has infinitely many values
1 1 1
The rank of the matrix 1 −1 0 is
1 1 1
101. (GATE- 06[EC])
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3

102. The eigen values and the corresponding eigen vectors of a 2×2 matrix are given by
Eigen Value Eigen Vector
1
a% = 8 b% = 7 9
1
1
a8 = 4 b8 = 7 9
−1
The matrix is
6 2 4 6 2 4 8 4
(GATE- 06[EC])
(a) 7 9 (b) 7 9 (c) 7 9 (d) 7 9

2 6 6 4 4 2 4 8
4 2 101
For the matrix 7 9 . The eigen value corresponding to the eigen vector 7 9 is
2 4 101
103.
(GATE- 06[EC])
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 6 (d) 8
104. Solution for the system defined by the set of equations 4y + 3z = 8, 2x – z = 2 & 3x +
2y = 5 is (GATE- 06[EC])
(a) X = 0 , y = 1, z = 4/5 (b) X = 0 , y = 1/2, z = 2
(c) X = 1 , y = 1/2, z = 2 (d) non existent
2 −2 3
For a given matrix A = −2 −1 6, one of the eigen value is 3. The other two eigen
1 2 0
105.
values are (GATE- 06[CE])

(a) 2, -5 (b) 3, -5 (c) 2, 5 (d) 3, 5

Page 15
GATE MATHEMATICS
106. Let A be an n×n real matrix such that &8 = I and Y be an n-dimensional vector. Than the
linear system of equations Ax = Y has (GATE- 07[IN])
(a) No solution (b) unique solution
(c) more than only but infinitely many dependent solutions.
(d) infinitely many dependent solutions.
107. Let A = [ Kc ], 1≤ i, j≤ n with n ≥ 3 and Kc = i.j. Then the rank of A is
(GATE- 07[IN])
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) n-1 (d) n
1 1 3
108. The minimum and maximum eigen values of matrix 1 5 1 are -2 and 6
3 1 1
respectively. What is the other eigen value? (GATE- 07[CE])
(a) 5 (b) 3 (c) 1 (d) -1
109. For what values of α and β the following simultaneous equations have an infinite
Number of solutions x + y + z = 5, x + 3y + 3z = 9, x + 2y + αz = β
(GATE- 07[CE])
(a) 2, 7 (b) 3, 8 (c) 8, 3 (d) 7, 2
1 2
The inverse of 2 × 2 matrix 7 9 is
5 7
110. (GATE- 07[CE])
−7 2 % 7 2 7 −2 −7 −2
7 9 (b) 7 9 7 9 (d) 7 9
% % %
A 5 −1 A 5 1 A −5 1 A −5 −1
(a) (c)
111. If a square matrix A is real and symmetric then the eigen values (GATE- 07[ME])
(a) are always real (b) are always real and positive
(c) are always real and non-negative (d) occur in complex conjugate pairs
2 1
The number of linearly independent eigen vectors of 7 9 is
0 2
112. (GATE- 07[ME])
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) infinite

1+ 1
The determinant 1+ 1 equals to
1 2 1
113. (GATE- 07[PI])
(a) 0 (b) 2b(b-1) (c) 2(1-b)(1+2b) (d) 3b(1+b)

114. If A is square symmetric real valued matrix of dimension 2n, then the eigen values of A
are (GATE- 07[PI])
(a) 2n distinct real values (b) 2n real values not necessarily distinct

Page 16
GATE MATHEMATICS
(c) n distinct pairs of complex conjugate numbers

(d) n pairs of complex conjugate numbers, not necessarily distinct
The number of eigen values of A is n & eigen values of real symmetric matrix are always
real. .'. The number of eigen values of real symmetric matrix A of order 2n (or dimension
2n) are 2n real values which may or rrr-a] not be repeated.
115. d% , d8 , dA , -------dN are n-dimensional vectors with m < n. This set of vectors is linearly
dependent . Q is the matrix with . d% , d8 , dA ,----- dN as the columms. The rank of Q is
(GATE- 07[EE])
(a) Less than m (b) m (c) between m and n (d) n
116. X = ? .% .8………………f; @F is an n – tuple non-zero vector. The n × n matrix V=.. F
(GATE- 07[CE])
(a) Has rank zero (b) has rank 1 (c) is orthogonal (d) has rank n
−3 2
If A = 7 9 then A satisfies the relation
−1 0
117. (GATE- 07[EE])
(a) A + 31 + 2 &% = O (b) &8 + 2A + 21 = O

(c) (A + I) ( A + 2I) = O (d) g h = O
−3 2
If A = 7 9 then &V equals
−1 0
118. (GATE- 07[EE])
(a) 511 A + 510 I (b) 309 A + 104 I (c) 154 A + 155 I (d) g Vh
< j, j > < j, l >

119. Let x and y be two vectors in a 3 – dimensional space and < x, y > denote their dot
product. Then the determinant det 7< l, j > < l, l >9 = (GATE- 07[EE])
(a) is zero when x and y are linearly independent

(b) is positive when x and y are linearly independent
(c) is non-zero for all non-zero x and y
(d) Is zero only when either x (or) y is zero
120. The characteristic equation of a 3 × 3 matrix P is defined as α(λ) = │λI-P│= aA + 2λ + a8
+ 1 = 0. If I denotes identity matrix then the inverse of P will be (GATE- 08[EE])
(a) H8 + P + 2I (b) H8 + P + I (c) - ( H8 + P + I ) (d) -(H8 + P + 2I )
121. If the rank of a 5 × 6 matrix Q is 4 then which one of the following statements is correct?
(GATE- 08[EE])
(a) Q will have four linearly independent rows and four linearly independent columns
(b) Q will have five linearly independent rows and four linearly independent columns

Page 17
GATE MATHEMATICS
(c) mm F will be invertible (d) m F m will be invertible

A is m × n full rank matrix with m > n and I is an identity matrix . Let matrix &n = (&F
&F &F . Then which one of the following statement is false?
122.
(GATE- 08[EE])
(a) &&n A = A (b) ( &&n 8 = &&n (c) &n A = I (d) &&n A = &n
H%% H%8
All the four entries of 2 × 2 matrix P = o p are non – zero and one of the
H8% H88
123.
eigen values is zero. Which of the following statement is true?

(a) H%% H88 - H%8 H8% = 1 (b) H%% H88 - H%8 H8% = -1
(GATE- 08[EC])
(c) H%% H88 - H8% H%8 = 0 (d) H%% H88 - H%8 H8% = 0
4x + 2y = 7
The system of linear equations q t has
2x + y = 6
124. (GATE- 08[EC])
(a) unique solution (b) no solution

(c) an infinite no. of solutions (d) exactly two distinct solution.
1 2 4
The matrix 3 0 6 has one eigen value to 3. The sum of the other two eigen values
1 1 H
125.
is (GATE- 08[ME])
(a) P (b) p -1 (c) p -2 (d) p -3
1 2 1 1
The eigen vectors vectors of the matrix 7 9 are written in the form 7 9 & 7 9.
0 2
126.
What is a + b ? (GATE- 08[ME])
%
8
(a) 0 (b) (c) 1 (d) 2
127. For what values of ‘a’ if any will the following system of equations in x, y and z.
Have a solution? 2x + 3y = 4, x + y + z = 4, x + 2y – z = a (GATE- 08[ME])
(a) Any real number (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) there is no such value
3 4
The eigen vector pair of the matrix 7 9 is
4 −3
128. (GATE- 08[PI])
2 1 2 1 −2 1 −2 1
(a) 7 9 7 9 (b) 7 9 7 9 (c) 7 9 7 9 (d) 7 9 7 9
1 −2 1 2 1 −2 1 2
0 1 0
The Inverse of matrix 1 0 0 is
0 0 1
129. (GATE- 08[PI])
0 1 0 0 −1 0 0 1 0 0 −1 0
(a) 1 0 0 (b) −1 0 0 (c) 0 0 1 (d) 0 0 −1
0 0 1 0 0 −1 1 0 0 −1 0 0

Page 18
GATE MATHEMATICS
130. Let P be 2×2 real orthogonal matrix and j̅ is a real vector ? .% .8 @F with length ǁj̅ ǁ
= j%8 + j88 %/8 . Then which one of the following statement is correct?
ǁvvvv
Hj ǁ ≤ ǁj̅ ǁ where at least one vector satisfies ǁvvvv
(GATE- 08[EE])
Hj ǁ < ǁj̅ ǁ
vvvv ǁ = ǁj̅ ǁ for all vectors j̅
ǁHj
ǁvvvv
Hjǁ ≥ ǁj̅ ǁ where atleast one vector satisfies ǁvvvv
Hj ǁ > ǁj̅ ǁ
No relationship can be established between ǁj̅ ǁ and ǁHj vvvv ǁ
The following system of equations j% + j8 + 2jA = 1, j% +2 j8 + 3jA = 2, j% + 4j8
+ 2jA = 4, has a unique solution. The only possible value (s) for α is/are
131.
(GATE- 08[CS])
(a) 0 (b) either 0s (or) 1
(c) one of 0, 1 (or) -1 (d) any real number
132. How many of the following matrices have an eigen value 1?
1 0 0 1 1 −1 −1 0
7 9 , 7 9,7 9 & 7 9
0 0 0 0 1 1 0 −1
(GATE- 08[CS])
(a) One (b) two (c) three (d) four

133. The product of marices Hm% P is (GATE- 08[CE])
(a) H% (b) m % (c) H% m % P (d) H m H%
4 5
The eigen values of the matrix ?H@ = 7 9 are
2 −5
134. (GATE- 08[CE])
(a) -7 and 8 (b) -6 and 5 (c) 3 and 4 (d) 1 and 2

135. The following system of equations x + y + z =3, x + 2y + 3z =4, x + 4y + kz = 6 will
not have a unique solution for k equal to (GATE- 09[CE])
(a) 0 (b) 5 (c) 6 (d) 7
136. A square matrix B is symmetric if _ (GATE- 09[CE])
(a) 10 and -2 (b) 10 and 2 (c) 5 and 4 (d) 5 and -4
137. In the solution of the following set of linear equations by Gauss-elimination using
partial pivoting 5x + y + 2z = 34.
For elimination of x and y are (GATE- 09[CE])
(a) 10 and 4 (b) 10 and 2 (c) 5 and 4 (d) 5 and -4
−1 3 5
−3 −1 6 are
0 0 3
138. The eigen values of the following matrix (GATE- 09[EC])

Page 19
GATE MATHEMATICS
(a) 3, 3+5j, 6-j (b) -6 + 5j, 3+j, 3-j (c) 3+j, 3-j, 5+j (d) 3, -1+3j, -1-3j
139. The eigen values of a 2×2 matrix X are -2 and -3. The eigen values of matrix . + M%
(X+5I) are (GATE- 09[IN])
(a) -3, -4 (b) -1, -2 (c) -1,-3 (d) -2, -4
A G
For a matrix [M] = w C

Ax
C
j
140. . The transpose of the matrix is equal to inverse of the matrix,
C
?y@F = ?y@% . The value of x is given by (GATE- 09[ME])
(a) − (b) −
G A A G
C C C C
(c) (d)
141. The trace and determinant of a 2×2 matrix are shown to be -2 and -35 respectively .
Its eigen values are (GATE- 09[EE])
(a) -30, -5 (b) -37, -1 (c) -7, 5 (d) 17.5, -2

1 3 2
The value of the determinant 4 1 1 is
2 1 3
142. (GATE- 09[PI])
(a) -28 (b) -24 (c) 32 (d) 36

143. The value of X3 obtained by solving the following system of linear equations is
X1+ 2X2 – 2X3 = 4 2X1 + X2 + X3 = -2 -X1 + X2 – X3 = 2 (GATE- 09[PI])
(a) -12 (b) -2 (c) 0 (d) 36
144. For the set of equations
X1 + 2X2 + X3 +4X4 = 2,
3X1 +6 X2 +3 X3 +12X4 = 6.
The following statement is true (GATE- 09[EE])
(a) only the trivial solution X1 + 2X2 + X3 +4X4 = 0 exist
(b) there are no solutions
(c) a unique non – trivial solutions exist (d) multiple non – trivial solutions exist
1 1 2
An eigen vector of P = 0 2 2 is
0 0 3
145. (GATE- 10[EE])
(a) ?−1 1 1@F (b) ?1 2 1@F (c) ?1 − 1 2@F (d) ?2 1 − 1@F

146. The eigen values of a skew – symmetric matrix are (GATE- 10[EC])
(a) always zero (b) always purre imaginary

Page 20
GATE MATHEMATICS
(c) either zeao (or) pure imaginary (d) always real

2 2
A=7
9 is
3 1
147. One of the eigen vector of the matrix (GATE- 10[ME])
2 2 4 1
(a) 7 9 (b) 7 9 (c) 7 9 (d) 7 9
−1 1 1 −1
Kc }K, ⩝ K}c
148. A real n×n matrix A = zKc { is defined as follows | q
= 0, otherwise
The sum of all n eigen values of A is (GATE- 10[IN])
(d) 8
44 n % 44 % 44 n %84n%
8 8 8
(a) (b) (c)
149. X and y are n×n – zero square matrices of size n n.

If XY = × Then (GATE- 10[IN])
(a) │.│= 0 and │/│≠ 0 (b) │.│≠ 0 and │/│= 0
(c) │.│= 0 and │/│= 0 (d) │.│≠ 0 and │/│≠ 0
2 3
Consider the following matrix A = o p. If the eigen values of A are 4 and 8 then
j l
150.
(GATE- 10[CS])
(a) X = 4, y = 10 (b) x = 5, y = 8 (c ) x = -3, y = 9 (d) x = -4, y = 10
3 + 2
The inverse of the matrix 7 9 is
− 3 −2
151. (GATE- 10[CS])
3 + 2 − 3 − 2 −
7 9 7 9
% %
8 3 − 2 %8 3 + 2
(a) (b)
152. The value of q for which the following set of linear equations 2x + 3y = 0, 6x + qy = 0
can have non-trivial solution is (GATE- 10[PI])
(a) 2 (b) 7 (c) 9 (d) 11
é 1 -1 0 ù
T ê ú
153. If {1,0, -1} is an eigen vector of the following matrix ê-1 2 -1ú then the corresponding
ê ú
ëê 0 -1 1 úû
eigen value is (GATE-10)[PI]
154. The two vectors [1 1 1] and ?1 8 @ where a = -12 + √32 and j = √−1 are
(GATE- 11[EE])
(a) Orthonormal (b) orthogonal (c ) parallel (d) collinear

Page 21
GATE MATHEMATICS
2 1
155. The matrix [A] = 7 9 is decomposed into a product of lower triangular matrix [L]
4 −1
And an upper triangular [U]. The property decomposed [L] and [U] matrices
Respectively are
1 0 1 1 1 0 2 1
(GATE- 11[EE])
(a) 7 9 and 7 9 (b) 7 9 and 7 9

4 −1 0 −2 2 1 0 −3
1 0 2 1 2 0 1 0.5
(c) 7 9 and 7 9 (d) 7 9 and 7 9
4 1 0 −1 4 −3 0 1
The system of equations x + y + z = 6, x + 4y + 6z = 20, x + 4y + a = has no
solution for values of a and given by
156.
(a) a = 6, = 20 (b) a = 6, ≠ 20 (c) ) a ≠ 6, = 20 (d) ) a ≠ 6, ≠ 20

(GATE- 11[EC])
−2 2 −3
The matrix M = 2 1 6 has eigen values -3, -3, 5. An eigen vector
−1 −2 0
157.
corresponding to the eigen values 5 is ?1 2 − 1@F . One of the eigen vector of the matrix
yA is (GATE- 11[IN])
(a) ?1 8 − 1@F . (b) ?1 2 − 1@F (d) ?1 1 − 1@F .

F
(c) z1 √2 − 1{

10 −4
The eigen values of the following matrix 7 9 are
18 −12
158. (GATE- 11[PI])
(a) 4, 9 (b) 6, -8 (c) 4, 8 (d) -6, 8

2 4 4 6
If a matrix A = 7 9 and matrix B = 7 9 the transpose of product of these two
1 3 5 9
159.
matrices i.e., &' is equal to
F
28 19 19 34 48 33 28 19
(GATE- 11[PI])
(a) 7 9 (b) 7 9 (c) 7 9 (d) 7 9

34 47 47 28 28 19 48 33
160. Eigen values of a real symmetric matrix are always (GATE- 11[ME])
(a) positive (b) negative (c) real (d) 162. [A] is a square
161. [A] is a square matrix which is neither symmetric nor skew – symmetric
And differences of these matrices are defined as
[S] = [A] + ?&@F and [D] = [A] - ?&@F respectively. Which of the following
Statements is true? (GATE- 11[CS])
(a) Both [S] and [D] are symmetric
(b) Both [S] and [D] are skew – symmetric
(c) [S] is skew- symmetric and [D] is symmetric
(d) [S] is skew- symmetric and [D] is skew-symmetric

Page 22
GATE MATHEMATICS
Consider the following system of equations 2j% + j8 + jA = 0, j8 − jA =

0 j% + j8 = 0. This system has
162.
(GATE- 11[ME])
(a) a unique solution (b) no solution
(c ) Infinite number of solutions (d) five solutions
1 2 3
Consider the matrix as given below 0 4 7. Which one of the following options
0 0 3
163.
provides the correct values of the eigen values of the matrix? (GATE- 11[CS])
(a) 1, 4, 3 (b) 3, 7, 3 (c) 7, 3, 2 (d) 1, 2, 3
−5 −3 1 0
Given that A = 7 9 M = 7 9, the value of &A is
2 0 0 1
164.
(GATE- 11[EC,EE,IN])
(a) 15 A + 12 I (b) 19 A + 30 I (c) 17 A + 15 I (d) 17 A + 21 I
5 3
165. For the matrix A = 7 9, ONE of the normalized eigen vectors is given as
1 3
(GATE- 11[ME, PI])
% % A %
√A % √%U

% (d) C8
8 √8
(a) (b) (c)
8 √8 √%U √A
166. x + 2y + z = 4, 2x + y + 2z = 5, x – y + x = 1
The system of algebraic equations given above has (GATE- 11[ME, PI])
(a) A unique solution of x = 1, y = 1 and z = 1
(b) Only the two solutions of (x = 1, y = 1, z = 1) and (x = 2, y = 1, z = 0)
(c) Infinite number of solutions (d) No feasible solution.
9 5
The eigen values of matrix 7 9 are
5 8
167. (GATE- 12[CE])
2 −2 j%
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3
0
The equation 7 9 7 9 = 7 9 has
1 −1 j8 0
168. (GATE- 11[EE])
(a) no solution (b) only one solution

(c) non-zero unique solution (d) multiple solutions
1
A matrix has eigen values -1 and -2. The corresponding eigenvectors are 7 9 and
−1
169.
2
7 9 respectively. The matrix is
−1
(GATE- 13[EE])

Page 23
GATE MATHEMATICS
−1 1 1 2 −1 0 0 1
(a) 7 9 (b) 7 9 (c) 7 9 (d) 7 9
0 −2 −2 −4 0 −2 −2 −3
3 5 2
The minimum eigenvalue of the following matrix is 5 12 7 (GATE- 13[EC])
2 7 5
170.
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3
Let A be an m × n matrix and B an n×m matrix. It is given that determinant MN + &'
= determinant MN + &' , where M is the × identity
171.
Matrix. Using the above property, the determinant of the matrix given below
2 1 1 1
Is w1 2 1 1x
1 1 2 1
1 1 1 2
(GATE- 13[EC])
(a) 2 (b) 5 (c) 8 (d) 16
0 1 1
The dimension of the null space of the matrix 1 −1 0 is (GATE- 13[IN])
−1 0 −1
172.
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3

0 −1
One pair of eigenvectors corresponding to the two eigenvalues of the matrix 7 9
1 0−
173.
is
1 0 −1 1 0 1
(GATE- 13[IN])
(a) o p,7 9 (b) 7 9 , 7 9 (c) o p , 7 9 (d) o p , 7 9

− −1 1 0 1 1
174. The eigen values of a symmetric matrix are all (GATE- 13[ME])
(a) Complex with non-zero positive imaginary part.
(b) 9 Complex with non-zero negative imaginary part.
(c) real (d) Pure imaginary
175. Choose the CORRECT set of functions, which are linearly dependent (GATE- 13[ME])
(a) sin j, 8 j 8 j (b) cos x, sin x and tan x
(c) cos 2x, 8 j 8 j (d) cos 2x, sin x and cos x
176. What is the minimum number of multiplications involved in computing the matrix
product PQR ? Matrix P has 4 rows and 2 columns, matrix Q has 2 rows and 4
columns, matrix Q has 2 rows and 4 columns and matrix R has 4 rows and 1 column
(GATE- 13[CE])

Page 24
GATE MATHEMATICS
1 j j8
Which one of the following does NOT equal 1 l l8 ?
1 8
177.
1 jj + 1 j+1 1 j+1 j8 + 1

(a) w1 ll + 1 l + 1x (b) 1 l + 1 l 8 + 1
1 + 1 +1 1 +1 8 + 1
0 j−l j8 − l8 2 j+l j8 + l8
(c) w0 l − l8 − 8 x (d) w2 l+ l8 + 8 x
1 8 1 8
178. For matrices of same dimension M, N and scalar c, which one of these properties
DOES NOT ALWAYS hold?
(a) yF F = y (b) yF = yF
(GATE-14-EC-Set1)
(c) y + F = yF + F (d) MN = NM

179. A real (4 × 4) matrix A Satisfies the equation &8 = M, where I is the (4 × 4) identity
matrix. The positive eigen value of A is_ (GATE-14-EC-Set 1)
180. Consider the matrix
0 0 0 0 0 1
0 0 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1 0 0
W = which is obtained by reversing the order of the columns of the
0 0 1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 0 0
identity matrix MW . Let = MW + 2 W , Where 2 is a non-negative real number.
The value of 2 for which det (P) = 0 is. (GATE-14-EC-Set 1)
181. The determinant of matrix A is 5 and the determinant of matrix B is 40. The determinant
of matrix AB is _.
2 1 3 5
(GATE-14-EC-Set 2)
The ystem of linear equations Q3 0 1R = Q−4R has

1 2 5 14
182. (GATE- 14-EC-Set 2)
(a) a unique solution (b) infinitely many solutions

(c) no solution (d) exactly two solutions.
183. The maximum value of the determinant among all 2 × 2 real symmetric matrices with
trace 14 is _. (GATE-14-EC-Set 2)
184. Which one of the following statements is NOT true for a square matrix A?
(GATE-14-EC-Set 2)
(a) If A is upper triangular , the eigenvalues of A are the diagonal elements of it

Page 25
GATE MATHEMATICS
(c) If A is real, the eigenvalues of A and &F are always the same
(b) If A is real symmetric, the eigenvalues of A are always real and positive
(d) If all the principal minors of A are positive, all the eigenvalues of A are also positive
185. Given a system of equations
X + 2y + 2z = % 5x + y + 3z = 8
Which of the following is true its solutions
(a) The system has a unique solution for any given % 8
(GATE-14-EE-Set 2)
(b) The system will have infinitely many solutions for any given % 8
(c) Whether or not a solution exists depends on the given % 8
(d) The system would have no solution for any values of % 8
0 1 −1
A system matrix is given as follows A = −6 −11 6 . The absolute value of the
−6 −11 5
186.
ratio of the maximum eigen value to the minimum eigen value is (GATE-14-EE-Set 1)
187. Which one of the following statements is true for all real symmetric matrices?
(GATE-14-EE-Set 2)
(a) All the eigen values are real (b) All the eigen values are positive
(c) All the eigen values are distinct (d) sum of all the eigen values is zero
d 8 + d 8 + d
A=7 9; B = o p. If the rank of matrix A is N, then the rank of
+ d 8 + 8
188.
matrix B is (GATE-14-EE-Set 3)
(a) N/2 (b) N-1 (c) N (d) 2N
A scalar valued function is defined as f(x) = j F &j + F j + , where A is a symmetric
positive definite matrix with dimension n×n ; b and x are vectors of dimension n×1.
189.
The minimum value of f(x) will occur when x equals. (GATE-14-IN-Set 1)
(a) &F &% B (b) −&F &% ' (c) − ¢

h ¡ h ¡
8 8
(d)
190. For the matrix A satisfying the equation given below, the eigen values are
1 2 3 1 2 3
[A]7 8 9 = 4 5 6
4 5 6 7 8 9
(GATE-14-IN-Set 1)
(a) (1, -j, j) (b) (1, 1, 0) (c) (1, 1, -1) (d) (1, 0, 0)
1 3 0
Given that the determinant of the matrix 2 6 4 is -12,
−1 0 2
191.

Page 26
GATE MATHEMATICS
2 6 0
The determinant of the matrix 4 12 8 is
−2 0 4
(GATE-14-ME-Set 1)
(a) -96 (b) -24 (c) 24 (d) 96

Which one of the following describes the relationship among the there vectors, £̂ + ¥̂ +
¦ , 2£ § + ¦ 5£
§ + 3¥ § + 6¥
§ + 4¨?
192.
(GATE- 14- ME-Set 1)
(a) The vectors are mutually perpendicular (b) The vectors are linearly dependent
(c) The vectors are linearly independent (d) The vectors are unit vectors
−5 2
193. One of the eigen vectors of the matrix 7 9 is
−9 6
(GATE-14-ME-Set 2)
−1 −2 2 1
(a) | ª (b) | ª (c) | ª (d) | ª
1 9 −1 1
Consider a 3 × 3 real symmetric matrix S such that two of its eigen values are
j% l%
194.
j l
A ≠ 0, b ≠ 0 with respective eigen vectors 8 , 8 .
jA lA
if a ≠ b then j% l% + j8 l8 + jA lA equals (GATE-14-ME-Set 3)
(a) A (b) b (c) ab (d) 0
195. Which one of the following equations is a correct identity for arbitrary
3 × 3 real matrices P,Q and R?
(b) H − m8 = H8 − 2Hm + m 8
(GATE-14-ME-Set 4)
(a) P(Q + R) = PQ + RP
(c) det (P + Q) = det P + det Q (d) H + m8 = H8 + Hm + mH + m 8
3 2 1
Given the matrices J = 2 4 2 and
1 2 6
196.
1
K = 2 , the product ¬ F ¬ is_
−1
(GATE- 14- CE-Set 1)
215 650 795

The sum of Eigen values of the matrix , [M] is where[M] = 655 150 835
485 355 550
197.

(a) 915 (b) 1355 (c) 1640 (d) 2180

Page 27
GATE MATHEMATICS
0 1 2 3
The determinant of matrix ®1 0 3 0 ® is _
2 3 0 1
198.
3 0 1 2
6 0 4 4
The rank of the matrix −2 14 8 18 is_
14 −14 0 −10
199. (GATE- 14- CE-Set 2)
200. The system of equations, given below, has (GATE-14-PI-Set 1)

X +2y+4z = 2
4x + 3y + z = 5
3x + 2y + 3z = 1
(a) a unique solution (b) Two solution
(c ) no solution (d) more than two solutions
201. Consider the following system of equations : (GATE-14-CS-Set 1)
3x + 2y = 1
4x + 7z = 1
X+y+z=3
X – 2y + 7z = 0
The number of solutions for this system is _
eigen values of a 4 × 4 symmetric positive definite matrix is.

202. The value of the dot product of the eigenvectors corresponding to any pair of different
(GATE-14-CS-Set 1)
203. If the matrix A is such that
2
A = −4 ?1 9 5@ then determinant of A is equal to _.
7
(GATE- 14- CS-Set 2)
1 0 0 0 1
0 1 1 1 0

The product of the non-zero eigen values of the matrix 0 1 1 1 0 is .
0 1 1 1 0
204.
1 0 0 0 1
Which one of the following statements is TRUE about every × matrix with only real
(GATE-14-CS-Set 2)
205.
eigen values? Option (a) (GATE-14-CS-Set 3)
(a) If the trace of the matrix is positive and the determinant is negative, at
Least one of its eigen values is negative.

Page 28
GATE MATHEMATICS
(b) If the trace of the matrix is positive, all its eigen values are positive.
(c) If the determinant of the matrix is positive, all its eiven values are positive.
206. If b% b8 are 4-dimensionl subspaces of a 6-dimensional vector space V,
Then the smallest possible dimension of b% ⋂ b8 is _. (GATE-14-CS-Set 3)
207. Consider a system of linear equations (GATE-EC-15)

x − 2 y + 3 z = − 1, x − 3 y + 4 z = 1 and − 2 x + 4 y − 6 z = k the value of k for which the
system has infinitely many solutions.
1 4 1 2
208. The value of p such that the vector  2  is an eigen vector of the matrix  
 p 2 1  is
3  14 −4 10 
   
(GATE-EC-15)
209. The value of x for which all eigen values of matrix given below are real is
 10 5 + j 4 
 
x 20 2  (GATE-EC-15)
4 2 −10 

A) 5 + j B) 5 – j C) 1-5j D) 1+5j
 1 tan x 
210. For A =   det of A . A is
T −1
(GATE-EC-15)
 tan x 1 
A) sec 2 x B) cos4x C) 1 D) 0
 −3 0 −2 
211. The max value of A such that the matrix  1 −1 0  has three linearly independent
 0 a −2 
 
real eigen vectors is (GATE- -15)
2 1 1+ 2 3 1+ 3
A) B) C) D)
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
4 7 8
212. If any two columns of a det p =  3 1 5  are interchanged which of the following is
9 6 2
 
true for det? (GATE-ME-15)
A) Absolute value remains unchanged, but sign will change
B) Both value and sign changes

Page 29
GATE MATHEMATICS
C) Value change, but sign will not change

D) Both obsolute value and sign will not change
213. The least eigen value of a singular matrix is (GATE-ME-15)
A) positive B) Zero C) Negative D) Imaginary
 4 2
214. The lowest eigen value 2 × 2 matrix   is (GATE-ME-15)
1 3
 4 − 3i i 
215. For a given matrix p =   where i = −1 , the inverse of p is
 −i 4 + 3i 
(GATE-ME-15)
1  4 − 3i i  1  i 4 − 3i 
A)   B)  
24  −i 4 + 3i  25  4 + 3i −i 
1  4 + 3i −i  1  4 + 3i −i 
C)   D)  
24  i 4 − 3i  25  i 4 − 3i 
216. For what value of p, the following set of equations will have no solution 2x+3y=5,
3x+py=10 (GATE-CE-15)
 3 −2 2 
217. The smallest and largest eigen values of a matrix  4 −4 6  are (GATE-CE-15)
 2 −3 5 
 
A) 1.5 and 2.5 B) 0.5 and 2.5 C) 1.0 and 3.0 D) 1.0 and 2.0
218. Let A = A = [i , j ] , 1 ≤ i , j ≤ n with n ≥ 3 and aij = i. j , the rank of A is (GATE-CE-15)
A) 0 B) 1 C) n – 1 D) n
2 1 
219. The Eigen values of matrix   have a ratio 3:1 for p = 2, what is the other value of
1 p
p for which the eigen values have same ratio 3:1 (GATE-CE-15)
A) -2 B) 1 C) 7 D) 14
3 3

Page 30
GATE MATHEMATICS
 2 2
220. In 20 decomposition of a matrix   if the diagonal elements of 0 are both 1 then the
4 9
lower diagonal entry l22 is (GATE-CS-15)
 3 4 45 
221. Perform the following operations to the matrix  7 9 105  (GATE-CS-15)
 13 2 195 
 
(i) Add third row to secong row
(ii) Subtract 3rd column to first column, then the det of the resulting matrix is
1  x  3
222. The following set of three vectors  2  ,     is linearly dependent then x is
6  and  4 
1  x   2
    
(GATE-CH-15)
A) 0 B) 1 C) 2 D) 3
 4 3   1
223. For the matrix   if   is eigen vector, the corresponding eigen value is
 3 4   1
(GATE-CH-15)
é2 5ù éx ù é 2 ù
224. The solution to the system of equation is ê ú ê ú = ê ú is (GATE-ME-16)
êë-4 3úû êëy úû êë-30 úû
(A) 6, 2 (B) −6, 2 (C) −6, −2 (D) 6, −2 (1M)

2 1
225.The condition for which the eigen values of the matrix & = 7 9
1
are positive, is (GATE-ME-16)
(A) > 1/2 (B) > −2 (C) > 0 (D) < −1/2
226. A real square matrix A is called skew-symmetric if (GATE-ME-16)
(A) AT = A (B) AT = A-1 (C) AT = -A (D) AT = A+A-1
2 1 0
227.The number of linearly independent eigenvectors of matrix & = 0 2 0
0 0 3
is _________;;;; Ans: (2) (GATE-ME-16)

Page 31
GATE MATHEMATICS
228. Let M4 = I (where I denotes the identity matrix) and M ≠ I, M2 ≠ I and M3 ≠ I.
Then, for any natural number k, M–1 equals: (GATE-EC-16)
(A) M4k+1 (B) M4k+2 (C) M4k+3 (D) M4k

 3 2 4 

229. The value of x for which the matrix A = 9 7 13  has zero as an eigen value is

 − 6 − 4 − 9 + x 
_____________ (GATE-EC-16)
a 0 3 7
2 5 1 3
230. The matrix A =  has det (A) = 100 and trace (A) = 14. The value of |a − b| is
0 0 2 4
 
0 0 0 b
(GATE-EC-16)
231. Consider a 2 × 2 square matrix
σ x
A= 
ω σ 
Where x is unknown. If the eigen values of the matrix A are (σ + jω ) and (σ − jω ) , then
x is equal to (GATE-EC-16)
(A) + jω (B) − jω (C) + ω (D) − ω
232. If the vectors e1 = (1,0,2), e2 = (0,1,0) and e3 = (-2,0,1) form an orthogonal basis of the three
dimensional real space R3, then the vector u = (4,3,-3) ∈ R3 can be expressed as
(GATE-EC-16)
2 11 2 11
(A) u = − e1 − 3e 2 − e 3 (B) u = − e1 − 3e 2 + e 3
5 5 5 5
2 11 2 11
(C) u = − e1 + 3e 2 + e3 (D) u = − e1 + 3e 2 − e 3
5 5 5 5
3
233. A, 3 × 3 matrix P is such that, P = P. Then the eigen values of P are (GATE-EE-16)
a) 1,1, -1 b) 1, 0.5 + j0.866, 0.5 - j0.866

c) 1, - 0.5 + j0.866, -0.5 -j0.866 d) 0,1,-1

Page 32
GATE MATHEMATICS
3 1  x 2 2
234.Let P =   . Consider the set S of all vectors   such that a + b = 1where
1 3 y
 
a  x
  = P   Then S is (GATE-EE-16)
b y
1
a) A circle of radius 10 b) a circle of radius
10
1 1
c) an ellipse with major axis along   d) an ellipse with minor axis along  
1 1
235. Consider 3×3 matrix with every element being equal to 1. Its only non-zero
eigenvalue is ________;; (GATE-EE-16)
236. Let the Eigen values of a 2 × 2 matrix A be 1, −2 with eigenvectors x1 and x2 respectively.
Then the Eigen values and eigenvectors of the matrix A2−3A+4I would respectively, be
(GATE-EE-16)
a) 02, 14; x1, x2 b) 2, 14; x1+x2: x1−x2
c) 2, 0; x1, x2 d) 2, 0; x1+x2, x1−x2
237. Let A be a 4×3 real matrix which rank2. Wich one of the following statement is TRUE?
a) Rank of AT is less than 2
b) Rank of ATA is equal to 2
c) Rank of ATA is greater than 2
d) Rank of ATA can be any number between 1 and 3
(GATE-EE-16)
238. If the entries in each column of a square matrix y add up to 1, then an eigenvalue of y is
(A) 4 (B) 3 (C) 2 (D) 1
(GATE-CE-16)
239. Consider the following linear system.

j + 2l − 3 =
2j + 3l + 3 =
5j + 9l − 6 =
This system is consistent if , and satisfy the equation (GATE-CE-16)
(A)7 − − = 0 (B) 3 + b − c = 0 (C) 3a − b+ c = 0 (D) 7a − b + c = 0

Page 33
GATE MATHEMATICS
240. Suppose that the eigen values of matrix A are 1, 2, 4. The determinant of (A-1)T is ____
(GATE-CS-16)
241. Two eigen values of a 3x3 real matrix P are 2 + √−1 and 3.The determinant of P is_____
(GATE-CS-16)

Page 34
GATE MATHEMATICS
SOLUTIONS
01. Ans : (b&d)

Sol.
0 0 α 
Given matrix is A = 0 0 0 
0 0 0 
(i) Eigen values:-

Given matrix is an upper triangular matrix.
Therefore diagonal elements of A are eigen values of A.
i.e. λ = 0,0,0.
(ii) Eigen vectors for λ = 0
j%
Consider (A – λ I) X =O
0−a 0 2 0
= 0 0−a 0 j8 = 0 ---- (1)
0 0 0 − a jA 0
2 j%
Put λ = 0 in (1)
0 0 0
i.e. 0 0 0 j8 = 0 ---- (2)
0 0 0 jA 0
from (2), we have
αjA = 0
jA = 0 (Q∝≠ 0),
r = 1, n = 2, r = 2
put x2 = k1
x1 = k2
éx1 ù ék 2 ù
ê ú ê ú
x 2 = êx 2 ú = êk1 ú
ê ú ê ú
êëx 3 úû êë0 úû
é0 ù é1 ù
ê ú ê ú
= k1 ê1 ú + k 2 ê0 ú
ê ú ê ú
êë0 úû êë0 úû

Page 35
GATE MATHEMATICS
∴From the given options (b) and (d) are correct.
02.
1 0 0 1
0 − 1 0 − 1
Sol. Given A = 
0 0 i i 
 
0 0 0 − i
⇒ eigen values of A are λ = 1, -1, i, -i

⇒ the characteristic equation of A is
( λ – 1) ( λ + 1) ( λ – i) ( λ + i) = 0
⇒ ( a8 – 1) ( a8 + 1) = 0
⇒ aG – 1= 0
By, cayley - Hamilton theorem we have
&G - I = 0
&G = I
03. Ans: (d)

Sol. By the properties of transpose of matrices option (d) is correct.
ie., By the reversal law of the transpose of the product matrices, we have
&'F = 'F &F
04. Sol.
&% =
°5ch
│h│
│&│= − 1 1 1 = 1(0-1)+0+1 (-1 -0) = -1-1=-2

 1 0 1
 
 0 1 0
− 1 1 − 1 
Adj (A) =  0 0 − 2
 
− 1 − 1 1 

Page 36
GATE MATHEMATICS
−1 1 −1 1 −1 1
‫&؞‬ 0 0 −2 = 8 0 0 2
% °5ch % %
8
−1 −1 1 1 1 −1
│h│
= =
05. Ans: (c)

1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 be the given matrix
Let A = 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Sol.
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Here all rows / all columns are same. Applying
S8 - S% , SA - S% , SG - S% , SC - S% , We get the echelon form of A as
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
᷉ 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
∴P (A) = 1 = number of non-zero rows.
1
Given A = 7 9 ⇒ A – λ I│= 0
1
06. Sol.
⇒ │ – a M 1 │= 0 ⇒ a8 - (a + 1) λ + 0 = 0
1−a
λ= 0, a + 1 are the eigen values of A.
2 j%
Ans : (a)
1 0 0
Given 1 −1 −2 j8 0
2 −2 0 j 0
07. Sol. =
A
S8 → S8 − S% ; SA → SA - 2S%
1 0 2 j% 0
j
0 −1 −2 8 = 0
0 −2 −4 jA 0
SA → SA - 2S8
1 0 −2 j% 0
0 −1 −2 j8 = 0 r = ρ(A) = 2, n = number of variables = 3
0 0 0 jA 0
Number of independent solutions = n – r = 3 – 2 = 1
Ans: (a)

Page 37
GATE MATHEMATICS
08. Sol. We know that, ρ (&N×4 ) ≤ min {m, n} But it is given that m < n
∴ ρ(&N×4 ) ≤ m
Hence ρ (&N×4 ) cannot be more than 'm'.
Ans: a
1 1 1 j%
09. Sol. Given matrix can be written in a form
3
1 0 1 j8 = 0 Consider the Augmented matrix [A│B]
1 −1 1 jA 1
1 1 1 3
[A│B] = 1 0 1│0 S8 → S8 − S% , SA → SA - S%
1 −1 1 1
1 1 1 3
᷉ 0 0 1│−3 SA → SA - 2S8
0 −2 1 −2
ρ(A) = 2, ρ(A│B) = 3
Here ρ(A) ≠ ρ(A│B)
∴ Solution does not exist
Ans: (b)
0 0 − 3
10. Sol. Given A = 9 3 5 
 
3 1 1 
3 1 1
S% ↔ SA ᷉ 9 3 5
0 0 −3
3 1 1
S8 → S8 − 3S% ᷉ 0 0 2
0 0 0
∴ ρ(A) = 2
5 − 4
11. Sol. Given A =  
1 − 1
&% =
°5ch % − 1 4 1 − 4
│h│ CnG
⇒ = − 1 5 = 1 − 5
   
Ans: (a)

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GATE MATHEMATICS
12. Sol. Given that both rows and columns are equal.
By the definition of rank option (a) is correct
Ans: (a)
1 4 9
13. Sol. │A│ = 4 9 16 = 1 (225 – 256) -4 (100 – 144) + 9(64 – 81) = -8
9 16 25
Ans : (d)
1 −1
Given A = 7 9
2 3
14. Sol.
Characteristic equation is 1A – λ I1 = 0
1−a −1
│ => a8 - 4 λ + 5 = 0
2 3−a
⇒ │
λ – 2 + I , There are two positive roots

These two are positive roots
Ans : (b)
7 4 8
Given A = 0 2 2
−7 0 −4
15. Sol.
SA → SA - S% SA → SA - 2S%
7 4 8 7 4 8
᷉ 0 2 2 ᷉ 0 2 2
−7 0 −4 0 0 0
.'. ρ(A) = 2
Ans : (b)
1 0 0
Given A = 2 3 1
0 2 4
16. Sol.
1−a 0 0
Eigen values :
⇒ ³ 2 3−a 1 ³=0
0 2 4−a
⇒ │A – λ I│= 0
⇒ (1 – a ?3 − a 4 − a −2@ = 0
⇒ (1 – a ?12 − 7a +a8 − 2@ =0
⇒ (1 – a ?a8 −7a +10@ = 0

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GATE MATHEMATICS
⇒ (1 – a ?a − 2 a − 5@ = 0
∴ a = 1,2,5 are the eigen values of A.
Eigen vector:
Consider ?& − aI] X = 0
1−a 0 0 j% 0
⇒ 2 3−a 1 j8 0 – (1)
0 2 4−a j 0
=
A
0 0 0 j% 0
Case (i) Put λ = 1 in (1)
2 2 1 j8 = 0
0 2 3 jA 0
2j8 + 2j8 + jA = 0
2j8 + 3jA = 0
Let jA = K
Then j8 = and j% = K
A´
8
j% 1 1
j
∴ j% = 8 = −3¬/2 = K −3/2 is an eigen vector corresponding to a = 1
jA ¬ 1
2 1 6 5
3 2
L M = 3 2 7 9 =9 8
0 1
4 5 12 13
17. Sol.
Ans : (b)
1 −3 −7 j 6
18. Sol. Given system is in a form AX = B
4 1 0 1l3 = 7
2 3 1 9
⇒
S8 → S8 − 4S% ; SA → SA - 2S%
1 −3 −7 j 6
l
0 13 28 1 3 = −17
0 9 15 −3
SA → 13SA - 9S8
1 −3 −7 j 6
0 13 28 1l3 = −17
0 0 −57 114

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GATE MATHEMATICS
-57z = 114, 13y + 28z = -17 and x – 3y – 7z = 6

%%G
CT
z= = -2,
%T8µ¶ %T8µ8
%A %A
y= = =3
(·
(
and x = 3y + 7z + 6 = 3 + 7(-2) + 6 = 1.
∴x = 1, y = 3, z = -2
19. Sol. A) 3x3 + 4x4+7x7 = 9+16+49 = 74 ≠ 0
B) 1 x1 + 0x 1+0 x 0 = 1 ≠ 0
C) 1 x 0 + 0 x 5 + 2x 0 = 0
Ans : (C)
1 −1 0
Given S = 1 1 1
0 0 1
20. Sol. ⇒ │S│= 1 (1 + 1) = 2 ≠ 0
1 1 −1
−1 1 −1
0 0 2
adj (S) =
1 1 −1
2 2 2
X = _−1 1 −1 `
% °5ç
│¹│ 2 2 2
∴ =
0 0 1
Ans: (d)
21. Sol. The characteristic equation of A is │A - λI│= 0
0−a 1 0
³ 0 0−a 1 ³=0
−6 −11 −6 − a
−a ?6a + a8 +11@ - [ 0+6] = 0
? aA + 6a8 +11a + 6 = 0@
∴ The eigen values of A are a = −1, −2, −3
22. Sol. Ans: (a)
23. Ans: (b)
Sol. Given that &N×4 .4×% = 'N×%
⇒ &4×4 .4×% = '4×% (m = n)

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GATE MATHEMATICS
In this case, the given system may (or) may not have unique solution. If A is singular
then unique solution does not exist and if A is non- singular then unique solution exisi.
.'. Option (b) is wrong statement
24. Ans: (a)
\ −\ 0
Given A = 7 9 B=7 9
\ \ 0
Sol. &
\ −\ 0
AB = 7 97 9
\ \ 0
⇒
\ − \
=7 9
\ \
0 \ −\ \ − \
BA = 7 9 7 9 = 7 9
0 \ \ \ \
If a = b (or) \ = nЛ, for an integer n then AB = BA.
i.e. A and B commute when a = b (or) \ = nЛ, n is an integer.
a%% a%8 b b%8

Given A = 7a a88 9 and B = o %% p
8% b8% b88
25. Sol.
Also given CD = I --------------------(1)

From (I) , we have CD = I
D = $ %
1 0 %
D = & 7 9¢
1 1
1 0 %
D= 7 9 &%
1 1
1 0
D=7 9B
−1 1 (∴ A )
-1
=B
1 0 %% %8 %% %8
.'. D = 7 9o p = o p
−1 1 8% 88 − %% + 8% − %8 + 88
26. Sol. The characteristic equation of a given matrix A is │A – λ I│= 0
1−a 1 1
⇒ 1 1−a 1 =0
1 1 1−a
⇒ (1 – a ?1 − a8 − 1@ − 1?1 − a − 1@ + 1?1 − 1 + a@ = 0
⇒ (1 – a ?1 − a8 − 1@ + 2a = 0
⇒ a8 (a − 3 = 0 .'. The eigen values of A are a = 0, 0, 3.

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GATE MATHEMATICS
Ans: (C)
27. Sol. In the Gauss - elimination method, the coefficient matrix of a given system reduces
to Upper-triangular matrix.
.'. option (c) is correct.
28. Sol. Post multiplication of A with the elementary matrix A (Theorem).
For example consider some matrix
2 1 1 0
A= 7 9 and also unit matrix I = 7 9
4 3 0 1
0 1
From the data M%8 = 7 9 ( ie. S% ↔ S8 )
1 0
1 2 0 1 2 1
Now A M%8 = 7 9 7 9 =7 9
3 4 1 0 4 3
Here the first column of A is same as 245 column of A M%8
0 0 u%% u%8 u%A 2 1

.'. Option (c) is correct.
2 1 5 1 5
Then 4 8 13 = 18% 1 0 0 u8% u8A 4 8 13
6 27 31 1A% 1A8 1 0 0 uAA 6 27 31
29. Sol.
u%% u%8 u%A

¾ ¿
= 8% %% ¾ ¿
8% %8 + ¿ 88 ¿ %A 8% + ¿8A
¾
¾A% ¿%% ¾A% ¿%8 + ¾A8 ¿88 ¾A% ¿%A + ¾A8 ¿8A + ¿AA
Equating the corresponding elements on both sides
u%% = 2 u%8 = 1 u%A = 5
¾8% ¿%% = 4 => ¾8% = 4¿%% = = 2

G
8
¾8% ¿%8 + ¿88 = 8 => ¾8% ¿%8 = -(2)(1) = 6

¾8% ¿%A + ¿8A = 13 => ¿8A = 13 - ¾8% ¿%A = 13 – (2)(5) = 3
¾A% ¿%% = 6 => ¾A% =

W W
ÀÁÁ 8
= =3
¾A% ¿%8 + ¾A8 ¿88 = 27 => ¾A8 = (27 - ¾A% ¿%8 )

% 8TA% 8G
ÀÁ: W W
= = =4
¾A% ¿%A + ¾A8 ¿8A + ¿AA = 31

=> ¿AA = 31 - ¾A% ¿%A - ¾A8 ¿8A = 31 – (3)(5) – (4)(3) = 4
1 0 0 1 0 0 ¿%% ¿%8 ¿%A 2 1 5
L = ¾8% 1 0 = 2 1 0 and U = 0 ¿%8 ¿8A = 0 6 3
¾A% ¾A8 ¾AA 3 4 1 0 0 ¿AA 0 0 4
.'.

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GATE MATHEMATICS
3 −1
1 j 2
2 2
w 4 l
3x 1 3 = 9
2
7 1
5 10
30. Sol.
Consider augmented matrix ?&|'@q

3⁄2 −1⁄2 1 2
q
?&|'@ = 4 2 3 ³ 9 q
7 1 5 10
S8 → S8 - S% , SA → SA - S%
A A
µ %G
3⁄2 −1⁄2 1 2
0 5⁄ 4 1⁄8 ³−1⁄2q
0 5⁄ 7 1⁄14 1⁄7
SA → SA - S8
% %
G 8
3⁄2 −1⁄2 1 2
0 5⁄4 1⁄8 ³ ⁄2q
−1
0 0 0 3⁄28
Ä& = 2, Ä&|' = 3
But Ä& ≠ Ä&|'
.'. No solution and the equations are inconsistent.
31. Sol. By the properties of determinant of the matrices, if two rows are interchanged in a
determinant then the value of the determinant does not change but sign will change
32. Sol: Option (b) is correct since remaining options are not correct.
Ans : (b)
0 1 0
Given A = 0 0 1
1 0 0
33. Sol:
0 0 1
⟹ │&│ = 1 ≠ & = 1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
.'. &% = = 1 0 0
°5ch
0 1 0
│h│
∴ (a)

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GATE MATHEMATICS
34. Sol. Ans : (b)

6 − 8 1 1
⟹ It is an upper triangular matrix

0 2 4 6 
Given A = 
0 0 4 8
 
0 0 0 − 1
⟹ The determinant of an upper triangular matrix is equal to product

of its principal diagonal elements.
.'. │A│ = (6) (2) (4) (-1) = -48
1
△ = ³1 ³
1
35. Sol.
S% ⟶ S% − S8
1 − −
△ = ³1 ³ If we simply this ‘det’ (a-b) is a factor
1
36. Sol. Given AX = B
1 2 0 j 5
⟹ 4 8 0 1l3 = 12
3 6 3 15
1 2 0 5
Consider ?&|'q@ = 4 8 0 ³12q
3 6 3 15
S8 → S8 - 4S% ; SA → SA - 3S%
1 2 0 5
0 0 0 ³−8q
0 0 3 0
S8 ⟷ SA
1 2 0 5
0 0 3 ³ 0 q
0 0 0 −8
Ä & = 2, Ä&|' ⇒ P ( A ) ≠ P (A/B)
∴The system has no solution

Ans : (b)

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GATE MATHEMATICS
37. Sol .
é1 4 8 7ù
ê ú
ê0 0 3 0ú
Given A = ê ú
ê4 2 3 1ú
ê ú
êë3 12 24 2 úû
R 3 ® R 3 ® 4R 1 : R 4 ® R 4 ® 3R1
é1 4 8 7 ù
ê ú
ê0 0 3 0 ú
ê ú
ê0 -14 -29 -27 ú
ê ú
ëê0 0 0 -19 ûú
R 2 « R3
é1 4 8 7 ù
ê ú
ê0 -14 -29 -27 ú
ê ú
ê0 0 3 0 ú
ê ú
êë0 0 0 -19 úû
\ r (A) = 4
38.Sol Ans : (b)

Given that A is real square matrix
( ) = (A )
T T T T
Consider AA T A T (Q (AB) = BT A T )
( )
T
= AA T Q (A T = A)
\ A issymmetric matrix
39. Ans: (c)

By left cancellation law of matrix multiplication, we have
AS = AT Þ S = T onlyif A is non - sin gular
40. Ans : (d)

The given coefficient is in 2- variables x1 –x2.
a11 =The coefficient of x1x1 (or) x12 = -5
1
2[
a12 = a 21 = TheCoefficient of x1x 2 ]
1
=
2
(4) = 2

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GATE MATHEMATICS
a 22 = The coefficient of x 2 .x 2 (or) x 22 = -5

éa a12 ù é0 2 ù
\ The Matrix A = ê 11 ú=ê ú
êëa 21 a 22 úû êë2 -5úû
41. Sol:
é8 -4 ù
Given A = ê ú
êë2 2 úû
(1) Eigen Values:-
Let λ be an eigen valued determinant of A2x2.

Then the characteristic equation of A 2´2 is | A - lI |= 0
é8 - l -4 ù
Þê ú=0
êë 2 2 - l úû
Þ l 2 - 10l + 24 = 0
Þ l = 4,6.
which are the eigen values of A.
(2) Eigen Vectors:-
éx1 ù
Let X = ê ú be an eigen vector ofA2x2 corresponding to an eigen values λ. Then X is
êëx 2 úû
given by (A - lI) X = 0
é8 - l -4 ù éx1 ù é0ù
i.e, ê ú ê ú = ê ú ...........(1)
êë 2 2 - l úû êëx 2 úû êë0úû
Case-(i) Put λ = 4 in (1)

é4 -4 ù éx1 ù é0 ù
i.e. ê úê ú = ê ú
êë2 -2 úû êëx 2 úû êë0 úû
Þ 4x1 - 4x 2 = 0
Þ x1 - x 2 = 0
Þ x1 = x 2
Let x 2 = k Then x1 = k
é1ù
êú
Hence x1 = k ê1ú where k is any non zero number
êú
êë1úû

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GATE MATHEMATICS
Case -(ii) putting λ=6 in (1) we have

é2 -4 ù éx1 ù é0 ù
i.e. ê úê ú = ê ú
êë2 -4 úû êëx 2 úû êë0 úû
Þ 2x1 - 4x 2 = 0
Þ x1 - 2x 2 = 0
Þ x1 = 2x 2
Let x 2 = k1 Then x1 = 2k1
éx ù é2k ù é2 ù
\ X 2 = ê 1 ú = ê 1 ú = ê ú k1
ëêx 2 ûú ëêk1 ûú êë1 úû
Where k1 is any non zero number
44. Sol. Sum of the eigen values of A = Trace of A = 10
5 0 2 3 0 −6
Given A = 0 3 0 ⇒ |&| = 3 & = 0 1 0
2 0 1 −6 0 15
45. Sol.
3 0 −6 1 0 −2
∴ & %
=
°5ch %
0 1 0 =w 0 13 0x
|h| A
−6 0 15 −2 0 5
=
46. Sol. If the system is inconsistent then Ä& = Ä& ' = number of linearly
independent columns of A.
∴ The column B must be linearly dependent on the columns of A.
47. Sol. Let P be the probability of getting head
∴ P(E) = p + d 8 + d G + - - - -
= H?1 + d 8 + d G + − − − − −∝@ = 23
Î
% Ï:
=
48. Sol. Given ∑ j = 6, ∑ l = 21, ∑ j 8 = 14,

∑ jl = 46 and there values of x and y to fit the straight line
Let y = a + bx
Then the normal equations are
∑ l = + ∑ j
∑ jl = ∑ j + ∑ j 8

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GATE MATHEMATICS
Where n = number of points

∴ 21 = 3a + 6b
46 + 6b + 14b ⇒ 23 = 3a + 7b
=:ÁÑ =Ò<=ÓÔ
: ÑÔ
∴Õ } A
49. Sol.
By the properties of determinant of matrices, we have | kA nxn |= k n | A nxn |
\a = k n where k isa scalar
50. Sol. Probability for first two tosses to yield heads is 128 , so remaining tosses must
be tails. Therefore the probability for remaining tosses to be tail is 12µ Hence
required probability = 128 . 12µ = 12%U
P ¢=
fnÖ}8 ×?fnÖ}8fÖ } U@
fÖ}U ×fÖ}U
51. Sol.
= 16
×f}%,Ö}% % × %
G G
=Á Á Á Á Á Á
×fÖ}U × n × n ×
=
: : Ø Ø Ø Ø
52. Ans : (a)

Sol: Given that v[i, j] = i - j
é 0 -1 -2 -3 ... 1 - n ù
ê ú
ê 1 0 -1 -2 ... 2 - n ú
ê ú
V=ê 2 1 0 -1 ... 3 - n ú
ê ú
ê : : : : : : ú
ê ú
êën - 1 n - 2 n - 3 n - 4 ... 0 ûú nń
Here the given matrix is skew symmetric matrix

\ Sum of all the elements of V = 0
53. Ans : (a)

2 0 0 0
1 7 2
8 1 7 2
Sol: D = 2 0 2 0 = 2 0 2 0 = 2 (2 - 0) = 4
0 6 1
9 0 6 1
54. Ans : (b)

Sol: By the property of reversal law of inverse of product of three matrices A,B,C wer have
-1 -1
(ABC) = C -1B-1A -1 (\ (AB) = B-1A -1 )

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GATE MATHEMATICS
Where A,B,C are square matrices of same order.

55. Ans: (b)
Sol: By the definition of rant of a matrix A, the first statement is correct (i.e. true).
If A is nxn matrix and | A nxn |¹ 0 then r (A nxn ) = n
Therefore second statement is also correct i.e. true).

Hence option (b) is correct.
56.Ans : (b)
If λ is an eigen value(s) of matrix A4x4 then the eigen value(s) are given by |A-λI|=0
2-l -1 0 0
0 3- l 0 0
i.e. =0
0 0 -2 - l 0
0 0 -1 4-l
3-l 0 0
Þ (2 - l) 0 -2 - l 0 =0
0 -1 4-l
Þ (2 - l)(3 - l) éë- (2 + l)ùû (4 - l) = 0

Þ (2 - l)(3 - l)(2 + l)(4 - l) = 0
\The Eigen values are giv en by
l = 2, -2,3, 4
57.Ans : (c)
é1 2 3ù
ê ú
Given A = ê3 4 5ú
Sol: ê ú
êë4 6 8úû
R 2 ® R 2 ® 3R1 ;R 3 ® R 3 - 4R1
é1 2 3 ù
ê ú
ê0 -2 -4 ú
ê ú
êë0 -2 -4 úû
R3 ® R3 - R 2
\r (A) = 2
58. Ans : (a)

Sol : S1 is true

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GATE MATHEMATICS
é1 0 ù é0 1 ù
Ex : A = ê úB = ê ú
êë0 0 úû êë0 0 úû
where | A |= 0,| B |= 0
é1 1 ù
ÞA+B= ê ú Þ| A + B |= 0
êë0 0 úû
S2 is true
Ex :
é1 2 ù é1 1ù
A=ê úB = ê ú
êë0 3 úû êë2 3úû
where| A |¹ 0,| B |¹ 0
é2 3ù
ÞA+B= ê ú Þ| A + B |¹ 0
êë2 6 úû
59. Ans : (b)

Sol : By at theorem, A square matrix A of order n is diagonalizable if and only if it has n
linearly independent eigen vectors.
60. Ans : (b)
é5 3 2 ù
ê ú
Sol: Given A = ê1 2 6 ú
ê ú
êë3 5 10 úû
5 3 2
Þ| A |= 1 2 6 = -28
3 5 10
61. Ans : (d)

é5 3ù
Sol: Given A = ê ú
êë2 9 úû
Consider |A-λI|=0 where λ is an eigen value of A

5-l 3
Þ =0
2 9-l
Þ l 2 - 14l + 39 = 0
Þ l = 7 + 10,7 - 10
Þ l = 10.16,3.84
62.Ans : (a)

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GATE MATHEMATICS
Sol :
é2 3ù é4 8 ù
Given [P] = ê ú and [Q] = ê ú
ëê4 5úû ëê9 2 ûú
T é2 3ù é4 9 ù é32 24 ù
Þ [P][Q] = ê úê ú=ê ú
êë4 5úû êë8 2 úû êë56 46 úû
63.Ans : (c)
Sol : The given matrix is in an echelon form
\ r (A) = no of non-zero rows in the echelon form = 1
64. Ans : (a)

Sol: Eigen values of an upper triangular matrix are just its diagonal elements. The eigen values
of A are 1,2,-2,-1
65. Ans : (C)
é1 0 0 0ù
ê ú
ê100 1 0 0ú
Sol : Given A= ê ú
ê100 200 1 0ú
ê ú
êë100 200 300 1 úû 4´4
66. Ans : (c)

é-1 4 ù
Sol : Given A = ê ú
ëê 4 -1ûú
Þ| A - lI |= 0
-1 - l 0
Þ =0
4 -1 - l
Þ l 2 + 2l - 15 = 0
Þ l = 3, -5.
67. Ans : (b)
é1 2 -8 7 ù
ê ú
Sol: (A | B) = ê4 3 -12 5 ú
ê ú
ê2 1 -4 a ú
ë û
R 2 ® R 2 - 4R1 ;R 3 ® R 3 - 2R1
é1 2 -8 7 ù
ê ú
ê0 -5 20 -23 ú
ê ú
ê0 -3 12 a - 14 ú
ë û

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GATE MATHEMATICS
R 2 ® 3R 2 - 5R 3
é1 2 -8 7 ù
ê ú
ê0 -5 20 -23 ú
ê ú
ê0 0 0 1 - 5a ú
ë û
For infinitely many solutions, last row must be zero row.
i.e1 - 5 a = 0 Þa1 / 5
Hence for only one value of a = 1/ 5, the system will have infinitely many solutions.
68. Ans : (c)
é4 2 1 3 ù
ê ú
Sol : Given A = ê6 3 4 7 ú
ê ú
êë2 1 0 1 úû
R 2 ® 4R 2 ® 6R1 ;R 3 ® 2R 3 - R1
é4 2 1 3 ù
ê ú
ê0 0 10 10 ú
ê ú
êë0 0 -1 -1úû
R 3 ® (10) R 3 + R 2
é4 2 1 3 ù
ê ú
ê0 0 10 10 ú
ê ú
êë0 0 0 0 úû
\ r (A) = 2.
69. Ans : (b)

Sol: Given system is Homogeneous system
AX = 0. This Homogeneous system will have trivial and non-trivial solution.
If the coefficient matrix A is non-singular in AX = 0 then AX = 0 will have trivial
solution.
If the coefficient matrix A is singular matrix in AX = 0 then AX =0 will have non-trivial
solution.
Hence option (b) is correct.
70. Ans : (c)
é1 2 3 6 ù
ê ú
[A | B] = ê1 3 4 8 ú
Sol : ê ú
ê2 2 3 12 ú
ë û

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GATE MATHEMATICS
R 2 ® R 2 ® R1 , R 3 ® R 3 - 2R1
é1 2 3 6 ù
ê ú
ê0 1 1 2 ú
ê ú
ê0 -2 -3 0 ú
ë û
R 3 ® R 3 + 2R 2
é1 2 3 6 ù
ê ú
ê0 1 1 2 ú - - - - - - - (1)
ê ú
ê0 0 -1 4 ú
ë û
r (A) = 3, r (A | B) = 3,
n = no.of unkowns = 3
Þ r (A) = r (A | B) = n
\ Uniquesolution exist.
From Eq.(1) , we have
x + 2y + 3z = 6, y + z = 2and - z = 4
Þ z = -4, y = 6and x = 6
71. Ans : (b)

Sol : Given X2 - X + I = 0
( )
Þ X -1 X 2 - X + I = 0
-1
ÞX-I+X =O
Þ X -1 = I - X
\ X -1 = I - X
é1 0 ù é a 1 ù é 1- a -1ù
ê úê 2 ú=ê ú
êë0 1 úû êë- a + a - 1 1 - a úû êëa - a + 1 a úû
2
72. Ans : (c)

éa11 a12 ... a1n ù
ê ú
êa 21 a 22 ... a 2n ú
ê ú
Sol : Let A = ê : : : : ú
ê ú
ê: : : : ú
ê ú
êëa n1 a n 2 ... a nn úû
Be the symmetric matrix.

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GATE MATHEMATICS
n2 + n
The total no. of different elements in Anxn is and each element can be filled in 2
2
ways using either 0 or 1.
\The total no.of different n ´ n different
n 2 +n
Symmetric matricesis 2 2
73. Ans : (b)

Sol :
ABCD = I
-1
Þ (ABCD) = I -1
(
Þ D D -1C -1B-1A -1 A = DIA )
Þ C (C -1
B -1
) = CDA
\ B-1 = CDA
74.Ans : (c)
é1 -5 1 ù é1 -5 1 ù
ê ú ê ú
Sol : (A | B) = ê1 -1 2 ú ê0 4 1 ú
ê ú ê ú
ê1 3 3 ú ê0 8 2 ú
ë û ë û
é1 5 1 ù
ê ú
ê0 4 1 ú
ê ú
ê00 0 ú
ë û
r (A) = 2 = r (A | B) = 2 & number of unkowns = n = 2

Here r (A) = r (A | B) = n = 2
\Uniquesolution exists
75. Ans : (b )
Sol : Sum of the eigen values = sum of diagnonal elements
= 1+5+1=7
76.
Sol : For singular matrix A, we have |A| = 0
8 x 0
Þ 4 0 2 = 0 Þ 8(0 - 12) - x (0 - 24) = 0
12 6 0

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Þ -96 + 24x = 0 Þ x = 4
77. Ans : (a)
Sol :
Given the [A]3x1 , [B]3x3 , [C]3x5 [A]3x1 , [E]5x5 ,and [F]5x1
are real matrices. And also given that [B] & [E]aresymmetric.
In the first statement the product
T T
[F]1´5 [C]5´3 [B]3´3 [C]3´5 [F]5´1 is a first order matrix,
\First statement is correct
T
In thesec ond statement, the product [D]3´5 [F]5´1 [D]5´3 is not defined.
\ Secondstatement is wrong Henceoption (a) iscorrect
78.Ans : (c)
é4 -2 ù
ëê-2 1 ûú
4-l -2
Þ | A - lI |= 0 Þ =0
-2 1- l
Þ l 2 - 5l - 0 = 0 Þ l = 0,5
which are the eigen values of A.
79. Ans : (b)

é1 -4 -1 -3ù
ê ú
Sol: (A | B) = ê2 -1 3 1 ú
ê ú
ê3 2 2 úû
ë
R 2 ® R 2 - 2R1 ;R 3 ® R 3 - 3R1
é1 -4 -1 -3ù
ê ú
ê0 7 5 7 ú
ê ú
ê0 14 8 11 ú
ë û
r (A) = 3 = r (A | B) = 3 = no.of unknowns.

\Uniquesolution exists.
80. Ans :
Sol : An over determined system may or may not solution.
\No option is correct

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81. Ans : (b)

Sol : Similar to Example 78
82. Ans : (a)
[P (XT Y)-1 PT]
2x3 3x4 4x3 3x2
2x2
83. Ans : (a)

Sol :
| A |=
0 1 0 2
0 1 0
-1 1 1 3
= (-1) -1 1 1 = (-1)(-1)(0 - 1) = -1
0 0 0 1
1 -2 0
1 -2 0 1
84. Ans ;(b)

Sol: Eigen values of A, A2,A3,………..Am are different
But Eigen vectors of A,A2,A3,……….Am are same
AX = λX
A2X = λ2X
:
:
AmX= λmX
λm is an eigen value ofAm and X is an eigen vectors of Am.
i.e; Xm is not an eigen vector of Am. Hence the statement in option (b) is wrong.
85. Ans : (a)
Sol : If r (P) = r (P | Q) then PX = Qisconsistent systemand hasatleast onesolution.

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86. Ans : (d)
(P - lI) X = 0,
Sol : For l = -2
ç ( )
æ3 - -2 -2 2 ö æ x1 ö é0 ù
÷ç ÷ ê ú
Þç 0 -2 - (-2) 1 ÷ ç x 2 ÷ = ê0 ú
ç ÷ç ÷ ê ú
ç 0 ÷ç ÷
è 0 1 - (- 2) ø è x 3 ø êë0 úû
Þ 5x1 - 2x 2 + 2x 3 = 0and x 3 = 0
Þ 5x1 - 2x 2 = 0
Let x 2 = k1 , where k1 is arbitary cons tan t
æ2k1 / 5 ö æ2 ö
ç ÷ ç ÷
X ç k1 ÷ Þ X1 = ç5 ÷ for k1 = 5
ç ÷ ç ÷
ç 0 ÷ ç0 ÷
è ø è ø
87. Ans : (b)
Sol:
1 0 -1
| R |= 2 1 -1 = 1(2 + 3) + 0 - 1(6 - 2) = 1
2 3 2
é 5 -3 1ù
ê ú
Adj(R ) = ê-6 4 1ú
ê ú
êë 4 -3 1úû
é 5 -3 1 ù
R -1 =
adj ( R ) ê
= ê-6 4 -1ú
ú
|R| ê ú
êë 4 -3 1 úû
\ Top row of R -1 is [5 - 3 1]
88. Ans : (b)

Sol: |M| = The perfect of the eigen
Values = 15 x3 x0 =0
89.
Sol : Eigen values are 1,-2
For λ =1, eigen vectors are given by

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(A - I) X = 0
é 0 0 ù éx ù é0 ù
ê úê ú = ê ú
êë-1 -3úû êëy úû êë0 úû
x + 3y = 0
é3 ù
X1 = ê ú
êë-1úû
90. Ans : (b)

Sol: Given that A is 3x4 matrix and AX = B is inconsistent
AX = B ®
‾ ‾
A3x 4 (A / B)3x5
If the system is inconsistent then r (A) < 3and r (A) < r (A | B)
\The highest possible rank of A is 2.
91. Ans: (a)

Sol :
é2 -0.1ù é1 / 2 a ù
Given A = ê ú and A -1 = ê ú
êë0 3 úû êë 0 b úû
é1 / 2 a ù é3 0.1ù 1
Þ A -1 = ê ú=ê ú
êë 0 b úû êë0 2 úû 6
1 20
a= &b =
60 60
21 7
\a +b = =
60 20
92. Ans : (a)

Sol: Consider |A-λI|=0
5-l 0 0 0
0 5-l 0 0
Þ =0
0 0 2-l 1
0 0 3 1- l
( )
Þ (5 - l)(5 - l) (2 - l)(1 - l) - 3 = 0

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Þ (5 - l)(5 - l) éêë2 - 3l + l 2 - 3ùúû = 0
(
Þ (5 - l)(5 - l) l 2 - 3l - 1 = 0 )
Þ Re aleigen values are5,5.
Consider (A - l) X = O for l = 5
é5 - 5 0 0 0 ù
ê ú
ê 0 5-5 0 0 ú
ê úX = 0
ê 0 0 2-5 1 ú
ê ú
êë 0 0 3 1 - 5úû
Þ - 3x 3 + x 4 = 0 & -3x 4 = 0
Þ x 4 = 0and x 3 = 0
Let x1 = k1 and x 2 = k 2
T
\ X = [k1 k2 0 0]
T
\ X = [1 -2 0 0]
for k1 = 1and k 2 = -2
93. Ans :(b)

r (A3x3 ) = 2 < n = 3 = no.of var iables
Sol:
\ number of independent solutions = 3 - 2 = 1
94. Ans : (c)

Sol: Given that A is an orthogonal matrix.
By the definition of orthogonal matrix,
We have
AA T = I = A T A
( )
-1
\ AA T = (I) = I
95.Ans : (c) & (d)

é-4 2 ù
Sol: Given A = ê ú
êë 4 3 úû
Eigen values are l = 4, -5

For l = 5,eigen vectors aregiven by
[A + 5I]X = 0
Þ x + 2y = 0
Vectors given in options (c) & (d) satisfy this equation

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96. Ans : (a)

Sol: Eigen values of a matrix ‘S’ are 1 and 5, we know that, the eigen values of matrix S2 are
12 and 52 i.e., 1 & 25.
97. Ans : (C)
é1 0 0 ù
ê ú
Sol : Given that EF = G = ê0 1 0 ú
ê ú
êë0 0 1 úû
( )
Þ Fis theinverse of E -1 Since AA -1 = 1
é cos q sin q 0 ù
-1
ê ú
\ E = F = ê- sin q cos q 0 ú
ê ú
êë 0 0 1 úû
98. Ans : (c)

é1 ù é1 ù é1 ù é1 ù
Given A ê ú = (-1) ê ú and A ê ú = (-2) ê ú
êë-1úû êë-1úû êë-2 úû êë-2 úû
é1 ù é1 ù
Sol : Þ ê ú & ê ú areeigen vectors of A corresponding to
êë-1úû êë-2 úû
an eigen values l = -1and l = -2 respectively.Now we haveto
find 2x2 matrix A.
A square matrix Anxn is said to be diagonalizable if their exist a non-singular matrix P

such that P-1 AP=D. Where D is a diagonal matrix whose diagonal elements are eigen values of
A and columns of P are eigen vectors of A.
\P -1AP = D Û A = PDP -1
é 1 1 ù é-1 0 ù é 2 1 ù
\A = ê úê úê ú
êë-1 -2 úû êë 0 -2 úû êë-1 -1úû
Hence option (c) is correct

99. Ans : (d)
é1 0 1 0ù
ê ú
ê0 1 0 1ú
ê1 1 0 0ú
ê ú
êë0 0 0 1 úû

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R 3 ® R 3 - R1
é1 0 1 0ù
ê ú
ê0 1 0 1ú
ê ú
ê0 1 -1 0ú
ê ú
êë0 0 0 1 úû
R3 ® R3 - R 2
é1 0 1 0ù
ê ú
ê0 1 0 1ú
ê ú
ê0 0 -1 -1ú
ê ú
êë0 0 0 1 úû
\r (A) = 4.
100. Ans : (b)

Sol : From the previous example.
r (A) = 4, r (A | b) = 4 and n = 4
= number of var iables
\ x is unique
101. Ans : (c)

é1 1 1 ù
ê ú
Sol: Given A = ê1 -1 0 ú
ê ú
êë1 1 1 úû
R 2 ® R 2 - R1 ;R 3 ® R 3 - R1
é1 1 1 ù
ê ú
ê1 -2 -1ú
ê ú
êë0 0 0 úû
\ r (A) = 2
102. Ans : (a)

Sol : Given λ1 = 8, λ2= 4 and
é1ù é1 ù
V1 = ê ú , V2 = ê ú V
êë1úû êë-1úû
A= PDP-1
é8 0ù
where P = [V1V2 ]and D = ê ú
êë0 4 úû

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é1 1 ù é8 0 ù é1 1 ù -1
A=ê úê úê ú
êë1 -1úû êë0 4 úû êë1 -1úû
é8 4 ù é1 1 ù 1
\A = ê úê ú
êë8 -4 úû êë1 -1úû 2
1 é12 4 ù é6 2 ù
= ê ú=ê ú
2 êë 4 12 úû êë2 6 úû
103. Ans : (c)

é101ù é4 2 ù
Given that X = ê ú is an eigen vector of A = ê ú
êë101úû êë2 4 úû
Corresponding to some an eigen value λ. Then by definition of an eigen vecot of A, we

have, AX = λX.
é4 2 ù é101ù é606 ù é101ù
AX = ê ú ê ú = ê ú = 6 ê ú = lX
êë2 4 úû êë101úû êë606 úû êë101úû
é101ù
\ X = ê ú is an eigen vector of A corresponding to an eigen value l = 6.
êë101úû
104. Ans :(d)

Sol : Given AX = B
é3 2 0 5 ù
ê ú
Consider [A | B] = ê0 4 3 8 ú
ê ú
ê2 0 -1 2 ú
ë û
R 3 ® 3R 3 - 2R1
é3 2 0 5 ù
ê ú
ê0 4 3 8 ú
ê ú
ê0 -4 -3 -4 ú
ë û
R3 ® R3 + R 2
é3 2 0 5 ù
ê ú
ê0 4 3 8 ú
ê ú
ê0 0 0 4 ú
ë û
Here r (A) = 2, r (A | B) = 3
But r (A) ¹r (A \ B)
\ Nosolution i.e.inconsistent

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105.Ans : (b)
é 2 -2 3ù
ê ú
Sol :Given A = ê-2 -1 6 ú and also that one of the eigen value is 3.
ê ú
êë 1 2 0 úû
We know that the sum of the eigen values is equal to the sum of the diagonal elements of A.
tr(A) = 2-1+0 =1
From the option (b) the eigen values are 3,-5 sum of the given eigen values in option (b) is1.
Which is same as trace of A.
Option is (b) is correct
106.Ans : (b)
Sol : Given A nxn X nxn = Ynx1 and A 2 = I
Þ AA = I
Þ A is invertablei.e., A -1exists.
Þ A is non - sin gular
\Uniquesolutin exists.
107. Ans : (b)

é1 2 3 ---- n ù
ê ú
ê2 4 6 - - - - 2n ú
ê ú
ê3 6 9 - - - - 3n ú
Sol :A ê ú
ê| ú
ê ú
ê| ú
ê ú
êën 2n 3n - - - - 3n úû nxn
\r (A) = 1(\all the rowsare proportional )
108. Ans :(b)

Sol: Two eigen values are given -2&6 Sum of eigen values of A= tr(A)
l + (-2) + 6 = 1 + 5 + 1 Þ 3
109.Ans: (a)
Sol : Given AX = B
é1 1 1 ù éx ù é5ù
ê úê ú ê ú
ê1 3 3 ú êy ú = ê9 ú
ê úê ú ê ú
êë1 2 a úû êëz úû êëb úû

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GATE MATHEMATICS
é1 1 1 5 ù
ê ú
( ) ê
A / B = ê1 3 3 9 ú
ú
ê1 2 a b ú
ë û
R 2 ® R 2 - R 1 , R 3 ® R 3 - R1
é1 1 1 5 ù
ê ú
ê0 2 2 4 ú
ê ú
ê0 1 a - 1 b - 5ú
ë û
R 3 ® 2R 3 - R 2
é1 1 1 5 ù
ê ú
ê0 2 2 4 ú
ê ú
ê0 0 2a - 4 2b - 14 ú
ë û
If 2a - 4 = 0and 2b - 14 = 0 then thesystem will haveinf inite number of solutions.
\For a = 2and b = 7 thesystem hasinf inite number of solutions
110. Ans :(a)

1 é d -bù
Sol :A -1 = ê ú
ab - bc êë- c a úû
1 é 7 -2 ù 1 é-7 2 ù
= ê ú= ê ú
-3 êë-5 1 úû 3 êë 5 -1úû
111. Ans : (a)

Sol: By the property, the eigen values of a real symmetric matrix are always real.
112. Ans: (b)
Sol : Eigen Values of A are 2,2
é2 - l 1 ù
Consider (A - lI) = ê ú
êë 0 2 - l úû
é0 1 ù
For l = 2, (A - 2I) = ê ú
êë0 0 úû
\ The number of linearlyindependent eigen vectors of matrix A

= (number of var iables) - r (A - lI)
113. Ans : ( b)
Sol:

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GATE MATHEMATICS
òf (t) d (t - a) = f (a) where a > 0

-a
a
æ pö p
ò
\ 6 d çç t - ÷÷ Sin (t) dt = 6sin = 3
è 6ø 6
-a
114. Sol. (b)

Sol: the number of eigen values of Anxn is n & eigen values of real symmetric matrix are always
real.
\the number of eigen values of real symmetric matrix A of order 2n (or dimension 2n) are
2n real values which may or may not be repeated.
115. Ans: (a)
Sol: Q = [q1 q 2 q3 - - - - - -q m ]nń and m<n
We knows that ρ(Q) = no. of independent vectors (rows/column)

i.e., ρ(Q) ≤m
But given that q1, q2, q3 ------ qm are dependent vectors.
\r (Q) < m (depen de nt vectors)
116. Ans : (b)

éx1 ù
ê ú
êx 2 ú
ê ú
Sol :V = ê: ú [x1 x 2 ... ... x n ]1ń = XX T
ê ú
ê: ú
ê ú
êëx n úû
n´1
(
r (X n´1 ) = 1 and r X T1ń = 1)
\ r (V) = 1
117. Ans : (c)

Sol: Characteristics equation of A is | A - lI |= 0
-3 - l 2
Þ =0
-1 0 - l
(
Þ l 2 - 1(-3) l + 2 = 0)
Þl 2 + 3l + 2 = 0
A 2 + 3A + 2I = (or)(A + I)(A + 2I) = 0

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118. Ans: (a)

é-3 2 ù é-3 - l 2 ù
Sol : Characteristics equation of A = ê ú is ê ú=0
êë-1 0 úû êë -1 0 - l úû
Þ A 2 + 3A + 2I = 0
Þ A 3 + 2A 2 + 2A = 0
\ A 2 = -3A - 2I
A3 = -3A 2 - 2A = -3(-3A - 2I) - 2A
Þ A3 = 9A + 6I - 2A
\ A3 = 7A + 6I
A 4 = 7A 2 + 6A = 7 (-3A - 2I) + 6A
Þ A 4 = -21A - 14I + 6A
\A 4 = -15A - 14I
A5 = -15A 2 - 14A = -15(-3A - 2I) - 14A
Þ A5 = 45A + 30I - 14A

\A5 = 45A + 30I
Similarly A9 = 511A + 5101
119. Ans : (b)

Sol: Given that <x,y> denote their dot product of vector x and y
\ By the definition of dot product of vector x and y,
We have
< x, y >= x, y < x, y >= x 2 & x.y = y.x
é< x, x > < x, y > ù

det ê ú
êë< y, x > < y, y > úû
But dot product is scaler.

\(1) becomes positive when x and yarelinearlyindependent
120.Ans : (d)
Sol: | lI - P | = 0
Þ l3 + l 2 + 2l + 1 = 0
Þ P3 + P 2 + 2P + I = 0

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( )
P -1 P 3 + P 2 + I = P -1 0
\P -1 = - P 2 - 2P - 2I
121. Ans : (a)

Sol: Given r (Q5´6 ) = 4
But, we know that r (Q) = number of linearly independent row/columns
\Q5´6 will have four linearly independent rows & columns.
122. Ans : (d)
( )
-1
Sol: Given A + = A T A A T and r (A) = n
LHS of option (d) = AA + A
é Tù
( ) A úû A
-1
= A ê AT A
ë
é ù
( ) (A A)úû
-1
= A ê AT A T
ë
= AI
= A ¹ R.H.Sof (d)
123. Ans : (c)

éP11 P12 ù
Sol: Given P = ê ú where Pii ¹"i and oneof thesign valueis zero
êëP21 P22 úû
Þ P is sin gular matrix
\ | P | = 0 (or) P11P22 - P12 P21 = 0
124. Ans : (b)

Sol :
Given
4x + 2y = 7 üï
ý
2x + y = 6 ïþ
Þ 2x + y = 7 / 2üï
ý
2x + y = 6 ïþ
Þ Solution does not exist
\TheSystem has nosolution.
125. Ans : (c)

Sol : One of the eigen value of A is 3 and other two eigen value are l1 , l 2 .

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GATE MATHEMATICS
Þ 3 + l1 + l 2 = 1 + 0 + P
\ l1 + l 2 = p + 1 - 3 = p - 2
126. Ans : (b)

é1 2 ù
Sol: A = ê ú and eigen values are1 and 2
ëê0 2 úû
Eigen vectors
é1 - l 2 ù éx1 ù é0 ù
Consider ê ú ê ú = ê ú - - - - - (1)
êë 0 2 - l úû êëx 2 úû êë0 úû
Case-(i): λ= (1)
é0 2 ù éx1 ù é0 ù é0 2 ù éx1 ù é0ù
ê úê ú = ê ú Þ ê úê ú = ê ú
êë0 1 úû êëx 2 úû êë0 úû êë0 0 úû êëx 2 úû êë0úû
2x 2 = 0 Þ x 2 = 0
Let x1 = k1
ék ù
\X = ê 1 ú where k1 is anarbitrary cons tan t
êë0 úû
Case-(ii): λ=2 in(1)

æ -1 2 ö æ x1 ö æ 0 ö
ç ÷ç ÷ ç ÷
ç 0 0 ÷ ç x ÷ = ç0 ÷ - x1 + 2x 2
è øè 2ø è ø
= 0 Þ x1 = 2x 2
Let x 2 = k 2
\ x1 = 2k 2
é2k ù
X = ê 2 ú where k 2 is an arbitrary cons tan t
êëk 2 úû
é1 ù
X1 = ê ú corresponding to l = 1for k1 = 1
êë0 úû
é2 ù é1 ù
X 2 = ê ú (or) X 2 = ê ú corresponding to
êë1 úû êë1 / 2 úû
l = 2for k 2 = 1(or)1 / 2
a = 0 and b = 1
2
\a + b = 1
2

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127. Ans (b)

é1 1 1 4 ù
ê ú
Sol . Consider [A / B] = ê2 3 0 4ú
ê ú
ê1 2 -1 a ú
ë û
R 2 ® R 2 - 2R1 ;R 3 ® R 3 - R1
é1 1 1 4 ù
ê ú
ê0 1 -2 -4 ú
ê ú
ê0 1 -2 a - 4 ú
ë û
R3 ® R3 - R 2
é1 1 1 4 ù
ê ú
ê0 1 -2 -4 ú
ê ú
ê0 1 -2 a ú
ë û
If a = 0 then the system will have system
128. Sol. (a) Similar to example 41

129. Sol. (a)
The given matrix A can be obtained from the unit matrix with elementary operation R1 <)
R2. The inverse matrix corresponding to the elementary matrix A is A itself.
130. Sol. Let us consider an orthogonal matrix P of order 2×2
3 4
P= 5 5 (or) 7 cos \ sin \
9
−4 3 − sin \ cos \
5 5
j%
Given j̅ = 7j 9
8
3 4
Consider Pj̅ = 5 5 7j% 9
−4 3 j8
5 5
vvvv ‖ = Ú7AÛÁ − GÛ: 9 + 7− GÛÁ − AÛ: 9

8 8
⇒ ‖Hj = Üj%8 + j88 = ‖j‖
C C C C
vvvv ‖ = ‖j‖ for every vector.

∴ ‖Hj

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To have unique solution the determinant of a coefficient matrix must be
Non-singular.
1 1 2
i.e. ³1 2 3³ ≠ 0 ⇒ 2 − 5 ≠ 0 ⇒ 2 ≠ 5 .
1 4 2
1 0 0 1 1 −1 −1 0
ÝgÞ A = 7 9, B=7 9 , C=7 9, D= 7 9
0 0 0 0 1 1 0 −1
132. Sol.
The eigen values of A are 1, 0 The eigen values of B are 0, 0

The eigen values of C are 1 + I, 1 – i
And the eigen values of D are -1, -1
∴ only one of the matrix A has an eigen value 1.
133. Sol. Consider Hm% H = m % H% H
= m % H% H = m % M = m %
4 5
Given [P] = 7 9
2 −5
134. Sol.
Consider |H − aM| = 0
Where a is an eigen value of P.
4−a 5
⇒ ß ß=0
2 −5 − a
⇒ a8 + a − 30 = 0
⇒ a = 5, −6
1 1 1 j 3
⇒ 1 2 3 1 l 3 = 4
1 4 6
1 1 1 3
?&|'q@ = 1 2 3 ³4q
1 4 6
1 1 1 3
~ 0 1 2 ³1q
0 3 −1 3
1 1 1 3
~ 0 1 2 ³1q
0 0 −7 0
If − 7 ≠ 0 then system will have unique solution.

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.'. For k = 7 the system will not have unique solution.

136. Sol. By the definition of symmetric matrix if ' F = B for a square matrix B then B is
called symmetric matrix.
137. Sol. (a)
Sol. According to partial pivoting Gauss- elimination method, the pivot for elimination of x is
the numerically largest coefficient of x in the given 3 equations. And the pivot for
elimination of y is the numerically largest coefficient of y in the remaining equations of
the given system. .'.The pivots for elimination of x and y are 10 and4.
138. Sol. Trace of A = sum of the eigen values =1
Therefore options (d) is correct.
139. Sol. Eigen values of X are -2, -3
Eigen values of I are 1, 1
Eigen values of X + I are -2 +1, -3 + 1 i.e. , -1, -2
Given . + M% . + 5M = . + M% . + M + 4M
= . + M% . + M + 4. + M%
= M + 4. + M%
∴ The eigen values of M + 4. + M% g − 3, −1
140. Sol. Given yF = yF ⇒ yyF = M
j
A G A
1 0
wC Ax
C
wCG Ax = 7 9
j 0 1
C C G
Equating the corresponding elements on both sides, we have x = -45.

141. Sol. Given trace = -2 : Det = 35
⇒ a% + a8 = −2 a% a8 = −35
∴ a% = −7 a8 = 5
1 3 2
|&| = 4 1 1 = 1(3-1)-3(12-2)+2(4-2)= -24
2 1 3
142. Sol.
1 2 −2 4
Consider &|' = 2 1 1 ³−2q
−1 1 −1 2
143. Sol.
S 8 → S8 − 2S% ; SA → SA + S%

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1 2 −2 4
~ 0 −3 5 ³−10q
0 3 −3 6
SA → SA + S8
1 2 −2 4
~ 0 −3 5 ³−10q
0 0 2 −4
⇒ j% + 2j8 + 2jA = 4
⇒ 3j8 + 5jA = −10
⇒ 2jA = −4
.'. jA = −2
144. Sol. Given j% + 2j8 + jA − 4jG = 2 3j% + 6j8 + 3jA + 12jG = 6
There are two equations with 4 unknowns
One equation in 3 unknowns
⇒ .'. the system will have infinite number of solutions.
146. Sol. (c)
By a property that the eigen values of a skew symmetric matrix are
Always either zero (or) purely imaginary.
147. Sol. Similar to example 41
100−−−0
148. Sol. 0 2 0 − − − 0
003−−−0
⇒ eigen values of A are 1, 2, 3, -----n
44n%
8
.'. Sum of all eigen values = 1 + 2 + 3 + ….+ n = .
149. Sol. If product of two non zero square matrices is zero matrix,
then both the matrices are singular.
150. Sol. Eiegn values of A are 4 and 8
2 3
A=o p sum of the eigen values = Tr(A)
j l
2+y=4+8
.'. y = 10 Product of eigen values = det(A)
2y – 3x = (4)(8) = 32
3x = 20 – 32

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3x = 20 – 32 = -12
.'. x = -4
151. Ans: (b)
A = ( 9 + 4 ) − 1 = 12
adj ( A ) 1 3 − 2i −i 
∴ A −1 = = 
A 12  i 3 + 2i 
152. Ans: (c)

Given 2x + 3y = 0
6x + qy = 0
⇒ AX = 0
 2 3   x  0
6 q   y  = 0
    
For non-trival solution, A = 0
2 3
i.e., =0
6 q
⇒ 2q − 18 = 0 ⇒ q = 0
153. Ans: (a)

AX = λX
 1 −1 0   1 
AX =  −1 2 −1  0 
 0 −1 1   −1
 1+ 0 + 0   0   1 
=  −1 + 0 + 1 =  1  = 1  0  = λX
 0 + 0 − 1   −1  −1
∴ Eigen value is λ = 1
154. Ans: (b)

X = [1 1 1] , Y = 1 a a 2 
1
XY = [1 1 1]  a 
T
a 2 
= 1+ a + a2 = 0
1 3
Where a = − + j and
2 2

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1 3
a2 = − − j
2 2
XXT ≠ 0, YYT ≠ 0
∴ X, Y are orthogonal vectors but not orthonormal.
155. Ans: (b)

A = LU
1 0  2 1   2 1 
LU =   = 
 2 1   0 −3  4 −1
156. Ans: (b)

Given AX = B
1 1 1 6
 
Consider [ A | B] = 1 4 6 20 
1 4 λ µ 
1 1 1 6 
 
0 3 5 14 
0 3 λ − 1 µ − 6 
1 1 1 6 
 
0 3 5 14 
0 0 λ − 6 µ − 20 
For no solution, λ = 6 and µ ≠ 20
157. Ans: (b)

AX = λX
A2X = λ2X
| |
| |
AmX = λmX
A and A m have same eigen vectors
∴[1 2 −1] is one of the eigen vector of M 3 .
T
158. Ans: (b)

Consider A − λI = 0
10 − λ −14
⇒ =0
18 −12 − λ
⇒λ 2 − ( −2 ) λ + ( −120 + 72 ) = 0

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⇒ λ 2 + 2λ − 48 = 0
⇒ λ = 6, − 8
159. Ans: (d)

( AB ) = BT A T
T
 4 5   2 1  28 19 
=  = 
 6 9   4 3  48 33
160. Sol. (c)
By a property, the eigen values of a real symmetric matrix are always real
161. Ans: (d)
By a property, if A is any square matrix then
(i) A + A T is always symmetric and
(ii) A − A T is always skew-symmetric
∴ option (d) is correct.
162. Ans: (c)

2x1 + x 2 + x 3 = 0
x 2 − x3 = 0
x1 + x 2 = 0
1 1 0
A = 0 1 −1
 21 1 
R 3 → R 3 − 2R1
1 1 0 
0 1 −1
 
0 −1 1 
R3 → R3 + R 2
1 1 0 
0 1 −1
 
0 0 0 
ρ(A) = 2 < n = 3
∴ Infinite3 no.of solutions exist
From (1), we have x1 + x 2 = 0
And x 2 − x 3 = 0
Let x 3 = k , then x 2 = k and x1 = k

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k  1
∴ The solution is X =  k  = k 1
 
 k  1
163. Sol. (a)

The diagonal elements of an upper triangular matrix A are eigen values of A .'. 1,4,3 are
the eigen values of given matrix A
164. Ans: (b)
 −5 −3
A= 
2 0
Characteristic Equation is λ 2 + 5λ + 6 = 0
⇒ A 2 + 5A + 6I = 0, A 2 = −5A − 6I
⇒ A3 = −5A 2 − 6A = −5 ( −5A − 6I ) − 6A
∴A3 = 19A + 30I
165. Ans: (b)

Normalised eigen vector of
 1 
 2   1 
 1   (1) + ( −1)  
2
2
 −1 =  = 
   1   −1 
 (1)2 + ( −1)2   2
 
166. Ans: (c)

1 2 1 4 1 2 1 4
2 1 2 5 0 −3 0 −3
  
1 −1 1 1  0 −3 0 −3
1 2 1 4
0 −3 0 −3

0 0 0 0 
⇒ρ ( A / B) = ρ ( A ) = 2 < 3
∴ Infinite number of solutions exists.
167. Ans: (b)

9 5 
A= 
5 8 
Sum of the eigen values = x + y = 17

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Product of the eigen values = x × y = 47

From options, 3.48 + 13.53 = 17
( 3.48)(13.53) = 47
168. Ans: (d)
 2 −2   x1  0 
Given    =  
1 −1  x 2  0 
⇒ 2x1 − 2x 2 = 0
⇒ x1 − x 2 = 0
Solving above two equations, we get x1 = x 2 .
∴ The given system has infinite number of solutions.
169. Ans: (d)

1
Given ∴X1 =   corresponding to λ1 = −1
 −1
1
And X 2 =   corresponding to λ 2 = −2
 −2 
Now (i) AX = λX
a b   1  1
⇒    = ( −1)  
 c d   −1  −1
⇒ a − b = −1 ----------------- (1)
& 2c − d = 1 ----------------- (2)
(ii) AX = λX
a b   1  1
⇒    = ( −2 )  
 c d   −2   −2 
⇒ a − 2b = −2 ----------------- (3)
& c − 2d = 4 ----------------- (4)
Solving equations (1), (2), (3) & (4), we get
0 1
A= 
 −2 −3
170. Sol. (a)

Since the determinant of matrix
A is '0'. .'0' will be the minimum eigen value of matrix A
171. Ans: (b)

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2 1 1 1
1 2 1 1
A =
1 1 2 1
1 1 1 2
C1 → C1 + C2 + C3 + C4
5 1 1 1
5 2 1 1
=
5 1 2 1
5 1 1 2
R 2 → R 2 − R1 , R 3 → R 3 − R1 , R 4 → R 4 − R1
5 1 1 1
0 1 0 0
= =5
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1
172. Sol. (b)
Dimension of the null space= (number of variables - rank)
= (3 - 2) = 1,
173. Sol : Marks to All
174. Sol. (c)
By the property of eigen values we have the following statement :
The eigen values of a real symmetric matrix are real.
175. Ans: (c)
cos 2x = cos 2 x − sin 2 x (Q cos 2θ = cos 2
θ − sin 2 θ )
⇒ cos 2x = (1) cos x + ( −1) sin x
2 2
Here one of the function is written as a linear combination of other two functions.
2 2
∴ cos 2x, sin &cos x are linearly dependent.
176. Sol. 16
The number of multiplication in PQR computing the matrix product (PQ)R is 48 & the
matrix product P(QR) is 16.
.'. The minimum number of multiplicatimis 15.

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177. Ans: (a)

1 x x2
A = 1 y y2
1 z z2
C2 → C2 + C1 , C3 → C3 + C1
1 x +1 x2 + x 1 x2 + x x +1
A = 1 y + 1 y 2 + y = ( −1) 1 y 2 + y y + 1
1 z +1 z2 + z 1 z2 + z z +1
1 x x2 1 x2 + x x +1
2 2
∴1 y y ≠ 1 y +y y +1
2 2
1 z z 1 z +z z +1
178. Ans (d)

Sol ; Since matrix multiplication is not cumulative MN ¹ NM
179. Ans :1
Sol : Let ‘λ’ be an eigen value of ‘A’ then λ2 is an eigen value of A2. But A2. But A2=1
and 1 is only eigen value of ‘I’
\l 2 = 1 Þ l = ±1
\The + ve eigen value = 1
180. Ans: 1
Sol : P = I6+α J6
æ1 0 0 0 0 aö
ç ÷
ç0 1 0 0 a 0÷
ç ÷
ç0 0 1 a 0 0÷
ç ÷
ç0 0 a 1 0 0÷
ç ÷
ç0 a 0 0 1 0÷
çç ÷
èa 0 0 0 0 1 ø÷
R1 = R 6 if a = 1to get| P | = 0
\ Re quired value = 1
181. Ans: 200
Det (A.B) = Det (A). Det(B)
= 5 × 40 = 200
182. Ans: (b)

The augmented matrix (AB)
2 1 3 5 
 
=  3 0 1 −4 
 1 2 5 14 
 

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GATE MATHEMATICS
R1 ↔ R 3
 1 2 5 14 
 
 3 0 1 −4 
2 1 3 5 
 
R 2 − 3R1 , R 3 − 2R1
1 2 5 14 
 
 0 −6 −14 −46 
 0 −3 −7 −23 
 
2R 3 − R 2
1 2 5 14 
( AB)  0 −6 −14 −46 

0 0 0 0 

∴ρ ( A ) = ρ ( AB) = 2 < 3 (no. Of variables)
∴ The given system has infinitely many solutions.
183. Ans: 49
x y 
Let A =  
 y 14 − x 
Det A = x (14 − x ) − y2
For maximum value of Det A, y = 0
x 0 
∴A =  
 0 14 − x 
A = x (14 − x ) = (14x − x 2 ) = f ( x )( say )
⇒ f ′ ( x ) = 14 − 2x
⇒ f ′(x) = 0 ⇒ x = 7
f ′′ ( x ) = −2 < 0
∴ At x = 7, we get f(x) as maximum and is equal to 49.
184. Sol. (b)
For an upper triangular, lower triangular or diagonal matrix, the eigen values are the
−1 0
diagonal elements of the matrix. Hence option (A) is true option (B) is not true. For
example: 7 9 is a real symmetric ' (.0 -3) but eigen values are -ve options (C)
0 −3
and (D) are standard theorems.
185. Ans: (b)
Let the given system of equations be AX = B
The augmented matrix

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 1 2 2 b1 
( AB) =  
 5 1 3 b2 
R 2 − 5R1
1 2 2 b1 
 
 0 −9 −7 b 2 − 5b1 
∴ Rank of A = 2 = Rank of (AB) is less than the number of variables ‘3’
∴ The system has infinite number of solutions.
186. Ans: 3
−λ 1 −1
A − λI = −6 −11 − λ 6 =0
−6 −11 5−λ
3 2
⇒ λ + 6λ + 11λ + 6 = 0
⇒ λ = −1, + 2, + 3
3
∴ The required ratio = =3
1
187. Ans: (a)

By properties of eigen values, only (A) is true.
188. Ans: (c)

 p2 + q 2 pr + qs 
B= 2 2 
= AA T
 pr + qs r +s 
⇒ B = AA T
⇒ B = A AT
⇒B= A A
2
⇒B= A
∴ p ( B) = p ( A ) = N
189. Ans: (c)

p q
Let n = 2 and A =  
q r 
x b 
X=  B= 1
 y  b2 
Then f ( x ) = XT AX + BT X + C
= ( px 2 + 2qxy + ry 2 ) + ( b1x + b 2 y ) + C
∂f
= 0 gives 2px + 2qy + b1 = 0 ------------------ (1)
∂x

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∂f
= 0 gives 2qx + 2ry + b 2 = 0 ------------------ (2)
∂y
(1) & (2) can be written as
p q x   b1 
2   = − 
p r  y  b2 
i.e., 2AX = − B
B
AX = −
2
190. Sol. (c)

The given matrix equation can be written as AB = C
The matrix 'C' can be obtained from 'B' by interchanging R2 and R3
.'. The above elementary operation on 'B' is equivalent to multiplying
'B' by the elementary matrix which can be obtained from R1 by interchanging R2 and
R3.
1 0 0
.'. A = 0 0 1
0 1 0
1−a 0 0
Now the eigen values of 'A' are obtained by solving ³ 0 −a 1 ³=0
0 1 −a
⇒ 1 − aa8 − 1 = 0
⇒ a = 1, 1, −1
1 3 0
A= 2 6 4
−1 0 2
191. Sol. Let
2 6 0
Then 4 12 8 = 2A
−2 0 4
∴ |2&| = 2A |&| = 8 −12 = −96
192. Sol. Let v = £̅ + ¥̅ + v
bv = 2ı ã + kv
ã + 3ȷ
ã + 6¥
̅ = 5£ vvvv
ã + 4
v v = 2 + 3 + 1 = 6 ≠ 0

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|v| = √3
∴ options (A), (C) and (D) are false To check linear dependency, let us consider the given
vectors as rows of A is 3 matrix (A). If rank of A is 3 then the vectors are linearly
independent otherwise dependent
1 1 1
A = 2 3 1
5 6 4
S8 − 2S% , SA − 5S%
1 1 1 1 1 1
~ 0 1 −1 SA + S8 ~ 0 1 −1
0 1 −1 0 0 0
∴ Rank of ‘A’ = 2
Hence the given vectors are linearly dependent.
−5 2
Let A = 7 9
−9 6
193. Sol.
|& − aM| = 0
−5 − a 2
⇒ ß ß=0
−9 6−a
a8 − a − 12 = 0
(a – 4) (a + 3) = 0
a = 4, -3 are eigen values
At a = 4 → The eigen vectors are given by (A – 4I) X = 0
−9 2 j 0
i.e. , ¢ ¢= ¢
−9 2 l 0
∴ -9x + 2y = 0 ………………………….( 1 )
∴ At a = −3 → & − 3M. = 0
−2 2 j 0
¢ l¢ = ¢
−9 9 0
∴ -2x + 2y = 0 ………………………….( 2 )
∴ (2) satisfied by ( D )
194. Sol. Since the eigen vectors of a real symmetric matrix are pair-wise
Orthogonal. (i.e., dot product = 0) i.e., j% l% + j8 l8 + jA lA = 0.
195. Sol. From option (A)
P(Q + R) = (PQ + PR) ≠ (PQ + RP)

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From option (B)

H − m8 = H − m H − m
H8 − Hm − mH + m 8 ≠ H8 − 2Hm + m 8
From option ( C )
Det (P + Q) ≠ (det P + det Q)
2 0 0 0
æg = ¢m= ¢
0 0 0 3
_ ⇒ >gÞ H = 0 = >gÞ m `
>gÞ H + m = 6
From option (D)
H + m8 = H + m H + m
H8 + Hm + mH + m 8 is only correct
Matrix multiplication need not be commutative in options (A) and (B).
3 2 1 1 1
¬ ¬ = 1 2 − 1 2 4 2 2 = (6 8 -1) 2 = (23)
F
1 2 6 −1 −1
196. Sol.
197. Sol. The sum of Eigen values of M = Trace of ‘M’

= 215 + 150 + 550 = 915
0 1 2 3
The required determinant = ®1 0 3 0®
2 3 0 1
198. Sol.
3 0 1 2
SA − 3S%
0 1 2 3 1 3 0
=® 1 0 3 0 ® = −1 ³
2 −6 −8³
2 3 −6 −8
3 0 1 3 1 2
2
= (-1) [1(-12+8) -3 (4+24)] = (-1) (-4 – 84) = 88.
6 0 4 4
−2 14 8 18
14 −14 0 −10
199. Sol.
S% ↔ S8
−2 14 8 18
~6 0 4 4
14 −14 0 −10
S8 → S8 + 3S% ; SA → SA + 7S%

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−2 14 8 18
~ 0 42 28 58
0 −84 0 −116
SA → SA + 2S8
−2 14 8 18
~ 0 42 28 58
0 0 0 0
∴ Required rank = 2
200. Sol. The given system can be written as AX = B
1 2 4 2
(AB) = 4 3 1 5
3 2 3 1
SG − 4S% , SA − 3S%
1 2 4 2
~ 0 −5 − 15 −3
0 −4 −9 −5
5SA − 4S8
1 2 4 2
~ 0 −5 − 15 −3
0 −4 15 −13
∴ Rank of A = Rank of (A/B) = 3 = number of variables
Hence unique solution exists.
3 2 0 1
4 0 7 1
(A/B) = ç è
1 1 1 3
201. Sol.
1 −2 7 0
S% ↔ SA
1 1 1 3
4 0 7 1
~ç è
3 2 0 1
1 −2 7 0
SG − 4S% , SA − 3S% , SG − S%
1 1 1 3
0 −4 3 −11
~ç è
0 −1 −3 −8
0 −3 6 −3
S8 ↔ SA

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1 1 1 3
0 −1 −3 −8
~ç è
0 −4 3 −11
0 −3 6 −3
SA − 4S8 , SG − 3S8
1 1 1 3
0 −1 −3 −8
~ç è
0 0 15 21
0 0 15 21
SG − SA
1 1 1 3
0 −1 −3 −8
~ç è
0 0 15 21
0 0 0 0
∴ Ä& = Ä&/' = 3 = . of variables
Hence there exists only one solution.
202. Sol. The eigen vectors corresponding to a symmetric positive definite are orthogonal.
∴ Dot product between any two eigen vectors corresponding to distinct eigen values is
zero.
203. Sol. A is a 3 × 3 matrix, for this matrix remaining two rows are identical with first
row
⇒ rank ( A ) =ρ ( A ) = 0
204. Sol. Let the given matrix be ‘A’

Characteristic equation is |A-λI| = 0
1−a 0 0 0 1
0 1−a 1 1 0
é 0 1 1 − a 1 0 éé = 0
é
0 1 1 1−a 0
(1-
1 0 0 0 1−a
1−a 1 1 0
1 1−a 1 0
a )é é
1 1 1−a 0
0 0 0 1−a
0 1−a 1 1
0 1 1−a 1
+1 é é=0
0 1 1 1−a
1 0 0 0

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1−a 1 1
= 1 − a ³ 1
8
1−a 1 ³
1 1 1−a
1−a 1 1
-1 ³ 1 1−a 1 ³=0
1 1 1−a
1−a 1 1
³ 1 1−a 1 ³[1 − a8 − 1@ = 0
1 1 1−a
aA a − 2a − 3 = 0
a = 0, 0, 0, 2, 3 ∴ The required value = 2 × 3 = 6
205. Sol. Determinant of a matrix = Product of its eigen values.
∴ Determinant is negative ⇒ there exists atleast one eigen value, which is negative.
206. Sol. dim b% + b8 = dim b% + dim b8 -dim b% ∩ b8
Minimum value of dim b% ∩ b8
= dim b% + dim b8 - max of dim b% + b8 = 4 + 4 – 6 = 2
207. Sol. Augmented matrix for given system is
 1 −2 3 −1
[ A B ] =  1 −3 4 1 
 −2 4 −6 k 
R2 → R2 − R1
R3 → R3 + 2 R2
 1 −2 3 −1 
 
 0 −1 1 2 
0 0 0 k − 2
 
If a system has infinitely many solutions, we have k-2=0 ⇒ k=2
1
208 Sol. Let X =  2  is an eigen vector ⇒ AX = λ X
 3
 
 4 1 2 1 1
    
⇒  p 2 1  2 = λ  2
14 −4 10   3   
    3

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 12   λ 
   
⇒  p + 7  =  2λ  ⇒ λ = 12
 36   3λ 
   
Now 2 λ = p + 7 ⇒ p + 7 = 24 ⇒ p = 17
209. Sol. All eigen values are real ⇒ A is Hermitian matrix ⇒ ( A ) = A

T
 10 x 4  10 5 + j 4 
   
⇒  5 − j 20 2  =  x 20 2 ⇒ x = 5 − j
 4 2 −10   4 2 −10 

 1 tan x  T  1 − tan x 
210. Sol. A= , A = 
 tan x 1   tan x 1 
A = 1 + tan 2 x = sec2 x
1  1 − tan x 
A−1 = 2  
sec x  tan x 1 
 1 − tan x  1  1 − tan x 
Now, AT . A−1 =   2  
 tan x 1  sec x  tan x 1 
1 1 − tan 2 x −2 tan 2 x
=
sec2 x 2 tan x 1 − tan 2 x
1 
( )
2
AT . A−1 = 1 + tan 2
x  = sec2 x
sec x 
2

211. Sol. The characteristic Equation is A − XI = 0
⇒ x 3 + 6 x 2 + 11x + 6 + 2 a = 0
Let f(x) = x 3 + 6 x 2 + 11x + 6 + 2 a = 0
= ( x + 1)( x + 2)( x + 3) + 2 a = 0
*f(x) cannot have 3 real roots, if k is a root then f ( x) = ( x − k )3 , by comparing 6=-3k;

3k 2 = 11
No such ‘k’ exists
Case I : If f(x)=0 has 2 repeated real roots say α , α , β
Case ii: f(x)=0 has 3 real distinct roots α , β , f

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GATE MATHEMATICS
−6 − 3 −6 + 3
Now f ′( x) = 0 ⇒ x1 = , x2 =
3 3
At x1 f(x) has a relative maxima
At x2 f(x) has a relative minima
The graph of f(x) will be
Case i: Fig
Case ii: The graph for distinct roots
Case I :
max
max
X1 X2 x1 x2
min
X2 repeated proof X1 repeated proof
Case II: The graph for distinct roots
max
x2
x1
x1 x2
min
 3 1
∴In all cases f ( x2 ) ≤ 0 ⇒ 2  a −  ≤ 0 ⇒ a ≤
 9  3 3
212. Sol. Option A, from the properties of determinant
213. Sol:option b, from the properties of eigen values

 4 2 4−λ 2
214. Sol. Let A =   , ch. Equation is A − λ I = 0 ⇒ =0
 1 3 1 3−λ

Page 90
GATE MATHEMATICS
⇒ λ 2 − 7 λ + 10 = 0 ⇒ λ = 2.5
Least Eigen value is 2
215. Sol. p = 24
 4 − 3i −i  −1 1  4 − 3i i 
adjp =  : P =  
 i 4 + 3i  24  −i 4 + 3i 
 2 3  x   5 
216. Sol. AX = B ⇒    =  
 3 p  4  10 
2 3 5
R2 → 2R2 − 3R1  
 0 2 p − 9 5
System has no solution if ρ ( A B) ≠ ρ ( A)
⇒ 2 p − 9 = 0 ⇒ p = 9 = 4.5
2
3−λ −2 2
217. Sol. Ch. Equation is 4 −4 − λ 6 =0
2 −3 5−λ
⇒ λ 3 − 4 λ 2 + 5λ − 2 = 0
⇒ (λ − 1)(λ 2 − 3λ + 2) = 0
⇒ ( λ − 1)( λ − 1)( λ − 2) = 0 ⇒ λ = 1,1, 2
Smallest eigen value is 1, largest eigen value is 2.
218. Sol. Given A = {aij } , 1 ≤ i , j ≤ n , n ≥ 3
1 2 3
Consider 3 × 3 matrix A =  2 4 6 
 
 3 6 9 
R2 → R2 − 2R1
R3 → R3 − 3R1
1 2 3
 
 0 0 0  ⇒ r(A) = 1
0 0 0
 
Option (B) is correct
219. Sol. Given eigen values are in the ratio 3:1. For p = 2,
Ch. Equation is λ 2 − 4λ + 3 = 0 ⇒ λ = 1,3

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GATE MATHEMATICS
2 1 
From the options if we take p = 14 then A =  14 
3 1 
 3
14  28 
⇒ λ 2 − (2 + )λ +  − 1  = 0
3  3 
20 25
⇒ λ2 − λ + = 0 ⇒ 3λ 2 − 20λ + 25 = 0 ⇒ λ = 5, 5 3 having the ratio 3:1
3 3
 2 2   l11 0   1 u12   l11 l11u12 
220. sol: A = LU ⇒   = l   = 
 4 9   21 l22   0 1   l21 l21u12 + l22 
⇒ l11 = 2; l11u12 = 2 ⇒ u12 = 1
l21 = 9: l21u12 + l22 = 9 ⇒ l22 = 5
 3 4 45 
221. Sol. Let A =  7 9 105 
13 2 195 
 
 −42 4 3 
By performing the given operations, matrix is converted as B=  280 11 300 

 −182 2 195 
 
B =0
222. Sol. For linearly dependent vectors A = 0
1 x 3
⇒ 2 6 4 = 0 ⇒ 2x − 6 = 0 ⇒ x = 3
1 x 2
 4 3 1 1
223. Sol. AX = λ X ⇒    = λ  
 3 4 1 1
7  1  1  1
⇒   = λ   ⇒ 7  = λ   ⇒ λ = 7
7  1  1  1
224.Ans: (D)
Sol: x = 6, y = –2 is the solution of equation
2x+5y = 2 and –4x + 3y = –30
225.Ans: (A)
2 1
ëìí: A = 7 9
1 k

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GATE MATHEMATICS
If λ1, λ2 are eigen values of A2x2

then |A| = λ% λ8
|A| = 2k − 1
λ% . λ8 > 0
2k − 1 > 0
1
∴k>
2
226. Ans: (C)
Sol: By using definition
A real square matrix A is said to be skew-symmetric matrix if
Aï = −A oraðñ = −añð ∀ ij
227.
2 1 0
Sol: A = 0 2 0
0 0 3
⇒ λ = 2,2,3
For λ = 2. The eigen vector is (A-2I) x = 0
2−λ 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0
& − 2M = 0 2−λ 0 = 0 0 0 ~ 0 0 1
0 0 3−λ 0 0 1 0 0 0
& − λM = 2, = 3
P = n- r = 3 – 2 = 1
The no. of Linearly independent eigen vectors corresponding to an eigen value λ= 2 is
one &
corresponding to an eigen value λ = 3 is one
∴ The number of linearly independent eigen vectors of A is 2.
228.Ans: (C)
⇒ M8 = M4 = I ⇒ M7 = M−1
⇒ M12 = M8 = I ⇒ M11 = M−1
⇒ M16 = M12 = I ⇒ M15 = M−1
…………………………
∴ M−1 = M4K+ 3, K is a natural number.
229. Ans: x = 1

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GATE MATHEMATICS
Sol: For eigen value of A is to be zero, det (A) = 0

3 {(−63 + 7x ) + 52} −2{ (−81 + 9x)+78} + 4 { −36 + 42} = 0
∴x=1
230.Ans: 3
Sol: trace (A) = 14
a +b + 7 = 14
a +b = 7
det (A) = 100
a 3 7
5 0 2 4 = 100
0 0 b
10 ab = 100 ⇒ ab = 10
∴ a = 5, b = 2 (or) a = 2, b = 5
⇒ |a − b | = 3
231.Ans: (D); Sol: det(A) = σ 2 − ωx
= σ 2 + ω 2 = σ 2 − ωx
Þ = ω 2 = − ωx
Þ x = -ω
232.Ans: (D)
Sol: u = x1e1 + x 2e 2 + x 3e3
(4,3,−3) = x1 (1,0,2) + x2 (0,1,0) + x3 (−2,0,1)
x1 − 2 x3 = 4 → (3), x 2 = 3, 2x1 + x 3 = -3
On solving these equations, we get
2 − 11
x1 = − , x2 = 3, x3 =
5 5
2e1 11
∴ u=− + 3e 2 − e 3
5 5
233.Ans: (d)
Sol: Given P3 = P
Let λ be an eigen value of P
Then λ3 = λ ⇒ λ=0,1,-1

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GATE MATHEMATICS
234.Ans: (d)
3 1 
Sol: P =  
1 3
 a  3 1  x   a  x  
 b  = 1 3  y  Q   = P   
      b  y 
3x + y = a ……..(1)
x + 3y = b ……..(2)
a 2 + b 2 = 9x 2 + y 2 + 6xy + x 2 + 9y 2 + 6xy
⇒ 10x 2 + 10y 2 + 12xy =1 (Q a 2
)
+ b2 =1
a = 10, b = 10, h = 6
h 2 − ab < 0
It represents ellipse
( )
The lengths of semi-axes are AB − H 2 r 4 − ( A + B ) r 2 + 1 = 0
64r 4 − 20r 2 + 1 = 0
1 1
r 2 = ( or ) r 2 =
4 16
Both r 2 values are positive, so it represents ellipse.
1 1
r= ( or ) r =
2 4
Length of Major axis = 2r = 1
1
Length of Minor axis = 2r =
2
 1
Equation of the major axis is  a − 2  x + hy = 0
 r1 
(10 − 4) x + 6y = 0
⇒ x+y=0
 1
Equation of the minor axis is  a − 2  x + hy = 0
 r2 
(10 − 16 ) x + 6y = 0
⇒y− x=0

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GATE MATHEMATICS
Major axis exists along y = – x and minor axis exists along y = x

1
The vector   lies on the line y = x
1
∴ Option (d) is correct.
235.Ans : 3
1 1 1
Sol: A = 1 1 1
1 1 1
Char equation is A − λI = 0 ⇒ − λ 3 + 3λ 2 = 0
⇒ λ = 3, 0, 0
236.Ans:(a)
Sol: A → 1, −2
A2 → 1, 4
−3A → −3, 6
4I → 4, 4
A2−3A+4I → 2, 14
∴ eigen values 2,14
Eigen vectors do not change.
237.Ans: (b)
Sol: ρ ( A 4×3 ) = 2; ( )
ρ A 3T×4 = 2
ρ(A×B) ≤ min{ρ(A), ρ(B)}

AAT of order 4×4 whose rank ≤ 2
ATA is of order 3×3 whose rank ≤ 2
238.Ans: All options are correct
239.ANS. (B)
1 2 −3
Soln:
&' = Q2 3 3 R
5 9 −6
S8 − 2S% : SA − 5S%

Page 96
GATE MATHEMATICS
 1 2 −3 a 
 
≈  0 −1 9 b − 2a 
 0 −1 9 c − 5a 
 
(R3 − R2 )
 1 2 −3 a 
 
≈  0 −1 9 b − 2a 
0 0 0 ( c − b − 3a ) 

( c − b − 3a ) = 0
3a + b − c = 0
240.Ans: 0.125
;; |A| = 1 × 2 × 4 = 8 ⇒ |A% | = |ö| =

% %
µ
1
Sol: λ = 1, 2, 4
∴ |A% ï | = |A% | =
8
(OR)
Eigen values of A-1 are 1, , ;;;|A% | = 1 ¢ ¢ =

Eigen values of A are 1, 2, 4
% % % % %
8 G 8 G µ
1
|A% ï | = |A% | = = 0.125
8
241.Ans: 15 ;;;
Soln: If λ = 2+ √−1 = 2 + is an Eigen value then 2- i is also Eigen value
∴ || = 2 + 2 − 3 = 4 + 13 = 15
(Or)
Complex roots of a polynomial equation always occur in pairs.
If (2+i) is an eigen vale then (2-i) is also an eigen value of P.
Determinant of P = (2+i) (2-i) 3=15

Page 97
GATE MATHEMATICS
CHAPTER- 2
Fourier Series
01. Let g: ? 0, ∞ → ? 0, ∞ be a function defined by g(x) = x –[x], where [x] represents
The integer part of x. ( That is, it is the largest integer which is less than or equal to x).
The value of the constant term in the Fourier series expansion of g(x) is ----------------
(GATE – 14 – EE –Set 1)
02. A function with a period 2Л is shown below. The Fourier series for this function is given by
(GATE –2000 [ CE])
(a) øj = + ∑ú sin ¢ j

% 8 4ù
8 4% 4ù 8
(b) øj = ∑ú X ¢ j

8 4ù
4% 4ù 8
(c) øj = 12 + ∑ú X j

8 4ù
4% 4ù 8
(d) øj = ∑ú X j

8 4ù
4% 4ù 8
03. Let f(x) be a real, periodic function satisfying f(–x) = – f(x). The general form of its Fourier
series representation would be (GATE –EE-16 )
∞
a) f ( x ) = a 0 + ∑ k=1 a k cos ( kx )
∞
b) f ( x ) = ∑ k=1 bk sin ( kx )
∞
c) f ( x ) = a 0 + ∑ k=1 a 2k cos ( kx )
∞
d) f ( x ) = ∑ k=0 a 2k+1sin ( 2k+1) x
04.The Fourier series of the function, (GATE –CE-16 )

f(j) = 0, −û < j ≤ 0
= û − j, 0 < j < û
in the interval [−û, û] is
û 2 j 3j j sin 2j sin 3j
øj = + o 8 + + − − − −p + o + + + − − −p
4 û 1 3 8 1 2 3
The convergence of the above Fourier series at j = 0 gives
1 û8 −14n% û 8
ü 8 = ü =
∞ ∞
6 8 12
4}% 4}%

Page 98
GATE MATHEMATICS
1 û8 −14n% û
ü = ü =
∞ ∞
2 − 18 8 2 − 1 4
4}% 4}%
SOLUTIONS
FOURIER SERIES
01. Sol. g(x) = x – [x] is a periodic function with period ‘1’.
∴ U = þU jj
% 8ý
8ý
(if ‘2L’ is the period of g(x)
= þU . j ∵ j − ?j@ = j 0, 1
% %
8
= .
0 ø − û < . <
ù
8
øj 1 ø
ù
< . <
ù
q
8 8
02. Sol.
0 ø 8 < . < û
ù
ù
= þ 81 j = 1
8
ù
ù
= þ 8 j j =
8 8 4ù
ù 4ù 8
,
4 = 0
03.Ans; (b)
Sol: Given f(x) is a odd periodic function so, cosine terms will be zero in trigonometric
fourier series.
∞
∴ f(x) = ∑ b k sin ( kx )
k =1
04. (C)
π 2 1 1 1 
Soln: f ( 0 ) = +  2 + 2 + 2 + ... 
4 π 1 3 5 
( ) ( ) = π + 2 1 + 1 + 1 + ... 
f 0− + f 0+
 
2 4 π 32 52 
π π 2 1 1 
− = 1 + 2 + 2 + ..... 
2 4 π 3 5 
1 1 π2
1 + 2 + 2 + ...... =
3 5 8
∞ 2
1 π
⇒∑ =
n =1 ( 2n − 1)
2
8

Page 99
GATE MATHEMATICS
CHAPTER - 3
PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS QUESTIONS
01. The probability that a number selected at randombetween100 and 999 (both inclusive)
will not contain the digit 7 is (GATE – 95)
16 9 27 18
(a) (b)   3 (c) (d)
25  10  75 25
02. The probability that it will rain today is 0.5. The probability that it will rain tomorrow is
0.6.The probability that it will rain either today or tomorrow is 0.7. What is the
probability that it will rain today and tomorrow? (GATE – 97)
(a) 0.3 (b) 0.25 (c) 0.35 (d) 0.4
03. A die is rolled three times. The probability that exactly one odd number turns up among
the three outcomes is (GATE - 98)
1 3 10 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
6 8 8 2
04. The probability that two friends share the same birth-month is (GATE – 98)
1 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
6 12 144 24
05. Suppose that the expectation of a random variable X is 5. Which of the following
statement is true? (GATE – 99)
(a) There is a sample point at which X has the value = 5
(b) There is a sample point at which X has the value > 5
(c) There is a sample point at which X has the value ≥ 5 (d) None of the above
1 1 1
06. Consider two events E1 and E2 such that P (E1) = , P (E2) = and (E1 Ι E2) = .
2 3 5
Which of the following statement is true? (GATE – 99)
2
(a) P (E1 Υ E2) = (b) E1and E2 are independent
3
E 4
(c) E1 and E2 are not independent (d) P ( 1 ) =
E2 5
07. Four arbitrary points (x1, y1), (x2, y2), (x3, y3), (x4, y4) are given in the xy-plane using the
method of least squares, if regressing y upon x gives the fitted line y = ax + b; and
regressingx upon y gives the fitted line x = cy + d, then (GATE – 99)
(a) The two fitted lines must coincide (b) The two lines need not coincide
1
(c) It is possible that ac = 0 (d) a must be
c

Page 100
GATE MATHEMATICS
08. E1 and E2 are events in a probability space satisfying the following constraints P (E1)=P
(E2); P(E1 Y E2) = 1; E1& E2 are independent then P(E1) = (GATE-2000)
1 1
(a) 0 (b) (c) (d) 1
4 2
09. In a manufacturing plant, the probability of making a defective bolt is 0.1, the mean and
Standard deviation of defective bolts in a total of 900 bolts is respectively. (GATE–2000)
(a) 90 & 9 (b) 9 & 90 (c) 81 & 9 (d) 9 & 81
10. Seven car accidents occurred in a week, what is the probability that they all occurred on
the same day? (GATE-2001)
1 1 1 7
(a) (b) (c) (d)
77 76 27 27
11. Four fair coins are tossed simultaneously. The probability that at least one heads and at
least one tails turn up is? (GATE-2002)
1 1 7 15
(a) (b) (c) (d)
16 8 8 16
12. A regression model is used to express a variable Y as a function of another variable X.
This implies that (GATE-2002)
(a) There is a causal relationship between Y & X
(b) A value of X may be used to estimate a value of Y
(c) Values of X exactly determine values of Y
(d) There is no causal relationship between Y & X
13. Let P(E) denote probability of an event E. given P(A) = 1, P(B) = ½ the values of P(A/B)
& P(B/A) respectively are (GATE-2003)
1 1 1 1 1 1
(a) , (b) , (c) ,1 (d) 1,
4 2 2 4 2 2
14. A box contains 10 screws, 3 of which are defective two screws are drawn at random with
replacement the probability that none of the 2 screws is defective will be (GATE-2003)
(a) 100% (b) 50% (c) 49% (d) none of these
15. In a population of N families, 50% of the families have three children, 30% of families
have two children and the remaining families have one child. What is the probability that
a Randomly picked child belongs to a family with two children? (GATE-2004[IT])
3 6 3 3
(a) (b) (c) (d)
23 23 10 5
16. If a fair coin is tossed 4 times, what is the probability that two heads and two tails will
result? (GATE-2004[CS])

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GATE MATHEMATICS
3 1 5 3
(a) (b) (c) (d)
8 2 8 4
17. Αn exam paper has 150 multiple choice questions of 1 mark each, with each question
having four choices. Each incorrect answer fetches -0.25 marks. Suppose 1000 students
choose all their answers randomly with uniform probability. The sum total of the
expected marks obtained by all the students is (GATE-2004[CS])
(a) 0 (b) 2550 (c) 7525 (d) 9375
18. In a class of 200 students, 125 have taken programming language course, 85 students have
taken data structures course, 65 students have taken computer organization, 30 students
havetaken both data structures and computer organization, 15 students have taken all the
threecourses. How many students have not taken any of the three courses?
(GATE-2004[IT])
(a) 15 (b) 20 (c) 25 (d) 35
19. A hydraulic structure has four gates which operate independently. The probability of
failure of each gate is 0.2. given that gate 1 has failed, the probability that both gates 2
and 3 will fail is (GATE-2004[IT])
(a) 0.240 (b) 0.200 (c) 0.040 (d) 0.008
20. From a pack of regular playing cards, two cards are drawn at random. What is the
probability that both cards will be kings, if the card is NOT replaced? (GATE-2004[IT])
1 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
26 52 169 221
21. The following data about the flow of liquid was observed in a continuous chemical
process plant
Flow rate(litres/sec) 7.5 to 7.7 7.7 to 7.9 7.9 to 8.1 8.1 to 8.3 8.3 to 8.5 8.5 to 8.7
Frequency 1 5 35 17 12 10
Mean flow rate of liquid is (GATE-2004)
(a) 8.00 liters/sec (b) 8.06 liters/sec (c) 8.16 liters/sec (d) 8.26 liters/sec
22. A bag contains 10 blue marbles, 20 black marbles and 30 red marbles. A marble is drawn
from the bag, its color recorded and it is put back in the bag. This process is repeated 3times.
The probability that no 2 of the marbles drawn have the same color is (GATE-2005[IT])
1 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
36 6 4 3
23. If P and Q are two random events, then the following is true (GATE-2005[EE])
(a) Independence of P and Q implies that probability (P ∩ Q) = 0
(b) Probability (P ∩ Q)≥ probability (P) + probability (Q)
(c) If P and Q are mutually exclusive then they must be independent

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GATE MATHEMATICS
(d) Probability (P ∩ Q) ≤ probability (P)

24. A fair coin is tossed three times in succession. If the first toss produces a head, then the
probability of getting exactly two heads in three tosses is (GATE-2005[EE])
1 1 3 3
(a) (b) (c) (d)
8 2 8 4
25. Two dice are thrown simultaneously. The probability that the sum of numbers on both
exceeds 8 is (GATE-2005[PI])
4 7 9 10
(a) (b) (c) (d)
36 36 36 36
26. A lot had 10% defective items. Ten items are chosen randomly from this lot. The
probability that exactly two of the chosen items are defective is (GATE-2005[ME])
(a) 0.0036 (b) 0.1937 (c) 0.2234 (d) 0.3874
27. A single die is thrown two times. What is the probability that the sum is neither 8 nor 9?
(GATE-2005[ME])
1 5 1 3
(a) (b) (c) (d)
9 36 4 4
28. The probability that there are 53 Sundays in a randomly chosen leap year is
(GATE-2005[IN])
1 1 1 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
7 14 28 7
29. A fair dice is rolled twice. The probability that an odd number will follow an even
number is (GATE-2005[EC])
1 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 6 3 4
30. Lot has 10% defective items. Ten items are chosen randomly from this lot. The
probability that exactly 2 of the chosen items are defective is (GATE-2005)
(a) 0.0036 (b) 0.1937 (c) 0.2234 (d) 0.3874
31. The life of a bulb (in hours) is random variable with an exponential distribution f (t) =αe-αt,0
≤ t≤ ∞. the probability that its value lies between 100 & 200 hours is(GATE-2005[PI])
(a) e-100α-e-200α (b) e-100-e-200 (c) e-100α +e-200α (d) e-200α-e-100α
32. Using given data points tabulated below, a straight line passing through the origin is
fitted using least squares method. The slope of the line is (GATE-2005)
X 1 2 3
Y 1.5 2.2 2.7
(a) 0.9 (b) 1 (c) 1.1 (d) 1.5

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GATE MATHEMATICS
33. Assume that the duration in minutes of a telephone conversation follows the
1
exponentialdistribution f(x) = e-x/5, x ≥ 0. The probability that the conversation will
5
exceed fiveminutes is (GATE-2007[IN])
1 1 1 1
(a) (b) 1- (c) (d) 1-
e e e2 e2
34. If the standard deviation of the spot speed of vehicles in a high way is 8.8 kmph and the mean
speed of the vehicles is 33 kmph, the co-efficient of variation in speed is (GATE-2007[CE])
(a) 0.1517 (b) 0.1867 (c) 0.2666 (d) 0.3646
35. Let X &Y be two independent random variables. Which one of the relations between
expectation (E), Variance (Var) & Co variance (Cov) given below is FALSE?
(GATE-2007[ME])
(a) E(XY) = E(X) E(Y) (b) Cov(X,Y) = 0
(c) Var(X+Y) = Var(X) + Var(Y) (d) E(X2Y2) = (E(X))2 (E(Y))2
36. Two cards are drawn at random in succession with replacement from a deck of 52 well
shuffled cards. Probability of getting both ‘Aces’ is (GATE-2007[PI])
1 2 1 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
169 169 13 13
2 + 5 P 1 + 3P
37. The random variable X taken on the values 1, 2 or 3 with probabilities , ,
5 5
1 .5 + 2 P
respectively. The values of P and E(X) are respectively (GATE-2007[PI])
5
(a) 0.05, 1.87 (b) 1.90, 5.87 (c) 0.05, 1.10 (d) 0.25, 1.40
38. If X is a continuous random variable whose probability density function is given by f(x)
k (5 x − 2 x 2 ),0 ≤ x ≤ 2
=  then P(X>1) is (GATE-2007[PI])
0, otherwise
3 4 14 17
(a) (b) (c) (d)
14 5 7 28
39. If E denotes expectation, the variance of a random variable X is given by
(GATE-2007[EC])
2 2 2 2 2
(a) E(X )-E (X) (b) E(X )+E (X) (c) E(X ) (d) E2(X)
40. An examination consists of two papers, paper 1 & paper 2. The probability of failing in
Paper1 is 0.3 and that in paper 2 is 0.2. Given that a student has failed in paper 2. The
Probabilityof failing in paper 1 is 0.6. The probability of a student failing in both the
papers is (GATE-2007[EC])
(a) 0.5 (b) 0.18 (c) 0.12 (d) 0.06

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GATE MATHEMATICS
41. X is uniformly distributed random variable that takes values between zero and one.The
value of E( X 3 ) will be (GATE-2008[EE])
(a) 0 (b) 1/8 (c) ¼ (d) 1/2
42. A random variable is uniformly distributed over the interval 2 to 10. Its variance will be
(GATE= 2008[IN])
16 256
(a) (b) 6 (c) (d) 36
3 9
43. Consider a Gaussian distributed random variable with zero mean & standard deviation σ
the value of its cumulative distribution function at the origin will be (GATE-2008[IN])
(a) 0 (b) 0.5 (c) 1 (d) 10 σ
(-2|X|) (-3|X|)
44. PX (X) = Me +Ne is the probability density function for the real random
variableX, over the entire X-axis, M and N are both positive real numbers. The equation
relating M and N is (GATE-2008[IN])
2 1
(a) M+ N=1 (b) 2M+ N = 1 (c) M+N = 1 (d) M+N = 3
3 3
45. A coin is tossed 4 times. What is the probability of getting heads exactly 3 times?
(GATE-2008[ME])
1 3 1 3
(a) (b) (c) (d)
4 8 2 4
46. For a random variable X (-∞ < X < ∞ ) following normal distribution, the mean is
µ =100. If the probability is P = α for X ≥110. Then the probability of X lying between
90 & 110, i.e.,P( 90 ≤ X ≤ 110) & equal to (GATE-2008[PI])
(a)1-2α (b) 1-α (c)1-α/2 (d) 2α
47. In a game, two players X and Y toss a coin alternately. Whosever gets a ‘head’ first wins
the game and the game is terminated. Assuming that player X starts the game. The
probability of player X winning the game is (GATE-2008[PI])
(a) 1/3 (b) 1/2 (c) 2/3 (d) 3/4
48. Three values of x and y are to be fitted in a straight line in the form y = a + bx by the
method of least squares. Given ∑ x = 6, ∑ y =21, ∑ x 2
=14, ∑ xy = 46. The valuesof
a& b are respectively (GATE-2008)
(a) 2, 3 (b) 1, 2 (c)2, 1 (d) 3, 2
49. The standard normal probability function can be approximated asF ( XN ) =
1
0.12
where X N = Standard Normal Deviate. If Mean &Standard
1 + exp( −1.7255 X N X N )

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GATE MATHEMATICS
Deviation of annual precipitation are 102 cm and 27 cm respectively, the probability that
the annual precipitation will be between90cm and 102cm is
(GATE-2009[CE])
(a) 66.7% (b) 50.0% (c) 33.3% (d) 16.7%
50. A fair coin is tossed 10 times. What is the probability that only the first two tosses
willyield heads? (GATE-2009[EC])
2 2 10 10
1 1 1 1
(a)   (b) 10c 2   (c)   (d) 10c 2  
2 2 2 2
51. Consider two independent random variables X and Y with identical distributions. The
variables X and Y take values 0,1 and 2 with probability 1/2 , 1/4 and 1/4
respectively.What is the conditional probability P(X+Y = 2 / X-Y = 0)?
(GATE-2009[EC])
(a) 0 (b) 1/16 (c) 1/6 (d) 1
52. A discrete random variable X takes value from 1 to 5 with probabilities as shown in the
table. A student calculates the mean of X as 3.5 and her teacher calculates statements is
true? (GATE-2009[EC])
K 1 2 3 4 5
P(X = K ) 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.1
(a) Both the student and the teacher are right
(b) Both the student and the teacher are wrong
(c) The student is wrong but the teacher is right
(d) The student is right but the teacher is wrong
53. A screening test is carried out to detect a certain disease. It is found that 12% of
thepositive reports and 15% of the negative reports are incorrect. Assuming that the
probability ofa person getting positive report is 0.01, the probability that a person tested
gets an incorrect report is (GATE-2009[IN])
(a) 0.0027 (b) 0.0173 (c) 0.1497 (d) 0.2100
54. If three coins are tossed simultaneously. The probability of getting at least one head is
(GATE-2009[ME])
(a) 1/8 (b) 3/8 (c)1/2 (d) 7/8
55. The standard deviation of a uniformly distributed random variable between 0 and 1 is
(GATE-2009[ME])
1 1 5 7
(a) (b) (c) (d)
12 3 12 12

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GATE MATHEMATICS
56. Assume for simplicity that N people, all born in April (a month of 30 days) are collected
in aroom, consider the event of at least two people in the room being born on the same
date of the month even if in different years. Ex. 1980 & 1985. What is the smallest N so
that the Probability of this exceeds 0.5 is? (GATE-2009[EE])
(a) 20 (b) 7 (c) 15 (d) 16
57. A box contains 4 white balls and 3 red balls. In succession, two balls are randomly
selected and removed from the box. Given that first removed ball is white. The
probability that the second removed ball is (GATE-2010[EE])
(a) 1/3 (b) 3/7 (c) 1/2 (d) 4/7
58. A fair coin is tossed independently four times. The probability of the event “The number
of times heads show up is more than the number of times tails show up”
(GATE-2010[EC])
59. What is the probability that a divisor 1099 is a multiple of 1096 (GATE-2010[CS])
60. Consider a company that assembles computers. The probability of a faulty assembly of
any computer is p. The company there for subjects each computer to a testing process.
This testing process gives the correct result for any computer with a probability of
q.What is the probability of a computer being declared faulty ? (GATE-2010[CS])
(a) pq + (1-p) (1-q) (b) (1-q) p (c) (1-p)q (d) pq
61. A box contains 2 washers, 3 nuts & 4 bolts. Items are drawn from the box at random one
at a time without replacement. The probability of drawing 2 washers first followed by 3
nuts and subsequently the 4 bolts is (GATE-2010[ME])
(a) 2/315 (b) 1/630 (c) 1/1260 (d) 1/2520
62. Two coins are simultaneously tossed. The probability of two heads simultaneously
appearing (GATE-2010[CE])
(a) 1/8 (b) 1/6 (c) 1/4 (d) 1/2
63. If a random variable X satisfies the Poisson’s distribution with a mean value of 2. Then
the probability that X > 2 is (GATE-2010[PI])
(a) 2e-2 (b) 1-2e-2 (c) 3e-2 (d) 1-3e-2
64. Two white and two black balls kept in two bins, are arranged in four ways as shown
below in each arrangement, bin has to chosen randomly and only one ball needs to be
picked randomly from the chosen bin. Which one of the following arrangement has the
highest probability for getting a white ball picked? (GATE-2010[PI])

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GATE MATHEMATICS
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
65. A fair dice is tossed two times. The probability that the second toss results in a value that
is higher than the first toss (GATE-2011[EC])
2 2 5 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
36 6 12 2
66. The box 1 contains chips numbered 3,6,9,12 and 15. The box 2 contains chips numbered
6,11, 16, 21 and 26. Two chips, one from each box are drawn at random. The numbers
written on these chips are multiplied. The probability for the product to be an even
number is (GATE-2011[IN])
6 2 3 19
(a) (b) (c) (d)
25 5 5 25
67. It is estimated that the average number of events during a year is 3. What is the
probability ofoccurance of not more than two more events over a two year duration?
Assume that the no. of events follow a poisson distribution (GATE-2011[PI])
(a) 0.052 (b) 0.062 (c) 0.072 (d) 0.082
68. An unbiased coin is tossed five times. The outcome of each toss is either a head or a
tail.Probability of getting at least one head is (GATE-2011[ME])
1 13 16 31
(a) (b) (c) (d)
32 32 32 32
69. There are two containers with one containing 4 red and 3 green balls and the other
containing3blue balls and 4 green balls. one ball is drawn at random from each container.
The probabilities that one of the ball is red and the other is blue will be (GATE-
2011[CE])
1 9 12 3
(a) (b) (c) (d)
7 49 49 7
70. If two fair coins are flipped and at least one of the outcomes is known to be a head. What
is the probability that both outcomes are heads? (GATE-2011[CS])
1 1 1 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 4 2 3

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GATE MATHEMATICS
71. If the difference between the expectation of the square of a random variable [E ( X2 )]
and the square of the expectation of the random variable [ E(X)]2 is denoted by R, then
(GATE-2011[CS])
(a) R = 0 (b) R < 0 (c) R ≥ 0 (d) R> 0
72. Consider a finite sequence of random values X = { x1, x2, x3,……xn }. Let µ x be the
mean and σ x be the standard deviation of X. let another finite sequence Y of the equal
length be derived from this y i = axi + b , where a and b are positive constants. Let µ y be
the mean σ y be the standard deviation of this sequence. Which one of the following
statements isincorrect? (GATE-2011[CS])
(a) Index position of mode of X in X is the same as the index position of mode of Y in Y
(b) Index position of median of X in X is the same as the index position of median of Yin Y.
(c) µ y = aµ x + b (d) σ y = aσ x + b
73. Two independent random variables X and Y are uniformly distributed in the interval [-1,
1]. The probability that max [X, Y] is less than ½ is (GATE-2012[EC, EE, IN])
(a) ¾ (b) 9/16 (c) ¼ (d) 2/4
74. A fair coin is tossed till a head appears for the first time. The probability thatthe number
of required tosses is odd, is (GATE-2012[EC, EE, IN])
(a) 1/3 (b) ½ (c) 2/3 (d) ¾
75. A box contains 4 red balls and 6 black balls. There balls are selected randomly from the box
one after another, without replacement. The probability that the selected setcontains set
contains one red ball and two black balls is (GATE-2012[ME, PI])
(a) 1/20 (b) 1/12 (c) 3/10 (d) ½
76. An automobile plant contracted to buy shock absorbers from two suppliers X and Y.X
supplies 60% and Y supplies40% of the shock absorbers. All shock absorbers are
subjected to a quality test. The ones that pass the quality test are considered reliable of X’
s shock absorbers, 96% are reliable. Of Y’ s shock absorbers, 72% are reliable the
probability that a randomly choosen shock absorber, which is found to reliable, is
made by Y is (GATE-2012[ME, PI])
(a) 0.288 (b) 0.334 (c) 0.667 (d) 0.720
77. The annual precipitation data of a city is normally distributed with mean and standard
deviation as 1000mm and 200mm, respectively. The probabilitythat the annual
precipitation will be more than 1200 mm is (GATE-2012[CE])
(a) <50% (b) 50% (c) 75% (d) 100%

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GATE MATHEMATICS
78. In an experiment, positive and negative values are equally likely to occur.The probability of
obtaining at most one negative value in five trials is (GATE-2012[CE])
% 8 A W
A8 A8 A8 A8
(a) (b) (c) (d)
79. A continuous random variable X has a probability density functionF(X) = e-x , 0 <
x <∞. Then P { X> 1 } is (GATE-2013[EE, IN])
(a) 0.368 (b) 0.5 (c) 0.632 (d) 1.0
%
G
80. Let U and V be two independent zero mean Gaussian random variables of variances
%
respectively. The probability P(3V ≥ 2U) IS
V
and (GATE-2013[EC])
(a) 4/9 (b) ½ (c) 2/3 (d) 5/9
81. Consider two identically distributed zero – mean random variables U and V.Let the
cumulative distribution functions of U and 2V be F(x) and G(x) respectively. Then, for
all values of X
(a) F(x) – G(x) ≤ 0 (b) F(x) – G(x) ≥ 0
(GATE-2013[EC])
(c) (F(x) – G(x)).x ≥ 0 (d) (F(x) – G(x)).x ≥ 0

82. Let X be a normal random variable with mean 1 and variance 4.The probability P {X <
0} is (GATE-2013[ME])
(a) 0.5 (b) greater than zero and less than 0.5
(c) greater than 0.5 and less than 1.0 (d) 1.0
83. The probability that a student knows the correct answer to a multiple choice question is
8
A
.If the student does not know the answer, then the student guesses the answer. The
%
G
probability of guessing the answer being correct is . Given that the student has
answeredthe question correctly, the conditional probability that the student knows the
correct answer is (GATE-2013[ME])
8 A C µ
A G W V
(a) (b) (c) (d)
84. Find the value of a such that the function f(x) is a valid probability density
function__________.
F(x) = a(x-1)(2-x) for 1 ≤ x ≤ 2
(GATE-2013[CE])
otherwise
(a) (b) (c) (d)
85. Suppose P is the number of cars per minute passing through a certain road junction
between 5 PM and 6 PM, and p has a Poisson distribution with mean 3. What is the
probability of observing fewer than 3 cars during any given minute in this interval?
(GATE-2013[CS])
3 3 3
(a) 8/(2e ) (b) 9/((2e ) (c) 17/(2e ) (d) 26/(2e3)

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GATE MATHEMATICS
86. In a housing society, half of the families have a single child per family, while the
remaining half have two children per family. The probability that a child picked at
random, has a sibling is _________
Let .% , .8 and .A be independent and identically distributed random variables with
(GATE-2014 [EC-Set 1])
the uniform distribution on [0, 1]. The probability p{.% is the largest} is____________
87.
Let X be a real – valued random variable with E[X] and E[ . 8 ] denoting the mean
(GATE-2014 [EC-Set1])
values of X and . 8 , respectively. The relation which always holds true is

88.
(a) D?.@8 > D?. 8 @ (b) D?. 8 @ ≥ D?.@8

(GATE-2014 [EC-Set1])
(c) D?. 8 @ = D?.@8 (d) D?. 8 @ > D?.@8

89. Let X be a random variable which is uniformly chosen from the set of positive odd
numbers less than 100. The expectation, E[X], is (GATE-2014 [EC-Set 2 ])
90. An unbiased coin is tossed an infinite number of times. The probability that the fourth
head appears at the tenth toss is (GATE-2014 [EC-Set 3])
(a) 0.067 (b) 0.073 (c) 0.082 (d) 0.091
91. A fair coin is tossed repeatedly till both head and tail appear at least once.The average
number of tosses required is__________.
Let .% , .8 , .A be independent and identically distributed random variables
The probability H {.% + .8 ≤ .A } is

92. and
with the uniform distribution on [0, 1].
Let X be a zero mean unit variance Gaussian random variable. D ?|.|@ is equal to
__________. (GATE-2014 [EC-Set 3])
93.
____________. (GATE-2014 [EC-Set 4])
94. If calls arrive at a telephone exchange such that the time of arrival of any call is
independent of the time of arrival of earlier or future calls, the probability distribution
function of the total number of calls in a fixed time interval will be
(a) Poisson (b) Gaussian (c) Exponential (d) Gamma
95. Parcels from sender S to receiver R pass sequentially through two post – offices. Each
%
C
post – office has a probability of losing an incoming parcel, independently of all other
parcels. Given that a parcel is lost, the probability that it was lost by the second post –
office is __________. (GATE-2014 [EC-Set 4])
(a) 1/4 (b) 1/5 (c) 1/3 (d) 1/6

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GATE MATHEMATICS
96. A fair coin is tossed n times. The probability that the difference between the number of
heads and tails is (n – 3) is
(a) 24 (c) n$4A 24 (d) 24nA
(GATE-2014 [EE-Set 1])
(b) 0
97. Consider a die with the property that the probability of a face with ‘n’ dots showing up
is proportional to ‘n’.The probability of the face with three dots showing up is_________.
0.2 ø|j| ≤ 1
98. Let X be a random variable with probability density function
øj = 0.1 ø 1 < |j| ≤ 4 q

0 Þℎg g
The probability P(0.5 < x < 5) is_____________
Lifetime of an electric bulb is a random variable with density øj = j 8 , where x is
99.
measured in years. If the minimum and maximum lifetimes of bulb are 1 and 2 years
respectively, then the value of k is__________.
Given that x is a random variable in the range [0, ∞] with a probability density function
100.

, the constant K is
=
:
´
(GATE-2014 IN -Set 1 )
101. The figure shown the schematic of a production process with machines A, B and C. An
input job needs to be pre-processed either by A or by B before it is fed to C, from which
given as:Hh = 0.15, H¡ = 0.05 &H = 0.1

the final finished product comes out. The probabilities of failure of the machines are
A
Input job C Finished
Product
B
Assuming independence of failures of the machines, the probability that a given job is
successfully processed (up to the third decimal place)is (GATE-2014 IN -Set 1)
102. In the following table, x is a discrete random variable and p(x) is the probability
density. The standard deviation of x is
X 1 2 3
P(X) 0.3 0.6 0.1
(GATE-2014ME -Set1)
(a) 0.18 (b) 0.36 (c) 0.56 (d) 0.6

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GATE MATHEMATICS
103. A box contains 25 parts of which 10 are defective. Two parts are being drawn
simultaneously in a random manner from the box. The probability of both the parts being
good is (GATE-2014 ME -Set 2)
T G8 8C C
8U %8C 8V V
(a) (b) (c) (d)
104. Consider an unbiased cubic die with opposite faces coloured red, blue or green such that
each colour appears only two times on the die. If the die is thrown thrice, the probability
of obtaining red colour on top face of the die at least twice is (GATE-2014 ME -Set 2)
105. A group consists of equal number of men and women. Of this group 20% of the men
and 50% of the women are unemployed. If a person is selected at random from this
group, the probability of the selected person being employed is(GATE-2014 ME-Set 3)
106. A machine produces 0, 1 or 2 defective pieces in a day with associated probability of
, and , respectively. Then mean value and the variance of the number of defective
% 8 %
W A W
pieces produced by (GATE-2014 ME -Set 3)
(a) 1 and 1/3 (b) 1/3 and 1 (c) 1 and 4/3 (d) 1/3 and 4/3
107. A nationalized bank has found that the daily balance available in itssavings accounts
follows a normal distribution with a mean of Rs. 500 and a standard deviation of Rs. 50.
The percentage of savings account holders, who maintain an average daily balance more
than Rs.500 is (GATE-2014 ME-Set 4)
108. The number of accidents occurring in a plant in a month follows Poisson distribution with
mean as 5.2 The probability of occurrence of less than2 accidents in the plant during a
randomly selected month is (GATE-2014 ME-Set 4)
(a) 0.029 (b) 0.034 (c) 0.039 (d) 0.044
109. The probability density function of evaporation E on any day during a year in a
0 ≤ D ≤ 5 /l
%
f(E) = C q
0 Þℎg g
watershed is given by the probability that E lies in
between 2 and 4 mm/day in the watershed is (in decimal) ___ (GATE-2014 CE -Set1)
110. A traffic office imposes on an average 5 number of penalties daily on traffic violators.
Assume that the number of penalties on different days is independent and follows a
Poisson distribution. The probability that there will be less than 4 penalties in a day
is_____. (GATE-2014 CE-Set 1)
111. A fair (unbiased) coin was tossed four times in succession and resulted in the following
outcomes; (i) Head, (ii) Head, (iii) Head, (iv) Head. The probability of obtaining a
“Tail” when the coin is tossed again is (GATE-2014 CE -Set 1)

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GATE MATHEMATICS
If {x} is a continuous, real valued random variable defined over the interval−∞, +∞
(a) 0 (b) ½ (c) 4/5 (d) 1/5
112.
Á = :
g
% ¢
:
√8ù∗
and its occurrence is defined by the density function given as:F(x) =

where ‘a’ and ‘b’ are the statistical attributes of the random variable {x}. the value of
Á = :
the integral þ g
% ¢
:
−∞
√8ù∗
dx is (GATE-2014 CE -Set 2)
(c) û
ù
8
(a) 1 (2) 0.5 (d)
113. An observer counts 240veh/h at a specific highway location. Assume that the vehicle
arrival at the location is poisson distributed, the probability of having one vehicle arriving
over a 30- second time interval is______________. (GATE-2014 CE -Set 2)
114. A simple random sample of 100 observations was taken form a large population the
sample mean and the standard deviation were determined to be 80 and 12, respectively.
The standard error of mean is____________. (GATE-14- PI -Set1)
115. Marks obtained by 100 students in an examination are given in the table
SI.NO Marked Obtained Number of Students
1 25 20
2 30 20
3 35 40
4 40 20
What would be the mean, median, and mode of the marks obtained by the students?
(GATE-14- PI -Set 1)
(a) Mean 33; Median 35; Mode 40. (b) Mean 35; Median 32.5; Mode 40
(c) Mean 33; Median 35; Mode 35 (d) Mean 35; Median 32.5; Mode 35
116. In a given day in the rainy season, it may rain 70% of the time. If it rains, chance that a
village fair will make a loss on that day is 80%. However, if it does not rain, chance that
the fair will make a loss on that day is only10%. If the fair has not made a loss on a given
day in the rainy season, what is the probability that it has not rained on that day?
(GATE-14- PI-Set 1)
(a) 3/10 (b) 9/11 (c) 14/17 (d) 27/41
117. Suppose you break a stick of unit length at a point chosen uniformly at random. Then the
expected length of the shorter stick is____________. (GATE-14- CS -Set 1)
118. Four fair six-sided dice are rolled. The probability that the sum of the results being 22 is
X/1296. The value of X is______________. (GATE-14- CS-Set1)

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GATE MATHEMATICS
119. The security system at an IT office is composed of 10 computers of which exactly four
are working. To check whether the system is functional, the officials inspect four of the
computers picked at random (without replacement). The system is deemed functional if
at least three of the four computers inspected are working. Let the probability that the
system is deemed functional be denoted by p. Then 100p = ____. (GATE-14- CS-Set2)
120. Each of the nine words in the sentence “The Quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog” is
written on a separate piece of paper. These nine pieces of paper are kept in a box. One of
the pieces is drawn at random from the box. The expected length of the word drawn is
______.(The answer should be rounded to one decimal place.) (GATE-14- CS -Set 2)
121. The probability that a given positive integer lying between 1 and 100 (both inclusive) is
NOT divisible by 2, 3 or 5 is__________.
Let S be a sample space and two mutually exclusive events A and B be such that A∪B =
(GATE-14- CS -Set 2)
122.
S. If P(.) denotes the probability of the event, the maximum value of P(A) P(B)
is_____________. (GATE-14-CS-Set 3)
123. Suppose A and B are two independent events which probabilities P ( A ) ≠ 0 : P ( B ) ≠ 0 . Let
A, B are their complements which of the following statements is false (GATE-EC-15)
(a) P ( A ∩ B ) = P ( A ).P ( B ) (b) P( A ) = P( A)

B
(c) P ( A ∪ B ) = P ( A) + P ( B ) (d) P( A ∩ B ) = P( A).P( B )
124. The input X to the binary symmetric channel (BSC) shown in figure is ‘1’ with the
probability 0.8. The cross over probability is 1 . If the received bit Y = 0, the
7
conditional probability that ‘1’ was transmitted is (GATE-EC-15)
1 2
125. A source omits bit ‘0’ with probability and bit ‘1’ with probability . The emitted bits
3 3
are communicated to the receiver. The receiver decides for either 0 or 1 based on the
received value R. It is given that conditional density function of R is (GATE-EC-15)
1 1
 ; −3 ≤ x ≤1  ; −1 ≤ x ≤ 5
f R 0 (r ) =  4 and f R 1 (r ) =  6
0 ; otherwise 0 ; otherwise
The minimum decision error probability is
A) 0 B) 1 C) 1 D) 1
12 9 6

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GATE MATHEMATICS
126. Ram and Ramesh appeared in an interview for two vacancies in same dept. The
1 1
probability that Ram’s selection is and Ramesh is . What is the probability that only
6 8
one of them is selected? (GATE-EC-15)
A) 47 B) 1 C) 13 D) 35
48 4 48 48
127. Let X = {0, 1} and Y = {0, 1} be two independent binary random variables. If P (X=0) =
p and P(Y=0) = q; then P(X+Y) ≥ 1 is equal to (GATE-EC-15)
A) pq +(1-p)(1-q) B) pq< 0 C) p(1-q) D) 1-pq
128. A random variable X represents number of times a fair coin needs to be tossed till two
consecutive heads appear for first time. The expectation of X is (GATE-EC-15)
129. A fair die with faces {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} is thrown repeatedly till ‘3’ is observed for the first
time. Let X denote the number of times the die is thrown. The expected value of X is
(GATE-EC-15)
1 −x
130. The variance of a random variable X with p.d.f f ( x ) = x e is (GATE-EC-15)
2
131. Given set A = {2, 3, 4, 5} and B = {11, 12, 13, 14, 15} two numbers are selected
randomly one from each set. What is the probability that sum of two number is equal to 1
to 10 (GATE-EE-15)
(A) 0.20 (B) 0.25 (C) 0.30 (D) 0.33
132. The probability that a student pass in maths, physics, chemistry are m, p, c respectively of
these subjects students has 75% chance of passing atleast one, 50 % chance of passing atleast
two and 40% chance of pasiing exactly two : Following relations are drawn in m, p, c
I : p + m + c = 27 II : p + m + c = 13 III: p × m × c = 1 (GATE-EE-15)
20 20 10
(A) only I is true (B) only II is true (C) II & III are true (D) I & III are true
a + bx : 0 < x < 1
133. A random variable X has a p.d.f f ( x) =  If the expected value E(X) =
0 otherwise
2 then P ( X < 0.5) is (GATE-EE-15)
3
134. Two players A, B alternatively keep rolling a fair dice. The person to get six first wins
the game. If A starts the game, the chance of winning of B is (GATE-ME-15)
(A) 5 (B) 1 (C) 7 (D) 6

11 2 13 11

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GATE MATHEMATICS
135. Among the four normal distribution with probability density function as shown below,
which one has the lowest varience? (GATE-ME-15)
(A) I (B)II (C) III (D) IV
IV
III
II
I
136. The probability of obtaining at least two sixes in throwing fair dice, 4 times is
(GATE-ME-15)
(A) 425 (B) 19 (C) 13 (D) 125

432 144 144 432
137. The vendors are asked to supply very high precision component. The respective
probabilities of their meeting the strict design specifications are 0.8, 0.7 and 0.5. Each
vendor supplies one component. The probability that out of total three components
supplied by the vendors at least one will meet the design specification is
(GATE-ME-15)
138. The chance of a student passing an exam is 20%, the chance of a student passing an exam
and getting above 90% marks in it is 5%. Given that a student pass the examination the
probability that student gets 90% marks is (GATE-ME-15)
1 1 2 5
(A) (B) (C) (D)
18 4 9 18
139. A coin is tossed thrice. Let X be an event has head occurs in each of the first two tosses.
Let Y be an event that tail occurs on third toss. Let Z be an event that two tails occurs in 3
tosses based on the above information which of the following statement is true.
(GATE-ME-15)
(A) X and Y are not independent (B) Y and Z are dependent
(C) Y and Z are independent (D) X and Z are independent

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GATE MATHEMATICS
1 1 1 Y 
140. If P(X) = ; P(Y) = and P ( X ∩ Y ) = , the value of P   is (GATE-ME-15)
4 3 2 X
1 4 1 29
(A) (B) (C) (D)
4 25 3 50
141. Consider the following probability mass function of a random variable X
q if X = 0

p( x, q) = 1 − q if X = 1 (GATE-CE-15)
0 otherwise

If ε = 0.4 , the variance of X is
142. Four cards are randomly selected from a pack of 52 cards. If first two cards are kings
what is the probability that third card is king (GATE-CE-15)
(A) 4 (B) 2 (C) 1 ×1 (D) 1 ×1 ×1

52 50 52 52 52 52 52
143. The probability density function of a random variable X is (GATE-CE-15)
x
f ( x) = (4 − x 2 ) for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2
4 The mean µ z of a random variable is
= 0 otherwise
144. X and Y denote the sets containing 2 and 20 distinct objects respectively and F denotes
the set of all possible function defined from X to Y. Let f be randomly chosen function in
F. The probability of f being one to one is (GATE-CE-15)
145. Consider a Poisson distribution for the tossing of a biased coin. The mean for this
distribution is μ. The standard deviation for this distribution is given by (GATE-ME-16)
(A) (B) 2 (C) μ (D) 1/
146.The probability that a screw manufactured by a company is defective is 0.1. The company
sells screws in packets containing 5 screws and gives a guarantee of replacement if one or
more screws in the packet are found to be defective. The probability that a packet would
have to be replaced is _________ (GATE-ME-16)
147.Students taking an exam are divided into two groups, P and Q such that each group has the
same number of students. The performance of each of the students in a test was evaluated
out of 200 marks. It was observed that the mean of group P was 105, while that of group Q
was 85. The standard deviation of group P was 25, while that of group Q was 5.

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GATE MATHEMATICS
Assuming that the marks were distributed on a normal distribution, which of the following
statements will have the highest probability of being TRUE?
(A) No student in group Q scored less marks than any student in group P.
(B) No student in group P scored less marks than any student in group Q.
(C) Most students of group Q scored marks in a narrower range than students in group P.
(D) The median of the marks of group P is 100.
148.Three cards were drawn from a pack 52 cards. The probability that they are a king, a queen,
and a jack is (GATE-ME-16)
A B C D
%W WG A µ
CC8C 8%VT %A %WCTC
149. The area (in percentage) under standard normal distribution curve of random variable Z
within limits from −3 to +3 is __________ (GATE-ME-16)
150. The second moment of a Poisson-distributed random variable is 2. The mean of the random
variable is ________. (GATE-EC-16)
151. Two random variables X and Y are distributed according to (GATE-EC-16)
f X,Y (x, y)  ( x + y ), 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ x ≤1
=
0, otherwise
The probability P(X +Y ≤ 1) is _________
152. The probability of getting a “head” in a single toss of a biased coin is 0.3. The coin is
tossed repeatedly till a “head” is obtained. If the tosses are independent, then the probability
of getting “head” for the first time in the fifth toss is _____ (GATE-EC-16)
153. Let the probability density function of a random variable X, be given as:
3 −3x
fx ( x ) = e u ( x ) + ae4x u ( − x ) where u(x) is the unit step function. (GATE-EE-16)
2
Then the value of ‘a’ and Prob {X ≤ 0}, respectively, are

1 1 1 1
a. 2, b) 4, c) 2, d) 4,
2 2 4 4

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GATE MATHEMATICS
154.Probability density function of a random variable X is given below (GATE-CE-16)

0.25 if 1 ≤ x ≤ 5q
fx = |
0 otherwise
PX ≤ 4 is
3 1 1 1
A B C D
4 2 4 8
155. X and Y are two random independent events. It is known that P(X ) = 0.40 and
P(X ∪Y C)= 0.7. Which one of the following is the value of P(X ∪ Y ) ? (GATE-CE-16)
(A) 0.7 (B) 0.5 (C) 0.4 (D) 0.3
j
156. If f(x) and g(x) are two probability density function. (GATE-CE-16)
+1 ∶ − ≤ j < 0

øj = j q
− + 1 ∶ 0≤j≤

0 Þℎg g
j
− ∶ − ≤ j < 0

j = j q
∶ 0 ≤ j ≤

0 Þℎg g
Which one of the following statements is true?
(A) Mean of f(x) and g(x) are same; Variance of f(x) and g(x) are same
(B) Mean of f(x) and g(x) are same; Variance of f(x) and g(x) are different
(C) Mean of f(x) and g(x) are different; Variance of f(x) and g(x) are same
(D) Mean of f(x) and g(x) are different; Variance of f(x) and g(x)are different
157. In a process, the number of cycles to failure decreases exponentially with an increase in
load. At a load of 80 units, it takes 100 cycles for failure. When the load is halved, it takes
10000 cycles for failure. The load for which the failure will happen in 5000 cycles is ____.
(GATE-CE-16)
(A) 40.00 (B) 46.02 (C) 60.01 (D) 92.02
158.Type II error in hypothesis testing is (GATE-CE-16)
(A) acceptance of the null hypothesis when it is false and should be rejected
(B) rejection of the null hypothesis when it is true and should be accepted

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GATE MATHEMATICS
(C) rejection of the null hypothesis when it is false and should be rejected
(D) acceptance of the null hypothesis when it is true and should be accepted
159. Suppose that a shop has an equal number of LED bulbs of two different types. The
probability of an LED bulb lasting more than 100 hours given that it is of Type 1 is 0.7, and
given that it is of Type 2 is 0.4. The probability that an LED bulb chosen uniformly at
random lasts more than 100hours is________ (GATE-CS-16)
160. A probability density function on the interval [a, 1] is givenby1/x2 and outside this interval
the value of the function is zero. The value of a is __________ (GATE-CS-16)
n
 x[n]  1 1 1
161. A sequence x[n] is specified as  =   , for n ≥ 2
x[n − 1] 1 0 0
The initial conditions are x[0] = 1, x[1] = 1 and x[n] = 0 for n<0. The value of x[12] is
____ (GATE-EC-16)

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GATE MATHEMATICS
PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS

SOLUTIONS
01. Sol: (d)
Total number of elements in a sample space n ( S ) =
900
C1 = 900 :
Number of favorable cases= 8 × 9 × 9 :
8×9×9 18
Required probability = =
900 25
02. Sol: (d)
From the given data P (E1) = 0.5, P (E2) = 0.6, P (E1 Υ E2) = 0.7
Required probability = P (E1∩E2) = P (E1) + P (E2) – P (E1 Υ E2)= 0.4
03. Sol: (b)

3 1
Probability of getting an odd number when a die is rolled = =
6 2
here number of trials n = 3
2
1 1 3
By Binomial distribution required probability = 3 c 1 × ×   =
2 2 8
04. Sol: (b)
Number of elements in a sample space = 12 × 12
Number of favorable cases = 12 C1
12
C1 1
Required probability =
12 × 12 12
05. Sol: (c)
Since all sample points are within the limits wich are less than 5, so expected value can
not exceed 5
06. Sol: (c)
1 1 1 19 3 4
Since P (E1 Y E2) = + − = and P (E1 / E2) = ≠
2 3 5 30 5 5
Remaining options are not possible so option ‘C’ is correct
07. Sol: option (b) is only possible, remaining cases are not possible

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GATE MATHEMATICS
08. Sol: (b)
given P (E1) = 1,since E1and E2 are independent

P(E1 UE2) = P(E1) + P(E2) – P(E1)P(E2)
= 1+1-1 =1
09. Sol: (a)
Given p = 0.1, n = 900, q=1-p = 0.9
Mean of a binomial distribution = n × p = 90
Standard deviation S.D = σ = n× p×q = 9
10. Sol: (b)
1
The probability that an accident can occurred on any day of the week =
7
1 1
By Binomial distribution, required probability = 7 c 1 × 7
= 6
7 7
11. Sol: (c)
n(s) = 16
since atleast one head and atleast one tail will turn up, number of favourable cases= 14
∴the required probability =

14 7
=
16 8
12. Sol: (b)
Y = ax + b
represent a line of regression, which estimate Y using a known parameter ' x '
13. Sol: (d)
Given P(A) = 1, P(B) = 1/2, since B ≤ A : A ∩ B = B
1
⇒ P( A ∩ B) = P( B) =
2
 A  P( AΙB)
Now P  = =1 ,
B P ( B)
 B  P(BΙA) 1
P  = =
 A P ( A) 2
14. Sol: (d)
The probability that first screw drawn is defective is 3/10.

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GATE MATHEMATICS
The probability that second screw drawn is also defective is 3/10. (because first one is
replaced).
3 3 9
Required probability = × =
10 10 100
15. Sol: (b)
Let x be the number of families
x
Number of children belonging to families with 3 children = × 3 (since 50% of the
2
families belongs to 3 children)
3x
Number of children belonging to families with 2 children = × 2 (since 30%of the
10
families belongs to 2 children)
2x
Number of children belonging to families with 1 child = (since 20% of the families
5
belongs to 1 child)
3x
∴probability of the family having 2 children =
×2
10 6
=
3 x 3 x 2 x 23
+ +
2 5 5
16. Sol: (a)
2 2
1 1 3
By binomial distribution required probability = P (X = 2) = 4 c 2 ×   ×   =
2 2 8
17. Sol: (d)
Let X denote the marks obtained for each question. The probability distribution for X is
given below.
X 1 -0.25
P(X) 0.25 0.75
Expected marks for one question = E(X) = ∑ X .P( X )
= 1. (0.25) + (- 0.25) (0.75)
= 0.0625
Expected marks for 150 questions = 150. (0.0625)
Total expected marks for 1000 students = 1000.(150).(0.0625)
= 9375

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GATE MATHEMATICS
18. Sol: (c)

125 85 65
Given P ( P ) = , P(D) = , P (C ) =
200 200 200
50 35 30 15
P ( PΙD ) = , P ( PΙC ) = , P ( DΙC ) = , P ( PΙ DΙC ) =
200 200 200 200
7
P ( P Υ D Υ C ) = P ( P ) + P ( D ) + P (C ) − P ( P Ι D ) − P ( D Ι C ) − P ( P Ι C ) + P ( P Ι D Ι C ) =
8
1
⇒ P ( PΙ DΙC ) =
8
1
Number of students so have not taken any of the three courses = × 200 = 25
8
19. Sol: (c)
Given P (failure of each gate) = 0.2
Since all gates are operating independently,we have P(G2 ∩ G3 ) = P(G2 ).P(G3 )
= 0.2 ×0.2 = 0.04
20. Sol: (d)
G : %
C8 : 88%
Probability of drawing two king cards without replacement = =
21. Sol: (c) for the values of x we have to take mid values for the given data
Mid value x 7.6 7.8 8.0 8.2 8.4 8.6
Freq 1 5 35 17 12 10
Mid value: 7.6 7.8 8.0 8.2 8.4 8.6
Mean =
∑fx i i
=
65 .8
= 8.16
∑f i 80
22. Sol: (b)
3 balls of different colors can be drawn in 6 ways
 10 20 30  1
Required probability = 6 × ×  =
 60 60 60  6
23. By observing all options (d) is correct answer
24. Sol: (b)

Since first outcome is head,Sample space = {HHT, HTT, HTH, HHH}
Required probability= 2/4 = ½

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GATE MATHEMATICS
25. Sol: (d)

n(s) = 6×6 = 36
sum exceeds 8 means it may be 9 or 10 or 11 or 12
⇒ E = { (3,6), (4,5), (5,4), (6,3), (4,6), (5,5), (6,4), (5,6), (6,5), (6,6)}
n(E ) 10
Required probability = =
n(s ) 36
26. Sol: (b)
Given p = 0.1, q=0.9, n=10
Required probability = P (X = 2)
= 10c2 × (0.1)2 × (0.9)8 = 0.1937
27. Sol: (d)
Let E be the event of getting the sum 8 or 9
⇒ n(E) = 9
9 1
⇒ P(E) = =
36 4
3
⇒ Required probability = 1-P(E) =
4
28. Sol: (d)
364days + 1 + 1
leap year = 366 days =
( 52 × 7 )
Sample space = {SM,MT,TW,WTH,THF,FSAT,SATS} (remaining two days)
2
7
29. Sol: (d)
3 1
Probability of getting an odd number when a fair dice is rolled = =
6 2
3 1
Probability of getting an even number when a fair dice is rolled = = Required
6 2
1 1 1
probability = × = (Because both are independent since one after other case)
2 2 4
30. Sol: (b)
p=0.1, n=10
Mean µ = nP = 10 × 0.1 = 1

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GATE MATHEMATICS
µ2 1
P(X =2) = e − µ = = 0.18
2 2e
31. Sol: (a)
200 200
∫ ∫ αe
−αt
P(100 < X < 200) = f (t ) dt = dt = e −100α − e − 200α
100 100
32. Sol: (b)

Let the required line be y = bx L (1)
Then the normal of above equation is given by
∑ xy = 14 = 1
∑ xy = b∑ x 2
⇒b=
∑ x 14
2
x y xy x2
1 1.5 1.5 1
2 2.2 4.4 4
3 2.7 8.1 9
∑x = 6 ∑ y = 6.4 ∑ xy =14 ∑x 2
= 14
33. Sol: (a)
∞ ∞
1 1
P (5 < X < ∞ ) = ∫ f ( x ) dx = ∫ e − x / 5 dx =
5 5
5 e
34. Sol: (c)
σ = 8.8µ = 33
σ 8.8
Co-efficient of variation = = = 0.266
µ 33
35. Sol: (d)
All (Other cases are true for independent random variables)
36. Sol: (a)
4 c1
Probability of drawing an Ace card from a pack of cards =
52 c1
4 c1 4c1 1
Required probability = × = (since cards are drawn one after other wish
52 c1 52c1 169
replacement)
37. Sol: (a)
Sum of probabilities = 1

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GATE MATHEMATICS
2 + 5 P 1 + 3 P 1 .5 + 2 P
+ + = 1 ⇒ 4.5 + 10 P = 5 ⇒ P = 0.05
5 5 5
 2 + 5 P   1 + 3 P   1. 5 + 2 P 
E ( X ) = xP ( X = x) = 1  + 2  + 3 
 5   5   5 
8.5 + 0.85
= = 1.87
5
38. Sol: (d)
∞ 2
3
We have ∫ f ( x)dx = 1 ⇒ ∫ k ( 5 x − 2 x 2 ) dx = 1 ⇒ k =
−∞ 0
14
∞ 2
3 17
Now P ( X > 1) = ∫ f ( x) dx = ∫
14
( 5 x − 2 x 2 ) dx =
28
1 1
39. Sol: (a)

We have Var ( X ) = E ( X 2 ) − [E ( X )]
2
40. Sol: (c)

Given that P (1) = 0.3, P(2) = 0.2, P(1/2) = 0.6
Using conditional probability, the probability that a student is failed in paper1 given that
He is failed in paper2 is given by
 1  P (1 ∩ 2 )
P  =
2 P ( 2)
P (1 ∩ 2)
0. 6 =
0 .2
Required probability = P (1 ∩ 2 ) = 0 .12
41. Sol: (c)
The p.d.f of uniform distribution is
1
f(x) = for a < x < b
b−a
1
Here f(x) = =1
1− 0
1
1
( )
E X 3 = ∫ x 3 f ( x ) dx =
4
0
42. Sol: (a)

(b
− a )2
For uniform distribution Var (X) = 12 for a < x < b
16
=
3

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GATE MATHEMATICS
43. Sol: (b)

Since the curve is symmetric about x = 0 is i.e at z = 0
44. Sol: (a)
∞
∫ P ( X ) dx = 1
−∞
x
∫  Me dx = 1
−2 x −3 x
+ Ne 
−∞
∞ ∞
N
⇒ 2M ∫ e −2 x
dx + 2 N ∫ e −3 x dx = 1 ⇒ M + 2 =1
0 0
3
45. Sol: (a)
n=4, p=1/2, q =1/2
3
1 1 4 1
P ( X = 3) = 4 c3     = =
 2   2  16 4
46. Sol: (a)
α α
90 μ = 100 110
P (X ≥ 110) = α
P (X ≤ 90) = α
P (90 ≤ X ≤ 110) = 1-2α 90 µ = 100 110
47. Sol: (c)
Let P be the probability of getting head by any of the three persons
p 2
P( E ) = p + q 2 p + q 4 p + KK = P(1 + q 2 + q 4 + KK∞) = 2
=
1− q 3
48. Sol:
Given ∑ x = 6, ∑ y = 21, ∑ x 2
= 14, ∑ xy = 46 and three values of x and y to fit
the straight line
Let y = a + bx
Then the normal equations are

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GATE MATHEMATICS
∑ y = na + b∑ x
∑ xy = a∑ x + b∑ x 2
21 = 3a + 6b
46 = 6a + 14b
⇒ 23 = 3a + 7b
-21 = -3a + (-) 6b
2=b
∴ a=3
49. Sol: (d)
µ −σ 90 µ +σ
µ = 102
( 75 ) (129 )
µ= 102, σ = 27
We know that P (µ−σ < X <µ+σ) = 66%
⇒ P( 75 < X < 129) = 66%
⇒ P(75 < X < 102) = 33%
Therefore P (90 < X < 102) = 16.7%
50. Sol: (c)
2
1
Probability for first two tosses to yield heads is   , so remaining tosses must be tails.
2
8
1
Therefore the probability for remaining tosses to be tails is  
2
2 8 10
1 1 1
Hence required probability =   ×   =  
2 2 2

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GATE MATHEMATICS
51. Sol: (c)
 X + Y = 2  P ( X + Y = 2 ) ∩ ( X − Y = 0 ) 
P =
 X −Y = 0  P( X − Y = 0)
1 1
×
P ( X = 1, Y = 1) 4 4 1
P= = =
P ( X − Y = 0) 1 × 1 + 1 × 1 + 1 × 1 6
2 2 4 4 4 4
52. Sol: (b)
Given µ = 3.5,σ 2 = 1.5
calculated , µ = ∑ XP ( X = x ) = 3.3
2
σ 2 = ∑ x 2 P ( X = x ) −  ∑ xP ( X = x ) 2 
10.6 − 9 = 1.6
53. Sol: (c)
Given probability of getting positive report = 0.01
And probability of getting negative report = 0.99
Required probability = probability of getting incorrect report when it is test positive or
Negative
= (0.01) (0.12) + (0.99) (0.15)
12 99 × 15
= + = 0.1497
10000 10000
54. Sol: (d)
Probability of getting at least one head = 1- probability of getting none heads
= 1 − P ( X = 0)
0 3
= = 1 − 3  1   1 
c
2 2
0
7
=
8
55. Sol: (a)
(b − a ) 2
For uniform distribution, VarX = in [ 0,1]
12
(1 − 0) 2 1
= = for a < X < b
12 12
1
S ..D = σ =
12

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GATE MATHEMATICS
56. Sol:( b)
Let N = 2,
1 29
Probability that none of them born on the same day = 1 − =
30 30
29 1
Required probability = 1 − = is not greater than 0.5
30 30
29 28
Let N = 3, required probability = 1 − × = 0.098
30 30
29 28 27
Let N = 4, required probability = 1 − × × = 0.188
30 30 30
Similarly N = 7,
29 28 27 26 25 24
Required probability = 1 − × × × × × = 0.53 > 0.5
30 30 30 30 30 30
57. Sol: (c)
Given that first removed ball is white.
Then the balls left in box are 3 white and 3 red balls.
3c 1 1
Probability of second removed ball is red = =
6 c1 2
58. Sol: (d)
let X be the random variable which denote number of heads.
Given n = 4
Required probability is minimum 3 heads
3 4
1 1 1 5
⇒ P ( x ≥ 3) = 4c 3     + 4c4   (Q P ( x = 3) + P ( x = 4 ) ) =
2 2 2 16
59. Sol: (a)
Number of divisors of 10 n = (n + 1)2
Number of divisors of 1099 = 10,000
Number of divisors of 1099 which are multiples of 1096
= Number of divisors of 103 = (3+1)2 = 16
Required probability = 16/10000 = 1/625
60. Sol: (a)
Probability of faulty assembly of any computer = p
Probability that testing process gives the correct result = q
Required probability = probability of faulty assemble when it is tested correct (or)

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Probability of right assemble when it is tested incorrect

61. Sol: (c)
w-2, n-3, b-4
2 1 3 2 1 4 3
Required probability = × × × × × ×
9 8 7 6 5 5 3
62. Sol: (c)
Sample space = {HH, HT, TH, TT}
Required probability, P (E) = 1/4
63. Sol: (d)
Given mean of Poisson distribution is 2. i.e. λ=2
Required probability P (X ≥ 2) = 1- P(X = 0) + P(X = 1)
= 1- [λ0.e-2 + e-2.λ]
= 1- e-2[1+2] = 1-3e-2
64. Sol: (c)
probability of picking a white ball randomly is
1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1  1
(a)  ×  +  ×  = (b)  ×  +  × 0  =
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2  2
 1 1  1 1  2 1  1 1 1
(c)  ×  +  ×  = (d)  × 0  +  ×  =
 2 1  2 3  3  2   2 3 6
65. Sol: (c)
E = { (1,2) ,(1,3), (1,4), (1,5), (1,6), (2,3), (2,4), (2,5), (2,6), (3,4), (3,5), (3,6), (4,5),(4,6),
(5,6) }
N (E) =15, n(s) = 36
n( E ) 15 5
Required probability = = =
n( s) 36 12
66. Sol: (d)
n(s) = 5Á ×5Á =25
Let E be the event of picking one chip from each box such that product of numbers
On chips is even number.
∴ n(E) = (2×5) + (3×3) = 19
19
25
67. Sol: (b)
Apply poisson distribution
Given n=2, p=3

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∴ λ = np = 6
Required probability is given by,
= P ( X ≤ 2 ) = P ( X = 0 ) + P ( X = 1) + P ( X = 2 )
−λ  λ2 
= e 1 + λ +  = 0.0619
 2
68. Sol: (d)
1 1
n = 5, p = ,q =
2 2
5
1 31
By binomial distribution P ( X ≥ 1) = 1 − P ( X = 0 ) = 1 − 5 c0   =
2 32
69. Sol: (c)
4 3 12
Required probability = × =
7 7 49
70. Sol: (a)
n(s) = 4
Let E1 be the event of at least one of the outcomes is head.
3
∴ P (E1 ) =
4
Let E2 be the event that both outcomes are heads.
1
∴ P ( E2 ) =
4
1
∴ P ( E1 IE2 ) =
4
 E  P (E 2 ΙE1 ) 1
Required probability = P 1  = =
 E2  P (E1 ) 3
71. Sol: (d)
( R = Var ( X ) = E ( X ) − [ E ( X )]
2 2
)
> 0 (Qvariance is positive)
72. Sol: (d)

Since Variance of constant is zero.
73. Sol: (b)
P[max(X, Y) ]
= P [X ≤ x, Y ≤ y]
= P[X ≤ x] .P[Y ≤ y] as X & Y are independent
% % % %
= þ%8 j þ%8 l =
V
8 8 %W

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GATE MATHEMATICS
74. Sol:- (c)

% A % C
Req. Prob = + ¢ + ¢ + … … … . ∞
%
8 8 8
Á
: 8
Á
% A
= =
Ø
75. Sol:- (d)

Given 4R and 6B
4
C1 ×6 C2 1
required probability = 10
=
C3 2
76. Sol:- (b)
P(X) = 0.6 P( Y ) = 0.4
! !
f Ö
P( ) =0.96 P( ) = 0.72
Ö ×Ö ∩!
! ×!
P( ) =
Ö ×Ö×"!Ö#
! ×f×"!f# n×Ö×"!Ö#
P( ) =
U.GU.T8
= U.WU.VWn U.GU.T8 = 0.334
77. Ans :- (a)
Given µ = 1000 $ = 200
f %
&
We know that Z =
=1
%8UU%UUU
8UU
When X = 1200, Z =
Req. Prob = P(x > 1200)
= P(Z > 1) = 0.5 – P(0 < Z < 1)
< 0.5
78. Ans (d)
P(X ≤ 1) = P(X = 0) + P(X = 1)
% C % C
= 5'( × ¢ + 5'Á × ¢ =
%nC W
8 8 A8 A8
=
∞ ∞
79. Sol:- (a)
P(X > 1) = þ f(x). dx =þ g Û j = q ß

= ú
= g % = 0.368
%
1 1
% %
80 Sol:- (b)
Difference between the two normal random variables is also normal

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GATE MATHEMATICS
Random variable.
∴P(3V ≥ 2U) = P(3V- 2U ≥ 0)
P(Z ≥ 0) = ½
81. Sol:- (d)
Difference between the two identically distributed zero mean random variable
Cumulative distribution functions is also normal random variable.
82. Sol: (b)
= 1; $ 8 = 4 ⇒ a = 2
P(X < 0) = P0 < ¢ = H 0 < − 8¢
À %
&
= P(Z < -0.5)
P(X < 0) = 0.5-P(0<Z<5)
Greater than zero & less than 0.5
83. Sol:- (d)

The probability that the student known the answer and answered the question correctly
8
A
= .1
% %
A G
The probability of answering correctly by guessing = .
:
∴ The required probability = =
µ
: Á Á
n × V
Ø
84. Sol: 6
2
We have ∫ f ( x ) dx − 1
2
1
⇒ þ aj − 12 − jj = 1

1
2
⇒ a þ −. 8 + 3. − 2j = 1
1
8
⇒ a 7 +3 − 2.9 = 1
Û Û:
A 8 %
⇒ a7 9=1⇒ =1
8T8W )
W W
85. Ans (c)
P(X < 3) = P(x=0) + P(x = 1) + P(x = 2)
= g A + 3 g A + 9 g A /2 = 17/2g A

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86. Sol: - 0.66

Let N = the number of families
Total No. of children
= × 1¢ + × 2¢ =
* * A*
8 8 8
+
: ×8¢
= = 0.66
8
+
A
Therefore required Probability =
:
87. As .% , .8 &.A are independent and identically distributed

P(.% is largest) = P(.8 is largest) = P(.A is largest) = = 0.33
%
A
88. Sol: (B)
We know that
V(X) = E(. 8 ) – [E(X)]2≥ 0
⇒ E(. 8 ) ≥ [E(X)]2
89. Sol:- 50
X 1 3 5 ….. 97 99
% % % % %
CU CU CU CU CU
P(X) …..
∴ D. = ∑ . P(X)
= ∑ 1 + 3 + ⋯ + 99
%
CU
2500 = 50 ( ∴ Sun of first ‘n’ odd umbers = 8 )

%
CU
=
90. Sol:- ( C )
%
8
Let p = = probability of getting a head any time
%
8
q= ; n=9
We have to get ‘3’ heads and ‘6’ tails in first ‘9’ tosses, before getting a head
In the 10th toss ⇒ 3heads in 9 tosses
∴ The required probability
% A W
= 79$A ¢ ¢ 9 × = = 0.082
% % V' WG
8 8 8 8Á( %U8G
=
91. Sol:- (3)

Let ‘X’ be a random variable which denotes the number of tosses required for the
First head to appear.

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GATE MATHEMATICS
Similarly ‘Y’ be another random variable which denotes the number of tosses required
For the first tail to appear.
Then P(X=2) = T.H = .
% %
8 8
P(X=3) = T.T.H = . . … …
% % %
8 8 8
∴ E(X) = 2 × ¢ + 3 × 8 ¢ + 4 × 8Ø ¢ + ⋯
% % %
8:
= 72. + 3. : + 4. +. … 9
% % % %
8 8 8 8
= 71 + 2. + 3. : + ⋯ ¢ − 19
% % %
8 8 8
% 8
= o1 − ¢ − 1p
%
8 8
= 4 − 1 =
% A
8 8
A
8
Similarly E(Y) =
∴ E(X+Y) = E(X) + E(Y) = + =3

A A
8 8
92. Sol:- 0.16

The probability density function of a uniform distribution function on [a, b] is
.
%
°
F(x) =
=1
%
%U
In the given interval f(x) =
D.% = = D.8 = D.A =

°n %
8 8
b.% = = = b.8 = b.A

°: %
%8 %8
∴ H.% + .8 ≤ .A = H.% + .8 − .A ≤ 0
= H/ ≤ 0 ℎgg / = .% + .8 − .A
E(Y) = + − =
% % % %
8 8 8 8
V(Y) b.% + b.8 + b.A = + + = =

% % % A %
%8 %8 %8 %8 G
1 1
⇒ S .D = =
4 2
Á
U
∴ H/ ≤ 0 = H ¢ = H ≤
Ö% U%
≤ Á
:
& &
:
À%
&
(where z = is a standard normal variable)

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GATE MATHEMATICS
z = −1 z=0 z =1
= H ≤ −1 = H ≥ 1 (by symmetry of normal curve)

= 0.5 – P(0 < z < 1)
= 0.5 – 0.3413
= 0.1587
93. Sol:- 0.8
- Given that = 0, $ = 1
:
Then øÛ . = g :
%
√8ù
∞
D?|.|@ = þ |.|øf .j
−∞
∞ =-: ∞ -:
=2þ j = þ .g : j
f : 8
0 0
√8ù √8ù
∞ -:
-:
ú
= Ú þ .g : j = Ú Q R
=
8 8 :
0
ù ù %
U
H¿Þ = Þ ⇒ jj = Þ¢

f:
8
=Ú ¢ = Ú = 0.8
8 U% 8
ù % ù
94. The number of phone calls in a fixed time interval is discrete random variable.
∴ Option (a) follows discrete probability distribution and remaining option
Option (b), (c) & (d) are continuous probability distributions.
95. Sol:- 0.44
%
C
Probability that a parcel is lost by first Post-office =
Probability that it is lost by second post-office = ×

G %
C C
The Probability for losing the parcel = + × ¢

% G %
C C C
By Baye’s theorem

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GATE MATHEMATICS
Ø Á
×
= = 0.44
. . G
Á Ø Á
n × ¢ V
Required Probability =
. . .
96. Sol:- (b)

A fair coin is tossed ‘n’ times then the number of heads and tails can be
Shown below
H T
n 0
n-1 1
n-2 2
M M
2 n-2
1 n-1
0 n
∴The difference between the number of heads and tails can be ‘n’ or (n -2) or (n–4)
…. But it cannot be (n – 1) or (n – 3) or (n – 5)…..
∴The required probability = 0
97. Ans :- 0.14

Let X be the random variable, which denotes the number of dots on a face of the
die. Then probability distribution table is shown below.
X 1 2 3 4 5 6
K 2K 3K 4K 5K 6K
∑ P(X) = 1
P(X)
(Where ‘K’ is the proportionality constant)
i.e., 21 K = 1
⇒¬=
%
8%
∴The required probability = 3 K = = 0.14

A %
8% T
=
98. Sol:- 0.4
0.2 ø − 1 ≤ . ≤ 1
Given F(x) = 0.1 ø j q ∈ ?−4, −1 ∪ 1, 4 @
0 , Þℎg g
1 4 5
∴P(0.5 < X < 5) = þ 0.2j + þ 0.1j + þ 0 j
0.5 1 4

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GATE MATHEMATICS
2
99. Sol:- 0.4
þ f(x) dx = 1
1
2
þ kj 8 dx = 1
1
8
k ¢ = 1
f
A %
k − ¢ = 1
µ %
A A
= 1 ⇒ = = 0.428
T A
A T
∞
100. Sol:- 2
Total probability = þ f(x) dx = 1

−∞
∞ =-
i.e.,þ j = 1
:
0
´
ú
1 g
-
:
=1
¬ − %¢
8 U
2 - ú
− = g ¢ = 1
:
¬ U
2
− 0 − 1 = 1
¬
∴=2
101. Sol:- 0.893
The Probability that the input job fails at both
A and B = 0.15 × 0.05 = 0.0075
The Probability that the input job is fed to C = 1 – 0.0075 = 0.9925
∴ Required probability = 0.9925 × 0.9
= 0.89325
102. Sol:- (d)
Var = $ 8 = ∑j 8 f(x) - ?∑jøj@8
= [(1×0.3) + (4×0.6) + (9×0.1)] – [(1×0.3) + (2×0.6) + (3×0.1)]2
= (0.3 + 2.4 + 0.9) – (0.3 + 1.2 + 0.3)2
= 3.6 – (1.8)2
= 3.6 – 3.24 = 0.36

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GATE MATHEMATICS
∴ S.D = $ =√0.36 = 0.6

103. Sol:- (a)
=
%C : T
8C : 8U
104. Sol:- 0.26

= probability of getting red colour q = 1 − ¢ =
% % 8
A A A
- Let P =
= probability of not getting red colour n = 3
X = number of times red colour appeared
∴ Required probability = P(X ≥ 2)
= P(X = 2) + P(X = 3)
% 8 8 % 8
= 3': ¢ ¢ + 3': ¢
A A A
+ = = 0.2593
W % T
8T 8T 8T
=
105. Sol:- 0.65
%
8
Let P(M) = probability of selecting a man =
Similarly
%
8
P(W) = probability of selecting a woman =
=
µU G
%UU C
P(E/M) = probability of selecting an employed man = 80% =
=
CU %
%UU 8
P(E/W) = probability of selecting an unemployed woman = 50% =
∴ Required probability = P(M) P(E/M) + P(W) P(E/W)
= × ¢+ × ¢ = + 8¢ = = 0.65
% G % % % G % %A
8 C 8 8 8 C 8U
106. Sol:- (a)
X 0 1 2
=
%8 G%
WA WW
P(X)
∴ Mean = ∑ . H.
= 0 × ¢ + 1 × ¢ + 2 ¢ = = 1
% G % W
W W W W
Variance $ 8 = ∑. 8 H. − 8
= ∑ 70 × ¢ + 1 × ¢ + 4 × ¢9 − 1
% G %
W W W
= −1= =
µ 8 %
W W A
107. Sol:- 50
= 500Rs ,$ = 50 Rs

Page 142
GATE MATHEMATICS
P(X > 500) = H 0 > ¢

CUU%
&
= P(Z > 0) = 50%
108. Sol:- (b)
Given that a = 5.2
=0 )1
6!
P(X = r) =
P(X < 2) = P(X = 0) + P(X = 1)
= g ) + ag )
= g ) a + 1
= g C.8 5.2 + 1 = 0.034
4
109. Sol:- 0.4
H2 ≤ D ≤ 4 = þ f(E)dx
2
4
= þ j = jG8 = 4 − 2
% % %
C C C
2
= 0.4
8
C
=
110. Sol:- 0.265
Given that a = 5
Let X = number of penalties per day
∴ P(X < 4) = P(X = 0) + P(X = 1) + P(X = 2) + P(X = 3)
= g ) + ag ) + g ) + g )
): )
8! A
= g ) 1 + a + + ¢
): )
8 W
= g C 1 + 5 + + ¢
8C %8C
8 W
36 + 75 + 125 = 0.265

=.
W
=
111. Sol:- (b)
For every tossing getting a tail is independent of the previous tosses.
∴The required probability =
%
8
112. Sol:- (b)
The given integral represents the area under the normal curve to the left
Side of the mean x = ‘a’ = 0.5 (The normal curve is symmetric about x = a).
113. Sol:- 0.27
Given thata = 240 veh/h

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GATE MATHEMATICS
8GU
WU
= veh / min = 4 veh / min = 2 veh / 30 sec
∴The required probability = P(X = 1)
= a g ) = 2 g 8 = 0.27
114. Sol :- 1.2
&
√4
- Standard error of mean =
= 1.2
%8
($ = S.D of sample n = size of the sample ) =
√%UU
115. Sol:- ( c )
8U×8Cn8U×AUnGU×ACn8U×GU
%UU
Mean =
= 33
CUUnWUUn%GUUnµUU AAUU
%UU %UU
= =
Median = The average marks of 50th , 51st observations
= 35
ACnAC
8
=
Mode = The value of marks with highest frequency = 35.
116. Sol:- (d)
×
T 8
%U %U
The probability of no loss on a rainy day =
×
A V
%U %U
The probability of no loss on a non- rainy day =
3
Á(×Á(¢
∴ From Baye’s theorem, the required probability = =
8T
3 4 :
× ¢n × ¢ G%
Á( Á( Á( Á(
117. Sol:- 0.25

Let ‘x’ be the length of the shorter stick.
%
8
Now ‘x’ is uniformly distributed between 0 to
∴probability density function
=2
%
Á
:U¢
F(x) =
1/2
∴ Required expected length = þ x f(x) dx
0
1/2
%
= þ 2x dx = = 0.25
G
0
118. Sol:- 10
For the sum to be 22 we have two possible cases
Case (i) : Two 6’ s and one 4
G!
A!
No. of ways we can obtain this is =4

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GATE MATHEMATICS
Case (ii) : Two 6’s and two 5’s

G!
8!8!
This can be obtained in = 6ways
∴Required value of X = 10
119. Sol:- 11.9
p = probability of picking ‘3’ working computers or ‘4’ working computers.
+ =
G W Á G Ø 8C
%U Ø %U Ø 8%U
=
∴ Required value = 100 p

= 100× = 11.9
8C
8%U
120. Sol:- 3.88
- Let X = length of the word drawn.
X has the following probability distributions.
X 3 4 5
4 2 3
P(X)
9 9 9
∴Expected length = E(X)

= 3 × ¢ + 4 × ¢ + 5 × ¢ = 3.88.
G 8 A
V V V
121. Ans :- 0.26
Number of integers in the set which are divisible by 2 or 3 or 5
= n(2) + n(3) + n(5) – n(2^3) – n(3^5) – n(5^2) + n(2^3^5)
= 50 + 33 + 20 – 16 – 10 – 6 + 3 = 76
∴The number of integers between 1 and 100,
which are not divisible by 2 or 3 or 5
= 100 – 74 = 26
∴Required probability = = 0.26
8W
%UU
Given thatA ∪ B = S
122. Sol:- 0.25
⇒ PA ∪ B = PS = 1
⇒ PA + PB = 1∵ A, B are mutually exclusive
Let p(A) = x
⇒ PB = (1-x)
Let f(x) = x(1-x)

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GATE MATHEMATICS
F’(x) = 1 – 2x
F’(x) = 0 ⇒ x =
%
8
%
8
F’’(x) = -2 < 0 at x =
∴
%
8
f(x) is maximum at x =
∴ maximum value of P(A).P(B) = x(1-x) = 1 − ¢ = 0.25

% %
8 8
123 Sol. Option (C) is wrong since P ( A ∪ B ) = P ( A) + P ( B ) − P ( A).P ( B ) for independent values
124. The input X to the binary symmetric channel (BSC) shown in figure is ‘1’ with the
probability 0.8. The cross over probability is 1 . If the received bit Y = 0, the
7
conditional probability that ‘1’ was transmitted is
Sol. (0.4)
X 6/7 y
0 0
P[X=0] = 0.2 1/7 1/7
P[X=1] = 0.8
1 6/7 1
X 6/7 y
0 0
1/7
1/7
1 6/7 1
P[X=0] = 0.2
P[X=1] = 0.8
Y =0
P  .P ( X = 1)
 X =1  X =1
P =
Y =0 P (Y = 0 )

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GATE MATHEMATICS
Y =0 1
P  = 7 ; P( X = 1) = 0.8
 X =1
6 1 2
P (Y = 0) = 0.2 × + 0.8 × =
7 7 7
1
(0.8)
⇒ P( X = 1 )= 7 = 0.4
Y =0 2
7
125). Ans : - (d)
Sol :- The point of Intersection both PDF’s (Threshold value,v) should occur between -1 and
+1. Hence probability of error is [7+v]/36 and it should be minimum.
by taking v as -1 we get Minimum probability of error which is 1/6
126) Sol. (1/4)

1 1
P(Ram) = ; P(Ramesh) =
6 8
Here the events are independent
__________ ______
P(only one) = P( Ram) × P( Ramesh) + P( Ramesh) × P( Ram)
1 7 1 5 1
= × + × =
6 8 8 6 4
127. Ans : (d)
Given P (X = 0) = p Þ P (X = 1) = 1 - p
P (Y = 0) = q Þ p (Y = 1) = 1 - q
Now P (X + Y) ³ 1 = 1 - éëp (X + Y) = 0 ùû
= 1 - éëp (X = 0, Y = 0)ùû
= 1 - pq
128. Sol. (1.5)

Let X is a random variable denotes number of tossed to get two heads

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GATE MATHEMATICS
1 1
P (X = 2) = HH = ´
2 2
1 1 1
P (X = 2) = HHH = ´ ´
2 2 2
1 1 1 1
P (X = 4) = HHHH = ´ ´ ´
2 2 2 2
æ1 1 ö æ1 1 1 ö æ1 1 1 1 ö
Now, E (X) = 2 çç ´ ÷÷ + 3 çç ´ ´ ÷÷ + 4 çç ´ ´ ´ ÷÷ + ...........
è2 2ø è2 2 2ø è2 2 2 2 ø
129.Sol. (1.7854)
1
P(getting 3) =
6
5
P(not getting 3) =
6
Expected number of times to get 3 first is
1 5 5 1 5 5 5 5 1
E(X) = + 2 × ×  + 3  × × × ×  + − − −
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
2 −2 −2
1  5  1  11 
= . 1 −    =   = 1.7851
6   6   6  36 
130. Sol. (6)

1 −x
Given f ( x ) = xe
2
V(X) = E[ X 2 ] − { E[ X ]}
2
∞ ∞
1 x
E(X) = ∫ xf ( x)dx = ∫ 2 x e
−∞ −∞
dx =0 (Q f(x) is odd)
∞ ∞
1 −x
∫x ∫x
2 2 2
E( X ) = f ( x)dx = x e dx
−∞ −∞
2
∞
2
= ∫
3 −∞
x3e− x dx (Q f is even)
= 3! = 6
131. Sol. (A)
Denominator 4C1. 5C1 = 20
Favourable cases = 4 = required probability = 4 = 1 = 0.2

20 5

Page 148
GATE MATHEMATICS
132. Sol. (A)

P(at least two) – P(exact 2) = 0.5 – 0.4 = 0.1
0.75 = p + m + c + 0.1 – (0.5+0.11 × 2) ⇒ p + m + c = 0.65+0.7 = 1.35 = 27

20
a + bx : 0 < x < 1
133. A random variable X has a p.d.f f ( x) =  If the expected value E(X) =
0 otherwise
2 then P ( X < 0.5) is
3
Sol. (0.25)
∞ 1
b
We have ∫
−∞
f ( x) dx = 1 ⇒ ∫ ( a + bx) dx = 1 ⇒ a +
0
2
= 1 ⇒ 2a + b = 2 -----(1)
1
Given E ( X ) = 2 ⇒ ∫ x.[ a + bx] dx = 2 ⇒ a + b = 2 ⇒ 3a + 2b = 4 --(2)
3 3 2 3 3
0
By solving 1 and 2 a = 0, b = 2
0.5 0.5
Now P ( X < 0.5) = ∫
0
f ( x)dx = 2 ∫ xdx = 0.25
0
134. Sol. (D)
P(A wins ) = 1 P(B wins) = 1

6 6
P (A fails) = 5 P(B fails) = 5

6 6
Chance of A Chance of B
1 5 .1
6 6 6
( 5 6 ) × 16 ( 5 6 ) × 16
2 3
( 5 6 ) × 16 ( 5 6 ) × 16
4 5
 
( ) ( )  1  6
2 4
 
P(B) = 5 6 × 1 6 1 + 5 6 + 5 6 + − − −  = 5 6 × 1 6 .  =
2  11
   1− 5
 6 ( ) 


Page 149
GATE MATHEMATICS
135.
Sol. (D)
2
 x−µ 
1 −
4 

p.d.f of normal distribution is f ( x) = e
2πσ
σ 2 is lowest ⇒ σ is least
⇒ if σ decreses ⇒ f(x) increase
⇒ f(x) is in highest peak
136. Sol. (B)
n =4: p = 1 : ε = 5
6 6
P( x ≥ 2) = 1 − P( x < 2) = 1 − [ P( x = 0) + p( x = 1)]
( ) (56) ( 6 ) ( 5 6 )  = 144

19
0 4 1 3
= 1 −  4C0 1 + 4C1 1
 6
137. Sol. (0.97)

P(at least one will meet specification) = 1 – P(none)=1-(1-0.8)(1-0.7)(1-0.5) = 1 – 0.2 ×
0.3 × 0.5 = 0.97
138. Sol. (B)
A: student pass the exam
B: student gets above 90%
P(A) = 20% : P ( A ∩ B ) =5%
( A) = P(PA(∩A)B) = 20%
P B
5% 1
=
4
139. Sol. (D)
X = {HHT, HHH} ⇒ Y depends on X
Z = {TTH, TTT}
Clearly X and Z are independent
140. Sol. (C)
1
Y  P( X ∩ Y ) 1
P = = 12 =
X  P( X ) 1 3
4

Page 150
GATE MATHEMATICS
141. Consider the following probability mass function of a random variable X

ε if X = 0

p( x, ε ) = 1 − ε if X = 1
0 otherwise

If ε = 0.4 , the variance of X is
Sol. (0.24)
P ( x, ε ) = ε if x = 0
= 1 − ε if x = 1
=0 otherwise
Given ε = 0.4 ⇒
P ( x, ε ) = 0.4 if x = 0
= 0.6 if x = 1
=0 otherwise
Variance V ( X ) = E ( X 2 ) − [ E ( x)]2
E ( X ) = Σxi Pi = 0 × 0.4 + 1× 0.6 = 0.6

2
E ( X 2 ) = Σxi Pi = 02 × 0.4 + 12 × 0.6 = 0.6
V ( X ) = 0.6 − (0.6) 2 = 0.6 − 0.36 = 0.24
142. Sol. (B)

Since first two cards are kings, third card must be from remaining two kings out of 50
2
cards. So, required probability is
50
143. Sol. (1.0667)
2 2 2
x2 1 1  4 x3 x5 
Mean µ z = E ( X ) = ∫ (4 − x 2 )dx = ∫ (4 x 2 − x 4 )dx =  −  = 1.0667
0
4 4 0
4  3 5 0
144. Sol. (0.95)

X = 2: Y = 20
Number of function from X → Y = 20 2 = 400

Page 151
GATE MATHEMATICS
20
Number of one to one functions from X to Y is p2
20
p2 380
So, required probability is = = 0.95
202 400
145. Ans: (A)
Sol: For Poisson distribution mean = variance
given mean = µ
∴ variance = µ
∴standard deviation= √
146.Ans: 0.41
Sol: We require P(x ≥1)= 1- P(x=0)
= 1- 5C0(0.1)0 (0.9)5 = 0.4095 ≈ 0.41
147.Ans: (c)
Sol: Group ‘P’
Mean (µ) = 105
Standard deviation ( σ 1) = 25
Pr (μ – σ ≤ x ≤ μ + σ) ≂ 0.6827
∴ 68% within one standard deviation
μ1 –σ1 = 105 – 25 = 80
μ1 + σ1 = 105 + 25 = 130
∴range = 80 to 130
Distribution of P:
Group Q
Mean (µ2) = 85

Page 152
GATE MATHEMATICS
Standard deviation ( σ 2) = 5
Pr (μ – σ ≤ x ≤ μ + σ) ≂ 0.6827
∴ 68% within one standard deviation
μ2 –σ2 = 85 – 5 = 80
μ2 + σ2 = 85 + 5 = 90
∴range of Q in one standard deviation is 80 to 90
68% within one standard deviation of Q is narrower
∴ 68% within one standard deviation of Q means most students of group Q.
∴ Most students of group ‘Q’ scored marks in a narrower range than students in group ‘P’
148. Ans: (A)
Sol: Required probability = =

G<Á ×G<Á ×G<Á %W
C8= CC8C
149.Ans: (99.73)
Sol: In the standard normal curve the area between –3 &3 is 0.9973
∴ Percentage of area is 99.73
150. Ans: λ = 1
Sol: E(x2) = 2
V(X) = E (X2) - (E(X))2
Let mean of the poission random variable be x
x = 2 -x2
x2 + x - 2 = 0
x = 1, - 2
\ Mean is λ = 1

Page 153
GATE MATHEMATICS
151. Ans: 0.33
Sol: (P(X + Y ≤ 1) = ∫ f(x, y)dxdy

R
1 1− x
∫ ∫ (x, y)dxdy
= x =0 y =0
1 1− x
 y2 
∫0 
 xy +  dx
2 0
=
1
 (1 - x)2 
∫ x(1 - x) + 2 dx
= 0
= 0.33
152.Ans:
Ans: 0.07203
Sol: P = (0.7)4(0.3)
= 0.07203
153.Ans: (a)
3 −3x
Sol: f ( x ) = e u ( x ) + ae 4x u ( − x )
2
∞
For a : ∫ f ( x ) dx = 1
−∞

Page 154
GATE MATHEMATICS
0 ∞
3 −3x
∫−∞ ae dx + ∫0 2 e dx =1
4x
a 1
+ =1
4 2
a=2
0
p ( x ≤ 0) = ∫ ae
4x
dx
−∞
0
= 2 ∫ e 4x dx
−∞
0
 e 4x 
= 2 
 4  −∞
2 1
= =
4 2
 1
∴  2, 
 2
154.Ans. (A)
Soln:
0.25 ø 1 ≤ j ≤ 5q
øj = |
0 Þℎg g
G
H . ≤ 4 = > Ej.
∞
% G
= > øjj + > øjj

∞ %
G
1 1 3
= > j = j%G =
4 4 4
%
155.Ans: (A)
Soln: P ( X ) = 0.40 P ( XUY C ) = 0.7

Page 155
GATE MATHEMATICS
P (Y) = ?
( ) ( )
P XUY C = P ( X ) + P Y C − P ( X ) P Y C ( )
= P ( X ) + P ( Y ) (1 − P ( X ) )
C
0.7 = 0.4 + P ( Y ) ( 0.6 )

C
0.7 − 0.4 = P ( Y ) C
0.3
= P ( Y ) ⇒ P ( Y ) = 0.5
C C
0.6
P(Y) = 0.5
P ( XUY ) = P ( X ) + ( Y ) − P ( X ) P ( Y )
= 0.4 + 0.5 − 0.4 × 0.5 = 0.9 − 0.2 = 0.7
156.Ans:. (B)
Soln:
Døj = > jøjj

∞
∞
j8 °
−j 8
= > + j j + > + j j
0
U
°
jA j8 −j A j 8
U °
= + + +
3 2 ° 3 2 U
−8 8 −8 8
=− + + +
3 2 3 2
=0
U °
−j 8 j8
D "j# = > j + > j

° U
jA jA
U °
= − +
3 ° 3 U
8 8
= − + =0
3 3
V ( f (x))= E (X2 ) – (E(X))2
U °
jA −j A
D. 8 = > + j 8 j + > + j 8 j

° U

Page 156
GATE MATHEMATICS
jG jA jG jA
U °
= + + − +
4 3 ° 4 3 U
A A A A
= − − + − +
4 3 4 3
A
D. 8 =
6
A
b "øj# =
6
V (g(x))= E(x2 ) – (E(X))2
U °
8
jA jA
D. = > − j + > j

° U
jG U
j G °
− +
4 ° 4 U
A A
= 0 − − +
4 4
2A A
= =
4 2
A
b ".# =
2
157.Ans (B)
Soln: Load failure for cycles
80 100
40 10000
There is one failure 5000 cycles load must be between 80 and 40
∴ 46.02
158.Ans: (A)
Soln: Type II error means acceptance of the null hypothesis when it is false and should be
rejected.
159.Ans: 0.55
Sol: A→ event of selection of type –I bulb
B → event of selection of type -2 bulb
E → event of selection of bulb glow for more than 100 hours

Page 157
GATE MATHEMATICS
D D 1 1
?g gd¿g H&H @ A + H'H @ A = × 0.7 + × 0.4 = 0.55
& ' 2 2
The probability that the bulb is type I and lasting more than 100 hours = 0.7
%
(OR)
8
The probability that the bulb is type II and lasting more than 100 hours = 0.4
%
8
Required probability = 0.7 + 0.4 = 0.55
% %
8 8
160.Ans : 0.5
ø ≤ j ≤ 1q
%
soln: Given f(x) = Û :
0 Þℎg g
%
1
> øjj = 1⇒ > j = 1
∞
j8
∞ °
−1 %
1
⇒o p =1⇒ −1=1
j °
161.Ans: 233
 x (n )  1 1 1
n
x (n − 1) = 1 0 0, n ≥ 2
     
n=2
 x (2) 1 1 1 2 1 1 2

2
 x (1)  = 1 0 0 = 1 1 0 = 1

          
x(2) = 2, x(1) = 1
n=3
 x(3) 1 1 1 3 2 1 3

3
x(2) = 1 0 0 = 2 1 0 = 2

          
x(3) = 3, x(2) = 2
From the above values we can write the recursive relation as
x(n) = x(n–1) + x(n –2)
x(2) = x(1) + x(0) = 1 +1 = 2
x(3) = x(2) + x(1) = 2 +1 = 3
x(4) = x(3) + x(2) = 3 + 2 = 5
x(5) = x(4) + x(3) = 5 + 3 = 8
x(6) = x(5) + x(4) = 8 + 5 = 13
x(7) = x(6) + x(5) = 13+ 8 = 21

Page 158
GATE MATHEMATICS
x(8) = x(7) + x(6) = 21 + 13 = 34

x(9) = x(8) + x(7) = 34 + 21 = 55
x(10) = x(9) + x(8) = 55 + 34 = 89
x(11) = 89 + 55 = 144
x(12) = 144 + 89 = 233

Page 159
GATE MATHEMATICS
CHAPTER - 4
CALCULUS
01. The function f ( x, y ) = x 2 y − 3xy + 2 y + x has (GATE-93[ME])

(a) No local extreme
(b) One local maximum but no local minimum
(c) One local minimum but no local maximum
(d) One local minimum and one local maximum
x(e x − 1) + 2(cos x − 1)
02. lim
x →0 x(1 − cos x)
=_ (GATE-93[ME])
1
1 x
x
03. The value of the double integral ∫ ∫1+ y
0 x
2
dxdy = _____ (GATE-93)
∞
− y3
04. The value of ∫e
0
. y 1 2 dy is_____ (GATE-94[ME)
05. The integration of ∫ log xdx has the value (GATE-94)
(a) (x log x-1) (b) log x-x (c) x ( logx-1) (d) none of the above
06. The volume generated by revolving the area bounded by the parabola y = 8x and the line
x=2 about y-axis is (GATE-94)
128π 5 127
(a) (b) (c) (d) None of the above
5 128π 5π
250
07. The function y = x 2 + at x = 5 attains (GATE-94)
x
(a) Maximum (b) Minimum (c) Neither (d) 1
08. The value of in the mean value theorem of f(b)-f(a) = (b-a) f for f(x) =Ax +Bx+C in
(a,b) is (GATE-94)
b+a b−a
(a) b + a (b) b − a (c) (d)
2 2
x2
dy
09. Given y = ∫ cos tdt , then = _____ (GATE-95[PI])
1
dx
− 2x
10. If at every point of a certain curve , the slope of the tangent equals , the curve is
y
________ (GATE-95[CS])

Page 160
GATE MATHEMATICS
(a) A straight line (b) A parabola (c) A circle (d) An ellipse

x 3 − cos x
11. Lim 2
x →∞ x + (sin x)
2
= ______ (GATE-95[CS])
12. The area bounded by the parabola 2y=x and the lines x=y-4 is equal to (GATE-95[ME])
(a) 6 (b) 18 (c) ∞ (d) none
2 2x
13. By reversing the order of integration ∫ ∫ f ( x, y ) dydx may be represented as (GATE-95)
0 x2
2 2x 2 y 4 y 2x 2
(a) ∫∫0 x2
f ( x, y ) dydx (b) ∫∫ f ( x, y)dxdy (c) ∫∫ f ( x, y)dxdy (d) ∫ ∫ f ( x, y )dydx
0 y 0 y/2 x2 0
14. The third term in the Taylors series expansion of e x about ‘a’ be (GATE-95)
ea ea ea
(a) e a ( x − a) (b) ( x − a) 2 (c) (d) ( x − a) 3
2 2 6
15. Lim x sin 1 / x = __________ _ (GATE-95)
x →0
(a) ∞ (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) does not exist

16. The function f ( x) = x + 1 on the interval [− 2,0] is_______ (GATE-95)
(a) Continuous and differentiable

(b) Continuous on the interval but not differentiable at all points
(c) Neither continuous nor differentiable
(d) Differentiable but not continuous
17. The function f ( x) = x 3 − 6 x 2 + 9 x + 25 has (GATE-95)
(a) a maxima at x=1 and a minimum at x=3
(b) a maxima at x=3 and a minima at x=1
(c) no maxima, but a minima at x=3
(d) a maxima at x=1 ,but no minima
1
18. If f (0) =2 and f ' ( x ) = , then the lower and upper bounds of f(1) estimated by the
5 − x2
mean value theorem are (GATE-95)
(a) 1.9, 2.2 (b) 2.2, 2.25 (c) 2.25, 2.5 (d) none of the above
19. If a function is continuous at a point its first deriv2ative (GATE-96)
(a) May or may not exist (b) Exists always

Page 161
GATE MATHEMATICS
(c) Will not exist (d) Has a unique value

20. What is the maximum value of the function f ( x) = 2 x 2 − 2 x + 6 in the interval [0, 2]?
(GATE-97[CS])
(a) 6 (b) 10 (c) 12 (d) 5.5
21. Area bounded by the curve y = x 2 and the lines x = 4 and y = 0 is given by(GATE-97)
64 128 128
(a) 64 (b) (c) (d)
3 3 4
22. The curve given by the equation x 2 + y 2 = 3axy is (GATE-97)
(a) Symmetrical about x-axis (b) Symmetrical about y-axis
(c) Symmetrical about the line y = x (d) Tangential to x = y = a/3
sin mθ
23. Lim where m is an integer, is one of the following: (GATE-97)
θ →0 θ
(a) m (b) mπ (c) mθ (d) 1
24. If y = x for x < 0 and y = x for x ≥ 0 then (GATE-97)
dy
(a) is discontinuous at x = 0 (b) y is not discontinuous at x = 0
dx
dy
(c) y is not defined at x = 0 (d) Both y and are discontinuous at x=0
dx
x2
dφ
25. If φ ( x) = ∫
0
t dt then
dx
= ___ (GATE-97)
(a) 2 x 2 (b) x (c) 0 (d) 1

26. Find the points of local maxima and minima if any of the following function defined in
0 ≤ x ≤ 6, x 3 − 6 x 2 + 9 x + 15 (GATE-98[CS])
1 1
27. The infinite series 1 + + + .......... ........ ∞ (GATE-98[CE])
2 3
(a) converges (b) diverges (c) oscillates (d) unstable
28. The continuous function f (x,y) is said to have a saddle point at (a,b) if (GATE-98)
f x (a, b) = f y (a, b) = 0 f x ( a, b) = 0, f y ( a, b) = 0
(a) at (a,b) (b) at (a,b)
f xy2 − f xx f yy < 0 f xy2 − f xx f yy > 0

Page 162
GATE MATHEMATICS
f x ( a, b) = 0, f y ( a, b) = 0 f x ( a, b) = 0, f y ( a, b) = 0
(c) at (a,b) (d) at (a,b)
f xy2 − f xx f yy < 0 f xy2 − f xx f yy = 0
29. The Taylor’s series expansion of sin x is_____ (GATE-98)

x2 x4 x2 x4
(a 1 − + − LL (b) 1 + + + LL
2! 4! 2! 4!
x3 x5 x3 x5
(c) x + + + LL (d) x − + − LL
3! 5! 3! 5!
30. A discontinuous real function can be expressed as (GATE-98)
(a) Taylor’s series and Fourier’s series
(b) Taylor’s series but not Fourier’s series
(c) Neither Taylor’s series nor Fourier’s series
(d) Not by Taylor’s series but by Fourier’s series
31. Number of the inflection points for the curve y = x + 2 x 4 is_____ (GATE-99[CE])
(a) 3 (b) 1 (c) n (d) (n + 1)2

∞
(n !)2
32. The infinite series ∑
n =1 (2n )!
(GATE-99[CE])
(a) converges (b) diverges (c) is unstable (d) oscillate

1 1 − e− j 5 x
33. lim = _________ (GATE-99[IN])
x →010 1 − e − jx
(a) 0 (b) 1.1 (c) 0.5 (d) 1

n
34. Limit of the function, lim (GATE-99)
n →∞
n2 + n
1
(a) (b) 0 (c) ∞ (d) 1
2
35. The function f (x) = e x is___________ (GATE-99)
(a) Even (b) odd (c) neither even nor odd (d) None
36 . Value of the function lim( x − a ) x −a is_____ (GATE-99)
x →a
(a)1 (b) 0 (c)∞ (d) a

π
37. The Taylor series expansion of sin x about x = is given by (GATE-2000[CE])
6

Page 163
GATE MATHEMATICS
2 3
1 3 π  1 π  3 π  x3 x5 x7
(a) + x− − x−  −  x −  + ......... (b) x − + − +L
2 2  6  4 6  12  6 3! 5! 7!
3 5
 π  π  π
x−  x −  x− 
6  6 6 1
(c)  − +  − ............... (d)
1! 3! 5! 2
π π
2 2
38. ∫ ∫ sin( x + y )dxdy
0 0
(GATE-2000)
π
(a) 0 (b) π (c) (d) 2
2
1 − a4
39. Limit of the function f ( x ) = as x→∞ is given by (GATE-2000)
x4
4
(a) 1 (b) e − a (c) ∞ (d) 0
−1 ∂2 f ∂2 f ∂2 f
40. If f ( x, y , z ) = ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 2
, + + is equal to____(GATE-2000)
∂x 2 ∂y 2 ∂z 2
−5
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) −3( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 2
∞
41. Consider the following integral lim ∫ x −4 dx _______ (GATE-2000)
a →∞
1
(a) Diverges (b) converges to 1/3

(c) Converges to −1 (d) converges to 0
a3
π x3 x5
42. Limit of the following series as x approaches is f ( x ) = x − + − ...............
2 3! 5!
(GATE-01[CE])
2π π π
(a) (b) (c) (d) 1
3 2 3
 π
sin 2  x − 
 4
43. limπ = ______________ (GATE-01[IN])
x→ π
4 x−
4
(a) 0 (b) 1/2 (c) 1 (d) 2

Page 164
GATE MATHEMATICS
π
4
44. The value of the integral is I = ∫ cos 2 xdx (GATE-01)
0
π 1 π 1 π 1 π 1
(a) + (b) − (c) − − (d) − +
8 4 8 4 8 4 8 4
45. The following function has local minima at which value of x, f ( x ) = x 5 − x 2

(GATE-02[CE])
− 5 5 5
(a) (b) 5 (c) (d) −
2 2 2
1
46. Limit of the following sequence as n→∞ is ___ xn = n n
(GATE-02[CE])
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) ∞ (d) -∞

47. Which of the following functions is not differentiable in the domain [-1, 1]?
(GATE-02)
(a) f ( x ) = x 2 (b) f ( x ) = x − 1 (c) f ( x ) = 2 (d) f ( x ) = max imum ( x , − x )
π
2
sin 2 x
48. The value of the following definite integral in = ∫π 1 + cos x dx = ___ (GATE-02)
−
2
(a) − 2 log 2 (b) 2 (c) 0 (d) none

1
49. The value of the following improper integral is ∫ x log xdx = ______ (GATE-02)
0
(a) 1/4 (b) 0 (c) -1/4 (d) 1

50. The function f ( x ) = 2 x 2 + 2 xy − y 3 has (GATE-02)
(a) Only one stationary point at (0,0) (b) Two stationary points at (0,0) and (1/6, -1/3)
(c) Two stationary points at (0,0) and (1,-1) (d) no stationary point
sin 2 x
51. lim = ________ (GATE-03)
x →0 x
(a) 0 (b) ∞ (c) 1 (d) -1
52. The area enclosed between the parabola y = x 2 and the straight line y=x is (GATE-04)
(a) 1 (b) 1 (c) 1 (d) 1

8 6 3 2

Page 165
GATE MATHEMATICS
dy
53. If x = a (θ + sin θ ) and y = a (1 − cos θ ) then =____ (GATE-04)
dx
(a) sin θ (b) cos θ (c) Tan θ (d) Cot θ

2 2 2 2
54. The volume of an object expressed in spherical co-ordinates is given by
π
2π 3 1
∫ ∫∫r
2
V = sin ϕ drdϕ dθ . the value of the integral is (GATE-04)
0 0 0
π π 2π π
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 6 3 4
x3 + x2
55. The value of the function, f ( x ) = lim is _______ (GATE-04)
x →0 2 x 3 − 7 x 2
(a) 0 (b) -1/7 (c) 1/7 (d) ∞

56. The function f ( x ) = 2 x 3 − 3x 2 − 36 x + 2 has its maxima at (GATE-04)
(a) x = -2 only (b) x = 0 only (c) x = 3 only (d) both x = -2 and x = 3
a
∫ sin
6
57. x + sin 7 x dx is equal to (GATE-05[ME])
−a
a a a
(a) 2 ∫ sin 6 xdx (b) 2 ∫ sin 7 xdx (c) 2 ∫ (sin 6 x + sin 7 x )dx (d) zero
0 0 0
2 −x
58. For the function f ( x ) = x e , the maximum occurs when x is equal to (GATE-05[EE])
(a) 2 (b) 1 (c) 0 (d) -1
1
1
59. The value of the integral ∫x
−1
2
dx is (GATE-05[IN])
(a) 2 (b) does not exists (c) -2 (d) ∞

∞
1 − x2
60. The value of the integral I =
2π
∫e
0
8
dx is __________ (GATE-05[EC])
(a) 1 (b) π (c) 2 (d) 2π

8 2
61. Changing the order of integration in the double integral I = ∫ ∫ f ( x, y )dydx leads to
0 x
4
s q
I= ∫ ∫ f ( x, y )dydx. what is q?
r p
(GATE-05)
(a) 4y (b) 16 y 2 (c) x (d) 8

Page 166
GATE MATHEMATICS
62. By a change of variables x (u,v) = uv, y(u,v) = v/u in a double integral, the integral f(x, y)
Changes to f(uv, u/v). then φ(u,v) is _________ (GATE-05)
(a) 2v/u (b) 2uv (c) v 2 (d) 1
∞
63. If S = ∫ x −3 dx then S has the value (GATE-05[EE])
1
(a) -1/3 (b) 1/4 (c) 1/2 (d) 1

esin x
64. For real x, the maximum value of is (GATE-07[IN])
e cos x
2
(a) 1 (b) e (c) e (d) ∞
3
65. Consider the function f ( x ) = x , where x is real. Then the function f(x) at x = 0 is
(GATE-07[IN])
(a) continuous but not differentiable. (b) once differentiable but not twice.
(c) twice differentiable but not thrice. (d) thrice differentiable.
66. The minimum value of function y = x 2 in the interval [1,5] is (GATE-07[ME])
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 25 (d) undefined
x2
e x − (1 + x + )
67. lim 2 = (GATE-07[ME])
x →0 x3
(a) 0 (b) 1/6 (c) 1/3 (d) 1
68. If y = x + x + x + x + ........∞ then y(2) = _________ (GATE-07[PI])

(a) 4 or 1 (b) 4 only (c) 1 only (d) undefined
cos x − sin x
69. What is the value of lim (GATE-07[PI])
π
x→ π
4 x−
4
(a) 2 (b) 0 (c) - 2 (d) limit does not exist
70. For the function f ( x, y) = x 2 − y 2 defined on R2 , the point (0,0) is (GATE-07[PI])
(a) a local minimum (b) Neither a local minimum nor a local maximum
(c) a local maximum (d) Both a local minimum and a local maximum
sin (θ / 2 )
71. lim is (GATE-07[EC])
θ →0 θ
(a) 0.5 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) not defined

Page 167
GATE MATHEMATICS
72. The following plot shows a function y which varies linearly with x. the value of the
2
Integral I = ∫ ydx (GATE-07[EC])
1
y
2
1
x
-1 1 2
(a)1 (b) 2.5 (c) 2 (d) 5

73. For the function e − x , the linear approximation around x = 2 is (GATE-07[EC])
(a) ( 3 − x ) e−2 (b) (1-x) (c)  3 + 2 2 − (1 + 2) x  e −2 (d) e −2
74. For x << 1, coth(x) can be approximated as (GATE-07[EC])
1
(a) x (b) x 2 (c) 1 / x (d)
x2
75. Consider the function f ( x ) = x 2 − x − 2. the maximum value of f(x) in the closed
interval [-4,4] is (GATE-07[EC])
(a) 18 (b) 10 (c) -2.25 (d) indeterminate
∞∞
− x2 2
76. The value of ∫∫e
0 0
e − y dxdy is (GATE-07[IN])
π π
(a) (b) π (c) π (d)
2 4
77. Consider the function f ( x ) = ( x 2 − 4)2 where x is a real number. Then the function has
(GATE-07[EE])
(a) Only one minimum (b) Only two minima
(c) Three minima (d) Three maxima
2π
1
78. The integral
2π ∫ sin(t − τ ) cos τ dτ
0
equals (GATE-07[EC])
1 1
(a) Sintcost (b) 0 (c) cos t (d) sin t
2 2

Page 168
GATE MATHEMATICS
x − sin x
79. lim = _____ (GATE-08[CS])
x →∞ x + cos x
(a) 1 (b) -1 (c) ∞ (d) -∞
80. A point on the curve is said to be an extremum if it is a local minimum (or) a local
Maximum the number of distinct extrema for the curve 3 x 4 − 16 x 3 + 24 x 2 + 37 is ______
(GATE-08[CS])
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3
3 x
81. The value of ∫ ∫ (6 − x − y )dxdy
0 0
is _________ (GATE-08[CS])
(a) 13.5 (b) 27.0 (c) 40.5 (d) 54.0

82. Consider the shaded triangular region P shown in the figure. What is ∫ ∫ xydxdy ?
P
y (GATE-08[ME])
x+2y=2
1 2 7
(a) (b) (c) (d) 1
6 9 16
dy
83. Given y = x 2 + 2 x + 10 the value of is equal to (GATE-08[IN])
dx x =1
(a) 0 (b) 4 (c) 12 (d) 13

sin x
84. lim is (GATE-08[IN])
x →0 x
(a) indeterminate (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) ∞
85. The expression e − ln x for x > 0 is equal to (GATE-08[ME])
(a) –x (b) x (c) − x −1 (d) − x −1
86. Consider the function y = x 2 − 6 x + 9 . The maximum value of y obtained when x varies
over the interval 2 to 5 is (GATE-08[IN])
(a) 1 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 9

Page 169
GATE MATHEMATICS
87. For real values of x, the minimum value of function f ( x ) = e x + e − x is (GATE-08[EC])

(a) 2 (b) 1 (c) 0.5 (d) 0
88. Which of the following function would have only odd powers of x in its Taylor series
Expansion about the point x = 0 ? (GATE-08[EC])
(a) sin ( x 3 ) (b) sin ( x 2 ) (c) cos ( x 3 ) (d) cos ( x 2 )
89. In the Taylor series expansion of e x + sin x about the point x = π, the coefficient of
( x − π ) 2 is (GATE-08[EC])
(a) e π (b) 0.5eπ (c) eπ + 1 (d) eπ − 1

90. The value of the integral of the function g ( x, y ) = 4 x 3 + 10 y 4 along the straight line
segment from the point (0,0) to the point (1,2) in the xy-plane is (GATE-08[EC])
(a) 33 (b) 35 (c) 40 (d) 56
91. In the Taylor series expansion of e x about x = 2, the co-efficient of ( x − 2) 4 is (GATE-08[ME])
1 24 e2 e4
(a) (b) (c) (d)
4! 4! 4! 4!
x1/3 − 2
92. The value of lim is (GATE-08[ME])
x →8 x −8
1 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
16 12 8 4
93. Which of the following integral is unbounded? (GATE-08[ME])
π
4 a a 1
1 1
∫ tan xdx ∫0 1 + x 2 dx ∫ xe ∫ 1 − x dx
−x
(a) (b) (c) dx (d)
0 0 0
2 3/2
94. The length of the curve y = x between x = 0 & x = 1 is (GATE-08[ME])
3
(a) 0.27 (b) 0.67 (c) 1 (d) 1.22
π
2
95. The value of the integral ∫π ( x cos x )dx is (GATE-08[PI])
−
2
(a) 0 (b) π − 2 (c) π (d) π + 2
 sin( x ) 
96. The value of the expression lim  x  is (GATE-08[PI])
x →0
 e x 

Page 170
GATE MATHEMATICS
1 1
(a) 0 (b) (c) 1 (d)
2 1+ e
97. If (x,y) is continuous function defined over ( x , y ) ∈ [0,1] × [0,1] given two constraints,
x > y 2 and y > x 2 , the volume under f(x,y) is (GATE-09[EE])

y =1 x = y y =1 x =1
(a) ∫ ∫ f ( x, y )dxdy (b) ∫ ∫ f ( x, y )dxdy

y =0 x = y 2 y = x2 x = y 2
y =1 x = y y= x x= y
(c) ∫ ∫
y =0 x = 0
f ( x, y )dxdy (d) ∫ ∫
y =0 x =0
f ( x, y )dxdy
98. A parabolic cable is held between two supports at the same level. The horizontal span
between the supports is L. The sag at the mid-span is h. the equation of the parabola is
x2
y = 4h 2 , where x is the horizontal coordinate with the origin at the centre of the cable.
L
The expression for the length of the cable is (GATE-10[CE])
L L /2
h2 x2 h3 x2
(a) ∫
0
1 + 64
L4
dx (b) 2 ∫ 1 + 64
0
L4
dx
L /2 L /2
h2 x2 h2 x2
(c) ∫0
1 + 64
L4
dx (d) 2 ∫ 1 + 64
0
L4
dx
99. The parabolic arc y = x ,1 ≤ x ≤ 2 is revolved around the x-axis. The volume of the
solid of revolution is (GATE-10[ME])
π π 3π 3π
(a) (b) (c) (d)
4 2 4 2
100. The distance between the origin and the point nearest to it on the surface z 2 = 1 + xy is
(GATE-09[ME])
3
(a) 1 (b) (c) 3 (d) 2
2
101. The area enclosed between the curves y 2 = 4 x and x 2 = 4 y is (GATE-09[ME])
16 32
(a) (b) 8 (c) (d) 16
3 3

Page 171
GATE MATHEMATICS
sin x
102. The Taylor series expansion of at x =π is given by (GATE-09[EC])
x −π
( x − π )2 ( x − π )2
(a) 1 + + ................... (b) −1 − + ...................
3! 3!
( x − π )2 ( x − π )2
(c) 1 − + ................... (d) −1 + + ...................
3! 3!
103. The total derivative of the function ‘xy’ is (GATE-09[PI])
(a) xdy + ydx (b) xdx + ydy (c) dx + dy (d) dxdy
sin t
104. At t = 0, the function f ( t ) = has (GATE-10[EE])
t
(a) a minimum (b) a discontinuity
(c) a point of inflection (d) a maximum
1
105. The value of the quantity, where P = ∫ xe x dx is (GATE-10[EE])
0
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) e (d) 1/e

106. If e y = x 1/ x then y has a (GATE-10[EC])
(a) maximum at x = e (b) minimum at x = e
(c) maximum at x= 1/e (d) minimum at x = 1/e
df
107. If f ( x ) = sin x then the value of at x = -π/4 is (GATE-10[PI])
dx
1 1
(a) 0 (b) (c) - (d) 1
2 2
∞ − x2
1
108. The integral
2π
∫e
−∞
2
dx is equal to (GATE-10[PI])
1 1
(a) (b) (c) 1 (d) ∞
2 2
2n
 1
109. What is the value of lim  1 −  ? (GATE-10[CS])
n →∞
 n
(a) 0 (b) e −2 (c) e −1/2 (d) 1

Page 172
GATE MATHEMATICS
2
sin( x )
110. The lim 3 is (GATE-10[CE])
x →0 x
2 3
(a) (b) 1 (c) (d) ∞
3 2
111. Given a function f ( x, y ) = 4 x 2 + 6 y 2 − 8 x − 4 y + 8, the optimal values of f(x,y) is
(GATE-10[CE])
(a) A minimum equal to 10/3 (b) A maximum equal to 10/3
(c) A minimum equal to 8/3 (d) A maximum equal to 8/3
x3 x5 x7
112. The infinite series f (x) = x − + − + ................ converges to (GATE-10[ME])
3! 5! 7!
(a) cos( x ) (b) sin( x ) (c) sinh( x ) (d) e x
∞
dx
113. The value of the integral ∫ 1+ x
−∞
2
(GATE-10[ME])
(a) –π (b) –π/2 (c) π/2 (d) π

114. The function y = 2 − 3x (GATE-10[ME])
(a) is continuous ∀x ∈ R and differential ∀x ∈ R

(b) is continuous ∀x ∈ R and differential ∀x ∈ R except at x = 3/2
(c) is continuous ∀x ∈ R and differential ∀x ∈ R except at x = 2/3
(d) is continuous ∀x ∈ R except at x = 3 and differential ∀x ∈ R
¥
dx æ p ö
115. The integral is continuous ∀x ∈ R and differential ò1 + x ç t - ÷÷ 6sin (t) dt evaluates to
2 ç
è 6ø
-¥
(GATE-10[IN])
(a) 6 (b) 3 (c) 1.5 (d) 0
116. What should be the value of λ such that the function defined below is continuous at
π
x= ? (GATE-11[CE])
2
 λ cos x π
π ; x ≠
2
 −x 
f ( x) =  2 
 π 
1; x = 
 2 

Page 173
GATE MATHEMATICS
(a) 0 (b) 2π (c) 1 (d) π/2

a
x
117. What is the value of the definite integral ∫
0 x + a−x
dx ? (GATE-11[CE])
a
(a) 0 (b) (c) a (d) 2a
2
118. A series expansion for the function sin θ is ________ (GATE-11[ME])
θ2 θ4 θ3 θ5
(a) 1 − + − .................. (b) θ − + − ..................
2! 4! 3! 5!
θ2 θ4 θ3 θ5
(c) 1 + + + .................. (d) θ + + + .................
2! 4! 3! 5!
a
119. If f(x) is even function and a is a positive real number, then
−a
∫ f ( x)dx equals_______
(GATE-11[ME])
a
(a) 0 (b) a (c) 2a (d) 2 ∫ f ( x )dx
0
sin θ
120. What is Lim equal to? (GATE-11[ME])
θ →0 θ
(a) θ (b) sin θ (c) 0 (d) 1
α
1
121. The series ∑4
m=0
m
( x − 1) 2 m converges for (GATE-11[IN])
(a) − 2 < X < 2 (b) − 1 < X < 3 (c) − 3 < X < 1 (d) X < 3
122. Roots of the algebraic equation x 3 + x 2 + x + 1 = 0 are (GATE-11[EE])
(a) (1,j,-j) (b) (1,-1,1) (c) (0,0,0) (d) (-1,j,-j)
123. The function f ( x) = 2 x − x 2 + 3 has (GATE-11[EE])
(a) A maxima at x = 1and a minima at x = 5 (b) A maxima at x = 1 and a minima at x = -5
(c) Only a maxima at x = 1 (d) Only a minima at x = 5
π /2
cos x + i sin x
124. Given i = − 1, what will be the equation of the definite integral ∫0
cos x − i sin x
dx ?
(a) 0 (b) 2 (c) –i (d) i

Page 174
GATE MATHEMATICS
125. Consider the function øj = │j│ Þℎg ÞgB¾ − 1 ≤ j ≤ 1.

At the point x = 0, f(x) is (GATE-12 [ME, PI])
(a) Continuous and differentiable. (b) non-continuous and differentiable.
(c) continuous and non-differentiable. (d) neither continuous nor differentiable.
Ý %CÛ
¢ is
j → 0 Û:
126. (GATE-12 [ME, PI])
(a) 1/4 (b) 1/2 (c) 1 (d) 2

127. At x = 0, the function f(x) = j A + 1 ℎ (GATE-12 [ME, PI])
(a) a maximum value (b) a minimum value (c) a singularity (d) a point of inflation
128. A Political party orders an arch for the entrance to the ground in which the annual
convention is being held. The profile of the arch in follows the equation Y= 2X-0.1 X2
where Y is is the arch of the meters. The maximum possible height of the arch is
(GATE-12 [ME, PI])
(a) 8 meters (b) 10 meters (c) 12 meters (d) 14 meters
+ +
Û: Û ÛØ
8! A! G!
129. The infinite series 1+x+ + ….. corresponds to (GATE -12 [CE])
(a) sec x (b) ex (c) cos x (d) 1+ sin2x

130. A function Y = 5x2 + 10x is defined over an open interval X = (1, 2). At least at one point
5Ö
5Û
in this interval, is exactly (GATE -2013 [EE])
(a)20 (b)25 (c) 30 (d) 35

The value of the definite integral þ% √j 1 jj

131. (GATE -13 [ME])
(a) √g A + (b) √g A − (c) √g A + (d) √g A −

G 8 8 G 8 G G 8
V V V V V V V V
ù
132. The solution for þU W G 3\ A 6\ \ : (GATE -13 [CE])
% µ
%C A
(a) 0 (b) (c) 1 (d)
133. Which one of the following functions is continuous at x = 3?

2, ø j = 3
(GATE -13 [CE])
4, ø j = 3q
(a) f(x) = Dj − 1 ø j > 3 q (b) f(x) = E
8 − j ø j ≠ 3
, ø j<3
ÛnA
A
j + 3, ø j ≤ 3q
ø j ≠ 3
%
(c) f(x) = E
j−4 ø j >3 Û 8TF
(d) f(x) =

Page 175
GATE MATHEMATICS
134. The Taylor series expansion of 3 sin x + 2cos x is (GATE -14 – EC –Set 1)
f f
8 8
(a) 2 + 3X – X2 - + ------- (b) 2 – 3X + X2 - + -------
f f
8 8
(c) 2 + 3X + X2 + + ------- (d) 2 – 3X + X2 + + -------
135. The volume under the surface Z(X, Y) = X + Y and above the triangle in XY plane
defined by { 0 ≤ Y ≤ X and 0 ≤ X ≤ 12 } is ___________ ( GATE -14 – EC –Set 1)
136. For 0 ≤ t < ∞, the maximum value of the function f(t) = e-1 – 2e-2t occurs at
(GATE-14–EC–Set 2)
(a) T= loge 4 (b) t = loge 2 (c) t = 0 (d) t = loge 8
% Û
The values of limÛ→ú 1 + ¢ is
Û
137. (GATE-14–EC–Set 2)
(a) ln2 (b) 1.0 (c) e (d) ∞

138. The maximum value of the function f(x) = 1n(1+x) – x (where x > -1) occurs at x = ____
. (GATE-14–EC–Set 3)
139. If z = xy 1n(xy), then (GATE-14–EC–Set 3)
(a) j +l =0 (b) l =j
G¶ G¶ G¶ G¶
GÛ GH GÛ GH
=l (d) l +j =0
G¶ G¶ G¶ G¶
GÛ GH GÛ GH
(c ) x
140. The maximum value of f(x) = 2x2 – 9x2 + 12x – 3 in the interval 0 ≤ x ≤ 3 is
_________. (GATE-14–EC–Set 3)
The series ∑ú
%
141. 4}U 4!
converges to (GATE-14–EC–Set3)
(a) 2 In 2 (b) √2 (c) 2 (d) e

142. For a right angled triangle, if the sum of the lengths of the hypotenuse And a side is
kept constant, in order to have maximum area of the triangle, the angle between the
hypotenuse and the side is (GATE-14–EC–Set 4)
(a) 12o (b) 36o (c) 60o (d) 45o
143. Let f(x) = xe-x. The maximum value of the function in the interval (0, ∞ ) is
(GATE-14–EE–Set 4)
(a) e-1 (b) e (c) 1 – e-1 (d) 1 + e-1

Page 176
GATE MATHEMATICS
144. Minimum of the real valued function f(x) = (x – 1)2/3 occurs at x equal to
(a) −∞
(GATE-14–EE–Set2)
(b) 0 (c) 1 (d) 1 + e-1
8 l⁄2 + 1
integral þ þ ¢ j l,
8ÛH
8
0 l ⁄2
145. To evaluate the double we make the
substitution U = ¢ and v = 8. The integral will reduce to (GATE -14–EE–Set2)

8ÛH H
8
4 2 4 1
(a) þ Qþ 2¿¿R B (b) þ Qþ 2¿¿R B
0 0 0 0
4 1 4 21
(c ) þ Qþ ¿¿R B (d) þ Q þ 2¿¿R B
0 0 0 0
146. The minimum value of the function øj = j 8 − 3j 8 − 24j + 100 in the interval [-3, 3] is
(GATE-14–EE–Set 2)
(a) 20 (b) 28 (c) 16 (d) 32
147. A particle, starting from origin at t = 0 s, is traveling along x – axis with velocity
b = cos Þ¢ /
ù ù
8 8
At t = 3 s, the difference between the distance covered by the
particle and the magnitude of displacement from the origin is___.(GATE-14–EE–Set 2)
Given x(t) = 3 sin (1000ûÞ ) and Y(t) = 5cos 1000ûÞ
ù
I
148. The x- y plot will be
(GATE -14–IN–Set 1)
(a) A circle (b) a mulit – loop closed curve
(c) a hyperbola (d) an ellipse
ÝÞ ÛJð Û
j → 0 %=KJ Û
149. is (GATE-14–ME–Set1)
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 3 (d) not defined

ÝÞ
Jð GÛ¢ is equal to
: %
j→0
150. (GATE-14–ME–Set2)
(a) 0 (b) 0.5 (c) 1 (d) 2

151. If a function is continuous at a point,
(a) the limit of the function may not exist at the point
(b) the function must be derivable at the point
(c) the limit of the function at the point tends to infinity
(d) the limit must exist the point and the value of limit should be same as

Page 177
GATE MATHEMATICS
The value of the function at the point.

2
(GATE-14–ME–Set3)
The value of the integral þ j

Û%: Jð Û%
Û%: n=KJ Û%
0
(a) 3 (b) 0 (c) -1 (d) -2

Ý Û nJð Û
¢ equal to
j→∞ Û
153. (GATE-14–CE–Set 1)
(a) -∞ (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) ∞

154. With reference to the conventional Cartesian (x,y) coordinate system, the vertices of a
triangle have the following coordinates:
j% , l% = 1, 0; j8 , l8 = 2, 2; and jA , lA = 4, 3.
The area of the triangle is equal to (GATE -14–CE–Set1)
A A G C
8 G C 8
(a) (b) (c) d)
The expression lim°U

Û %
°
155. is equal to (GATE-14–CE–Set 2)
(a) log x (b) 0 (c) x log x (d) ∞

\ \ Þ\
Let the function f(\) é W ¢ W ¢ Þ W ¢é where
ù ù ù
¢ ¢ Þ ¢
156.
ù ù ù
A A A
\ ∈ 7 , 9 and f ’(\) denote the derivative of f with respect to \.

ù ù
W A
Which of the following statements is/are TRUE? (GATE-14–CS–Set 1)
(I) There exists \ ∈ 7 , 9 such that f ’(\) ≠ 0.

ù ù
W A
(II) There exists \ ∈ 7 , 9 such that f ’(\) ≠ 0.

ù ù
W A
(a) I only (b) II only (c) Both I and II (d) neither I nor II
157. The function f(x) = x sin x satisfies the following equation: F “ (x) + f (x) + t cos x = 0.
The value of t is ____________. (GATE-14–CS–Set 1)
158. A function f(x) is continuous in the interval [0, 2]. It is known that f(0) = f(2) = -1 and
f(1) = 1. Which one of the following statements must be true? (GATE-14–CS–Set 1)
(a) There exists a ‘y’ in the interval (0, 1) such that f(y) = f(y+1)
(b) For every ‘y’ in the interval (0, 1), f(y) = f(2 – y)
(c) The maximum value of the function in the interval (0, 2) is 1
(d) Threre exists a y in the interval (0, 1) such that f(y) = -f(2 – y)

Page 178
GATE MATHEMATICS
If þU |j j| j = û, Then the values of k is equal to_____. (GATE-14–CS–Set3)

8ù
159.
The value the integral given below is þU j 8 cos j j

ù
160. (GATE-14–CS–Set3)
(a) -2û (b) û (c) –û (d) 2û
2j
The value of the integral þ þ g ÛnH dy dx is
00
% 8
(a) g − 1 (b) g 8 − 18 (c) g 8 − g (d) g − ¢
% % % %
8 8 8 8
L
M 8
The expression v = þ ûS 8 1 − ¢ ℎ for the volume of a cone is equal to _________.
0
N
162.
S S
M 8 M 8
(a) þ ûS 1 − ¢
8
(b) þ ûS 8 1 − ¢ ℎ
0 0
N N
(GATE -06 – EE)
L S
6 8 6 8
(b) þ 2û L 1 − ¢ ℎ (d) þ 2û L 1 − ¢
0 0
! !
163. ø = U j 4 + % j 4% l + − − +4% jl 4% + 4 l 4 Where K = 0 Þ are

j +l
GO GO
GÛ GH
constants then is (GATE -06 – EE)
(d) ;Üø
O 4
4 O
(a) (b) (c) n f
164. A function f(x) = 1 − x 2 + x 3 is defined in [-1, 1]. The value of ‘x’ in open interval (-1, 1)
for which the mean value theorem satisfied is (GATE-EC-15)
A) −1 B) −1 C) 1 D) 1
2 3 3 2
165. The maximum area (in square units) of a rectangle whose vertices lie in the ellipse
x 2 + 4 y 2 = 1 is (GATE-EC-15)
∞
sin(4π t )
166. The value of ∫ 12cos(2π t ).
−∞
4π t
dt is (GATE-EC-15)
167. The contour of XY plane, where the partial derivative of x 2 + y 2 w.r.t y is equal to partial
derivative of 6y+4x w.r.t ‘x’ is (GATE-EE-15)
A) y = 2 B) x = 2 C) x + y = 4 D) x – y =0

Page 179
GATE MATHEMATICS
168. If a continuous function f(x) does not have a root in the interval [a, b] then which of the
following statements is true? (GATE-EE-15)
A) f(a).f(b)=0 B) f(a).f(b)<0 C) f(a).f(b)>0 D) f(a).f(b) ≤ 0
169. Consider the function f(x)=1- x on −1 ≤ x ≤ 1 , the value of ‘x’ at which te function
attains maxima and the maximum value is (GATE-EE-15)
A) 0, -1 B) -1, 0 C) 0, 1 D) -1, 2
1 − cos( x 2 )
170. The value of Lt is (GATE-ME-15)
x →0 2x4
1 1
A) 0 B) C) D) Undefined
2 4
171. The value of ∫ (3 x − 8 y 2 )dx + (4 y − 6 xy ) dy where ‘c’ is a boundary of the region bounded
c
by x =0, y = 0 and x + y = 1 is (GATE-ME-15)

π
2
cos x + i sin x
172. If i = −1 , the value of the definite integral I = ∫ cos x − i sin x dx
0
is (GATE-CE-15)
A) 1 B) -1 C) i D) –i
2x
 1
173. Lt 1 +  is equal to (GATE-CE-15)
x →∞
 x
A) e −2 B) e C) 1 D) e 2
174. While minimizing the function f(x), necessary and sufficient conditions for a point x0 to
be a minima are (GATE-CE-15)
A) f ′( x0 ) > 0 and f ′′( x0 ) = 0 B) f ′( x0 ) < 0 and f ′′( x0 ) = 0
C) f ′( x0 ) = 0 and f ′′( x0 ) < 0 D) f ′( x0 ) = 0 and f ′′( x0 ) > 0

1
175. Lt x x
is (GATE-CS-15)
x →∞
A) ∞ B) 0 C) 1 D) Not defined
2
π cos 1 ( π)
176. ∫
1 x2
(GATE-CS-15)
π
−1
177. Let f(x) = x 3
and A denote the area of a region bounded by f(x) and X-axis, when x
varies from -1 to 1, which of the following is true (GATE-CS-15)

Page 180
GATE MATHEMATICS
I) f is continuous in [-1, 1]
II) f is not bounded in [-1, 1]
III) A is non zero finite
A) II only B) III only C) II and III only D) I, II and III
178. Consider the function j = 2j3 − 3j2 in the domain [−1, 2]. The global minimum of f(j))is
__________
179. The values of x for which the function øj =
Û : AÛG
(GATE-ME-16)
Û : nAÛG
is NOT continuous at
(GATE-ME-16)
(A) 4 and −1 (B) 4 and 1 (C) −4 and 1 (D) −4 and −1
gd¿¾ Þ
PKQR %nGÛ
%
180. Lt (GATE-ME-16)
x→ 0
1 4
(A) 0 (B) (C) (D) 1
12 3
181. Lt √j 8 + j − 1 − j (GATE-ME-16)
x ®¥
1 4
(A) 0 (B) (C) (D) 1
12 3
1
182.The integral
2π ∫∫D
(x + y + 10) dxdy , where D denotes the disc: x 2 + y 2 ≤ 4, evaluates to
_________ (GATE-EC-16)
183. Which one of the following is a property of the solutions to the Laplace equation: Ñ2 f = 0?
(A) The solutions have neither maxima nor minima anywhere except at the boundaries
(B) The solutions are not separable in the coordinates
(C) The solutions are not continuous
(D) The solutions are not dependent on the boundary conditions (GATE-EC-16)
184.As x varies from – 1 to 3, which of the following describes the behaviour of the function
f(x) = x3 – 3x + 1
(A) f(x) increases monotonically
(B) f(x) increases, then decreases and increases again
(C) f(x) decreases, then increases and decreases again (GATE-EC-16)
(D) f(x) increases and then decreases

Page 181
GATE MATHEMATICS
185. How
ow many distinct values of x satisffyy the equation sin(x) = x/2, where x is in radia
radians?
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4 or more
ore
(GATE--EC-16)
186. Consider
C varying vector I = x̂15cos(ω
the time-varying 15cos( t) + ŷsin(ω
sin( t) in Cartesian coordinates,
coordin
where
w ω > 0 is a constant.
nstant. Whenn the vecto
vector magnitude
agnitude |I| is at its minimum
um value, the
angle Ɵ that I makes
akes with the x axis (in degree, such that 0 ≤ Ɵ ≤ 180) is ______
(GATE
(GATE-EC-16)
1
dx
187. The integral ∫
0 (1 − x)
is equal to ______ (GATE-EC-16)
(GATE
188. A triangle in the xy

xy-plane
plane is bounded by the straight lines 2x = 3y, y = 0 and x = 3. The
volume above the triangle and under the plane x + y + z = 6 is _______. (GATE
(GATE-EC-116)
189. Consider
onsider the plot of f(
f(x)) versus x as shown below. (GATE-EC-16)
(GATE )
x
Suppose F(x) = ∫ f(y)dy.
−5
Which one of the following is a graph of F(x) ?
π π
he region specified by {(ρ, ϕ, Z) : 3 ≤ ρ ≤ 5,
190.The ≤ φ ≤ , 3 ≤ z ≤ 4.5} in cylindrical
rical
8 4
coordinates
rdinates has volum
me of –––––.. (GATE-EC-16
(GATE 6)

Page 182
GATE MATHEMATICS
191.Given the following statements about a function f: R→R, select the right option: P : If f(x) is
continuous at x = x0, then it is also differentiable at x = x0
Q : If f(x) is continuous at x = x0, then it may not be differentiable at x = x0
R : If f(x) is differentiable at x = x0, then it is also continuous at x = x0
(A) P is true, Q is false, R is false (B) P is false, Q is true, R is true
(C) P is false, Q is true, R is false (D) P is true, Q is false, R is true (GATE-EC-16)
∫ ( 2xy dx + 2x ydy + dz ) along a path joining the origin
2 2
192.The value of line integral
c
(0, 0, 0) and the point (1, 1, 1) is (GATE-EC-16)

a) 0 b) 2 c) 4 d) 6
∞
 sin 2πt 
193. The value of the integral 2 ∫ 
−∞
πt 
dt is equal to (GATE-EE-16)
a) 0 b) 0.5 c) 1 d) 2
( )
ˆ 3x 2 + 2y ˆj+x 2 zkˆ along a path from (0, 0, 0)
194. The line integral of the vector field F = 5xzi+
to (1,1,1) parameterized by (t, t2,t) is_________ (GATE-EE-16)

195.The maximum value attained by the function f(x) = x(x –1) (x –2) in the interval [1, 2] is
(GATE-EE-16)
196. If f(j) = 2j7+3j−5, which of the following is a factor of f(x)? (GATE-CE-16)

(A) (x3+8) (B) (x-1) (C) (2x-5) (D) (x+1)
2
197. The optimum value of the function f(x) = x – 4x +2 is (GATE-CE-16)
(A) 2 (maximum) (B) 2 (minimum) (C) −2 (maximum) (D) −2 (minimum)
198.What is the value of limÛ→U ?
ÛH
H→U Û nH
: :
(GATE-CE-16)
(A) 1 (B) −1 (C) 0 (D) Limit does not exist

ANS: . (D)
199. The angle of intersection of the curves x2 = 4y and y2 = 4x at point (0, 0) is (GATE-CE-16)
(A) 0o (B) 30o (C) 45o (D) 90o
200. The area between the parabola x2 = 8y and the straight line y = 8 is _________.
(GATE-CE-16)
201.The quadratic approximation of f(x) = x3 – 3x2 -5 at the point x = 0 is (GATE-CE-16)
(A) 3x2 – 6x − 5 (B) −3x2 − 5

Page 183
GATE MATHEMATICS
(C) −3x2 + 6x − 5 (D) 3x2 – 5

202. The area of the region bounded by the parabola l = j2 + 1 and the straight line j + l = 3 is
A B C D

CV V %U T
W 8 A W
(GATE-CE-16)
203. If f(j) = 2j7+3j−5, which of the following is a factor of f(x)? (GATE-CE-16)

(A) (x3+8) (B) (x-1) (C) (2x-5) (D) (x+1)
204. LimÛ→G = −−−−−

Jð ÛG
ÛG
(GATE-CE-16)

Page 184
GATE MATHEMATICS
CALCULUS
SOLUTIONS
Given f ( x, y ) = x + 3xy + 2 y + x
2
01.
∂f ∂f
⇒ = 2 xy − 3 y + 1 = 0, = x 2 − 3x + 2 = 0 . By solving (1,1) , ( 2, −1) are stationary
∂x ∂y
points.
2
 ∂2 f ∂2 f   ∂2 f 
Here  dx 2 × ∂y 2  −  ∂x∂y  < 0 ⇒ f ( x ) has no extrema. So optional is correct.
   
x(e x − 1) + 2(cos x − 1) (e x − 1) + xe x − 2 sin x  0 
02. lim
x →0 x(1 − cos x)
= lim
x →0
 
(1 − cos x) + x(sin x)  0 
e x + e x + xe x − 2 cos x  0 
= lim  
x →0 sin x + sin x + x cos x  0 
e x + e x + e x + xe x + 2 sin x
= lim
x →0 cos x + cos x + cos x − x sin x
1+1+1+ 0 + 0
= =1
1+1+1− 0
1 1/ x 1
 
03. [
∫ x Tan y
−1
] 1
dx = ∫ x Tan −1   − Tan −1 x  dx
0 x 0   x 
1
π  π
= ∫ x  − 2Tan −1 x  dx = 1 −
0 
2  4
04. Convert the problem into Gamma function

1 −3 / 2 1
Put y 3 = t ⇒ 3 y 2 dy = dt ⇒ y 1 / 2 dy = y dt = t −1 / 2 dt
3 3
∞
1 1−1/ 2 1 1 1
∫e
−t
t dt = = π
0
3 3 2 3
05. Sol: (a)
1
∫ log xdx = x log x − ∫ x x.dx [Integration by parts]
= x log x − x

Page 185
GATE MATHEMATICS
06. Sol: (d)

Y ( 2, 4 )
x=2
( 2, −4 )
y2 4 2
 y2 
Volume = ∫ πx dy = ∫ π   dy
2
y1 −4 
8
32π
=
5
07. Sol: (b)
2 250
Given y = x +
x
250
⇒ y′ = 2x − = 0 ⇒ x = 5 is the stationary point
x2
500
Now y ′′′ = 2 + ⇒ y ′′(5) = 2 + 4 = 6 > 0 ⇒ y is minimum at x = 5
x3
08. Sol: (c)
Using Lagrange’s mean value theorem,
f (b) − f (a)
f ′(c) = where f ( x) = Ax 2 + Bx + C in (a,b)
b−a
( Ab 2 + Bb + C ) − ( Aa 2 + Ba + C )
⇒ 2 Ac + B =
b−a
b+a
⇒c=
2
09. Sol:
x2
dy x2
∫
Given y = cos tdt ⇒ = ( cos t )1
1
dx

Page 186
GATE MATHEMATICS
dy 2 d d
⇒
dx
= cos ( x )
dx
( x 2 ) cos ( '1) '1
dx
= 2 x cos x 2
10. Sol:(a)
dy −2 x
From the given data =
dx 4
x2 y2
⇒ + = 1 is an ellipse
C 2C
11. Sol: (a)
sin x
3x +
3x 2 + sin x x =∞
lim
n →∞ 2 x + sin 2 x
= lim
x →∞ sin 2 x
2+
x
12. Sol: (b)
2 y = x2 x = y−4
( −2, 2 ) ( 4,8 )
Points of intersection (-2, 2), (4, 8)

4
 x2 
Area = ∫ (4 + x ) −  dx = 18
−2 
2
13. Sol: (c)
( 4, 4 )
( 0,0 )
Given limits are

y = x 2 to y = 2x and x = 0 to x = 2 : Variable limits for y

Page 187
GATE MATHEMATICS
To change the order of integration write the variable limits for X
x = y/2 to x = y and y = 0 to y = 4
4 y
∴∫ ∫ f(x, y) dx dy
0 y/2
14. Sol: (b)

( x − a) 2 ea
Third term is f ′′(a ) = ( x − a) 2
2! 2
15. Sol: (b)
sin t
= lim =0 (put1/x = t)
t →α t
16. Sol: (b)
We know that |x+a| is continuous every where
|x+a| is differentiable every where except at x = -a
|x+1| is not differentiable at x = -1∈ [-2, 0]
17. Sol: (a)
Given f ( x ) = x − 6 x + 9 x + 25
3 2
f ′( x) = 3x 2 − 12 x + 9 = 0 ⇒ x = 13
f ′′( x) = 6 x − 12
f " (1) = − 6 < 0 ⇒ max. at x = 1
f " (3) = 6 > 0 ⇒ min. at x = 3
18. Sol: (b)

Let f(x) be defined in [0,1] by Lagrange’s mean value theorem,
f (1) − f (0)
∃ c ∈ (0,1) such that f "(c) =
1− 0
1 f (1) − 2
⇒ 2
=
5−c 1
We have 0 < c < 1
⇒ 0 < c2 < 1
⇒ 0 > −c 2 > −1

Page 188
GATE MATHEMATICS
⇒ 5 > 5 − c2 > 4
1 1 1 1 1
⇒ < 2
< ⇒ < f (1) − 2 <
5 5−c 4 5 4
⇒ 2.2 < f (1) < 2.25
19. Sol: (a)
Every differentiable function is continuous but a continuous function may or may not be
Differentiable.
20. Sol: (c)
Given f ( x ) = 2 x − 2 x + 2
2
1
⇒ f ' ( x) = 4 x − 2 = 0 ⇒ x =
2
f " ( x ) = 4 > 0 ⇒ f ( x ) is minimum at x =1/2
∴ f ( 0 ) = 6, f ( 2 ) = 12
∴ Max value = 12
21. Sol: (b)
x=4
4
64
∫x
2
Area = dx =
0
3
22. Sol: (c)

f(x, y) = f(y, x) ⇒ curve is symmetric about the line y = x
23. Sol: (a)
sin mθ
Standard limit formula, lim
θ→0 θ
=m
24. Sol: (c)

dy 1 forx > 0 dy
= And is not defined when x = 0
dx − 1 x < 0 dx

Page 189
GATE MATHEMATICS
dy dy
∴ lim = −1, lim =1
x →0 − dx x →0 + dx
dy
∴ is discontinuous at x = 0
dx
25. Sol: (a)
x2
 3 
x2
 ∈2  2 2
φ ( x) = ∫ tdt =   = x
3 3
0  
 2 0
dφ
Now = 2 x2
dx
26. Sol:
Given f ( x ) = x − 6 x + 9 x + 15 in 0 ≤ x ≤ 6
3 2
f ' ( x) = 3x 2 − 12 x + 9 = 0 ⇒ x = 1,2
f " (1) = − 6 < 0 ⇒ maxima at x = 1
f " ( 2 ) = 6 > 0 ⇒ minima at x = 2
27. Sol: (b)

1
∑n p
is convergent if p>1 and divergent if p≤1 ( P − test )
28. Sol: (b)

From the definition of manima and minima
29. Sol: (d)
By Taylor series
x2
f ( x) = f (0) + xf ' (0) + f " (0) + LL
2!
Let f(x) = sin x
x3 x5
∴ sin x = x − + − LL
3! 5!
30. Sol: (d)
Taylor’s series exist only for continuous and differentiable functions and
Fourier series exist even though the function have finite no. of discontinuous

Page 190
GATE MATHEMATICS
Points.
31. Sol: (b)
To obtain points of inflections equation 2nd derivative is zero
d2y
⇒ = 0 ⇒ x = 0, y = 0
dx 2
∴ (0,0) is the only point of inflection
32. Sol: (a)
Apply Ratio test:
υn =
(n!)
2
⇒ υ n +1 =
[(n + 1)!]
2
2n! (2n + 2)!
υ n+1 (n + 1) 2
=
υn (2n + 2)(2n + 1)
υ n +1 1
lim υ = < 1 ⇒ ∑υ n is converges..
n →∞ n 4
33. Sol: (c)
Using L’Hospital rule
1 j5e − j 5 x 5
lim
x →0 10
×
je − jx
=
10
= 0.5
34. Sol: (d)

n 1 1
lim
n →∞ n +n 2
= lim
n →∞ 1 + 1/ n
=
1+ 0
=1
35. Sol: (c)

f (− x) = e − x ≠ f ( x) (or) –f(x)
36. Sol: (a)
Let y = ( x − a) x −a ⇒ log y = ( x − a) log(x − a)
⇒ lim(log y ) = lim( x − a ) log( x − a ) \

x→a x→a
log( x − a )  ∞ 
⇒ log(lim y ) = lim  form  = 0 (<- Hospital rule)
x→a x→a 1/ x − a  ∞ 
⇒ lim( x − a ) x − a = e0 = 1
x→a

Page 191
GATE MATHEMATICS
37. Sol: (a)
( x − a) f ' ( x − a)
2
f ( x) = f (a) + (a) + f '' ( a ) + ....

1! 2!
2
 π
x− 
π   π π 6 π 
f ( x) = f   +  x −  f  '  +  f "   + LL
6  6  6 2! 6
38. Sol: (d)
π /2 π /2
 π  
∫ [− cos( x + y)]0 dy = − ∫
π /2
cos 2 + y  − cos y  dy
0 0    
π /2
∫ [− sin y − cos y ]dy = [− cos y + sin y ]

π /2
=− 0
0
=2
39. Sol: (d)
1− a4
lim
x →∞ x4
=0
40. Sol: (a)

∂r x ∂r y ∂r z
Let r 2 = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 , = , = , =
∂x r ∂y r ∂z r
1 −1 x
f = ⇒ fx = 2 . = − x 3
r r r r
1 − 3 x 1 3x 2
⇒ f xx = −  3 + x. 4  = − 3 + 5
r r r r r
3 3( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 )
∴ f xx + f yy + f zz = − + =0
r3 r5
41. Sol: (b)
a a
 x −3  −1 1  1
lim ∫ lim   = 3 lim  3 − 1 = 3
−4
x dx =
a →∞ 1 a →∞  − 3  1 a →∞  a 
42. Sol: (d)
x3 x5
f ( x) = x − + + LL = sin x
3! 5!
lim sin x = 1
π
x→
2

Page 192
GATE MATHEMATICS
43. Sol: (d)

π sin 2t
Let x − = t , lim =2
4 t →0 t
44. Sol: (a)
π /4 π /4
1 + cos 2 x   x sin 2 x 
I= ∫   dx =  +
0 
2  2 4  0
π 1
= +
8 4
45. Sol: (d)
Given f ( x ) = x 5 − x 2
5
f ' ( x) = 0 ⇒ x = ±
2
 5
f "  −  > 0 ⇒ f ( x) has a minimum at x = − 5

 2  2
46. Sol: (b)

log n
log x n = ⇒ lim log x n = 0 ⇒ lim x n = 1
n n →∞ n →∞
47. Sol: (d)
 x if x > 0 
 
f ( x) = max(x1 − x) = − x if x < 0 = x
0 if x = 0
 
48. Sol: (c)
sin 2 x
f ( x) = This is an odd function (Q
1 + cos x f(-x)=-f(x))
⇒ f ( x) is odd function
π /2
∴ ∫ f ( x)dx = 0
−π / 2
49. Sol: (c)

1
x2 x2 1
∫ x log xdx = log x.
0
2
−∫
2 x
dx (Integration byparts)

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GATE MATHEMATICS
1
 x2 x2 
=  log x − 
2 4 0
 x 2 log x 
= (0 − 1 / 4 ) − lim  −0
x →0  2 
= −1 / 4
50. Sol: (b)
Given f ( x, y ) = 2 x + 2 xy − y
2 3
f x = 4 x + 2 y, f y = 2 x − 3 y 2
=0 =0
⇒ 2 x = − y and 2 x − 3 y 2 = 0
⇒ − y − 3y2 = 0
⇒ y = 0, − 1/ 3
⇒ x = 0,1/ 6
(0,0),(1/ 6, −1/ 3) are the stationary po int s
51. Sol: (a)
sin x
lim
x→0 x
× sin x = 1 × 0 = 0
52. Sol: (b)

y = x2
y=x
(1,1)
( 0,0 )
1
1
Area = ∫ (x − x 2 )dx =
0
6
53. Sol: (c)

dx dy
= a (1 + cosθ ), = a sin θ
dθ dθ
dy
dy a sin θ
= dθ = = tan θ
dx dx a (1 + cos θ ) 2
dθ

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GATE MATHEMATICS
54. Sol: (a)

55. Sol: (b)
x3 + x 2 x +1 −1
lim 3
x →0 2 x − 7 x
2
= lim
x →0 2 x − 7
=
7
56. Sol: (a)
f ( x ) = 2 x3 − 3x 2 − 36 x + 2
f ' ( x) = 6 x 2 − 6 x − 36 = 0 ⇒ x 2 − x − 6 = 0
⇒ ( x − 3)( x + 2) = 0 ⇒ x = 3,−2
f " ( x) = 12 x − 6
f " (3) = 6 > 0 ⇒ min imum
f " (−2) = −30 < 0 ⇒ max imum at x = −2
57. Sol: (a)
a a
∫ ( sin x + sin x ) dx = 2∫ sin 6 xdx (Q sin 7 x is odd function)

6 7
−a 0
58. Sol: (a)

2 −x
Given, f ( x) = x e
f '( x) = e − x  x 2 + 2 x  = 0 ⇒ x = 0, x = −2
f "( x) = e − x  x 2 + 2 x + 2 x + 2 
f "(0) = 2 > 0 ⇒ min imum at x = 0
f "(−2) = e−2 [ −2] < 0 ⇒ max imum at x = −2
59. Sol: (d)
1 0 1
1 1 1
∫−1 x 2 dx = −∫1 x 2 dx + ∫0 x 2 dx = ∞
60. Sol: (a)
x
Let = y ⇒ dx = 8 dy
8
∞
1 − y2 1 π
I=
2π
∫e
0
8dy =
2π
× 8×
2
=1

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61. Sol: (a)

1
y=
4
y=2
( )
5, 2
x = 0 to x = 8 
Given limits are  variable limit for y
y = x / 4 to y = 2
From the figure by changing the order of integration: y : 0 ~ 2
x :0 ~ 4y
2 4y
∴ I = ∫ ∫ f ( x, y ) dxdy
0 0
62. Sol: (a)

 u
∫∫ f ( x, y)dx dy = ∫∫ f  uv, v  φ (u, v) du dv
∂x ∂x
 x, y  ∂u ∂v
Where φ (u , v) = J  =
 u, v  ∂y ∂y
∂u ∂v
v u v v 2v
= −v 1 =u+u = u
u2 u
63. Sol: (c)
α α
 x −2 
∫1 x dx =  − 2  = − 12 [0 − 1] = 12
−3
64. Sol: (c)

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GATE MATHEMATICS
e sin x
f ( x) = = e sin x −cos x
e cos x
3π − π
f ' ( x ) = e sin x −cos x [cos x + sin x ] = 0 ⇒ x = ,
4 4
( 4 ) < 0 ⇒ max imum at x = 3π 4
f " 3π
Max value = f (3π ) = e 2

4
65. Sol: (c)
 x 3 if x > 0
3 
f ( x) = x = − x 3 if x < 0
0, if x = 0

6 x if x > 0

f " ( x) = − 6 x if x < 0
0, if x = 0

Similarly,
6 if x > 0

and f " ' ( x) = − 6 if x < 0
does not exist if x = 0

66. Sol: (b)
y = x 2 in [1,5]
y is minimum when x is minimum in [1,5]
y is minimum at x = 1 (function is increasing)
minimum value of y = 1
67. Sol: (b)
68. Sol: (b)
Given y = x + x + x + x + .........α
⇒ ( y − x ) 2 = y ⇒ y 2 − 2 xy + x 2 = y
at x = 2, y 2 − 4 y + 4 = y ⇒ y 2 − 5 y + 4 = 0
y =1 (or) 4
but at x = 2, y>1 ⇒ y=4 only
69. Sol: (c)
cos x − sin x  0  1 1
lim
x→π x −π
 form  = −
0  2
−
2
=− 2
4 4

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70. Sol: (b)

f ( x, y ) = x 2 − y 2
f x = 2 x, f y = 2 y ⇒ f x = 0, f y = 0 ⇒ (0,0) is stationary po int
f xx = 2, f yy = 0, f xy = −2
at (0,0) f xx f yy − ( f xy ) 2 = −4 < 0 ⇒ neither max ima nor min ima exist.
71. Sol: (a)

sin mx
lim
x →0 x
= m [ S tan dard lim it ]
sin(θ / 2) 1
∴lim =
θ →0 θ 2
72. Sol: (b)

73. Sol: (a)
f ( x) = e − x
Linear approximation = f(2)+(x-2)f’(2)
= e −2 + ( x − 2)( −e −2 )
= (3 − x ) e − 2
74. Sol: (c)
75. Sol: (a)
f ( x) = x 2 − x − 2 in [−4,4]
f ' ( x) = 2 x − 1 = 0 ⇒ x = 1 is stationary po int
2
f " ( x) = 2 > 0 ⇒ min imum at x = 1
2
The greatest value lies at extreme points
F(-4) = 18, f(4) = 10.
Maximum at x = -4
Max.value = 18
76. Sol: (d)

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GATE MATHEMATICS
αα αα
2 2 2
+ y2 )
∫ ∫ e e dx dy = ∫ ∫ e
−x −y −( x
dx dy
0 0 0 0
put x = r cos θ , y = r sin θ , J = r

π /2α
−r 2 π
= ∫ ∫e
0 0
r dr dθ =
4
77. Sol: (b)

f ( x) = ( x 2 − 4) 2 where x ∈ R
( )
f ' ( x) = 2 x 2 − 4 2 x = 0 ⇒ x = 0,2,−2
f " ( x) = 4(3x − 4)
f " (0) = −16 < 0 ⇒ max imum
f " (2) = 32 > 0 
 ⇒ min imum
f " (−2) = 32 > 0
78. Sol: (b)

79. Sol: (a)
sin x
1−
x =1
lim
x →∞ cos x
1+
x
80. Sol: (b)
f ' ( x) = 12 x 3 − 48 x 2 + 48 x = 0 ⇒ x = 0,2,2
f " (0) = 48 > 0 ⇒ min ima at x = 0
f " (2) = 0 ⇒ no extremum at x = 2
81. Sol: (a)
3 3 x
 y2   3x 2 
∫0 6 y − xy − 
2 0
dx = ∫0 6 x −
2 
 dx = 13.5
82. Sol: (a)

λ
2−
2 2− x 2
2
λ 1
∫∫ xydxdy =
2
(y )2
0
2 dx = ∫ ( 4 + x 2 − 4 x ) dx =
6
0 y =0 0
83. Sol: (b)

y = x 2 + 2 x + 10

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GATE MATHEMATICS
dy dy 
= 2x + 2 ⇒  = 4
dx dx  x =1
84. Sol: (c)
85. Sol: (c)
x
e − loge = 1 / x = x −1
86. Sol: (c)
v = x 2 − 6x + 9
y (2) = 1, y (3) = 0, y (4) = 1, y (5) = 4
Maximum value of y is 4
87. Sol: (a)
f ( x) = e x + e − x where x ∈ R
f ' ( x) = e x − e − x = 0 ⇒ e x = e − x ⇒ x = 0
f " ( x) = e x + e − x ⇒ f " (0) = 1 + 1 = 2 > 0 ⇒ min imum
min imum value of f (0) = 2
88. Sol: (a)
sin x 3 = x 3 −
(x ) + (x )
3 3 3 5
− .........
3! 5!
89. Sol: (b)
f ( x) = e x + sin x about x = π
f " (π ) e π
Co − efficient of ( x − π ) 2 = =
2! 2
90. Sol: (a)
Equation of straight line segment from (0,0) to (1,2) is y = 2(x-1)
1 1
[ ]
g ( x, y )dx = ∫ (4 x 3 + 10 y 4 )dx = ∫ 4 x 3 + 10 × 16( x − 1) 4 dx
∫ 0 0
= 33
91. Sol: (c)
f ( x) = e x about x = 2
f iv (2) e 2
co − efficient of ( x − 2) 4 = =
4! 4!

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GATE MATHEMATICS
92. Sol: (b)
x1/ 3 − 81/ 3  xm − am 
lim
x→8 x −8
= 1/12  Formula xLt
 →a x − a
= ma m−1 

93. Sol: (d)
 1 1 1 
Q ∫ dx = log (1 − x )  0 = cos0 − cos1 = α 
 0 1− x 
94. Sol: (d)
2 32
y= x
3
1 2
 dy 
length = ∫ 1 +   dx = 1.22 (Formula from radius of curvature)
0  dx 
95. Sol: (a)
π /2
∫
π
− /2
x cos xdx = 0 (Integration byparts)
96. Sol: (c)

sin x sin x
lim e x
x →0
x
= Lt
x →0 x
= 1.1 = 1
97. Sol: (a)
( 0,1) (1,1)
( 0,0 ) (1,0 )
98. Sol: (d)

L/2 2
 dy 
Total Length = 2 ∫0
1 +   dx
 dx 
L/2
h2 x2
=2 ∫
0
1 + 64 4 dx
L

Page 201
GATE MATHEMATICS
99. Sol: (d)

x2 2
Volume = ∫ πy 2 dx = ∫ π ( x ) dx = 32π
2
x1 1
100. Sol: (a)

2 2 2 2 2
Let f = x + y + z ⇒ f = x + y + 1 + xy : From maxima and minima, minimum
value is 1
101. Sol: (a)
4
 x2 
Area = ∫ 2 x −  dx
0 
4
16
=
3
102. Sol: (d)
103. Sol: (a)
Let f ( x, y ) = xy
∂f ∂f
df = dx + dy
∂x ∂y
= vdx + xdy
104. Sol: (d)
sin t
f (t ) =
t
t cos t − sin t
f ' (t ) = =0⇒t =0
t2
f " (0) < 0 ⇒ f (t ) is max imum at t = 0
105. Sol: (b)
(Integration by parts)
106. Sol: (a)
(Verify from the options)
107. Sol: (c)

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GATE MATHEMATICS
f ( x) = sin x
df x
= cos x .
dx x
π df
At x = − , = cos − π × (−1) = − 1
4 dx 4 2
108. Sol: (c)
(This is total area under the curve from normal distribution)
109. Sol: (b)
2
 1
2n
 − 1  n 
lim 1 − 
n
= lim 1 +   = e
n  
−1
( )2
= e −2
n →∞  
n →∞ 
110. Sol: (a)

2 
sin  x 
3  = 2
lim
x →0 x 3
111. Sol: (a)
(From the option (a) is suitable)
112. Sol: (b)
x3 x5 x7
Expansion of sin x is x − + − + ............∞
3! 5! 7!
113. Sol: (d)
[ ]
∞ ∞
1 1
∫−∞1 + x 2 dx = 2∫0 1 + x 2 dx = 2 Tan x]0 = 2 π 2 − 0 = π
−1 ∞
114. Sol: (b)

y = 2 − 3 x is continuous ∀ x∈ R and is not differentiable at x = 2/3
115. Sol: (b)

∞
∫ f (t )δ (t − a) =
−∞
f (a) where a > 0
∞
 π π
∴ ∫ 6 δ  t − 6  sin(t )dt = 6 sin 6 = 3
−∞

Page 203
GATE MATHEMATICS
116. Sol: (c)

π π 
Q f is continuous at x = ⇒ f   = Lt + f ( x )
2  2  x→π2
−λ sin x
1 ± Lt ⇒ λ =1
x→
π −1
2
117. Sol: (b)

118. Sol: (b)
Let f ( x ) = sin x
x2
Using f ( x) = f (0) + xf '(0) + f "(0) + ............... (Taylor series)
2!
119. Sol: (d)
 a
2∫ f ( x) dx if f ( x) is even function
∞
∫−∞ f ( x)dx =  0
0 if f ( x) is odd function

120. Sol: (d)
sin x
Standard limit formulae. lim
x →0 x
=1
121. Sol: (b)

1 1
( x − 1) + 2 ( x − 1) + ... This series converses of x ∈ ( −1,3)
2 4
1+
4 4
122. Sol: (a)
root of x 3 + x 2 + x + 1 = 0 is x = −1
⇒ ( x + 1)( x 2 + 1) = 0
⇒ x = −1, j ,− j
123. Sol: (c)
F”(x) = -2 < 0 maximum at x = 1
124. Sol:- (a)

Page 204
GATE MATHEMATICS
1
−q 9
%
Area = þ j − j 8 j = = − =
Û: Û % % %
8 A U 8 A W
0
125. Sol:- (c)
The function is continuous in [-1, 1]
It is also differentiable in [-1, 1] except at x = 0.
Since Left derivative = -1 and Right derivative = 1 at x = 0
126. Sol:- (b)
Ý
= 12
%=KJ Û
j−0 Û:
(Apply L – Hospital rule )

127. Sol:- (d)
f(x) = j A + 1
ø % j = 3j 8 = 0 ⇒ j = 0
ø %% j = 6x
ø %% 0 = 0
So f(x) has a point of inflection at x = 0.
128. Sol:- (b)
y = 2x – (0. 1)j 8
l% = 2 – 2 (0.1)x = 0 => x = 10
l%% = -2(0.1) < 0
Y is maximum at x = 0
Maximum height = y = 2(10) – (0.1)(100) = 10 m.
129. Sol:- (b)
gÛ = 1 + x +
Û:
8!
+ …….

Page 205
GATE MATHEMATICS
130. Sol:- (b)

Given y = 5j 8 = 10x
5H
5Û
= 10x +10
g g
131. Ans : (c )
þ
I = √j M jj þ
= log j √j j
1 1
Á Á

= 1log j − þ j3 = 7 j : logj − þ j : j9
<Á <Á
Û: % Û: 8
8 Á
Á
n% Û Án% A A %
: : %
Á

= 1 j logj − 3 = 7 j : log j − j : 9
<Á
8
8 Û: 8
G
: Á
A A n% A V %
: %
= g : − g : ¢ − 0 − ¢ = √g A +
8 G
G 8 G
A V V V V
132. Sol:- (b)

ù
W
I = þ G 3\ A 6\ \
0
Put 3\ = Þ ⇒ \ =
5I
A
At \ = 0, Þ = 0
\= , =
ù ù
W 8
û û
2 2
I = þ G ÞA 2Þ = þ G Þ 2sin t cos ÞA
5I 5I
A A
0 0
û
2
= þ G Þ A Þ Þ ¢=
µ µ W×G×88 %
A A %U×µ×W×G×8 %C
0
=
133. Sol: (a)

ÝÞ ÝÞ
øj = øj = ø then f(x) is continuous at x = a
j→ j → n
If
ÝÞ ÝÞ ÛnA
øj = = 2,
j → 3 j→3 A
Here
ÝÞ ÝÞ
n øj = j−1=2
j→3 j→3
And f(3) = 2

Page 206
GATE MATHEMATICS
∴ Option (a) is correct.

134. Sol:- (A)
= 3j − + … … ¢ + 2 j − + ……¢
Û Û. Û: ÛØ
A! C! 8! G!
3 sin x + 2 cos x
= 2 + 3x - j 8 -
Û
8
+ ……….
12 j
135. Sol: (867)
The required volume = þ þ l j

00
12 j
= þ þ j + ll j
00
12 Û
= þ jl + ¢ j
H:
8 U
0
12 Û
= þ j 8 + ¢ j
H:
8 U
0
%8
¢
A Û
8 A U
=
= ¢ = 864
A %8×%8×%8
8 A
136. Ans (A)

f(t) = e-t – 2e-2t
F’(t) = (-e-t + 4e-2t)
F’(t) = 0 => e-t (-1 + 4e-t) = 0
%
G
=> e-t =
=> -t = log ¢
%
G
=> t = log 4
F” (t) = g % − 8 g 8I
%
G
At t = log 4 => f” (t) = - < 0
∴ At t = log 4, f(t) has maximum value.

137. Ans (C)
ÝÞ % Û
1 + Û¢ = e (standard limit).
j→∞

Page 207
GATE MATHEMATICS
138. Ans : 0
f(x) = log (1 + x) – x
%
%nÛ
F ‘(x) = -1
F’(x) = 0 => x = 0
F’’ (x) = %nÛ: − Bg Þ j = 0
%
∴ f(x) is maximum at x = 0
139. Sol:- (C )
V j
= l o l + 1jl. 1p = l1 + ln jl
Vj jl
= j 7l j + 1jl. 19 = j?1 + 1 jl@

G¶ %
GH ÛH
j =l
G¶ G¶
GÛ GH
140. Sol:- 6
f(x) = 2j A − 9j 8 + 12j − 3
F ‘(x) = 6j 8 − 18j + 12
F’(x) = 0 => 6j 8 − 3j + 2 = 0
F’’ (x) = 1, 2 ∈ 0, 3
F’’ (x) = (12x – 18)
At x = 1 => F’’ (x) = -6 < 0
=> maximum exists
At x = 2 => F’’(x) = 6 > 0
=> minimum exists
∴ f(1) = 2
But f(3) = 6
∴ Global maximum of f(x) in [0, 3] = max {f(1), f(3)} = 6.
141. + + ….
Û: Û
8! A!
We know that ex = 1 + x +
∞ ;
= ∑
Û
=0
4!
∞
Put x = 1 => e = ∑
%
=0
4!
1

Page 208
GATE MATHEMATICS
142. Ans : ( C )
Given that x + Üj 8 + l 8 = $ (constant)
=> l 8 = $ 8 − 2$j … … … . 1
Area of the triangle A = jl

%
8
= $ 8 − 2$j = f(x) (say)

Û : H: Û:
G G
Let A2 =
2$ 8 j − 6$j 8
%
G
f’ (x) =
'
A
f’ (x) = 0 => x =
⇒ E F j < 0
'
A
At x =
∴ Area is maximum at x =

A

A
Put x = in (1)
l 8 = 8 − ¢=
8 : :
A A
∴y=
'
√A
Tan \ = ¢ = √3
H
Û
\ = 60
143. Ans :- (a)
F’ (x) = −j g Û + g Û
F’ (x) = 0 => x = 1
At x = 1, F’’ (x) < 0
∴ maximum exists at x = 1 and is equal to f(1) = g % .
144. Ans :- (c )
f(x) = j − 1
:
8
= 7j − 1 9 has no stationary points
Á

Page 209
GATE MATHEMATICS
∴ fj ≥ 0
∴ minimum value is ‘0’ and occurs at x = 1
145. Sol: (B)
⇒ B = l
H
8
Since v =
U= ¢ ⇒ ¿ = 2j (∴ y is constant)

8ÛH
8
→ + ¿∶0 →1
H H
8 8
As x :
And y : 0 → 8 ⇒ B ∶ 0 → 4
8 8+1
H
4 2
∴ þ_ þ ¢ j` l becomes þ Qþ 2 ¿ ¿R B
8ÛH
8
0 H 0 1
8
146. Sol: (B)

f(x) = j A − 3j 8 − 24j + 100
F’(x) = 3j 8 − 6j − 24
F’(x) = 0 => x = -2, 4
F’(x) = (6x – 6)
At x = -2 ; F’(x) < 0 we get maximum
At x = 4 ; F’(x) > 0 we get minimum
But x = 4 ∉ [-3, 3]
∴ Global minimum of f(x) = min {f(-3), f(3)}
But f(-3) = 118 and f(3) = 28
∴ Required minimum = 28
147. Displacement x = þ B Þ
= sin ¢ + $
ùI
8
At = 0 => x = 0 ∴ C = 0
=> x = sin ¢
ùI
8
After = 3s => x = -1
i.e., the particle is moved ‘1’ unit left of the origin
But x = sin ¢ is oscillating

ùI
8

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GATE MATHEMATICS
After t = 3s, the total distance moved by the particle is ‘3’ units
Since At t = 0 => x = 0
At t = 1 => x = 1
At t = 2 => x = 0
At t = 3 => x = -1
∴ The required difference = 3 - |−1|
=3–1=2
148. Ans :- (D)
Form the given data
= X … … … … … … … … … … … … . . 1
Û
A
= cos X − X … … … … … . … . . 2

H %
C √8
Where (X = 1000 ûÞ)

Using (1) in (2)
= cos X − ¢ => l + ¢ = X…………….(3)

H % Û √8 Û
C √8 A C A
Squaring & adding eqn (1) and (3)
+ 7 l8 + jl + 9=1
Û: 8 8√ 8 Û:
V 8C %C V
+ jl + l 8 − 1 = 0 … … … … … … … … . . . 4
8Û : 8√ 8 8
V %C 8C
i.e.,
It is in the form
j 8 + 2ℎjl + l 8 + 2j + 2øl + = 0 in eqn (4)
− ℎ8 = − ¢= >0
G 8 8
88C 88C 88C
0
8 √8
V %C
And ∆ = é√8 é= ≠0
8
0
8
88C
%C 8C
0 0 −1
This represents an ellipse if ab - ℎ8 > 0
ℎ
And ∆ = ®ℎ ø® ≠ 0
ø

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149. Sol:- (A)

ÝÞ j − sin j 0
@ øA
j → 0 1 − cos j 0
ÝÞ %=KJ Û
=
j → 0 Jð Û
(Apply L – Hospital rule)
ÝÞ Jð Û
=
j → 0 =KJ Û
=0
U
%
=
150. Ans :- (B)

ÝÞ : %
¢ ∵ ø¢
U
j → 0 Jð GÛ U
ÝÞ
=
8 :
j → 0 G =KJ GÛ
(Apply L – Hospital rule)
= 0.5
%
8
=
151. Sol:- ( D)
ÝÞ
j→0
If a function f(x) is continuous at x = a then f(x) = f(a)
i.e., limit exists and is equal to function value.

152. Sol:- ( B)
Let (x – 1)
As x : 0 → 2 ⇒ Þ ∶ 1 → 1
x = (t + 1)
2 1
∴ þ Û%: j = þ : ¢ Þ
Û%: CK4Û% I : Jð I
nCÛ% I n=KJ I
0 −1
o = 0 ∵ MÞg ø¿Þ
(OR)
2
Use the property
o þ øjj = 0 {ø ø 2 − j = −øj}

0
153. Sol:- (C)
ÝÞ ÝÞ
Û ¢= 1 + Û ¢
ÛnJð Û Jð Û
j→∞ j→∞
=1+0=1

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154. Sol:- (A)

.% /% 1 1 0 1
= ³.8 /8 1³ = ³2 2 1³
% %
.A /A 1
8 8
4 3 1
= 2 − 3 + 16 − 8 = −2 = −
% A
8 8
A
8
Since area is always +ve, answer is
155. Ans :- (A)

ÝÞ ÝÞ
U ø¢
Û % U Û PKQ Û
j→0 ° j→0 %
=
(Apply L – Hospital rule by treating ‘x’ as constant and differentiate

w.r.t ‘a’ both numerator and denominator)
= 1. Log x
= log x
156. Ans :- ( C )
sin \ −sin \ g 8 \
f ‘ \ = é sin W cos tan é
ù ù ù
W W
sin cos tan
ù ù ù
A A A
F \ is continuous in 7 , 9 and is differentiable in 7 , 9

ù ù ù ù
W A W A
f ¢ = ø ¢
ù ù
W A
∴ By Rolle’s theorem, there exists at least one value \ ∈ 7 , 9 such

ù ù
W A
that f ‘ \ = 0 i.e., (1) is true.

f ‘ \ is always zero if ø\ is a constant function.
Since ø\ is not a constant function.
∴ (II) is also true.
157. Ans :- (2)
f(x) = x sin x
F’(x) = x cos x + sin x
F’’(x) = -x sin x + 2 cos x
Given f’’ (x) + f(x) + t cos x = 0
-x sin x + 2 cos x + x sin x + t cos x = 0

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GATE MATHEMATICS
∴ t = -2
158. Ans (A)
(A) As Y є (0, 1) ; f(y) Varies from -1 to 1
Similarly f(Y+1) Varies from 1 to -1
∴ Let g(x) = f(y) – f(y+1) ; Y є (0, 1)
We get g(x) = 0 for some value of ‘X’
i.e., f(y) = f(y+1) for some Y є (0, 1)
option A is true
(B) f(Y) = f(2-Y) only at Y = 0 & y = 1
∴ In (0, 1) we can not conclude that the maximum value of f(x) is ‘1’ in (0, 2)
(D) As Y є (0, 1) ; f(Y) varies from -1 to 1 and –f(2-y) varies from 1 to -1
∴ Let g(x) = f(Y) + f(2-Y) ; Y є (0, 1)
∴ g(x) = 0 for some value of ‘X’
i.e., f(y) = -f(2, -Y) for some Y є (0, 1)
But the difference between y (2 – y) should be less than the length of
The interval ‘2’ is not possible.
Hence (D) is false.
159. Ans (4)
2û 2û
þ |j sin j| j = û ⇒ þ j|sin j| j = û
0 0
2û
û þ |sin j| j = û
0

∴ þ jøjj = 8 þ øjj ø ø − j = øj
°
0 0
û
û 2 þ |sin j|j = û
0
2
Q∴ þ øjj = 2þ øjj ø ø2 − j = øjR
0 0
û
2 û þ sin j j = û
0

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GATE MATHEMATICS
4û = kû ⇒ = 4
Ans : -2û
û
160.
þ x 8 cos x dx
0
= "j 8 sin j − 2j− cos j + 2− sin j#U
ù
= 2û cos û = − 2û
2j
161. Ans : (B)
2
þ þ e Zn[
dy dx = þ g Û g H UÛ j
00 0
2 2
Û g Û
= þg − 1j = þ g 8Û − g Û j
0 0
8
= 7 ¢ − gÛ9
:
8 U
= 7 − g 8 ¢ − − 1¢9
Ø %
8 8
:
− g8 + =
Ø % " : %#
8 8 8
=
162. Sol:- (D)

Integrating option (d) we obtain the volume of cone as B = ûS 8 L
%
A
163. Sol:- (C )
Given ø = U j 4 + % j 4% l + − − + 4% jl 4% + 4 l 4
∴ By Euler’s theorem for homogenous function, we have

F is a homogenous polynomial in x and y of degree ‘n’
Vø Vø
j + =ø
Vj Vl
164. Sol. By Lagranges Mean Value Theorem,

f (1) − f (−1) 2
f ′( x) = = =1
1 − (−1) 2
⇒ −2 x + 3 x 2 = 1 ⇒ 3 x 2 − 2 x − 1 = 0

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GATE MATHEMATICS
⇒ x = 1, −1, −1 but x = −1 ∈ ( −1,1)

3 3
165. Sol. (1)
Figure:
Let 2x, 2y be length, breadth respectively of a rectangle of a rectangle inscribed in ellipse

x 2 + 4 y 2 = 1 then
Area of a rectangle (2x)(2y) i.e 4xy
Consider f ( x, y ) = ( Area)2 = 16 x 2 y 2 = 4 x 2 (1 − x 2 )
1
Now, f ′( x) = 0 ⇒ x(1 − 2 x 2 ) = 0 ⇒ x =
2
1 1
y2 = ⇒y=
8 8
1
f ′′( x) = 8 − 48 x 2 < 0 when x =
2
1  1  1 
∴ f is maximum at x = and the maximum area is 4   i.e 1
2  2  8 
166. Sol. ()
∞
sin(4π t )
∫ 12cos(2π t ).
−∞
4π t
dt
∞ ∞ ∞
12 cos(2π t ) sin(4π t ) 3  sin(6π t ) sin(2π t ) 
=
4π ∫−∞ t
dt = ∫
π 0 t
dt + ∫
0
t
dt 

∞ ∞
3  0t 6 sin(6π t ) sin(2π t ) 
= ∫ e dt + ∫ e0t dt 
π 0 t 0
t 
3   6sin(6π t )   sin(2π t ) 
=  L + L 
π  t   t 
3 1 
( )
 + 2π . 1 Tan −1 s ( )
∞ ∞
= 6π . Tan −1 s  
π  6π  6π  s 2π  2π  s  s =0

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GATE MATHEMATICS
=
3
π 
Tan −1∞ − Tan −1 s
6π ( )
+ Tan −1∞ − Tan −1 s 
2π  ( )
3 π π  3
=  − Tan −1 0 + − Tan −1 0  = [π ] = 3
π 2 2  π
167. Sol. ()
Partial derivative of x 2 + y 2 w.r.t y is 0+2y=2y
“6y + 4x w.r.t x is 0 + 4 = 4
Both are equal ⇒ 2y = 4 ⇒ y=2
168. Sol.
(C) by intermediate value theorem if f(x) has a root in [ a, b )
⇒ f(a).f(b)<0 since f(x) doesnot have a root means f(a).f(b)>0

169. Sol.
f(x) = 1 − x on − 1 ≤ x ≤ 1
= 1 − x for x ≥ 0
1 + x for x < 0
Input ‘0’ output 1 so, option C
170. Sol.
1 − cos( x 2 ) 0
Lt =
x →0 2 x4 0
Using L-hospital rule
sin( x 2 ).2 x 0
Lt =
x →0 −8 x3 0
cos( x 2 ).2 x.2 x + ( sin x 2 ) .2
= Lt
x →0 24 x 2
cos( x 2 ).4 x 2 + 2 ( sin x 2 )
= Lt
x →0 24 x 2
cos( x 2 ).4 x 2 + 2 ( sin x 2 )
= Lt
x →0 24 x 2
= Lt
( − sin( x ) ) .4 x
2 2
+ cos x 2 (8 x) + 2 ( cos x 2 ) .2 x
=
0
=0
x →0 48 x 48

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GATE MATHEMATICS
171. Sol. (3.66)

By Green’s theorem
1 y =1− x
∂N ∂M 11
∫ Mdx + Ndx = ∫∫
c
∂x ∂y
dxdy = ∫
0
∫0
( −6 y + 16 y )dxdy =
3
= 3.66
172. Sol.
π π π π
2
cos x + i sin x 2
eix 2
 e2ix  2 1
∫ ∫ ∫
2 ix
Let I = dx = dx = e dx =   = (−2) = −1
0
cos x − i sin x 0
e− ix 0  2 0 2
173. Sol.
2x 2 2
 1  1  x    1  x  2
Lt 1 +  = Lt  1 +   =  xLt 1 +   =e
x →∞
 x x →∞
 x    →∞  x  
174. Sol.
Option D is a property of the point of minima
175. Sol. (C)
1
Let y= Lt x x
x →∞
−1
1 x = 0 ⇒ y =1
⇒ Lny = Lt ln x = Lt
x →∞ x x →∞ 1
176.
2
π ( π)
cos 1
∫
1 x2
π
Put 1 = t
x
−1
dx = dt
x2
x = 2π ⇒ t = π
2
1
x= ⇒t =π
π
2
π ( π) =
cos 1 π
= sin π − sin π
∫ ∫ cos tdt = (sin t )π
π
= −1
1 x2 π 2 2
π 2

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GATE MATHEMATICS
177. Sol.
Since f (0) → ∞ f is not bounded in [-1, 1] and hence it is not continuous in [-1, 1]
1 0 1
−1 1 3 3
A= ∫ f ( x)dx = ∫ x
−1 −1
3
dx + ∫ x 3 dx =
0
+ = 3 , which is non zero finite 0.
2 2
178.Ans: (–5)
Sol: f(x) = 2x3 – 3x2 in [-1, 2]
f ' (x) = 0 ⇒ 6x2 – 6x = 0
6x ( x-1) = 0
X=0&1
F(-1) = -5, f(1) = -1, f(2) = 4
Global minimum = -5
x 8 − 3x − 4
179.Ans: (C)
ëìí: The function, fx = 8 is not de]ined at x = 1 and x = −4
x + 3x − 4
∴ The function fxis not continuous at x = −4, 1.
180.Ans: (C)
Á
G
X¾: Lt = lim =
^_%nGÛ Á<Ø G
x→ 0 % x®0 A A
181. Ans: (C)
Sol:
"√j 8 + j − 1 − j#
Üj 8 + j − 1 − j¢ ×
Lim Üj 8 + j − 1 − j = lim "√j 8 + j − 1 + j#
x ®¥ Û→ú
j 8 + j − 1 − j 8
= lim
Û→ú √j 8 + j − 1 + j
j 1 − ¢
%
1
= lim Û
=
Û→ú 2
j Ú1 + − + 1
% %
Û Û:
182. Ans: 20
Sol: Converting to polar coordinates, we get
2 2π
1 1
2π ∫∫D 2π r ∫=0 θ∫=0
(x + y + 10)dxdy = (rcosθ + rsinθ + 10) rdrdθ
2 2π
1
2 π r ∫= 0 ∫ (r cosθ + r sinθ + 10r) dr dθ
2 2
=
θ =0
2π 2
1  r3 r3 
= ∫ 
2π θ = 0  3
cosθ +
3
sinθ + 5r 2  dθ
0
2π
1 8 8 
= ∫  cosθ + sinθ + 20  dθ
2π 0  3 3 

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GATE MATHEMATICS
2π
1 8 8 
=  sinθ − cosθ + 20θ 
2 3
2π 3 0
1  8   8 
=  − + 40π  −  − 
2  3
2π   3 
= 20
183.Ans: (A)
184. Ans: (B) ;;; Sol: Since
Since, f(-1) = -3,
3, f(0) = 1, f(1) = -1,
1, f(2)
f = -3,
3, f(3) = 1
x
185.Ans: (C) ;;;Sol: Sin x = touches at 3 points
2
186.Ans: 90o
Sol:
If θ = 0
| I |= 15 π
0<θ<
π 2
If θ =
2 15 ≤ θ ≤ 5
|I| = 5
187.Ans: 2
1
Sol: ∫
dx
(1 − x)
{
= − 2 1− x }
1
0
0
= − 2[( 0) − 1] = 2
188.Ans: 10
2
x
3 3
Sol: Volume = ∫∫ zdxdy ∫ ∫ (6 − x − y)dxdy = 10
x =0 y=0
189.Ans:
Ans: (C)
Sol: Integration
ration of ram
mp is parabolic,
abolic, integration
ration of stepp is ramp.
ra
190.Ans: 4.714
Sol: Given region of cylinder
3 ≤ ρ ≤ 5,
π π
≤φ≤ ,
8 4
3 ≤ z ≤ 4.5
The differential volu
The volumee of cylinder in given by
d = ρdρdφ
dν φdz

Page 220
GATE MATHEMATICS
π
5 4 4.5
Volume, ν =
∫ ∫ ∫ ρdρdφdz
ρ =3 π z =3
φ=
8
r é 2 ù 1 p
π π
= ê ú ´[f]8p ´[Z]34.5 = (25 − 9) ×  −  × (4.5 − 3)
ê úë 2 û3 2 4 8
8
∴ ν = 4.71 m3
191. Ans: (B)
Sol: Since continuous function may not be differentiable. But differentiable function is
always continuous.
192. Ans: (b)
Sol: (0,0,0) to (1,1,1)
x −0 y −0 3−0
Equation of straight line = = =t
1− 0 1− 0 1− 0
x = t, y = t, z = t
dx = dt, dy = dt, dz = dt
t = 0, t = 1
1 é4t 3 ù1
ò( )
4t 3 + 1 d ê
êë 4
+ t ú = 1 +1 = 2
úû
0
193.Ans: (d)
∞ ∞
 sin 2πt  2 × 2  sin 2πt 
Sol: 2 ∫ 
π ∫0  t 
dt = × dt
−∞ 
πt 
4 π
= × =2
π 2
194. Ans: 4.4167
(
Sol: F = 5xza x + 3x 2 + 2y a y +x 2 za z )
(
i.e F = 5xz i + 3x 2 + 2y j + x 2 zk )
( 0, 0, 0 ) to (1,1,1)
∫ F.dl = ∫ 5xzdx + ∫ ( 3x )
+ 2y dy + ∫ x 2 zdz
2
x = t, y = t2 z=t
dx = dt, dy = 2tdt, dz = dt
1 1 1
∫ ∫( )
3x 2 + 2y dy + ∫ x zdz
2
= 5xzdx +
x =0 y =0 z =0
1
∫ 5t dt + ( 3t )
2 2
= + 2t 2 2tdt + t 3dt
t =0

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GATE MATHEMATICS
∫ ( 5t )
2
= + 10t 3 + t 3 dt
t =0
1
 t3 t4 
=  5 + 11 
 3 4 0
5 11 53
= + = = 4.4167
3 4 12
195.Ans: (0)
Sol: f(x) = x(x – 1)(x – 2) in [1,2]
3± 3
f ' (x) = 3x2 – 6x + 2 = 0 ⇒ x =
3
f '' (x) = 6x – 6
 3+ 3 
f '' 
 3  = 3.4 > 0 ⇒ minimum
 
 3− 3 
f '' 
 3  = −3.4 < 0 ⇒ maximum
 
f(1) = 0, f(2) = 0
Max value = 0
196.Ans: (B)
Soln: option (A)
X3 + 8 =0.x3 = -8.x = -2
Sub x =-2, in F (x) =2x7 +3x-5
F(-2) =2 (-2)7 + 3 (-2) -5
=-256 -6-5 =-267
∴ This is not a factor of f (x)
Option (B)
X-1 =0, X=1
Sub @ x =1, in f (x) = 2x7 + 3x-5
F(1) = 2(1)7 + 3 (1) -5 =5-5=0
∴ this is a factor of f(x)
Option (C)
2x –f=0, x =5/2
5 5 T 5
Sub @ x = 5/2 in f (X)= 2x7 +3x-5
ø =@ A=2 @ A +3 @ A−5
2 2 2
=-2-3-5=-10
∴ This is not a factor of f(x)
∴ Option ‘B’ is true
197. Ans: (D)
Soln: f(x) = x2 -4x+2
F|(x)= 2x -4 =0
⇒ x=2
f (x) = 2 >0 minimum at x = 2

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GATE MATHEMATICS
∴ min value is f (2)= 4-8-+2=-2

jl
198. Soln:
lim 8
Û→U j + l 8
0
Þ Þℎg ø
0
Put y = mx
j 8 1
As y →0, mx →0
lim j8 =
Û→U 1 + 8 1 + 8
For different value of m we get different limits it is not unique therefore limit does
not exist.
199.Ans :- (D)
Sol: Angle between the curves is angle between the tangents at the point of intersection
200.Ans. 85.33
Soln:
µ
Area
2 > Ü8l l
U
é 3 ù¥
êy 2 ú
= 2 8 êê ú = 85.33
ú
3
ê ú
ëê 2 úû 0
201.Ans: (B)
j − 08 ′′
Soln: Quadratic Approximation
= f 0 + x − 0 f’ 0 + ø 0
2!
f| (x)= x3 -3x2 -5 ⇒f (0)=-5
f’(x)= 3x2- 6x ⇒f’ (0)=0
f” = 6x – 6
Þ 8"(0) = -6
−6
Û:
8
∴ Equation is = -5 + x(0) +
= -3x2-5

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GATE MATHEMATICS
202.Ans : (B)
Soln:
y = x2 +1; x+ y = 3 area bounded by parabola
x+ y = 3
⇒x+ x2 +1=3
⇒ x2 + x-2 =0
⇒(x+2) (x-1) =0
⇒ x =-2,1
& = ` l j
% Û
= > > lj

8 Û : %
%
= >?l@ÛAÛ
: % j
8
%
= >3 − j − j 8 − 1 j
8
%
= >2 − j − j 8 j
8
1
 x 2 x3 
= 2x − − 
2 2  −2
1 1

= @2 − − A −  −4 − 2 + 
2 3
 8
12 − 3 − 2  10 
 3
=@ A − 
6
7 10 27 9
 3
= + = =
6 3 6 2
203.Ans. (B)
Soln: F(X)= 2x7 +3x-5 for X =1 the equations is satisfied. The factor is (X-1)
204.Ans: 1
sinj − 4
Soln:
lim ¾gÞ j − 4 = Þ
Û→G j−4
sin Þ
= lim =1
I→U Þ
(OR)
The given limit is in 0/0 form Applying L. Hospital’s rule, we get
The limiting value = 1

Page 224
GATE MATHEMATICS
CHAPTER- 5
NUMERICAL METHODS QUESTIONS
1. Given the differential equation y’ = x-y with initial conditions y(0) = 0. The value of
y(0.1) calculated numerically up to the third place of decimal by the second order Runge-
Kutta method with step size h = 0.1 is (GATE-1993-All)
dy
2. Back ward Euler method for solving the differential equation = f ( x, y ) is specified by
dx
(GATE-1994-CS)
(a) y n+1 = y n + hf ( xn , y n ) (b) y n+1 = y n + hf ( xn+1 , y n+1 )
(c) y n+1 = y n−1 + 2hf (xn , yn ) (d) y n+1 = (1 = h) f ( xn+1 , y n+1 )
3. In the interval [0, Π ] the equation x = cos x has (GATE-1995-CS)

(a) No solution (b) Exactly one solution
(c) Exactly two solutions (d) an infinite number of solutions
4. The iteration formula to find the square root of a positive real number by using the
Newton- Raphson method is (GATE-1995-CS)
3 ( xk + b ) 2
xk + b xk − 2 xk − 1
(a) xk +1 = (b) x k +1 = (c) xk +1 = 2
(d) none
2 xk 2 xk xk + b
5. Let f ( x ) = x − cos x . using Newton Raphson method at the (n+1)th iteration. The point
x n +1 is Computed from x n as (GATE-1995-CS)
6. The formula used to compute an approximation for the second derivative of a function f
at a point x0 is (GATE-1996-CS)
f ( x0 + h ) + f ( x0 − h ) f ( x0 + h ) + f (x0 − h )
(a) (b)
2 2h
f ( x0 + h ) + 2 f ( x0 ) + f ( x0 − h ) f ( x0 + h ) − 2 f ( x 0 ) + f ( x0 − h )
(c) (d)
h2 h2
7. The Newton-Raphson iteration formula for finding 3 c , where c > 0 is,
3 3
2 xn + 3 c 2 xn − 3 c
(a) x n +1 = 2
(b) x n +1 = 2
(GATE-1996-CS)
3xn 3xn

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GATE MATHEMATICS
3 3
2 xn + c 2 xn − c
(c) x n +1 = 2
(d) x n +1 = 2
3xn 3xn
8. The Newton-Raphson method is used to find the root of the equation x2-2. If the
iterations are started from -1, then the iteration will (GATE-1997-CS)
(a) converges to -1 (b) converges to √2
(c) converges to - √2 (d) not converge 2
9. The Newton- Raphson method is to be used to find the root of the equation and f’(x) is
(GATE-1999)
(a) always (b) only if f is a polynomial
(c) only if f(x0)<0 (d) none of the above
10. Given a>0, we wish to calculate its reciprocal value 1/a by using Newton-Raphson
method for f(x) = 0. For a=7 and starting wkith x0 = 0.2. the first 2 iterations will be
(GATE-2005)
(a) 0.11, 0.1299 (b) 0.12, 0.1392 (c) 0.12, 0.1416 (d) 0.13, 0.1428
11. Given a>0, we wish to calculate its reciprocal value 1/a by using Newton-Raphson
method for f(x) = 0. The Newton-Raphson algorithm for the function will be
(GATE-2005)
1 a  a 2
(a) x k +1 =  x k +  (b) xk +1 = xk + xk
2 xk  2
2 a 2
(c) xk +1 = 2 xk − axk (d) xk +1 = xk − xk
2
12. Starting from x0=1, one step of Newton-Raphson method in solving the equation
x 3 + 3 x − 7 = 0 Gives the next value x1 as (GATE-2005)
(a) x1 = 0.5 (b) x1 = 1.406 (c) x1= 1.5 (d) x1 = 2
13. For solving algebraic and transcendental equation which one of the following is used?
(GATE-2005)
(a) Coulomb’s theorem (b) Newton-Rapson method
(c) Euler’s method (d) Stroke’s method
14. Newton-Raphson formula to find the roots of an equation f(x) = 0 is given by
(GATE-2005)
f ( xn ) f ( xn )
(a) xn+1 = xn − (b) xn+1 = xn +
f ' ( xn ) f ' ( xn )

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GATE MATHEMATICS
f ( xn ) xn f ( xn )
(c) xn+1 = (d) xn+1 =
xn f ' ( xn ) f ' ( xn )
15. The real root of the equation xe x = 2 is evaluated using Newton-Raphson’s method. If the
first approximation of the value of x is 0.8679 the second approximation of the value of x
correct to three decimal places is (GATE-2005)
(a) 0.865 (b) 0.853 (c) 0.849 (d) 0.838
16. Match the following and choose the correct combination (GATE-2005)
Group-I Group-П
E. Newton-Raphson method non-linear equations 1. Solving
F. Rungue-kutta method linear simultaneous equations 2. Solving
G. Simpson’s Rule ordinary differential equations 3. Solving
H. Gauss elimination integration method 4. Numerical
5. Interpolation
6. Calculation of Eigen values
(a) E-6, F-1, G-5, H-3 (b) E-1, F-6, G-4, H-3
(c) E-1, F-3, G-4, H-2 (d) E-5, F-3, G-4, H-1
17. The polynomial P(x) = x5+x+2 has (GATE-2007)
(a) All real roots (b) 3 real and 2 complex roots
(c) 1 real and 4 complex roots (d) all complex roots
18. Identify the Newton-Raphson iteration scheme for finding the square root of 2
(GATE-2007)
1 2  1 2 
(a) x n +1 =  x n +  (b) x n +1 =  x n − 
2 xn  2 xn 
 2 
(c) x n +1 =   (d) xn+1 = 2 + xn
 xn 
19. Given that one root of the equation x 3 − 10 x 2 + 31 x − 30 = 0 is 5 then other roots are
(GATE-2007)
(a) 2 and 3 (b) 2 and 4 (c) 3 and 4 (d) -2 and -3
20. The following equation needs to be numerically solved using the Newton-Raphson
method x 3 + 4 x − 9 = 0 . The iterative equation for this purpose is (k indicates the iteration
level) (GATE-2007)

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GATE MATHEMATICS
3 3
2 xk + 9 3xk + 9
(a) x k +1 = 2
(b) x k +1 = 2
3 xk + 4 2 xk + 4
2
3 2 4 xk + 3
(c) xk +1 = xk − 3xk + 4 (d) x k +1 = 2
9 xk + 2
21. Match the exercise and choose the correct one out of the alternatives A,B,C,D
(GATE-2007)
Group-I Group-П
P. Second order differential equations 1. Runge-kutta method
Q. Non-linear algebraic equations 2. Newton-Raphson method
R. Linear algebraic equations 3. Gauss elimination
S. Numerical integration 4. Simpson’s rule
(a) P-3, Q-2, R-4, S-1 (b) P-2, Q-4, R-3, S-1
(c) P-1, Q-2, R-3, S-4 (d) P-1, Q-3, R-2, S-4
22. The equation x 3 − x 2 + 4 x − 4 = 0 is to be solved using the Newton- Raphson method. If
x = 2 taken as the initial approximation of the solution then the next approximation using
this method will be (GATE-2007)
(a) 2/3 (b) 4/3 (c) 1 (d) 3/2
23. Equation e x − 1 = 0 is required to be solved using Newton’s method with an initial guess
x0 = −1. Then after one step of Newton’s method estimate x1 of the solution will be given
by (GATE-2008)
(a) 0.71828 (b) 0.36784 (c) 0.20587 (d) 0.0000
24. It is known that two roots of the non-linear equation x 3 − 6 x 2 + 11 x − 6 = 0 are 1 and 3.
The third Root will be (GATE-2008)
(a) j (b) – j (c) 2 (d) 4
25. The recursion relation to solve using Newton-Raphson method is (GATE-2008)
(a) xn+1 = e − xn (b) xn+1 = xn − e − xn
=
(1 + xn )e − x n
x − (1 + xn )e − xn − 1
2
(c) xn+1 (d) x n +1 = n
(1 + e ) − xn
x n − e − xn
1 R 
26. The Newton-Raphson iteration x n +1 =  x n +  can be used to compute the
2 xn 
(GATE-2008)

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GATE MATHEMATICS
(a) Square of R (b) Reciprocal of R (c) Square root of R (d) logarithm of R

27. Let x2-117 = 0. The iterative steps for the solution using Newton-Raphson’s method is
given by (GATE-2009)
1 117   117 
(a) x k +1 =  x k +  (b) x k +1 =  x k − 
2 x k   x k 
 x  1 117 
(c) xk +1 =  xk − k  (d) x k +1 = x k −  x k + 
 117  2 x k 
28. During the numerical solution of a first order differential equation using the Euler (also
known as Euler Cauchy) method with step size h, the local truncation error is of the order
of (GATE-2009)
(a) h2 (b) h3 (c) h4 (d) h5
dy (x )
29. Consider a differential equation − y (x ) = x with initial condition y (0 ) = 0 . Using
dx
euler’s first order method with a step size of 0.1 then the value of y(0.3) is
(GATE-2010)
(a) 0.01 (b) 0.031 (c) 0.0631 (d) 0.1
30. Newton-Rap son method is used to compute a root of the equation x 2 − 13 = 0 with 3.5 as
the initial value the approximation after one iteration is (GATE-2010)
(a) 3.575 (b) 3.677 (c) 3.667 (d) 3.607
31. A numerical solution of the equation f ( x ) = x + x − 3 can be obtained using Newton-

Raphson method. If the starting value is x = 2 for the iteration then the value of x that is
to be used in the next step is (GATE-2011)
(a) 0.306 (b) 0.739 (c) 1.694 (d) 2.306
32. The square root of a number N is to be obtained by applying Newton-Raphson iteration
to the equation x 2 − N = 0 If i denote the iteration index, the correct iterative scheme will
be (GATE-2011)
1 N 1 2 N 
(a) xi +1 =  xi +  (b) xi +1 =  xi + 2 
2 xi  2 xi 
1 N2 1 N
(c) xi +1 = x
 i +  (d) xi +1 =  xi − 
2 xi  2 xi 

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GATE MATHEMATICS
33. Solution, the variable x1 and x 2 for the following equations is to be obtained by
employing the Newton-Raphson iteration method (GATE-2011)
10 x 2 − sin x1 − 0.8 = 0
Equation 2
10 x 2 − 10 x 2 − cos x1 − 0.6 = 0
Assuming the initial values x1 = 0.0 and x2 = 1.0 the Jacobean matrix is
10 − 0.8 10 0   0 − 0.8 10 0 
(a)   (b)   (c)   (d)  
 0 − 0.6  0 10 10 − 0.6 10 −10
1.5
dx
34. The estimate of ∫ x obtained using simpson’s rule with three-point function evaluation
0.5
exceeds the exact value by

(a) 0.235 (b) 0.068 (c) 0.024 (d) 0.012
35. When the Newton-Raphson method is applied to solve the euqaiton
f ( x ) = x3 + 2 x − 1 = 0 , the solution at the end of the first iteration with the initial value
as x0 = 1.2 is
(a) -0.82 (b) 0.49 (c) 0.705 (d) 1.69

dy
36. While numerically solving the differential equation + 2 xy 2 = 0, y ( 0 ) = 1 using
dx
Euler’s predictor corrector (improved Euler-Cauchy) method with a step size of 0.2, the
value of y after the first step is
(a) 1.00 (b) 1.03 (c) 0.97 (d) 0.96
37. Match the application to appropriate numerical method
Applications:
P1: Numerical integration
P2: Solution to a transcendental equation
P3: Solution to a system of linear equations
P4: Solution to a differential equation
Numerical Method:
M1: Newton-Raphson Method
M2: Runge-Kutta Method
M3: Simpson’s 1/3-rule

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GATE MATHEMATICS
M4: Gauss Elimination Method
The function f ( x ) = e − 1is to be solved using Newton-Rapshon method. If the initial

x
38.
value of x0 is taken 1.0, then the absolute error observed at 2nd iteration is
39. The iteration step in order to solve for the cube roots of a given number ‘N’ using the
Newton-Raphson’s method is
1 1 N
(a) xk +1 = xk +
3
( N − xk3 ) (b) xk +1 =  2 xk +
3

xk2 
1 1 N
(c) xk +1 = xk −
3
( N − xk3 ) (d) xk +1 =  2 xk −
3

xk2 
40. The real root of the equation 5 x − 2cos x = 0 (up to two decimal accuracy) is
dy
41. Consider an ordinary differential equation = 4t + 4. If x = x0 at t = 0 , the increment
dx
in x calculated using Runge-Kutta fourth order multi-step method with a step size of
∆t = 0.2 is
(a) 0.22 (b) 0.44 (c) 0.66 (d) 0.88
If the equation sin ( x ) = x is solved by Newton Raphson’s method with the initial guess
2
42.
of x = 1, then the value of x after 2 iterations would be
43. A non-zero polynomial f ( x ) of degree 3 has roots at x = 1, x = 2 and x = 3 . which one

of the following must be TRUE?
(a) f ( 0 ) f ( 4 ) < 0 (b) f ( 0 ) f ( 4 ) > 0 (c) f ( 0 ) + f ( 4 ) > 0 (4) f ( 0 ) + f ( 4 ) < 0
44. In the Newton-Raphson method, an initial guess of x0 = 2 is made the sequence

x0 , x1 , x2 ,..... is obtained for the function
Consider of the statement
(I) x3 = 0
(II) The method converges to a solution in a finite number of iterations

Which of the following is TRUE?
(a) Only I (b) Only II (c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II

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GATE MATHEMATICS
3 9
45. Simpson’s 1 rule is used to integrate the function f(x) = x 2 + b/w x =0 and x =1
3 5 5
using least numbers of subintervals the value of integral is (GATE – ME-15)
46. The values of the function f(x) at 5 discrete points are given below (GATE – ME-15)
x 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
f(x) 0 10 40 90 160
0.4
Using Trapezoidal rule with step size of 0.1, the value of ∫
0
f ( x ) dx
47. Using a unit stpe size the value of ∫ x ln xdx by trapezoidal rule
1
(GATE – ME-15)
48. N-R method is used to find the roots the equation x3 + 2 x 2 + 3x − 1 = 0 . If the initial
guesses x0 =1, then value of x after 2nd iterations is (GATE – ME-15)
49. The quadratic equation x 2 − 4 x + 4 = 0 is to be solved numerically, starting with the

initial guess x0 =3. The N-R method is applied once to get new estimate and secant
method is applied once using initial guess and this new estimate. The estimated value of
root after the application of second method is (GATE – CE-15)
50. In N-R iterative method, the initial guess value xini is considered as ‘0’ while finding the
roots of the equation f ( x) = −2 + 6 x − 4 x 2 + 0.5 x3 . The correction ∆x to be added to xini
in the first iteration is (GATE – CE-15)
51. For stepsize ∆x =0.4 the value of the following integral using simpson’s 1 rule
3
0.8
∫ (0.2 + 25 x − 200 x
2
+ 675 x 3 − 900 x 4 + 400 x 5 )dx (GATE – CE-15)
0
52. The solution of a nonlinear equation x3 − x = 0 is to be obtained by N-R method. If the

initial guess is x = 0.5, the method converges to which one of the following values
(GATE – CE-15)
A) -1 B) 0 C) 1 D) 2
3
53.The root of the function f(x) = x +x-1 obtained after first iteration on application of Newton-
Raphson scheme using an initial guess of x0=1 is (GATE – ME-16)
(A) 0.682 (B) 0.686 (C) 0.750 (D) 1.000

54.Solve the equation j = 10 cos(j) using the Newton-Raphson method. The initial guess is j =
û/4. The value of the predicted root after the first iteration, up to second decimal, is ______

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GATE MATHEMATICS
(GATE – ME-16)
55. Gauss-Seidel method is used to solve the following equations (as per the given order):
j1 + 2j2 + 3j3 = 5
2j1 + 3j2 + j3 = 1
3j1 + 2j2 + j3 = 3
Assuming initial guess as j1 = j2 = j3 = 0, the value of j3 after the first iteration is ____
(GATE – ME-16)
56.Numerical integration using trapezoidal rule gives the best result for a single variable
function, which is (GATE – ME-16)
(A) linear (B) parabolic (C) logarithmic (D) hyperbolic
57.The error in numerically computing the integral þU j + j j using the trapezoidal
ù
rule with three intervals of equal length between 0 and û is __________ (GATE – ME-16)
58. Consider the first order initial value problem (GATE – EC-16)
y' = y + 2x − x 2 , y (0) = 1, (0 ≤ x < ∞ )
with exact solution y( x) = x 2 + e x . For x = 0.1 the percentage difference between the exact
solution and the solution obtained using a single iteration of the second-order Runge-Kutta
method with step-size h = 0.1 is _______
59.Newton-Raphson method is to be used to find root of equation 3j − gj + sin j = 0. If the

initial trial value for the root is taken as 0.333, the next approximation for the root would be
________ (GATE – CE-16)
(note: answer up to three decimal)

Page 233
GATE MATHEMATICS
NUMERICAL METHODS SOLUTIONS

1Sol.
Given y = x − y.......(1)
1
dy
= f ( x, y ) where f ( x, y ) = x − y
dx
Also given y ( 0 ) = 0.......( 2 )
and h = 0.1
y ( 0.1) = ?
1
Let 2nd order rungue-Kulta method is given by y1 = y ( x1 ) = y0 + ( k1 + k2 )
2
where k1 = hf ( x0 , y0 ) and k2 = hf ( x0 + h, y0 + k1 )
k1 = ( 0.1) [ x0 − y0 ] = ( 0.1)( 0 − 0) = 0
k2 ( 0.1) ( x0 + h ) − ( y0 + k1 ) 
= ( 0.1)  0 + 0.1 − ( 0 + 0 )  = 0.01
1
y1 = y ( 0.1) = 0 + ( 0 + 0.01)
2
0.01 1 1
= = =
2 2 × 100 200
2Sol. (a)
(
Back ward Euler method is given by yn+1 = yn + hf xn−1, yn−1 )
3Sol. (b)
Let f ( x ) = x − cos x = 0
−π 0 π 2π
The curves y = x and y = cos x intersect at only one point in the interval ( 0, π )

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GATE MATHEMATICS
∴ The equation has exactly one solution in [ 0,π ]

4sol. (b)
Let x = b ( or ) x 2 − b = 0
Let f ( x ) = x − b and f ( x) = 2x
2 1
f ( xn )
xn +1 = xn − 1 = xn −
( xn2 − b )
f ( xn ) 2 xn
2 xn2 − xn2 + b xn2 + b

= =
2 xn 2 xn
5Sol.
Given f ( x ) = x − cos x
⇒ f 1 ( x ) = 1 + sin x
Newton-Raphson method is given by
f ( xn )
X n +1 = xn −
f 1 ( xn )
 xn − cos ( xn ) 
xn +1 = xn − 
1 + sin ( xn ) 
6Sol. (d)
The finite difference approximation for the 2nd derivative of a function f at a apint x0 is
f ( x0 + h ) − 2 f ( x0 ) + f ( x0 − h )
f 11 ( x ) =
h2
7Sol. (c)
3
Let x = 3 c then x − c = 0
⇒ f ( x ) = x3 − c = 0 and f 1 ( x ) = 3x2
Newton-Raphson method is givne by
f ( xn )
xn+1 = xn −
f 1 ( xn )

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GATE MATHEMATICS
= xn −
(x 3
n − c)
=
3 xn3 − xn3 + c
3 xn2 3 xn2
2 xn3 + c
xn +1 =
3 xn2
8sol. (c)
Let f ( x ) = x − 2 and x0 = −1
2
f ( xn )
xn+1 = xn −
f 1 ( xn )
= xn −
(x 2
n − 2)
=
(x 2
n + 2)
2 xn 2 xn
xn+1 =
(x 2
n + 2)
2 xn
x02 + 2 1 + 2 −3
x1 = = = = −.15
2 x0 −2 2
x 2 + 2 ( −1.5 ) + 2
2
x2 = 1 =
2 x1 2 ( −1.5 )
9 17
+2
=4 = 4 = −1.4166
−3 −3
x22 + 2 ( −1.4166 ) + 2
2
x3 = =
2 x2 2 ( −1.4166 )
2.0067 + 2
= = −1.4141
−2.8332
Continuous like this, the value convency ~ −1.4141
9Sol. (d)
Newton Raphson formula converges provided the initial approximation x0 is chosen
sufficiently close to the root
10Sol. (b)

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GATE MATHEMATICS
1 1
Let x = ( or ) − a = 0
a x
1
Taking f ( x ) = −a
x
1
⇒ f 1 ( x) = −
x2
Newton Raphson formula gives
f ( xn )
xn+1 = xn −
f 1 ( xn )
1 
 − a
x
= xn −  n −2  = 2 xn − axn2
− xn
xn+1 = 2 xn − axn2 for n = 0,1,2,....

Given a = 7 and x0 = 0.2
x1 = 2 x0 − ax02 = 2 ( 0.2 ) − 7 ( 0.2 )

2
= 0.4 − 7 ( 0.04 ) = 0.12
x1 = 0.12
x2 = 2 x1 − ax12 = 2 ( 0.12 ) − 7 ( 0.12 )

2
= 0.24 − 7 ( 0.0144 )
= 0.24 − 0.1008 = 0.1392
∴ x2 = 0.1392
11Sol. (c)
1 1
Let x = ( or ) − a = 0
a x
1 1
Then take f ( x ) = − a and f 1 ( x ) = − 2
x x
f ( Xn )
Now the Newton Raphson formula gives X n+1 = X n −
f 1( Xn )

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GATE MATHEMATICS
 1 
 − a
X
= Xn −  n  = X +  1 − a X 2
1 n   n
− 2  Xn 
Xn
X n+1 = 2 X n − aX n2 for n = 0,1,2,3,.....

12Sol. (c)
Given f ( x ) = x + 3x − 7 and x0 = 1 ⇒ f ( x ) = 3x2 + 3,

3 1
Newton Raphson’s formula is

f ( Xn )
X n+1 = X n −
f 1( Xn )
f ( X0 ) f (1)
X1 = X 0 − =1− 1
f ( X0 )
1
f (1)
= 1−
( −3) = 3 = 1.5
6 2
∴ X 1 = 1.5
13Sol. (b)
Newton Raphson method is one of the method to solve algebraic and transcendental
equations.
14Sol. (a)
Newton-Raphson formula is
f ( Xn )
X n+1 = X n − n = 0,1,2,3,.......
f 1( Xn )
15Sol. (b)
Given f ( x ) = xe − 2 = 0
x
and x1 = 0.8679 (Q f ( x ) = xe
1 x
+ ex )
Newton-Raphson’s method is given by
f ( x1 )
x2 = x1 −
f 1 ( x1 )

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GATE MATHEMATICS
= 0.8679 −
( 0.8679e 0.8679
− 2)
( 0.8679e 0.8679
+ e 0.8679 )
= 0.853
16Sol. (c)
E − 1, F − 3, G − 4, H − 2
17Sol. (c)
Given p ( x ) = x + x + 2
5
The signs of all the terms p ( x ) are same. Then p ( x ) = 0 does one change of sign
from − to +
∴ p ( x ) = 0 has at most one negative root
The degree of p ( x ) = 0 is odd then the equation has at least one real root.
But the total roots of p ( x ) = 0 are five. Out of five roots one is negative real root and
remaining 4 are complex roots.
18Sol. (a)
Let x = 2 ( or ) x 2 − 2 = 0
Taking f ( x ) = x − 2 and f ( x ) = 2x
2 1
Newton-Raphson’s formula is
f ( Xn )
X n+1 = X n −
f 1( Xn )
= Xn −
(X 2
n − 2)
=
2 X n2 − X n2 + 2
2Xn 2Xn
X n2 + 2 1  2 
∴ X n−1 = = Xn + 
2Xn 2 Xn 
19Sol. (a)
By verification, 2 and 3 are the roots of a given equation
x 3 − 10 x 2 + 31x − 30 = 0

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GATE MATHEMATICS
i.e. f ( 2 ) = 23 − 10 ( 2 ) + 31( 2 ) − 30 = 0
3
and f ( 3) = 3 − 10 ( 3) + 31( 3) − 30 = 0
3 2
By synthetic division we have

x=5 1 -10 31 -30
0 5 -25 30
1 -5 6 0
( x − 5) ( x 2 − 5x + 6 ) = 0
( x − 5) ( x − 3)( x − 2 )  = 0
∴ x = 5,3, 2
20Sol. (a)
Given f ( x ) = x + 4 x − 9 = 0
3
⇒ f 1 ( x ) = x2 + 4
f ( Xk )
X k +1 = X k −
f 1( Xk )
= Xk −
( X + 4 X − 9)
3
k k
(3 X + 4) 2
k
3 X k3 + 4 X k − X k3 − 4 X k + 9
=
( 3 X k2 + 4 )
2 X k3 + 9
∴ X k +1 =
3 X k2 + 4
21Sol. (c) P-1, Q-2, R-3, S-4
(1) Simpson’s Rule is one of the numerical integration technique (method).
(2) Gauss-elimination method is used to solve only system of linear algebraic equations
(3) Runge-Kutta method is used to solve the ordinary differential equations.
(4) Newton-Raphson method is used to solve the linear and non-linear algebraic equation

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GATE MATHEMATICS
22Sol. (b)
Newton-Raphson formula
f ( Xn )
is X n+1 = X n −
f 1( Xn )
Given f ( x ) = x − x + 4 x − 4 = 0 and x0 = 2
3 2
f ' ( x ) = 3x 2 − 2 x + 4
f ( X0 )
X1 = X 0 −
f 1 ( X0 )
X1 = 2−
(2 3
− 22 + 4 ( 2 ) − 4 )
3( 2 ) − 2 ( 2 ) + 4
2
8
= 2−
12
4
∴ x1 =
3
23Sol. (a)
Given f ( x ) = e − 1 = 0 and x0 = −1
x
⇒ f 1 ( x ) = ex
f ( Xn )
X n+1 = X n −
f 1( Xn )
f (X )
X 1 = X 0 − 1 0 = −1 −
( e − 1) −1
f ( X0 ) e −1
1 
 − 1
e 
= −1  = −1 − (1 − e )
1
e
x1 = −2 + e
x1 = 0.71828

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GATE MATHEMATICS
24Sol. (c)
d
For the equation ax 3 + bx 2 + cx + d = 0 , product of roots =
a
∴ For the given equation let X be the third root
∴ 1× 3 × X = 6
∴ X =2
25Sol. (c)
Given f ( x ) = x − e
−x
=0
⇒ f 1 ( x ) = 1 + e− x
Newton – Raphson formula is
f ( Xn )
X n+1 = xn −
f 1( Xn )
= Xn −
(X −e ) n
− Xn
(1 + e ) − Xn
X n + X ne− X n − X n + e− X n
=
(
1 + e− X n )
e − X n (1 + X n )
=
(1 + e )
− Xn
26Sol. (c)
1 R 
The given Newton’s iterative formulae X n +1 =  Xn + 
2 Xn 
Let us suppose the formula converges to the root after n iterations
Then X n = X n +1 = x ( root )
1 R
The formula becomes X = X + 
2 X
∴ X= R
27Sol. (a)

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GATE MATHEMATICS
Given f ( x ) = x − 117 = 0
2
⇒ f 1 ( x ) = 2x
f ( xk )
xk +1 = xk −
f 1 ( xk )
xk +1 = xk −
(x2
k − 117 )
2 xk
2 xk2 − xk2 + 117 xk2 + 117

= =
2 xk 2 xk
1 117 
∴ xk +1 =  xk + 
2 xk 
28Sol. (a)
( )
In the Euler method, the truncation error is proportional to h 2 denoted as 0 b 2
29Sol. (b)
dy
Given − y = x → (1)
dx
and y ( 0 ) = 0 → ( 2 )
Also given h = 0.1

y ( 0.3) = ?
from (2), we have
dy
x0 = 0, y0 = 0 and f ( x, y ) = = y+x
dx
x1 = x0 + 1h = 0 + 0.1 = 0.1
x2 = x0 + 2h = 0 + 2 ( 0.1) = 0.2
x3 = x0 + 3h = 0 + 3 ( 0.1) = 0.3
Euler’s first order method is given by

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GATE MATHEMATICS
 dy 
y1 = y0 + hf ( x0 , y0 ) = y0 + h  
 dx  p
y1 = 0 + ( 0.1) ( x0 + y0 ) = 0.1[ 0 + 0] = 0.0
y2 = y1 + hf ( x1 , y1 )
= 0.0 + ( 0.1) [1 + 0.0] = 0.0 + 0.01 = 0.01
y3 = y2 + hf ( x2 , y2 )
= 0.01 + ( 0.1) [ 0.2 + 0.01] = 0.01 + 0.021

= 0.031
30Sol. (d)
Given x − 13 = f ( x ) = 0 and x0 = 3.5

2
f ( Xn )
X n+1 = X n −
f 1( Xn )
f ( X0 )
X1 = X 0 −
f 1( X0 )
( 3.5)2 − 13
= 3.5 −   Q f 1 x = 2x
( ( ) )
2 ( 3.5)
= 3.5 − (12.25 ) − 13 = 3.5 −

( −0.75)
7
24.5 + 0.75 25.25
x1 = = = 3.607
7 7
31So. ()
Given f ( x ) = x + x − 3 = 0 & x0 = 2
1
f 1 ( x) = 1+
2 x

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GATE MATHEMATICS
f ( Xn )
X n+1 = X n −
f 1( Xn )
f ( X0 )
⇒ X1 = X 0 −
f 1( X0 )
= 2−
(2 + 2 −3 ) = 1.6939
 1 
1 + 
 2 2
X1 = 1.6939
32Sol. (a)
Given f ( x ) = x − N = 0
2
⇒ f 1 ( x ) = 2x
f ( Xi )
X i +1 = X i −
f 1 ( Xi )
= Xi −
(X i
2
− N)
=
2 X i2 − X i2 + N
2Xi 2Xi
1 N
X i +1 = Xi + 
2 Xi 
33Sol. (b)
Given 10 x2 sin x1 − 0.8 = 0
10 x22 − 10 x2 cos x1 − 0.6 = 0

and x10 = 0.0, x20 = 1.0
let u ( x1 , x2 ) = 10 x2 sin x1 − 0.8
and v ( x1 , x2 ) = 10 x2 − 10 x2 cos x1 − 0.6

2
Then the Jacobian matrix ‘J’ is given by

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GATE MATHEMATICS
u x u x2 
Jk =  1
 vx1 vx2 
10 x cos x1 10sin x1 

J = 2
10 x2 sin x1 20 x2 − 10cos x1  ( x , x20 )
10
10 0 
J =
 0 10
34Sol. (d)
X 0.5 1 1.5
1 2
f (X) = 2 1
X 3
1.5
1 h
By simpson’s rule ∫ X dx = 3 ( y
0.5
0 + 4 y1 + y2 )
1
= ( 2 + 4 + 0.666 ) = 1.111
6
By direct integration
1.5
1
∫ X dX = log
0.5
e 3
Estimated value – Exact value

= 1.111 − 1.0986 = 0.012
35Sol. (c)
Given f ( x ) = x + 2 x − 1 = 0
2
⇒ f 1 ( x ) = 3x 2 + 2 x
x0 = 1.2
The Newton-Raphson iterative formula is
f ( xn ) 1
xn+1 = xn = − f ( xn ) ≠ 0 & n0,1,2,.....
f 1 ( xn )
f (x ) (1.2 ) + 2 (1.2 ) − 1 3
x1 = x0 − 1 0 = 1.2 −  
f ( x0 ) 3(1.2 ) + 2
2

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GATE MATHEMATICS
= 0.705
36Sol. (d)
dy
= −2 xy 2 = f ( x, y )
dx
f ( 0,1) = 0
y1p = y0 + hf ( x0 , y0 ) = 1 + 0.2 ( 0) = 1
h
y1c = y0 +  f ( x0 , y0 ) + f ( x1 , y1p ) 
2
0.2
= 1+ ( 0 − 0.4 ) = 0.96
2
37Sol. (b)
The Numerical methods described the corresponding applications
38Sol. (0.06)
f '( x ) = ex
f ( x0 )  e −1  1
x1 = x0 − = 1−  =
f ' ( x0 )  e  e
f ( x1 )
x2 = x1 −
f ' ( x1 )
1  e1/ e − 1 
= −  1/ e  = 0.06
e  e 
39Sol. (b)
3
Let N = 3 x ⇒ x = N
Let f ( x ) = x − N = 0
3
f ' ( x ) = 3x 2
f ( xn )
∴ xn +1 = xn −
f ' ( xn )

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GATE MATHEMATICS
= xn −
(x 3
n − N)
3 xn2
1  2 xn3 + N 
=  
3  xn2 
40Sol. (0.54)
Let f ( x ) = ( 5 x − 2cos x − 1)
f ' ( x ) = 5 + 2sin x
Apply Newton-Raphson method iteration formula
f ( xn )
xn+1 = xn −
f ' ( xn )
Let x0 = 1then x1 = 0.5631
x2 = 0.5426, x3 = 0.5425
41Sol. (d)
dx
Given that = ( 4t + 4 )
dt
At t = 0, x = x0 = 0
h = 0.2, f ( t , x ) = ( 4t + 4 )
By R-K fourth order method
1
x1 = x0 + ( K1 + 2K 2 + 2K3 + K 4 )
6
where
K1 = hf ( t0 , x0 ) = 0.2 × 4 = 0.8
 h K 
K 2 = hf  t0 + , x0 + 1 
 2 2 
= ( 0.2 )  4 ( 0 + 0.1) + 4  = 0.88
 h K 
K 3 = hf  t0 + , x0 + 2 
 2 2 

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GATE MATHEMATICS
= ( 0.2 )  4 ( 0 + 0.1) + 4  = 0.88
K4 = hf ( t0 + h, x0 + K3 )
= ( 0.2 )  4 ( 0 + 0.2 ) + 4  = 0.96
1
∴ x1 = 0 + 0.8 + 2 ( 0.88) + 2 ( 0.88 ) + 0.96 = 0.88
6
42Sol. (0.73)
f ( x ) = x 2 − sin x
f ' ( x ) = 2 x − cos x
x0 = 1
f ( x0 )  1 − sin1 
∴ x1 = x0 − =1−   = 0.8915
f ' ( x0 )  2 − cos1 
f ( x1 )
x2 = x1 −
f ' ( x1 )
 1 − sin ( 0.89 ) 
= 0.8915 −   = 0.73 (approximately)
 2 − cos ( 0.89 ) 
43Sol. (a)
Let f ( x ) = k ( x − 1)( x − 2 )( x − 3)( k ≠ 0 )
Now f ( 0 ) and f ( 4 ) have opposite signs
∴ f ( 0). f ( 4) < 0
44Sol. (a)
( )
Let f ( x ) = 0.75 x 3 − 2 x 2 − 2 x + 4 = 0
f ' ( x ) = ( 2.25 x 3 − 4 x − 2 )
given x0 = 2
f ( x0 )
x1 = x0 − =0
f ' ( x0 )

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GATE MATHEMATICS
Similarly x2 = x3 = 0, x4 = 2, x5 = 0.....
∴ The iterations will not converge to root.
45. Sol:
X 0 1 1
2
Y 9 39 12
5 20 5
1 1
2 .  9 + 12  + 4  39   = 0.0208
∫0 ydx = 
2  5 5 
  
 20  
46 Sol: By Trapezoidal rule
0.4
h 0.1
∫ f ( x) dx = ( y0 + y4 ) + 2 ( y1 + y2 + y3 )  = ( 0 + 160 ) + 2(10 + 40 + 90)  = 22
0
2 2 
47. Sol:
X 1 2
xlnx 0 2ln2
2
1
By trapezoidal rule ∫ x ln xdx = 2 [0 + 2 ln 2 ] = ln 2 = 0.69
1
f ( x0 )
48. Sol: By N-R method x1 = x0 − = 1− 5 = 1
f ′( x0 ) 10 2
f ( x1 )
2nd iteration x2 = x1 − = 0.3043
f ′( x1 )
49. Sol: f ( x) = x 2 − 4 x + 4 , x0 =3 f ′( x) = 2 x − 4
f ( x0 ) 1
By N-R method x1 = x0 − = 3 − = 2.5
f ′( x0 ) 2
For secant method x0 = 2.5 and x1 =3
By secant method
x1 − x0 (3 − 2.5) 0.5
x2 = x1 − f ( x1 ) = 3 − × f (3) = 3 − ×1 = 2.333
f ( x1 ) − f ( x0 ) f (3). f (2.5) 1 − 0.25
50. Sol: f ( x) = −2 + 6 x − 4 x 2 + 0.5 x3 , f(0)=-2
f ′( x) = 6 − 8 x + 1.5 x 2 , f ′(0) =6

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GATE MATHEMATICS
f ( x0 ) (−2)
By N-R method x1 = x0 − = 0− = 0.333
f ′( x0 ) 6
51. Sol: Given h = ∆x =0.4

X 0 0.4 0.8
f(x) 0.2 24.456 -126.744
0.8
0.4
By Simpson’s 1 rule
3 ∫ f ( x)dx = [(0.2 − 126.744) + 4(24.456)] = −3.8293
0
3
3
52. Sol: f ( x) = x − x initial guess x0 = 0.5
f ( x0 ) (0.5)3 − 0.5
f ′( x) = 3x 2 − 1 , First iteration x1 = x0 − = 0.5 − = −1 ⇒ x1 = −1
f ′( x0 ) 3(0.5) 2 − 1
So, it converges to -1
53. Ans: (C)
Sol: Let f(x) = x3 + x -1 & x0 = 1
Then f’ (x) = 3x2 + 1
øjU 1 + 1 − 1
j% = jU − = 1 − = 0.75
ø F jU 3 + 1
54. Ans: (1.564)
Sol: ÝgÞ øj = j − 10j& jU = ¢

ù
G
æℎg ø ′ j = 1 + 10j

a Á(
Ø ¢
j% = jU − = −
OÛ( ù √:
Á(
O′ Û( G %n ¢
√:
+
ù W.8µCT
G µ.UT%%
⇒ =1.564
55. Ans: (– 6)
Sol: Let x + 2y +3z =5
2x + 3y + z = 1
3x+2y + z = 3 and x0 = 0, y0 = 0, z0 = 0
Then first iteration will be
x1 = 5– 2y0 – 3z0 = 5 – 0 –0 = 5

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GATE MATHEMATICS
1 1
j8 = l% = 1 − 2j% − U = 1 − 10 − 0 = −3
3 3
X3 = z1 = 3- 3x1 – 2y1 = 3 – 15 + 6 = -6
∴ x3 = -6
56. Ans: (A)

Sol: f(x) is a linear function
57.Ans: 0.1862
ù
ëìí: M = >sin j + jj

U
û 2û
3 3
x 0 π
f(x) 1 3 3 -1
2 2
− û−0 û
ℎ= = =
3 3
By trapezoida, rule, we have
ù
ℎ
> øjj = ?l + lA + 2l% + l8 @
2 U
U
û √3 √3
= 11 − 1 + 2 + 3
6 2 2
= 1.813799364 (approximate value)
By Exact method
ù
M = >sinj + cosjj
U
= ?− cosj + j@ùU
= cos(0) – cos(π)+sin(π) – sin 0
= 1-(-1)= 2 (Exact value)
∴ Error = Exact value – approximate value
= 2- 1.813799364 = 0.1862

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GATE MATHEMATICS
58.Ans: 0.06
dy
Sol: = y + 2x − x2 y (0) = 1, (0 ≤ x < ∞ )
dx
Given f ( x, y) = y + 2 x − x 2 , x0 = 0, y0 = 1, h = 0.1
k1 = hf(x 0 , y 0 ) = 0.1(1 + 2(0) − 0 2 ) = 0.1
k 2 = hg(x 0 + h, y 0 + k1 ) = 0.1(y 0 + k1 ) + 2(x 0 + h) − (x 0 + h) 2 )
= 0.1(1 + 0.1) + 2(0.1) − (0.1) 2

= 0.1(1.1 + 0.2 − 0.01)
= 0.129
1
∴ y1 = y 0 + (k1 + k 2 )
2
1
= 1+ (0.1 + 0.129)
2
= 1+0.1145 = 1.1145
Exact solution, y( x) = x 2 + e x
y(0.1) = (0.1) 2 + e0.1
= 0.01 + 1.1052 = 1.1152
ERROR = 1.1152 – 1.1145
= 0.00062
Percentage Error = 0.00062 ×100 = 0.06%
59.Ans: 0.3601
f ( x0 )
x1 = x 0 −
f ' ( x0 )
Soln:
f ( 0.333)
x1 = 0.333 −
f ' ( 0.333)
f(0.333) = 3(0.333)− e0.333+sin(0.333)

= 0.999 − 1.3951+0.3268
= − 0.0693
f ′(0.333)=3− e0.333+ cos(0.333)

=3− 1.3951+0.9450
=2.5499

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GATE MATHEMATICS
0.0693
∴ x1 = 0.333 +
2.5499
= 0.333 + 0.02717
= 0.3601

Page 254
GATE MATHEMATICS
CHAPTER- 6
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
01. The differential equation y11+y = 0 is subjected to the conditions y(0) = 0, y(λ) = 0. In
order that the equation has non-trivial solutions. The general value of λ is
(GATE-93[ME])
(a) y = C2cos λ (b) y = C2Sinλ (c) y = C1+C2λ (d) None
2 2
02. The differential equation d y/dx +dy/dx+sin y = 0 is (GATE-93[ME])
(a) linear (b) non-linear (c) homogeneous (d) of degree 2
03. The necessary and sufficient condition for the differential equation of the form
M(x,y)dx+ N(x,y) dy = 0 to be exact is (GATE-94)
∂M ∂N ∂M ∂N ∂2M ∂2 N
(a) M = N (b) = (c) = (d) = 2
∂x ∂y ∂y ∂x ∂x 2 ∂y
d4y d2y
04. The differential equation + P + ky = 0 is (GATE-94)
dx 4 dx 2
(a) Linear of fourth order (b) Non-linear of fourth order
(c) Non-homogeneous (d) Linear and fourth degree
dy
05. For the differential equation + 5 y = 0 with y(0) = 1, the general solution is
dt
(GATE-94[ME])
−5t
(a) e 5t (b) e −5t (c) 5e −5t (d) e
d2y dy
06. Solve for y if 2
+ 2 + y = 0 with y(0)=1 and y’(0) = -2 (GATE-94[PI])
dt dt
(a) (1 − t )e −t (b) (1 + t )e t (c) (1 + t )e t (d) (1 − t )e t
07. y = e −2 x is solution of the differential equation y”+y’-2y=0 (GATE-94[EC])

(a) TRUE (b) FALSE
(c) Cannot be determined (d) None
08. Match each of the items A,B,C with an appropriate item from 1,2,3,4 and 5
(GATE-94[EC])
d2y dy d3y
(A) a1 2
+ a 2 x + a3 x 2 y = a 4 (B) a1 + a 2 y = a3
dx dx dx 3

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GATE MATHEMATICS
d2y dy
(C) a1 2
+ a 2 x + a3 x 2 y = 0
dx dx (D) None of these
(1) Non-linear differential equation
(2) Linear-differential equation with constant co-efficient
(3) Linear-homogeneous differential equation
(4) Non-linear homogeneous differential equation
(5) Non-linear first order differential equation
(a) A-1, B-2, C-3 (b) A-3, B-4, C-2 (c) A-2, B-5, C-3 (d) A-3, B-1, C-2
d2y dy
09. Solve for y if 2
+ 2 + y = 0 with y(0)=1 and y’(0) = +2 (GATE-94[ME])
dt dt
(a) (1-3t)et (b) (1-3t)e-t (c) (1+3t)et (d) (1+3t)e-t
∂H ∂H
10. If H(x,y) is homogeneous function of degree n then x +y = nH (GATE-94[ME])
∂x ∂y
(a) TRUE (b) FALSE
11. The differential equation y"+( s 3 sin x) 5 y '+ y = cos x 3 is (GATE-95)
(a) Homogeneous (b) Non-Linear
(c) Second order linear (d) Non-homogeneous with constant co-efficient
12. The solution to the differential equation f ' ' (x ) + 4 f ' ( x ) + 4 f ( x ) = 0 (GATE-95[ME])
(a) f1 ( x ) = e −2 x (b) f1 ( x ) = e 2 x , f 2 ( x ) = e −2 x
(c) f1 ( x ) = e −2 x , f 2 ( x ) = xe −2 x (d) f1 ( x) = e −2 x , f 2 ( x ) = e − x
dy
13. A differential equation of the form = f ( x, y ) is homogeneous if the function f(x,y)
dx
y
Depends only on the ratio of (or ) x (GATE-95[ME])
x y
(a) TRUE (b) FALSE
14. The solution of a differential equation y ' '+3 y '+2 y = 0 is of the form (GATE-95)
(a) c1e x + c2 e 2 x (b) c1e − x + c2 e 3 x (c) c1e − x + c2 e −2 x (d) c1e −2 x + c2 e − x

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GATE MATHEMATICS
d 4v
15. Solve + 4λ4 v = 1 + x + x 2 (GATE-96)
dx 4
(1+x+x ) (c) 2
(a) v=e -λx

( C cosλx+C sinλx ) + ( C cosλx+C sinλx ) +
1 2 3 4
4λ4
(1+ x + x ) 4λ
2 4
(b) v=e-λx ( C1cosλx+C2cosλx ) (d) None
d2y dy
16. The particular solution for the differential equation 2
+ 3 + 2 y = sx
dt dx
(GATE-96[ME])
(a) 0.5cos x +1.5 sin x (b) 1.5 cosx+0.5 sin x
(c) 1.5 sin x (d) 0.5 cos x
dy
17. For the differential equation f ( x, y ) + g (x, y ) = 0 to be exact is (GATE-97[CE])
dx
∂f ∂g ∂f ∂g ∂2 f ∂2 g
(a) = (b) = (c) f=g (d) =
∂y ∂x ∂x ∂y ∂x 2 ∂y 2
dy
18. The differential equation + Py = Q , is a linear equation of first order only if,
dx
(GATE-97[CE])
(a)P is a constant but Q is a function of y (b) P and Q are functions of y or constants
(c) P is a function of y but Q is a constant (d) P and Q are functions of y or constants
d4y
19. Solve − y = 15 cos 2 x (GATE-98[CE])
dx 4
(a) C1ex + C2e-x +C3Cosx + C4sinx +cos2x (b) cos 2 x (c) C1ex + C2e-x (d) None
d 2 y dy
20. The general solution of the differential equation x 2 − + y = 0 is (GATE-98)
dx 2 dx
(a) Ax + Bx 2 (A and B are constants) (b) Ax + B log x (A and B are constants)
(c) Ax + Bx 2 log x (A and B are constants) (d) Ax + Bx log x (A and B are constants)
21. The radial displacement in a rotating disc is governed by the differential equation
d 2 u 1 du u
+ − = 8 x where u is the displacement and x is the radius. If u=0 at x=0
dx 2 x dx x 2
And u=2 at x=1, calculate the displacement at x=1/2 (GATE-98)

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GATE MATHEMATICS
d2y dy
22. The equation 2
+ ( x 2 + 4 x) + y = x 8 − 8 is a (GATE-99)
dx dx
(a) Partial differential equation (b) Non-linear differential equation
(c) Non-homogeneous differential equation (d) Ordinary differential equation
dy
23. If c is a constant, then the solution of = 1 + y 2 is (GATE-99[CE])
dx
(a) y = sin( x + c) (b) y = cos( x + c) (c) y = tan( x + c) (d) y = e x + c
d2y
24. Find the solution of the differential equation 2
+ λ2 y = cos( wt + k ) with initial
dx
dy (0)
conditions y (0) = 0, = 0, Here λ,w and k are constants. Use either the method of
dt
undetermined Co-efficient or the operator (D=d/dt) based method. (GATE-2000)
25. The solution for the differential equation with boundary conditions y(0)=2 and y ' (1) = −3
d2y
is where = 3x − 2 (GATE-01[CE])
dx 2
x3 x 2 x2
3
(a) y = − ≠ 3x − 2 (b) y = 3 x − − 5x + 2
3 2 2
x3 5x x2 3
(c) y = − x2 − + 2 (d) y = x 3 − + 5x +
3 2 2 2
d2y
26. Solve the differential equation + y = x with the following conditions
dx 2
(1) at x=0, y=1 (2) at x=0, y’ =1 is (GATE-2001)
(a) x (b) cosx (c) x + cosx (d) None
dy
27. The solution of the differential equation + y 2 = 0 is (GATE-03[ME])
dx
1 − x3
(a) y = (b) y = +c
x+c 3
(c) ce x (d) Unsolvable as equation is non-linear
28. Bio transformation of an organic compound having concentration ( x ) can be modeled
dx
using an ordinary equation + kx 2 = 0 , where k is the reaction rate constant. If x=a at
dt
t=0 then solution of the equation is (GATE-04[CE])

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GATE MATHEMATICS
1 1
(a) x = ae − kt (b) = + kt (c) x = a(1 − e − kt ) (d) x = a + kt
x a
3 2
  dy  2  d 2 y 
29. The differential equation 1 +    = c 2  2  is of (GATE-05[PI])
  dx    dx 
(a) second order and third degree (b) third order and second degree
(c) second order and second degree (d) third order and third degree
30. (
The general solution of the differential equation D 2 − 4 D + 4 y = 0 is of the form (given)
d
D= & C1 , C 2 are constants) (GATE-05)
dx
(a) C1e 2 x (b) C1e 2 x + C2 e −2 x (c) C1e 2 x + C2 e 2 x (d) C1e 2 x + C2 xe 2 x
31. The solution of the first order differential equation y(t ) = −3x(t ), x(0) = x0 is
(GATE-05[EE])
t
−
(a) x(t ) = x0 e −3t (b) x(t ) = x0 e −3 (c) x(t ) = x0 e 3
(d) x(t ) = x0 e −t
32. For the equation &x&(t ) + 3x& (t ) + 2 x(t ) = 5, the solution x(t) approaches the following values
As t → ∞ (GATE-05[EE])
(a) 0 (b) 5/2 (c) 5 (d) 10
1− n
33. Transformation to linear form by substituting v = y of the equation
dy
+ p (t ) y = q (t ) y n , n > 0 Will be (GATE-05[CE])
dt
dv dv
(a) + (1 − n ) pv = (1 − n )q (b) + (1 + n ) pv = (1 + n )q
dt dt
dv dv
(c) + (1 + n ) pv = (1 − n )q (d) + (1 + n ) pv = (1 + n )q
dt dt
d2y dy  dy  π
34. The solution 2
+ 2 + 17 y = 0; y(0) = 1,   = 0 in the range 0 < x < is given
dx dx dx
  x= π 4
4
by (GATE-05[EC])
 1   1 
(a) e − x cos 4 x + sin 4 x  (b) e x cos 4 x − sin 4 x
 4   4 
 1   1 
(c) e −4 x cos 4 x − sin 4 x  (d) e −4 x cos 4 x − sin 4 x 
 4   4 
 dy  2 ln x
35. If x 2   + 2 xy = and y(1) = 0 then what is y(e) ? (GATE-05[ME])
 dx  x

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GATE MATHEMATICS
1 1
(a) e (b) 1 (c) (d)
e e2
d2y dy
36. The complete solution of the ordinary differential equation 2
+ p + qy = 0 is
dx dx
y = C1e − x + C 2 e −3 x then p and q are (GATE-05[ME])
(a) p = 3, q = 3 (b) p = 3, q = 4 (c) p = 4, q = 3 (d) p = 4, q = 4
d2y dy
37. Which of the following is a solution of the differential equation 2
+p + (q + 1) = 0 ?
dx dx
Where p = 4, q = 3 (GATE-05[ME])
(a) e −3 x (b) xe − x (c) xe −2 x (d) x 2 e −2 x
3
d2y  dy 
38. The following differential equation has 3 2
+ 4  + y 2 + 2 = x (GATE-05[EC])
dt  dt 
(a) degree = 2, order = 1 (b) degree = 1, order = 2
(c) degree = 4, order = 3 (d) degree = 2, order = 3
d2y dy
39. A solution of the differential equation 2
− 5 + 6 y = 0 is given by (GATE-05[EC])
dx dx
(a) y = e 2 x + e −3 x (b) y = e 2 x + e 3 x (c) y = e −2 x + e 3 x (d) y = e −2 x + e −3 x
dy
40. The solution of the differential equation x 2 + 2 xy − x + 1 = 0 given that at x = 1, y = 0
dx
is (GATE-06[CE])
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
(a) − + 2 (b) − − 2 (c) + + 2 (d) − + + 2
2 x 2x 2 x 2x 2 x 2x 2 x 2x
41. For initial value problem &y& + 2 y& + (101) y = (10.4)e x , y (0) = 1.1 and y(0) = -0.9. Various
solutions are written in the following groups. Match the type of solution with the correct
expression.
GROUP-I GROUP-П
P. General solution of homogeneous equations (1) 0.1e x
Q. Particular integral (2) e − x [A cos10 x + B sin 10 x]
R. Total solution satisfying boundary conditions (3) e − x cos10 x + 0.1e x
(GATE-06[IN])
(a) P-2, Q-1, R-3 (b) P-1, Q-3, R-2 (c) P-1, Q-2, R-3 (d) P-3, Q-2, R-1

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GATE MATHEMATICS
d2y
42. For the differential equation + k 2 y = 0, the boundary conditions are y = 0 for x = 0
dx 2
and y = 0 for x = a. the form of non-zero solution of y (where m varies over all integers)
are (GATE-06[EC])
 mπx   mπx 
(a) y = ∑ Am sin  (b) y = ∑ Am cos 
m  a  m  a 
 mπ   mπx 
  − 
(c) y = ∑ Am x  a 
(d) y = ∑ Am e  a 
m m
dy 2
43. The solution of the differential equation + 2 xy = e − x with y(0) = 1 is
dx
(GATE-06[ME])
2 2 2 2
(a) (1 + x)e x (b) (1 + x)e − x (c) (1 − x)e x (d) (1 − x)e − x
d2y dy
44. For 2
+ 4 + 3 y = 3e 2 x , the particular integral is (GATE-06[ME])
dx dx
1 2x 1 2x
(a) e (b) e (c) 3e 2 x (d) C1e − x + C 2 e −3 x
15 5
d 2x
45. The degree of the differential equation + 2 x 3 = 0 is (GATE-07[CE])
dt 2
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3
dy
46. The solution for the differential equation = x 2 y with the condition that y = 1 at X = 0
dx
is (GATE-07[EC])
1 x3
x3 x2
(a) y = e 2x
(b) ln( y ) = +4 (c) ln( y ) = (d) y = e 3
3 2
dy
47. The solution of = y 2 with initial value y(0) = 1 bounded in the interval is
dx
(GATE-07[ME])
(a) − ∞ ≤ x ≤ ∞ (b) − ∞ ≤ x ≤ 1 (c) x < 1, x > 1 (d) − 2 ≤ x ≤ 2
d2y
48. The solution of the differential equation k 2 = y − y 2 under the boundary conditions (i)
dx 2
y = y1 at x = 0 (ii ) y = y 2 at x = ∞ where k, y1, y2 are constant is (GATE-07[EC])

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GATE MATHEMATICS
−x −x
k2
(a) y = ( y1 − y 2 )e + y2 (b) y = ( y1 − y 2 )e k
+ y1
 x −x
(c) y = ( y1 − y 2 ) sinh  + y1 (d) y = ( y1 − y 2 )e k
+ y2
k
49. A body originally at 60 0 cools down to 40 in 15 minutes when kept in air at a
temperature of 25 0 C. what will be the temperature of the body at the end of 30 minutes?
(GATE-07[CE])
(a) 35.2 0 C (b) 31.5 0 C (c) 28.7 0 C (d) 15 0 C
dy
50. Consider the differential equation = 1 + y 2 . which one of the following can be
dx
particular solution of this differential equation? (GATE-08[IN])
(a) y = tan( x + 3) (b) y = tan −1 ( x + 3) (c) x = tan( y + 3) (d) x = tan −1 ( y + 3)
51. Which of the following is a solution to the differential equation
d
x ( t ) + 3 x ( t ) = 0, x ( 0 ) = 2 ? (GATE-08[EC])
dt
−3 2
(a) x(t ) = 3e −t (b) x(t ) = 2e −3t (c) x (t ) = t (d) x(t ) = 3t 2
2
52. x + 3x ( t ) = 0 and x(0)=1, what is x(1)=_____________ (GATE-08[ME])
Given that &&
(a) -0.99 (b) -0.16 (c) 0.16 (d) 0.99

53. It is given that y"+2 y '+ y = 0, y (0) = 0, y (1) = 0 what is y (0.5)? (GATE-08[ME])
(a) 0 (b) 0.37 (c) 0.62 (d) 1.13
d 2y dy
54. The solutions of the differential equation 2
+ 2 + 2 y = 0 are (GATE-08[PI])
dx dx
(a) e − (1+i ) x , e − (1−i ) x (b) e (1+i ) x , e (1−i ) x (c) e − (1+i ) x , e (1+i ) x (d) e (1+i ) x , e − (1+i ) x
55. Match each differential equation in group I to its family of solution curves from Group II
(GATE-09[EC])
GROUP-I GROUP-II
dy y
P: = 1. Circles
dx x
dy − y
Q: = 2. Straight lines
dx x

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GATE MATHEMATICS
dy x
R. = 3. Hyperbolas
dx y
dy − x
S. =
dx y
(a) P-2,Q-3,R-3,S-1 (b) P-1,Q-3,R-2,S-1 (c) P-2,Q-1,R-3,S-3 (d) P-3,Q-2,R-1,S-2
dy
56. Solution of the differential equation 3 y + 2 x = 0 represents a family of
dx
(GATE-09[CE])
(a) ellipses (b) circles (c) parabolas (d) hyperbolas
3
d 2 y  dy 
57. The order of differential equation 2
+   + y 4 = e −1 is (GATE-09[EC])
dx  dx 
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
dy
58. The solution of x + y = x 4 with condition y (1) = 6 / 5 (GATE-09[ME])
dx
x4 1 4x 4 4 x4 x5
(a) y = + (b) y = + (c) y = +1 (d) y = +1
5 x 5 5x 5 5
59. The homogeneous part of the differential equation (p,q,r are constants) has real distinct
roots if (GATE-09[PI])
(a) p 2 − 4q > 0 (b) p 2 − 4q < 0 (c) p 2 − 4q = 0 (d) p 2 − 4q = r
d2y
60. The solution of the differential equation = 0 with boundary conditions
dx 2
dy
= 1 at x = 0 and x = 1 is_______ (GATE-09[PI])
dx
(a) y = 1 (b) y = x
(c) y = x + c where c is an arbitrary constant
(d) y = C1 x + C 2 where C1 , C 2 are arbitrary constants
d 2x dx
61. For the differential equation 2
+ 6 + 8 x = 0 with initial conditions x(0)=1 and
dt dt
 dx 
  The solution is _____ (GATE-10[EE])
 dt  t =0
(a) 2e-2 t + e-4t (b) 2e-2t + e-4t (c) e-4t - 2e-2t (d) None

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GATE MATHEMATICS
dy y
62. The solution of the differential equation + = x with the condition that y=1 at x=1 is
dx x
(GATE-11[CE])
2  2 1 2 2
(a) x 2 + (b) 3  x 2 +  (c) x +  (d) None
x  x 3 x
dy 2
63. The G.S of the D.E -y = 1, y ( 0 ) =1 (GATE-10-PI)
dx
 π  π  π  π
(a) y = tan  x +  (b) y = tan  x-  (c) y = tan  x-  (d) y = tan  x + 
 3  3  4  4
 π  π
64. The Differential Equation of y =  5cos  sin3x+  5sin  cos 3x is (GATE-10-PI)
 3  3
d2 y d2 y d2 y d2 y
(a) − 4y (b) + 4y = 0 (c) +9y =0 (d) -9y = 0
dx 2 dx 2 dx 2 dx 2
3
d3 y  dy 
65. The order and Degree of the Differential Equation 3
+ 4   + y 2 = 0 are
dx  dx 
(GATE-10-CE)
(a) Order = 3, Degree =2 (b) Order = 2, Degree = 3
(c) Order = 2, Degree = 2 (d) None
d 2 y dy
66. The General Solution of the Differential Equation + − 6y = 0 is (GATE-10-CE)
dx 2 dx
(a) y = C1 e-3x + C2e-2x (b) y = C1e3x + C2 e2x
(c) y = C1e-3x + C2e2x (d) y = c , e3x + c2 e-2x
dy
67. The General Solution of the Differential Equation + y = e x , y ( 0 ) =1 is (GATE-10-IN)
dx
e e-1 e e-1
(a) y (1) = − (b) y (1) = +
2 2 2 3
e e-1
(c) y (1) = + (d) None of these
2 2

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GATE MATHEMATICS
dy -3x
68. The solution of the D. E = e is (GATE-11-EE)
dx
e-3x e -3x
(a) y = - +K (b) y = +k
3 3
e-3x e-3x
(c) y = +K (d) y = - +K
3 3
dy
69. The Solution of the D. E = ky, y ( 0 ) = C is (GATE-11-EC)
dx
e-3x
(a) y = Ce-kx (b) y = +k (c) y = cekx (d) None of these
3
70. The Solution of y11 + 2y1 + y = 0, y ( 0 ) = 1, y (1) = 0is (GATE-11-IN)
(a) e-1 (b) –e-1 (c) –e-2 (d) e-2

71. The Solution of ( D 2 +6D+9 ) y = 9x + 6is (GATE-11-PI)
(a) y ( C1x+C2 ) e-3x (b) y ( C1x+C2 ) e3x +x (c) y = ( C1x + C2 ) e-3x (d) None
dy
72. The Solution of
dx
( )
= 1 + y 2 x is (GATE-11-ME)
 x2  x x2  x2 
(a) y = tan   + C (b) y = tan   + C (c) y = tan 2C +C (d) y = tan  +c 
 2  2 2  2 
dy y
73. The Solution of + = x and y =1at x =1 is (GATE-11-CE)
dx x
x 2 x2 2 x 2 +2 x2 2
(a) y = + (b) + (c) y = (d) y = +
3 3x 3 x 3 3 3x
dx
74. The Solution of + x = t, x (1) = 0.5 is (GATE-12-EC/EE/IN)
dt
t t2
(a) x ( t ) = (b) x ( t ) = t 2
(c) x ( t ) = (d) None of these
2 2
d2x dx
75. The Solution of the D.E 2
+2 + x = 0 is (GATE-13-CE)
dt dt
(a) x = ( a + bt ) e t (b) ( a + bt ) e-t (c) ( a + bt ) e2t (d) ( a + bt ) e-2t
The Solution of ( D +2 ) y = 0 , y ( 0 ) = 1,and y1 ( 0 ) = 1 is

2
76. (GATE-14-IN)
(a) 0.341 (b) 0.441 (c) 0.541 (d) 0.641

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GATE MATHEMATICS
dx
77. The Solution of ( D 2 + 9 ) x = 0, x ( 0 ) = 1, = 1at1= 0 (GATE-14-CE)
dt
1 1
(a) cos3t (b) cos3t-sin3t (a)cos3t+ sin 3t (d) cos 3t+sin3t
3 3
d2y dy
78. The solution of D.E 2
+ 2 + y = 0 with y (0) = y′(0) = 1 is (GATE - EC -15)
dt dt
A) (2 − t )et B) (1 + 2t )et C) (2 + t )e−t D) (1 − 2t )et
dy 1 − cos 2 y
79. General solution of D.E = is (GATE - EC -15)
dx 1 + cos 2 x
A) tan y − cot x = c B) tan y + cot x = c C) tan x − cot y = c D) tan x + cot y = c
dx
80. Consider the D.E = 10 − 2 x with initial condition x(0)=1. The response x(t) for t>0 is
dt
(GATE - EC -15)
A) 2 − e −0.2t B) 2 − e0.2t C) 50 − 49e−0.2t D) 50 − 49e0.2t
d 2 x(t ) dx(t )
81. Consider the D.E +3 + 2 x(t ) = 0 given x(0) = 20 , x (1) = 10 where
dt 2
dt e
e = 2.71 , the value of x(2) is (GATE - EE -15)
d2y dy 1 − 3e
82. The solution of D.E 2
+ 5 + 6 y = 0 is such that y(0)=2 and y (1) = 3 . The value
dt dt e
d
of (0) is (GATE - EE -15)
dt
83. If l = (j) satisfies the boundary value problem l′′ + 9l = 0, l(0) = 0, l (û/2) = √2, then l
(û/4) is ________ (GATE - ME -16)
dx
84. The ordinary differential equation = −3x + 2, with x(0)=1 is to be solved using the
dt
forward Euler method. The largest time step that can be used to solve the equation
without making the numerical solution unstable is _______ ` (GATE - EC -16)
85. The particular solution of the initial value problem given below is (GATE - EC -16)
2
d y dy dy
2
+ 12 + 36 y = 0 with y(0) = 3 and | x = 0 = −36
dx dx dx
(A) (3 − 18x)e−6 x (B) (3 + 25x)e−6 x (C) (3 + 20x)e−6 x (D) (3 − 12x)e−6 x

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GATE MATHEMATICS
86. A function y(t), such that y(0) = 1 and y(1) = 3e–1, is a solution of the differential
d2 y dy
equation 2
+ 2 + y = 0. Then y(2) is (GATE - EE -16)
dt dt
a) 5e–1 b) 5e–2 c) 7e–1 d) 7e–2

87.The respective expressions for complimentary function and particular integral part of the
solution of the differential equation
Gl 8l
(GATE - EE -16)
+ 3 = 108j 8 g
j G j 8
& b% + 8 j + A √3j + G √3jc d3j G − 12j 8 + e
' b8 j + A √3j + G √3jc d5j G − 12j 8 + e
$ b% + A √3j + G √3jc d3j G − 12j 8 + e
> b% + 8 j + A √3j + G √3jc d5j G − 12j 8 + e
88. The type of partial differential equation (GATE -CE -16)
∂8 p ∂8 p ∂8 p ∂p ∂p
+ + 3 +2 − = 0 is
∂x 8 ∂y 8 ∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y
(A) elliptic (B) parabolic (C) hyperbolic (D) none of these
=2 ø Þℎg ø
GÀ G: À
GI GÛ :
89.The solution of the partial differential equation
(GATE -CE -16)
A C cos kt 7C% e"Üg/h#Z + C8 e"Üg/h#Z 9
B Cegi 7C% e"Üg/h#Z + C8 e"Üg/h#Z 9
C Cegi zC% cos"Ük/α#x + C8 sin"−Ük/α#x{
D C sin ktzC% cos"Ük/α#x + C8 sin − "Ük/α#x{

Page 267
GATE MATHEMATICS
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
SOLUTIONS
1. Sol: Given y′′ + y = 0 ---- (1) and y (0) ------ (2), y (λ ) = 0 ------ (3)
2
⇒ ( D + 1) y = 0
⇒ D 2 + 1 =0
⇒ D = ±i
∴ Solution of (1) is given by
y = C1 cos x + C2 sin x ---- (4)
using (2),(4) becomes
0 = C1 + 0
∴ C1 =0
Using (3),(4) becomes
0 = C1 cos λ + C2 sin λ
⇒ C2 sin λ = 0
⇒ sin λ = 0
⇒ λ = nπ , n ∈ z
∴ has non-trivia solution for λ ≠ nπ , n ∈ z and it is given by y = C2 sin λ

2. Sol: Answer is (b)
Given equation is a non-linear differential equation.
3. Sol: Answer is C
∂M ∂N
Mdx+Ndy=0 is exact ⇔ =
∂y ∂x
4. Ans (a)
The given differential equation is a linear differential equation of fourth order
5. Answer is (b)
dy
⇒ + 5 y = 0 ------ (1) and Y (0) = 1 ----- (2)
dt
⇒ log y = −5t + C

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GATE MATHEMATICS
⇒ y = e−5t + C
⇒ y = e−5t K ------- (3) where K = ec

By (2), (3) becomes
1 = e0 K
K=1 ∴ the general solution is y = e−5t
6. Sol: Answer is (a)
( D 2 + 2 D + 1) y = 0 ------- (1) and y(0)=1 ------- (2)
y′(0) = −2 ----- (3)
⇒ D2 + 2D + 1 = 0
2
⇒ ( D + 1) = 0
⇒ D = -1, -1
Equal roots and real
Solution is y = (C1 + C2t )e−t -------- (4)

dy
& = (C1 + C 2 t )( − e − t ) + C2 e − t -------- (5)
dt
Using (2), (4) becomes
1 = (C1 + 0)e0
∴ C1 = 1
Using (3), (5)
−2 = C1 + C2
∴ C 2 = −1
Hence the general solution is y = (1 − t )e−t

7. Sol: Answer is a
Given y′′ + y′ − 2 y = 0
⇒ ( D 2 + D − 2) y = 0
⇒ D2 + D − 2 = 0
∴ y = e−2 x is a solution

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GATE MATHEMATICS

9. Sol: Given ( D 2 + 2 D + 1) y = 0 ----- (1), y(0) = 1 ------- (2), y′(0) = 2 ------ (3)
⇒ y = (C1 + C2t )e−t ------- (4)
⇒ y′ = −(C1 + C2t )e−t + C2e−t ----- (5)

By (2), we have C1 =1
By (3), we have C2 =3
∴ y = (1 + 3t )e −t is a solution of (1)
10. Sol: Answer is a
By Euler’s theorem, option a is correct
11. Sol: Answer is c
The given differential equation is 2nd order linear, non-homogeneous differential
equation
Given f ′′( x) + 4 f ′( x) + 4 f ( x) = 0
⇒ ( D 2 + 4 D + 4) f ( x) = 0
⇒ D2 + 4D + 4 = 0
⇒ ( D + 2) 2 = 0
⇒ D = −2, −2
∴ f ( x) = e−2 x (C1 + C2 x)
And f1 ( x) = e−2 x , f 2 ( x) = xe−2 x

By the definition of homogeneous differential equation. Theoption a is correcct .
Given y′′ + 3 y′ + 2 y = 0
⇒ ( D 2 + 3D + 2) y = 0
⇒ D 2 + 3D + 2 = 0
D = −1, −2
∴ y = c1e− x + c2e−2 x

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GATE MATHEMATICS
15. Sol: D 4v + 4λ 4v = 1 + x + x 2
⇒ ( D 4 + 4λ 4 ) v = 1 + x + x 2 ----- (1) (f(D)v=Q(x), where f ( D) = D 4 + 4λ 4 , Q = 1 + x + x 2 )
Solution of (1) is
⇒ D 4 + 4λ 4 = 0
⇒ ( D 2 + 2λ 2 ) 2 − 4 D 2λ 2 = 0
⇒ ( D 2 + 2λ 2 − 2 Dλ )( D 2 + 2λ 2 + 2 Dλ ) = 0
⇒ D = −λ ± λ i, λ ± λ i
∴ vC = e − λ x [C1 cos λ x + C2 sin λ x ] + e λ x [C3 cos λ x + C4 sin λ x ]
 1 
v p = P.I =   Q( x )
 f ( D) 
 1 
= 4 2 
(1 + x + x 2 )
 D + 4λ 
−1
1  D4 
= 4 1 + 4  (1 + x + x 2 )
4λ  4λ 
1  D4 D8 
= 4 1 − 4 + 8
− − − −  (1 + x + x 2 )
4λ  4λ 16λ 
1
vp = (1 + x + x 2 )(ΘD 4 ( x 2 ) = 0, D 4 ( x1 ) = 0, D 4 (1) = 0)
4λ 4
Hence the complete solution of a given equation is
v = vc + v p = C .F + P.I
(1 + x + x 2 )
= e − λ x [C1 cos λ x + C2 sin λ x] + eλ x [C3 cos λ x + C4 sin λ x] +
4λ 4
Ans:- A
Given ( D 2 + 3D + 2)Y = 5cos x
⇒ f ( D)Y = Q( x) where f ( D) = D 2 + 3D + 2, Q( x) = 5cos x

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 1  1
P.I . =   Q( x ) = 2 (5cos x)
 f ( D)  D + 3D + 2
1 (3D − 1) (3D − 1)
= ( 5cos x ) = 2 5cos x
(3D + 1) (3D − 1) 9D − 1
15(− sin x) − 5cos x
P.I . = = 1.5sin x + 0.5cos x
−10
17. Sol: Answer is b
dy
Given f ( x, y ) = + g ( x, y ) = 0
dx
⇒ f ( x, y )dy + g ( x, y )dx = 0
⇒ g ( x, y )dx + f ( x, y )dy = 0
∂g ∂f
This D.E. is exact iff =
∂y ∂x
18. Sol: Answer is d
According to general form of linear differential equation in y, the function P and Q must
be either functions of x (or) constants.
19. Sol: The solution of given equation ( D 4 − 1) y = 15cos 2 x is y = yc + y p
f(D)y=Q(x) where f(D) = D 4 − 1 and Q(x) = 15 cos2x

f(D)y=0
⇒ D4 −1
⇒ ( D 2 − 1)( D 2 + 1) = 0
⇒ D = ±1, ±i
yc = C1e x + C2 e − x + e 0 x [C3 cos x + C4 sin x ]
 1  1
yp =   Q( x) = 4 (15cos 2 x)
 f ( D)  D −1
1 1
⇒ yp = 2 2
(15cos 2 x) = (15cos 2 x)
(D ) −1 (−4) 2 − 1
∴ y p = cos 2 x
Hence the solution is y = yc + y p

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y = C1e x + C 2 e − x + e 0 x [C3 cos x + C 4 sin x ] + cos 2 x
Ans: (a)
20. Ans: (d)
Given ( x 2 D 2 − xD + 1) y = 0
Put x = et (or ) log x = t , xD = D, x 2 D 2 = D( D − 1)

[ D( D − 1) − D + 1] y = 0
⇒ ( D 2 − D − D + 1) y = 0
⇒ ( D 2 − 2 D + 1) y = 0
⇒ ( D − 1) 2 y = 0
⇒ f ( D) y = 0 where f ( D) = ( D − 1)2
f(D) = 0
⇒ ( D − 1)2 = 0
⇒ D = 1, 1
∴ Solution is y = ( A + Bt )et = ( A + B log x) x
y = Ax + Bx log x
21. Sol: Similar to the above problem
22. Sol: Answer is d
This given differential equation is linear non-homogeneous ordinary differential equation
dy
Given = 1+ y2
dx
1
⇒∫ dy = ∫ dx + c
1+ y2
⇒ tan −1 ( y ) = x + c
∴ y = tan( x + c)
d2y
24. Sol: Given + λ 2 y = cos( wt + k ) ------ (1) and
dt 2
y (0) = 0 ------ (2) and

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dy (0)
= 0 ------ (3)
dt
( D 2 + λ 2 ) y = cos( wt + k )
⇒ f ( D) y = Q( x) when f ( D) = D 2 + λ 2 & Q( x) = cos( wt + k )

⇒ f ( D) = 0
⇒ D2 + λ 2 = 0
⇒ D = ± λi
yc = C1 cos(λt ) + C2 sin(λt )
1 1
yp = Q( x) = 2 cos( wt + k )
f ( D) D + λ2
1
∴ yp = cos( wt + k )
−w + λ 2
2
Hence the solution of (1) is given by y = yc + y p
1
y = C1 cos(λt ) + C2 sin(λt ) + cos( wt + k ) ---- (4)
−w + λ 2
2
dy 1
= −C1λ sin(λt ) + C2 λ cos(λt ) + sin( wt + k )
dt −w + λ 2
2
By using (2), (4) becomes

1
0 = C1 + 0 + cos(k )
−w + λ 2
2
cos k
∴ C1 =
w2 − λ 2
w sin k
0 = 0 + C2 λ +
w2 − λ 2
w sin k
∴ C2 =
λ (λ 2 − w 2 )
cos k w sin k λ
Now the solution is y = cos(λt ) + sin(λt ) + 2 cos( wt + k )
w −λ
2 2
λ (λ − w )
2 2
(λ − w2 )

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25. Sol: Answer is C

d2y
Given = 3x − 2 -------- (1), &
dx
y (0) = 2 → (2) : y′(1) = −3 → (3)
dy 2
(1) ⇒ = 3 x − 2 x + C1
dx 2
x3
⇒y= − x 2 + C1 x + C2 -------- (4)
2
dy 3 x 2
And = − 2 x + C1 ----- (5)
dx 2
2 = 0 – 0 + 0 + C2
∴ C2 = 2
Again using (3), (5) becomes
3
−3 = −2+C,
2
−5
C1 =
2
x3  −5 
∴ The solution of a given differential equation is y = − x2 + x   + 2
2  2 
d2y
26. Given +y=x -------- (1)
dx 2
X = 0, y =1 ------ (2)
X =0 , y′ = 1 ----- (3)
( D 2 + 1) y = x
⇒ f ( D) y = Q( x) where f ( D) = D 2 + 1& Q( x) = x
Complementary function:
f(D) =0
D2 + 1 = 0
D = ±i

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GATE MATHEMATICS
∴ yc = C1 cos x + C2 sin x
Particular integral,
1 1
yp = Q( x) = 2 x = (1 + D 2 ) −1 x = [1 − D 2 + D 4 ........]x
f ( D) ( D + 1)
y p = x − 0 + 0 + ......
yp = x
∴ Solution is y = yc + y p = C1 cos x + C2 sin x + x ------ (4)

1 = C1 + 0 + 0
∴ C1 = 1
dy
From (4), = −C sin x + C2 cos x + 1 ------- (5)
dx
Using (3) , (5) becomes
1 = −0 + C2 + 1
C2 = 0
Hence the solution of (1) is y = x + cos x
dy
+ y2 = 0
dx
dy
⇒∫ = − ∫ dx + c
y2
1
⇒− = −x − c
y
1
⇒ = x+c
y
1
⇒y=
x+c
Ans: (C)

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GATE MATHEMATICS

dx
Given = − kx 2 ----- (1) and x =a, at k = 0 ---- (2)
dt
dx
⇒∫ = −k ∫ dt − c
x2
1
⇒ − = −kt − c
x
1
⇒ = kt + c
x
By (2), (3) becomes
1
= 0+c
a
1 1
∴ The solution of (1) is = kt +
x a
3 2
  dy  2  2
2 d y
Given 1 +    = C  2 
  dx    dx 
From this order is 2 and degree is 3
30. Ans: (d)
Sol: Answer is a
Given ( D 2 − 4 D + 4) y = 0
⇒ f ( D) y = 0 where f ( D) = D 2 − 4 D + 4
F ( D) = 0
⇒ D2 − 4D + 4 = 0 ⇒ ( D − 2) 2 = 0 ⇒ D = 2, 2
∴ yc = (C1 + C 2 x ) e 2 x

dx
Given = −3x ---- (1) and x(0) = x0 ----- (2)
dt
dx
⇒∫ = −3∫ dt + C
dt
⇒ log x = −3t + C ⇒ x = e−3t + C ⇒ x = e−3t + C ⇒ x = e−3t .ec

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⇒ x = e−3t k ---- (3)

Using (2), (3) becomes x0 = e −3(0) k
∴ k = x0
Hence, the solution of (1) is x = e −3t .x0
32. Sol: Answer is B

x(t ) + 3x& (t ) + 2 x(t ) = 5
Given &&
⇒ ( D 2 + 3D + 2) x = 5e0t
⇒ f ( D) y = Q(t ) where f ( D) = D 2 + 3D + 2 & Q(t ) = 5

C.F : f ( D) = 0
⇒ D 2 + 3D + 2 = 0
⇒ ( D + 1)( D + 2) = 0
⇒ D = −1, −2
∴ xc = C1e − t + C 2 e −2 t
1 1 5
P.I : x p = Q(t ) = 2 (5e0.t ) = ( f (0) ≠ 0)
f ( D) D + 3D + 2 2
5
Solution is x = C1e− t + C2 e−2t +
2
But, As t → ∞, x → 5
2
33. Sol: Answer is A
dy
+ p(t ) y = q(t ) y n ; n > 0 ---- (1)
dt
Put y1−n = V ---- (2)
From (2), we have
dv dy
= (1 − n) y1− n −1
dt dt
1 dv dy
= y−n -----(3)
(1 − n) dt dt
Using (3) and (2), (1) becomes

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GATE MATHEMATICS
1 dv
+ P(t )v = q (t )
(1 − n) dt
dv
+ P(t )V (1 − n) = q(t )(1 − n)
dt
dy
Given ( D 2 + 2 D + 17) y = 0 ---- (1) and y(0) = 1 ---- (2), = 0 ----- (3)
dx
⇒ f ( D) y = Q( x ) where f ( D) = D 2 + 2 D + 17 and Q( x) = 0
f(D) = 0
⇒ D 2 + 2 D + 17 = 0
⇒ D = −1 ± 4i
∴ Solution is y = (C1 cos 4 x + C2 sin 4 x)e− x ------- (4)
dy
= −e− x [C1 cos 4 x + C2 sin 4 x] + e− x [−4C1 sin 4 x + C2 4 cos 4 x] --- (5)
dx
1 = C1
−π −π
0 = −e 4
[−C1 + 0] + e 4
[0 − C2 4]
−π −π
0 = −e 4
[ −1] + −e 4
( −C2 4)
−π
0 = −e 4
[1 − C2 4]
1 − C2 4 =0
−x  1 
∴ The solution is y = e cos 4 x + sin 4 x 
 4 
35. Sol: Answer is D
 dy  2log x
Given x 2   + 2 xy = ---- (1) and y(1) = 0 ---- (2)
 dx  y
dy  2  2log x  dy 
⇒ +  y =  Θ P( x) y = Q( x) 
dx  x  x3  dx 
2
∫ x dx
I .F = e ∫
Pdx
=e = e2log x = x 2

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GATE MATHEMATICS
Solution is given by y.(I.F) = Q(x) dx + C

2 log x
y.x 2 = ∫ x 2 dx + C
x3
( log x )
2
2
y.x =2 +C
2
yx 2 = (log x)2 +C----- (3)
0 = log 1 + C
∴ C = 0 and yx 2 = (log x) 2
(log e e) 2 1
Hence y (e) = = 2
e2 e
d2y dy
Given 2
+ P + 2 y = 0 --- (1) and its solution is
dx dx
y = C1e− x + C2e−3 x ---- (2)
From (2), the roots of f(D) = 0 are -1 and -3
∴ ( D + 1)( D + 3) = 0
⇒ D 2 + 4 D + 3 = 0 ---- (3)
Comparing (1) and (3), we have
P = 4 and q = 3
Given  D 2 + 4 D + (3 + 1)  y = 0
⇒ ( D2 + 4D + 4) y = 0
⇒ ( D + 2) 2 = 0
D = −2, −2 ∴ y = (C1 + C2 x)e−2 x = C1e−2 x + C1 xe−2 x
Hence e−2 x and xe−2 x are independent solutions.

The order and degree of a differential equation are 2 and 1.

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GATE MATHEMATICS
Given ( D 2 − 5D + 6) y = 0
⇒ D 2 − 5D + 6 = 0
⇒ D = 2,3
∴ y = c1e2 x + c 2e3 x (or ) y = e2 x + e3 x

Given (2 xy − x + 1)dx + x 2 dy = 0 & x = 1, y = 0
M y = 2x = Nx
∴ Solution of a given equation is
∫ (2 xy − x + 1)dx + ∫ x dy = C
2
x2
x2 y − + x = C ---- (3)
2
1
C=
2
1 1 1
∴y = + −
2 x2 2 x
Given ( D 2 + 2 D + 101) y = 10.4e x
C.F. is yc = e − x [c1 cos10 x + c2 sin10 x ]
1
yp = 2
(10.4)e x
( D + 2 D + 101)
1 (10.4)e x 104
yp = (10.4)e x = = e x = 0.1e x
(1 + 2 + 101) 104 10 ×104
∴ y = yc + y p
y = e− x [c1 cos10 x + c2 sin10 x] + 0.1e x
y′ = −e− x [c1 cos10 x + c2 sin10 x] + 0.1e x + e− x [−c110sin10 x + c210cos10 x]

But y(0) = 1.1 and y′(0) = −0.9
1.1 = c1 + 0.1

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GATE MATHEMATICS
c1 = 1.1 − 0.1 = 1
-0.9=-[1+0]+0.1+[10 c2 ]
10 c2 =-0.9+1-0.1=0
c2 =0
∴ y = e− x [cos(10) x] + (0.1)e x
Hence P-2, Q-1, R-3
Given ( D 2 + k 2 ) y = 0
⇒ (D2 + k 2 ) = 0
D = ± ki
∴ y = c1 cos(kx) + c2 sin(kx)
Also given y =0 for x =0
And y =0 for x = a
0 = c1
∴ y = c2 (sin kx)
0 = c2 sin(ka)
For non –trivial solution, we have
c2 ≠ 0,sin(ka) = 0
ka = nπ , n ∈ z
nπ
k= ,n∈ z
a
nπ x
∴ y = c2 sin
a
 mπ x 
i.e. y = ∑ Am sin  
 a 
dy 2
Given + 2 xy = e − x ---- (1)
dx
And y(0) = 1 ---- (2)

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GATE MATHEMATICS
I .F = e∫
2 xdx 2
= ex
2 2 2
y.e x = ∫ e x e − x dx + C
2
y.e x = x + c
1= 0+c
C=1
2 2 2
∴ y = xe− x + e− x = ( x + 1)e− x
Given ( D 2 + 4 D + 3) y = 3e2 x
D2 + 4D + 3 = 0
D = −1, −3
yc = c1e − x + c2 e −3 x
3e 2 x 3e 2 x e2 x
yp = = =
D2 + 4D + 3 4 + 8 + 3 5
e2 x
∴ yp =
5
By the definition degree is 1
46. Sol: Answer is (d)
dy
Given = x 2 y --- (1) and y =1 at x = 0 --- (2)
dx
dy
⇒ = x 2 dx
y
x3
⇒ log y = +c
3
x3
⇒ y=e 3
+ ec
x3
y=e 3
k --- (3)
By (2), (3) becomes
1 = e0 k

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GATE MATHEMATICS
∴k = 1
x3
Hence y = e 3
is a solution of (1)
47. Sol: Answer is (c)
dy
Given = y 2 --- (1) and y(0) = 1 ---- (2)
dx
1
⇒∫
y2 ∫
= dx + c
1
⇒− = x + c ---- (3)
y
−1
= 0+c
1
⇒ c = −1
−1 1
∴ Solution is = x − 1 (or ) y =
y 1− x
1
y= is not defined at x = 1
1− x
1
∴y = is bounded in the interval x < 1, x > 1
1− x
48. Sol: Answer is D
d2y
Given k 2 = y − y2 ---- (1)
dx 2
And (i) y = y1 at x = 0 ----- (2)
(ii) y = y2 at x = ∞ ----- (3)
d2y
(1) ⇒ k 2 − y = − y2
dx 2
d 2 y y − y2
⇒ = = 2
dx 2 k 2 k
 1  −y
⇒  D 2 − 2  y = 22
 k  k

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GATE MATHEMATICS
1
F(D)= 0, where f ( D ) = D 2 −
k2
1
⇒ D2 − =0
k2
1 1
⇒ ( D + )( D − ) = 0
k k
−1 1
⇒D= ,
k k
−x x
yc = C1e k + C2 e k
1 −y
yp = Q( x) Q( x) = 22
f (d ) k
2
1  − y2  0. x K y2
=  C =
 2 1   k2  1 k2
 D − 2 
 k 
y p = y2
−x x
∴ solution is y = C1e k + C2 e k + y2 ------ (4)
y1 = c1 + c2 + y2
⇒ c1 + c2 = y1 − y2 ---- (5)
Again using (3), (4) becomes
y2 = c1 (0) + c2 (∞) + y2
c2 (∞) = 0
0
c2 = = 0× 0 = 0
∞
c1 = y1 − y2
x
∴ y = ( y1 − y2 )e k + y2
By Newton’s law of cooling, we have

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GATE MATHEMATICS
dT
= −k (T − T0 ) where T0 → Temperature of air
dt
⇒ T = T0 + e − kt c → (1) T – Temperature of body
T = Time
Given, At t = 0, T = 600 → (2)
At t = 15, T = 400 → (3)
At t =30, T =?
And also, given T0 = 25

60 = 25 + e0c
⇒ c = 35
∴ T = T0 + e − kt 35 --- (4)

−k
40 = 25 + e 5
35
−k =
1
15
log 3( )
7
t
log( 3 )
7
∴ T = T0 + e 15
35
30
log( 3 )
7
T = 25 + e 15 35
log( 3 )2
T = 25 + e 7
35
9
T = 25 + × 35
49
220
T= = 31.420 C t = 30
7
dy
Given = 1+ y2 --- (1)
dx
dy
⇒ = dx
1 + y2
⇒ tan −1 ( y ) = x + c

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GATE MATHEMATICS
⇒ y = tan( x + c)
For c =3, y = tan( x + c) is a particular solution of (1)
d
Given x(t ) + 3x(t ) = 0 → (1) and x(0) = 2 → (2)
dt
dx
⇒ = −3dt
x
⇒ log x = −3k + c
x = e−3t k → (3)
2 = e0 k
∴k = 2
Hence x(t ) = 2e−3t is a solution of (1)
52. Ans: (d)
Sol.
d 2x
Given + 3x = 0 → (1) and x(0) = 1 → (2)
dt 2
dx
⇒ ( D 2 + 3) x = 0 (0) = 1 → (3)
dt
⇒ f ( D) x = 0, f ( D) = D 2 + 3
Now f(D) = 0
⇒ D 2 + ( 3) = 0
⇒ D = ±i 3
x = C1 cos( 3t ) + C2 sin( 3t ) → (4)
And x = − 3C1 sin( 3t ) + 3C2 cos( 3t ) → (5)

By (2), (4) becomes
1 = C1
By (3), (5) becomes
1 = − 3C1 (0) + 3C 2

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GATE MATHEMATICS
C2 = 1
3
1
∴ x = cos( 3t ) + sin( 3t )
3
1
Hence x(1) = cos 3 + sin 3 =
3
Ans: (d)
Given ( D 2 + 2 D + 1) y = 0 → (1)
And y(0)=0 → (2)
Y(1) = 0 → (3)
f ( D) y = 0 where f ( D) = D 2 + 2 D + 1
f ( D) = 0
⇒ D 2 + 2 D + 1 = 0 ⇒ ( D + 1)2 = 0 ⇒ D = −1, −1
y = (C1 + C2 x)e− x --- (4)

0 = (C1 + 0)
C1 = 0
0 = (C1 + C2 )e−1
C1 + C2 = 0
C2 = −C1 = 0
∴ y = 0 and y (0.5) = 0
Given ( D 2 + 2 D + 2) y = 0
⇒ f ( D) y = 0
Now f(D) = 0
⇒ D2 + 2D + 2 = 0

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GATE MATHEMATICS
−2 ± 4 − 8 −2 ± i 2
⇒D= = = −1 ± i = −(1 − i ), −(1 + i)
2 2
∴ y = (C1 cos x + C2 sin x)e− x (or ) y = C1e− (1−i ) x + C2e− (1+i ) x
Here e− (1−i ) x and e− (1+i ) x are independent solution.

dy y dy dx
P: = ⇒∫ = ∫ + log c
dx x y x
⇒ log y = log x + log c
⇒ y = xc → straight lines
dy − y dy dx
Q: = ⇒∫ = − ∫ + log c
dx x y x
⇒ log y = − log x + log c
c
⇒y= → Hyperbola
x
dy x
R: = ⇒ ∫ ydy = ∫ xdx
dx y
y 2 x2
⇒ = +c
2 2
x2 y2
⇒ − = k → Hyperbola
2 2
dy x
S: = − ⇒ ∫ ydy = − ∫ xdx
dx y
y2 x2
⇒ = − +c
2 2
x2 y 2
⇒ + = c → Circle
2 2
56. Sol: Answer is a (a)
dy
Given 3y + 2x = 0
dx
3 y2 2x2 x2 y2
⇒ 3 ydy + 2 xdx = 0 ⇒ + =C⇒ + =C
2 2 1 3
2 ( )
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GATE MATHEMATICS
The above equation represents a family of ellipse

By the definition of order of a differential equation, the order of a given equation is two
dy 1
Given + y = x 3 → (1 ) and y (1) = 6 5 → (2)
dx x
1
∫ x dx
I .F = e = e log x = x
x5
xy = + c → (3)
5
6 1
= + c ⇒ c =1
5 5
x4 1
∴ Solution is y = +
5 x
59. Sol: Answer is a (a)
d2y dy
Given 2
+ p + qy = r
dx dx
⇒ ( D 2 + pD + q) y = r
Now f(D) = 0
⇒ D2 + pD + q = 0
− p ± p 2 − 4q
D=
2
If p 2 − 4q > 0 then the roots of f(D) = 0 are real and different
d2y dy
Given 2
= 0 → (1) and = 1 at x = 0 → (2)
dx dx
dy dy
= 1 at x = 1 → (3) and = C → (4)
dx dx
⇒ y = Cx + k → (5) Where c,k are arbitary constants
Using (3) and (1), (2), (4) becomes

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GATE MATHEMATICS
∴ y = x + k Where k is arbitary constant

Given ( D 2 + 6 D + 8) y = 0 --- (1)
And x(0) = 1 -------- (2)
 dx 
  = 0 ------- (3)
 dt t =0
f(D)=0
⇒ D2 + 6D + 8 = 0
⇒ D = −2, −4
x = C1e−2t + C2e−4t ---- (4)

dx
= −2C1e −2 t − 4C 2 e −4 t --- (5)
dt
1 = C1 + C2 ----- (6)
0 = −2C1 − 4C2 ---- (7)
Solving (6) & (7), we get
( C1 = 2 ) , ( C2 = −1)
∴ Solution is x(t ) = 2e −2t − e−4t

dy y
+ =x
dx x
dy  1 
+   y = Q(x)
dx  x 
1
∴ P (x)= , Q ( x)
x
1
S dx
I.F = eJpdx = e x
= elog x = x
The Required General Solution is ye ∫ = ∫ Qe ∫

pdx pdx
dx+c

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GATE MATHEMATICS
x3
⇒ y.x = ∫ x × xdx + c = ∫ x 2 dx + c = +c
3
x2 c
⇒y= + ...................................(1)
3 x
1 1 2
y (1) = 1:(1) ⇒ = + C ⇒ C =1- =
3 3 3
x2 2 1  2 2 
∴ y= + = x + 
3 3x 3  x
Ans: (c)
63. Sol: Answer is (D)

dy dy
Given − y2 = 1 ⇒ = 1 + y 2 ------ (1)
dx dx
And y(0) = 1 ---- (2)
dy
(1) ⇒ ∫
1+ y2 ∫
= dx + c
⇒ tan −1 ( y ) = x + c
i.e, tan −1 (1) = 0 + C ⇒ π =C

4
 π
∴ Solution is y = tan  x + 
 4
64. Sol: Answer (C)
 π  π
y =  5cos  sin 3x +  5sin  cos 3x
 3  3
π π
y = C1 sin 3 x + C2 cos 3 x where C1 = 5 cos , C 2 = 5 sin
3 3
dy
= 3C1 cos 3 x − 3C 2 sin 3 x
dx
d2y
= −9C1 sin 3x − 9C2 cos 3x
dx 2

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GATE MATHEMATICS
d2y
= −9 [C1 sin 3 x + C2 cos 3 x ]
dx 2
d2y
= − 9y
dx 2
d2y
+ 9y = 0
dx 2
1
3
d y 3
 dy  2 d y   dy 3 3
2
2
65. Sol: Given + 4   + y = 0 ⇒ = −4  + y 
dx3  dx  dx3   dx 
 
3
d3y  dy 
⇒ 3 = 16   + 16 y 2
dx  dx 
∴ Order = 3 and degree = 2
d 2 y dy
Given + − 6y = 0
dx 2 dx
⇒ ( D 2 + D − 6) y = 0
⇒ f ( D) = y
The auxiliary equation is f(D) = 0
⇒ D2 + D − 6 = 0
⇒ D = 2, −3
∴ y = C1e2 x + C2e−3 x (or ) y = C1e−3 x + C2e2 x

dy
+ y = ex --- (1) and y(0) = 1 ---- (2)
dx
I .F = ∫ e∫ = e x
dx
y ( I .F ) = ∫ ( I .F )e x dx + C
y.e x = ∫ e x e x dx + C
e2 x
ye x = + C ---- (3)
2

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GATE MATHEMATICS
1= 1 +C
2
1 e2 x 1
∴C = and ye x = +
2 2 2
e e −1
∴ y (1) = +
2 2
68. Ans (a)
dy
Given = e −3 x ------ (1)
dx
e −3 x
⇒ ∫ dy = ∫ e −3 x + K ⇒ y = +K
−3
69. Ans: (c)
dy
Sol: Given = Ky --- (1)
dx
And y(0) = c --- (2)
1
⇒∫ dy = K ∫ dx + c1
y
⇒ log y = Kx + c1 ⇒ y = e Kx +c1
⇒ y = e Kx + c2 ---- (3)
Where c2 = ec1
c = c2
∴ y = ekx c
70. Ans: (c)
Sol: Given y′′ + 2 y′ + y = 0 ---- (1) and
y(0) = 1 ---- (2), y(1) = 0 ---- (3)
(1) ⇒ ( D 2 + 2 D + 1) y = 0
Now f(D)=0 where f(D) = D 2 + 2 D + 1 =0

⇒ D2 + 2D + 1

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⇒ D = −1, −1
∴ y = (C1 + C2 x)e− x ---- (4)

1 = C1
Using (3), (4) gives 0 = (1 + C2 )e−1
∴ C 2 = −1
Hence the solution is y = (1 − x)e− x
∴ y (2) = (1 − 2)e−2 = −e−2

71. Ans: (c)
Sol: Given ( D 2 + 6 D + 9) y = 9 x + 6
Solution is y = yc + y p
yc : D2 + 6D + 9 = 0
⇒ D = −3, −3
∴ yc = (C1 x + C2 )e−3 x
2
1 1 1  D
yp = (Q ( x)) = 2
(9 x + 6) = 1 +  (9 x + 6)
f ( D) ( D + 3) 9 3
2
1 D D 
= 1 − 2 + 3   + − −  (9 x + 6)
9  3 3 
1 2 1 2 2
= (9 x + 6) − . (9) = x + −
9 3 9 3 3
yp = x
∴ y = (C1 x + C2 )e−3 x + x
72. Ans: (d)
dy
Sol: Given = (1 + y 2 ) x ---- (1)
dx
dy
⇒∫
1+ y2 ∫
= xdx + C

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GATE MATHEMATICS
x2
⇒ tan −1 ( y ) = +C
2
 x2 
∴ y = tan  + C 
 2 
73. Ans: (d)

dy y
Sol: Given + = x ---- (1) and
dx x
Y=1 at x =1 ---- (2)
1
∫ x dx
I .F = e = e log x = x
The general solution of (1) is
x3
xy = + C ---- (3)
3
1
1= +C ⇒ C = 2
3 3
x2 2
∴y = +
3 3x
74. Ans: ©
dx dx 1
Sol: t +x=t⇒ + x =1
dt dt t
1
∫ t dt
⇒ I .F = e = elog t = t
t2
∴ Sol. is xt = ∫ tdt + c ⇒ xt = +c
2
1
Given x(1) = 0.5 ⇒ 0.5 = + c⇒ c = 0
2
t2
∴ xt =
2

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75. Ans: (b)

d 2x dx
2
+2 +x =0
dt dt
i.e., ( D 2 + 2 D + 1) x = 0
( D + 1)2 x = 0
AE has roots -1, -1
∴ General solution is x = (a + bt )e−t
76. Ans: (c)

Sol: Given that ( D + 2)2 y = 0
A.E has roots -2, -2
∴ solution is y = (C1 + C2 x)e−2 x --- (1)
Given that y(0) = 1
1 = C1 ----- (2)
dy
= −2C1e −2 x + C 2 ( −2 xe −2 x + e −2 x )
dx
Apply y′(0) = 1
1 = −2 + C2 (0 + 1)
⇒ C2 = 3 --- (3)
Using (2) & (3) in (1)
y = (1 + 3x)e−2 x
∴ At x = 1 ⇒ y = 4e−2 = 0.541
77. Ans: (c)
Sol: Given that ( D 2 + 9) x = 0
A.E has roots ±3i
∴ Solution is x = C1 cos 3t + C2 sin 3t ---(1)
X(0) gives C1 = 1
dx
= ( −3C1 sin 3t + 3C 2 cos 3t )
dt

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GATE MATHEMATICS
dx
Apply = 1 at t =0, we get 1 = −3C2
dt
1
⇒ C2 =
3
 1 
∴ x =  cos 3t + sin 3t 
 3 
78. Sol: A ∈ ( D 2 + 2 D + 1) = 0 ⇒ D = −1, −1
y = (c1 + c1t )e−t
y′(t ) = c2e−t + (c1 + c2t )e−t

y (0) = 1: y′(0) = 1 ⇒ c1 = 1 and c2 + c1 (−1) = 1 ⇒ c2 = 2
∴ General solution is y (t ) = (1 + 2t )e− t
79.
dy 1 − cos 2 y dy dx dy dx
Sol: Given = ⇒ = ⇒ =
dx 1 + cos 2 x 1 − cos 2 y 1 + cos 2 x 2sin y 2 cos 2 x
2
⇒ ∫ cos ec 2 ydy = ∫ sec 2 xdx + c

⇒ − cot y = tan x + c
⇒ − tan x − cot y = c ⇒ tan x + cot y = c
80. Ans: (c)
dx dx
Sol: Given D.E is = 10 − 2 x : x (0) = 1 ⇒ + (0.2) x = 10
dt dt
A.E is m + 0.2 = 0 ⇒ m = −0.2
Complimentary function xc = ce−0.2 x
1
xp = 10e 0 t = 50e 0 t = 50
D + 0.2
G.S is x = xc + x p = ce−0.2t + 50
x(0) = 1 ⇒ c + 50 = 1 ⇒ c = −49 ⇒ x = 50 − 49e−0.2t

81. Sol: Given x′′(t ) + 3x′(t ) + 2t = 0
A.E is m2 + 3m + 2 = 0 ⇒ m = −1, −2
G.S is x = c1e−t + c2e−2t

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GATE MATHEMATICS
Given x(0) = 20 ⇒ c1 + c2 = 20 ⇒ c1 = 20 − c2
c c 10
x (1) = 10 ⇒ 1 + 22 =
e e e e
20 − c2 c2 10 10e 10e − 20
⇒ + 2 = ⇒ c2 = and c1 =
e e e e −1 e −1
10e − 20 − t 10e −2 t
Now x (t ) = e + e
e −1 e −1
 10e − 20  −2  10e  −4
x(2) =  e +   e = 0.8556
 e −1   e −1 
82. Sol: A.E is m2 + 5m + 6 = 0 ⇒ m = −2, −3
G.S is y (t ) = c1e−2t + c2e−3t
Given y (0) = 2 ⇒ c1 + c2 = 2
1 − 3e 1 − 3e
y (1) = 3
⇒ c1e −3 + c2 e −2 = 3
e e
By solving c1 = −1: c2 = −3
∴ y(t ) = −e−3t + 3e−2t

d d
y (t ) = 3e −3t − 6e −2 t , y (0) = 3 − 6 = −3
dt dt
83.Ans: (-1)
Sol: y`` + 9y = 0
A.E is m2 +9 = 0
m = ± 3i
y = yc + y p
y = c1 cos 3x + c2 sin 3x -------- (1)
∴ /Î = 0
If x = 0, y= 0
(1) 0 = C1 (1) + C2 (0) ⇒ C1 = 0
If x = π/2 y = √2
(2) √2 = $% 0 + $8 sin3π/2 = $8 −1

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GATE MATHEMATICS
∴ y = -√2 sin 3x
If x = π/4
y(π/4) = -√2 sin3π/4
1
= −√2 @ A = −1
√2
84.Ans: 0.66
dy
Sol: = −3 y + 2, y(0) = 1
dx
If |1 – 3h | <1 then solution of differential equation is stable
⇒ –1<1–3h< 1
⇒ –2 <–3h <0
⇒ 0<3h <2
2
⇒ 0<h<
3
3
∴ If 0 < h < then we get stable.
2
85.Ans: (A)
Sol: D2 + 12D + 36 = 0 ⇒ = –6, –6
The solution is y = C1e −6x + C2 xe−6x → (1)
y(0) = 3 ⇒ 3 = C1
(1) ⇒ y = e−6x + C2 xe−6x
dy dy
dx
{
= −18e − 6x + C 2 − 6xe − 6x + e − 6x } ⇒
dx
|x = 0 = −18 + C 2 ⇒ − 36 = −18 + C 2
⇒ C 2 = −18
∴ The solution is y = 3e −6x + 18 xe −6x
86.Ans: (b)
Sol: Given equation m2+2m+1 = 0
(m+1)2 = 0
y(t) = (c1+c2t)e-t
Given y(0) = 1
1 = c1
Given y(1) = 3e-1

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GATE MATHEMATICS
3e-1 = (1+c2)e-1
3 = 1+ c2
c2 = 2
∴ y(t) = (1+2t)e-t
y(2) = 5e-2
87.Ans: (A)
d4 y d2 y
Sol: + 3 = 108x 2
dx 4 dx 2
A = m 4 + 3m 2 = 0
Þ m = 0,0 ± 3i
C.F = c1 + c2 x + c3 sin 3x + c 4 cos 3x
 1 
PI =  4 2 
108x 2
 D + 3D 
1
= 108x 2
 D  4
3D 2 1 + 2 
 3D 
−1
1  D2  2
= 1 +  108x
3D 2 3 
1  D2 
= 2 
1− + ...... 108x 2
3D  3 
1  2 x2  4 2
= 108x − 72  = 3x − 12x
3D 2  2
y ( x ) = c1 + c 2 x + c3 sin 3x + c 4 cos 3x + 3x 4 − 12x 2
88.Ans: (C)
Soln: B2 – 4ac =9-4
= 5>0
∴ PDE is Hyperbolic

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GATE MATHEMATICS
89.Ans: (B)
∂y ∂2y
Soln: =α 2 − − − − − (1)
∂t ∂x
∂u ∂ 2u
Let u = XT ⇒ = XT'& 2 = TX''
∂t ∂x
Substituting in (1)
XT ' = αTX"
T' X"
=α = K say
T X
T' X"
= K and α =K
T X
1 dT
=K
T de
1
∫ T dT = ∫ K dt
logT = Kt + log C1
T = C1eKt --------------(2)
d2X K
= X
dX 2 α
d2X K
− X=0
dX 2 α
K
A.E = m 2 − = 0
α
K
m=±
α
K K
X - X
X = C 2 e α + C3e α − − − − − − (3)
Substitute (2) & (3) in (1)
u = XT
 K
X −
K 
X
u = C1e Kt  C2 e α + C2 e α 
 
 

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GATE MATHEMATICS
CHAPTER- 7
COMPLEX VARIABLES
01. The real part of the complex number z = x + iy is (GATE-94[IN])
z − z* z + z*
(a) Re( z ) = z − z * (b) Re (z ) = (c) Re (z ) = (d) Re(z ) = z + z *
2 2
02. cosφ can be represented as (GATE-94[IN])
e iφ − e − iφ e iφ − e − iφ e iφ + e − iφ e iφ + e − iφ
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 2i i 2
03. i i , where i = − 1 is given by (GATE-96[ME])
−π
π
(a) 0 (b) e 2
(c) (d) 1
2
4. The complex number z = x + iy which satisfy the equation z + 1 = 1 lie on (GATE-97[IN])
(a) a circle with (1,0) as the centre and radius 1

(b) a circle with (-1,0) as the centre and radius 1
(c) y-axis (d) x-axis
05. e z is a periodic with a period of (GATE-97[CE])
(a) 2π (b) 2πi (c) π (d) iπ
z −1
06. The bilinear transformation w = (GATE-02[IN])
z +1
(a) Maps the inside of the unit circle in the z-plane to the left half of the w-plane
(b) Maps the outside of the unit circle in the z-plane to the left half of the w-plane
(c) Maps the inside of the unit circle in the z-plane to the right half of the w-plane
(d) Maps the outside of the unit circle in the z-plane to the right half of the w-plane
07. Consider likely applicability of Cauchy’s integral theorem to evaluate the following
Integral counter clock wise around the unit circle C. I = ∫ sec zdz , z being a complex
c
Variable. The value of I will be (GATE-05[CE])

(a) I=0; Singularities set = φ

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GATE MATHEMATICS
 (2n + 1) 
(b) I=0; singularities set = ± π / n = 0,1,2,3LL
 2 
π
(c) I = ; singularities set = {± nπ ; n = 0,1,2,3LL}
2
(d) none of the above
08. Consider the circle Z − 5 − 5i = 2 in the complex number plane (x,y) with z=x+iy. The
minimum distance from the origin to the circle is (GATE-05[IN])
(a) 5 2 − 2 (b) 54 (c) 34 (d) 5 2
09. Let z 3 = z , where z is a complex number not equal to zero. Then Z is a solution of
(GATE-05[IN])
(a) z 2 = 1 (b) z 3 = 1 (c) z 4 = 1 (d) z 9 = 1
1  y
10. The function w = u + iv =
2
( )
log x 2 + y 2 + i tan −1   is not analytic at the point.
x
(GATE-05[PI])
(a) (0,0) (b) (0,1) (c) (1,0) (d) (2,α)
1
11. The value of the counter integral ∫ 2
z − j =2 z + 4
dz in the positive sense is (GATE-2006[EC])
jπ −π − jπ π
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 2 2 2
12. For the function of a complex variable (where w = u + jv and z = x + iy ) the constant
lines get mapped in the z-plane as (GATE-2006[EC])
(a) set of radial straight lines (b) set of concentric circles
(c) set of confocal hyperbolas (d) set of confocal ellipses
13. Using Cauchy’s integral theorem, the value of the integral (Integration being taken in
z3 − 6
counter clock wise direction) ∫
c
3z − 1
dz where C is z = 1 (GATE-2006[CE])
2π π 4π
(a) − 4πi (b) − 6πi (c) − 6πi (d) 1
81 8 81
14. Let j = − 1 . Then one value of j j is (GATE-2007[IN])
π
1 −
(a) 3 (b) − 1 (c) (d) e 2
2

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GATE MATHEMATICS
15. For the function of a complex variable z, the point z = 0 is (GATE-2007[IN])

(a) a pole of order 3 (b) a pole of order 2
(c) a pole of order 1 (d) not a singularity
16. Potential function is given as φ = x 2 + y 2 . What will be the stream function with the
condition at x = 0, y=0? (GATE-2007[CE])
(a) 2xy (b) x 2 + y 2 (c) x 2 + y 2 (d) 2 x 2 y 2
17. If and are functions with continuous second derivatives then 2 φ ( x, y ) + iψ ( x, y ) can be
expressed as an analytic Function of x+iy ( i = − 1 ) when (GATE-2007[ME])
∂φ ∂ψ ∂φ ∂ψ ∂φ ∂ψ ∂φ ∂ψ
(a) =− , = (b) = , =
∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y ∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y
∂ 2φ ∂ 2φ ∂ 2ψ ∂ 2ψ ∂φ ∂φ ∂ψ ∂ψ
(c) + = + =1 (d) + = + =0
∂x 2 ∂y 2 ∂x 2 ∂y 2 ∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y
3 1
18. If a complex number z = + i then z 4 is (GATE-2007[PI])
2 2
1 3 3 1 3 1
(a) 2 2 + 2i (b) − +i (c) −i (d) −i
2 2 2 2 8 8
1
19. The value of ∫ (1 + z dz where C is the contour z − i = 1 is (GATE-2007[EC])
2
) 2
c
(a) 2πi (b) л (c) tan −1 ( z ) (d) πi tan −1 z

20. If the semi circular contour D of radius 2 as shown in the figure. Then the value of the
1
integral ∫s
D
2
−1
ds is (GATE-2007[EC])
(a) iπ (b) − iπ (c) − π (d) π

− 5 + i10
21. The value of the expression (GATE-2008[PI])
3 + 4i
(a) 1 − 2i (b) 1 + 2i (c) 2 − i (d) 2 + i
1
22. The residue of the function f ( z ) = at z = 2 is (GATE-2008[EC])
( z + 2) ( z − 2) 2
2
(a) − 1 (b) − 1 (c) 1 (d) 1

32 16 16 32

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GATE MATHEMATICS
23. The integral ∫ f ( z )dz evaluated around the unit circle on the complex plane for
cos z
f ( z) = is (GATE-2008[ME])
z
(a) 2лi (b) 4лi (c) -2лi (d) 0
24. The equation Sin (z) =10 has (GATE-2008[EC])
(a) No real (or) Complex solution (b) Exactly two distinct complex solutions.
(c) A unique solution (d) An infinite number of complex solutions.
25. A complex variable z = x + j (0.1) has its real part x varying in the range -∞ to ∞. Which
one of the following is the locus (shown in thick lines) of 1/z in the complex plane?
(GATE-2008[IN])
z
26. Given X ( z ) = with z > a, the residue of X ( z ) z n−1 at z=a for n≥0 will be
( z − a) 2
(GATE-2008[EE])
(a) a n −1 (b) a n (c) na n (d) na n−1
z −1
27. The analytical function has singularities at, where f ( z ) = is (GATE-2009[CE])
z2 +1
(a) 1 and -1 (b) 1 and i (c) 1 and -i (d) i and -i
cos(2πz )
28. The value of the integral ∫ (2 z − 1)( z − 3) dz where C is a closed curve given by Z ≥1 is
c
(GATE-2009[CE])
(a) -πi (b) πi/5 (c) 2πi/5 (d) πi
1 + f ( z)
29. If f ( z ) = C0 + C1 z −1 then ∫
unit
z
dz is given (GATE-2009[EC])

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GATE MATHEMATICS
(a) 2πC1 (b) 2π (i + C 0 ) (c) 2πjC1 (d) 2πj (1 + C0 )
30. If Z = x + jy where x,y are real then the value of e jz is (GATE-2009[IN])
x2 + y2
(a) 1 (b) e (c) e y (d) e − y
31. One of the roots of equation x 3 = j , where j is the positive square root of -1 is
(GATE-2009[IN])
3 j 3 j 3 j
(a) j (b) + (c) − (d) − −
2 2 2 2 2 2
sin z
32. The value of ∫
a
z
dz , where the contour of the integration is a simple closed curve
around the origin is (GATE-2009[IN])

(a) 0 (b) 2лj (c) ∞ (d) 1/2лj
33. An analytic function of a complex variable z = x + iy is expressed as
f ( z ) = u ( x, y ) + iv( x, y ) where i = − 1 . If u=xy then the expression for v Should be
(GATE-2009[ME])
( x + y) 2 x2 − y2 x2 + y2 ( x − y) 2
(a) +k (b) +k (c) +k (d) +k
2 2 2 2
34. The product of complex numbers results in (GATE-2009[PI])
(a) 1+6i (b) 9-8i (c) 9+8i (d) 17+6i
35. If f ( x + iy) = x 3 − 3xy 2 + iφ ( x, y ) where i = − 1 and f(x+iy) is an analytic function then
φ ( x / y ) is (GATE-2010[PI])
(a) y 3 − 3x 2 y (b) 3x 2 y − y 3 (c) x 4 − 4 x 3 y (d) xy − y 2

3 + 4i
36. The modulus of the complex number is (GATE-2010[CE])
1 − 2i
1 1
(a) 5 (b) 5 (c) (d)
5 5
1
37. If a complex number ω satisfies the equation ω 3 = 1 then the value of 1 + ω + is
ω
__________ (GATE-2012[PI])
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 4

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GATE MATHEMATICS
38. The contour C in the adjoining figure is described by x 2 + y 2 = 16 . then the value of
z2 + 8
∫c (0.5) z − (1.5) j dz (GATE-2010[IN])
(a) -2πj (b) 2πj (c) 4πj (d) -4πj

1 − 2z
39. The residues of a complex function X ( z ) = at it poles (GATE-2010[EC])
z ( z − 1)( z − 2)
1 −1 1 −1 1 −3 1 3
(a) , ,1 (b) , , −1 (c) ,1, (d) ,−1,
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
− 3z + 4
40. The value of the integral ∫z
c
2
+ 4z + 5
dz, when C is the circle z = 1 is given by
(GATE-2011[EC])
(a) 0 (b) 1/10 (c) 4/5 (d)1
41. The contour integral ∫ e1 / z dz with C as the counter clock-wise unit circle in the z-plane is
c
equal to (GATE-2011[IN])
(a) 0 (b) 2л (c) 2π − 1 (d)∞
42. The product of two complex numbers 1+i & 2-5i is (GATE-2011[ME])
(a) 7-3i (b) 3-4i (c) -3-4i (d) 7+3i
43. For an analytic function f ( x + iy ) = u ( x, y ) + iv( x, y ), is given by u = 3x 2 − 3 y 2 . The
expression for v, considering k is to be constant is (GATE-2011[CE])
(a) 3 y 2 − 3x 2 + k (b) 6 x − 6 y + k (c) 6 y − 6 x + k (d) 6 xy + k
z2
44. The value of ∫c z 4 − 1 dz , using Cauchy’s integral around the circle |z+1|=1 where Z=
x+iy is (GATE-2011[PI])
πi 3π i
(a) 2 π i (b) − (c) − (d) π 2 i
2 2
45. For a complex number z = x+iy the locus of all points of |z| < 1 for the transformation w
= 1/z lies in (GATE-2012)
(a) First Quadrant (b) Second Quadrant (c) Third Quadrant (d) Fourth Quadrant
46. If x = −1 then the value of xx (GATE-2012-EC/EE/IN)
(a) 1 (b) eπ/2 (c) 0 (d) e-π/2

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GATE MATHEMATICS
1 1
If f (z) = f ( z ) dz is
2π j ∫c
47. then (GATE-2012-EC/EE/IN)
(z + 1)(z + 3)
(a) 0 (b) -1 (c) 1 (d) None
48. Square root of –i, where is −1 ,are (GATE-2013-EE)
(a) eπ/4 (b) eiπ/4 (c) e-iπ/4 (d) e-π/4
z2 − 4
49. Find I = ∫
C
z2 + 4
dz is, where ‘C’ is a circle |z-i| = 2 is (GATE-2013-EE)
(a) 4π (b) -4 π (c)2 π (d) π

z2 − z + 4 j
50. Evaluate ∫ ( z − ( −2 j ) ) dz , where ‘C’ is a circle |z| = 3 (GATE-2014-EC)
c  
(a) -4 π(3+2j) (b) 2 π(3+2j) (c) π(2-3j) (d) 4 π(3+2j)
51. For an analytic function f(z) = u+iv if u =e-ycosx , find its harmonic conjugate u?
(GATE-2014-EC)
(a) u = ey sin x+c (b) e-ysinx+c (c) eycosx+c (d) None
z2
54. Evaluate ∫ z 2 − 1 dz
| z −1| =1
(GATE-2014-EE)
(a) -πi (b) πi (c) 0 (d) π

1+i
55. Find the argument of (GATE-2014-ME)
1-i
(a) π/2 (b) – π/2 (c) πi/2 (d) π/4
56. For an analytic function f(z) = u+iv if the real part u = 2xy, then find it imaginary part v.
(GATE-2014-ME)
(a) v =x2+y2+K (b) –x2+y2+K (c) x2-y2+K (d) None
57. For an analytic function f(z) = u+iv if the real part u = x2+y2 find its harmonic conjugate
v. (GATE-2014-EE)
(a) v = -2xy+c (b) v= x2-y2+c (c) 2xy+c (d) None
3i
dz
58. Evaluate ∫
5
z
(GATE-2014-EE)

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2 − 3i
59. represent the complex number z = in the form z = a+ib. (GATE-2014-IN)
−5 + i
60. Let z = x + iy is complex variable. Consider the contour integration is perform along unit
circle in anticlockwise direction. Which of the following is not true?
(GATE – EC-15)
z
(A) The residue of at z = 1 is 1 (B) ∫ z dz = 0
2
2
z −1 2
c
1 1
(C)
2π i ∫ z dz = 0
c
(D) z is an anylitic function
az + b
61. Let f ( z ) = , If f ( z1 ) = f ( z2 ) ∀z1 ≠ z2 , a = 2 : b = 4 : c = 5 , then d is equal to
cz + d
(GATE – EC-15)
62. If C denotes the counter clockwise unit circle, the value of contour integral
1
2π i ∫ Re a( z)dz
c
is (GATE –15)
63. If ‘C’ is a circle of radius ‘r’ with centre z0 , in the complex plane if n is a nonzero, then
dz
∫ (z − z ) 0
n +1
equal to (GATE – -15)
ni
(A) 2nπ i (B) 0 (C) (D) 2nπ
2π
64. Given f(z) = g(z) + h(z), where f,g,h are complex valued function of a complex variable
z, which of the following is true (GATE – EE-15)
(A) If f(z) is differentiable at z0 , then g(z), h(z) are also differentiable
(B) If g, h are differentiable at z0 , then f is differentiable at z0
(C) If f is continuosy at z0 , then it is differentiable at z0
(D) If f is differentiable at z0 , then its real and imaginary parts are differentiable
2 z
65. Given two complex numbers z1 = 5 + (5 3)i and z2 = + 2i , the argument of 1 in
3 z2
degrees is (GATE – ME-15)
A) 0 B) 30 C) 60 D) 90

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66. If the fluid velocity for a potential flow is given by V(x,y) = u + iv with usual notations,
then the slope of the potential line at (x, y) is (GATE – ME-15)
v −u v2 u
(A) (B) (C) 2 (D)
u v u v
9
67. Consider the following complex function f(z) = which of the following
( z − 1)( z + 2)2
residue of the above function (GATE – CE-15)
(A) -1 (B) 9 (C) 2 (D) 9

16
68. Complex valued function f(z) given below is analytic in domain D. f(z) = u(x, y) + I v(x,
y): z = x + i y , which of the following is not correct (GATE – CH-15)
df ∂v ∂u df ∂u ∂v df ∂v ∂u df ∂v ∂u
(A) = +i (B) = +i (C) = −i (D) = −i
dz ∂y ∂y dz ∂x ∂x dz ∂y ∂y dz ∂y ∂y
1 e−2 z
2π i ∫c z ( z − 3)
69. For the complex variable z, the value of the contour integral dz along the
clockwise contour c : z = 2 up to two decimal places (GATE – CH-15)
70.In the following integral, the contour C encloses the points 2πj and –2πj. The value
1 sinz
of the integral − ∫
2π C (z − 2π j)3
dz is _______ (GATE – EC-16)
1 ez
2πj ∫c z − 2
71. The values of the integral dz along a closed contour c in anti-clockwise direction
for (GATE – EC-16)

(i) the point z0 = 2 inside the contour c, and
(ii) the point z0 = 2 outside the contour c, respectively, are
(A) (i) 2.72,(ii) 0 (B) (i) 7.39,(ii) 0
(C) (i) 0,(ii) 2.72 (D) (i) 0,(ii) 7.39
72. ø ( = ¿ (j, l + B (j, l is an analytic function of complex variable = j + l where =

√−1. If ¿ (j, l = 2 jl, then B (j, l may be expressed as (GATE – ME-16)
(A) − j2 + l2 + constant (B) j2 − l2 + constant
(C) j2 + l2 + constant (D) – (j2 + l2 )+ constant

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GATE MATHEMATICS
73.The value of the integral (GATE – ME-16)

Xj
> j
∞
j8 + 2j + 2
∞
evaluated using contour integration and the residue theorem is
(A) – û sin(1)/e (B) −û cos(1)/e (C) sin(1)/e (D) cos(1)/e
74.A function øof the complex variable = j + l, is given as ø (j, l = ¿ (j, l + (j,y) where
u(j, l = 2jl and B (j, l = j2 − l2. The value of k, for which the function is
analytic, is _____ (GATE – ME-16)
75.The value of ∮Γ ¶%¶8 along a closed path Γ is equal to (4 û ) , where = j + l and

A¶C
= √−1. The correct path Γ is (GATE – ME-16)
76.Consider the complex valued function f(z) = 2z3 + b|z|3 where z is a complex variable. The
value of b for which the function f(z) is analytic is ___________ (GATE – EC-16)
sin(z)
77.For f (z ) = , the residue of the pole at z = 0 is _______ (GATE – EC-16)
z2
78.Consider the function f(z) = z + z* where z is a complex variable and z* denotes its complex
conjugate. Which one of the following is TRUE? (GATE – EE-16)
a) f(z) is both continuous and analytic
b) f(z) is continuous but not analytic
c) f(z) is not continuous but is ananlytic

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GATE MATHEMATICS
d) f(z) is neither continuous nor analytic
2z + 5
79. The value of the integral ∫ C 1 2
dz over the contour z = 1, taken in the
(
 z −  z − 4z + 5
 2
)
anti-clockwise direction, would be (GATE – EE-16)
24πi 48πi 24 12
a) b) c) d)
13 13 13 13

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GATE MATHEMATICS
COMPLEX VARIABLES
SOLUTIONS
1. Ans: c
Sol: Given z = x+iy
⇒ z = x − iy
z+z
x=
2
2. Ans: d
Sol: eiφ = cos φ + i sin φ
⇒ e−iφ = cos φ − i sin φ
eiφ + e −iφ
∴ cos φ =
2
3. Ans: b
iπ −π log e
i 2 −π
Sol: ii = elog i = ei log i = ei log e =e 2
=e 2
4. Ans b
Sol: The general equation of a circle is given by z − z0 = r
Where z0 is center & radius is r. Now the equation of the given circle is
z + 1 = 1(or ) z − ( −1) = 1
∴ center = (-1, 0) and radius = 1

5. Ans: b
Sol: ez is a periodic function with period 2π i
f(z)= e z = e z + 2 nπ i
⇒ f ( z ) = f ( z + 2nπ i)
∴ e z is a periodic function of period 2π i .

6. Ans a
z −1
Sol: Given w =
z +1
az + b
w= = f ( z)
cz + d

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GATE MATHEMATICS
− dw + b
⇔ z = f −1 ( w ) =
cw − a
−w −1
∴z =
w −1
Unit circle z = 1
Consider z < 1 which represents inside of this unit circle z = 1
−w − 1
⇒ <1
w −1
⇒ u + iv + 1 < u + iv − 1
⇒ (u + 1) + iv < (u − 1) + iv
⇒ (u + 1) 2 + v 2 < (u − 1) 2 + v 2
⇒ u 2 + 1 + 2u + v 2 < u 2 + 1 − 2u + v 2
⇒ 4u < 0
⇒u <0
z −1
⇒ The function w = maps the inside of unit circle in the zplane to the left half of
z +1
the w plane
7. Ans: a
1
Sol: I = ∫ sec zdz = ∫ cos z dz
C C
1
Singular points of
cos z
Are ± (2n + 1) π , n = 0,1, 2,3 − − −

2
But the given region is unit circle z = 1
1
∴ has no singularities z = 1
cos z
Hence by cauchy’s integral theorem, we have
∴ I = 0, singularities set = φ in z = 1
8. Ans: a

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GATE MATHEMATICS
Sol: For a given circle center is (5, 5) and radius is 2
∴ The minimum distance from the origin to the circle is 5 2 − 2

09. Ans: a
Sol: Given z 3 = z
⇒ z 3 z = zz = z 2
⇒ z2 = 1
10. Ans: a
Sol: Putting x = z and y =0 in the given equation we get
∴ w = log z which is not defined at origin (0, 0)
⇒ w = u + iv is not analytic at origin (0, 0).

11. Ans: d
1
Sol: Given I = ∫ 2
dz where C is z − j = 2
c
z +4
The integrated is not analytic at z = ±2i and z = 2i lies inside C. By cauchy’s integral
formula
 1 
 
z + 2i   1   1  π
=∫ dz = 2π i   = 2π i  =
c
z − 2i  z + 2i  z =2i  2i + 2i  2
12. Ans: b
Sol: Given function is w = lnz where w = u + iv = cos(reiθ )
r = x2 + y 2
θ = tan −1 ( y x )
1  y
⇒ w = log( x 2 + y 2 ) + i tan −1  
2 x
1  y
⇒ u = log( x 2 + y 2 ) & v = tan −1  
2 x
But given that u = constant c
1
⇒ log( x 2 + y 2 ) = c
2

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GATE MATHEMATICS
⇒ log( x 2 + y 2 ) = 2c
⇒ x 2 + y 2 = e2c
2
⇒ x 2 + y 2 = C1 whereC1 = ec
Which represents the set of concentric circles with center as (0, 0) and radius c1
13. Ans: a
z3 − 6 1 z3 − 6
Sol: I = ∫ dz = ∫ dz
3z − i 3 z =1 z − i
c
3
The integrated is not analytic at z = i which lies insides C. BY cauchy’s integral

3
formula
1  i  2  2π
= 2π i   − 6  = − 4π i
3  3   81
14. Ans: d
Same as Q 3
15. Ans: b
sin z 1  z3 z5 z7  1 1 z2 z4
Sol: f ( z ) = = z − + − + − − − − −  = z 2 − 3! + 5! − 7! + − − −
z3 z 3  3! 5! 7! 
1 1 ( z − 0)2 ( z − 0)4
= − + − +−−−−
( z − 0)2 3! 5! 7!
∴ z = 0 is a pole of order 2
16. Ans: a
Sol: Given φ = x 2 − y 2 for f(z) = u + iv
= φ + iψ & ψ = ?
Also given ψ ( x, y ) = 0 at x = 0, y = 0
dψ = ψ x dx +ψ y dy (Qψ x = −φ y &ψ y = φx )
= − φy dx + φx dy
= −(−2 y )dx + 2 x(dy )

ψ = 2xy + k

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GATE MATHEMATICS
At x = 0, y =0
ψ (0, 0) = 0 + k
0 = 0 +k
∴ k =0 and stream function is ψ ( x, y ) = 2 xy
17. Ans: b
Sol: Given f ( z ) = φ ( x, y ) + iψ ( x, y ) and
φ ( x, y ),ψ ( x, y ) are continuous 2nd order derivatives
For the function f ( z ) = φ + iψ to be analytic function the φ and ψ must satisfy cauchy
∂φ ∂ψ ∂ψ ∂φ
riemann equations i.e. = and =−
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y
18. Ans: b
3 1
Sol: z = +i 
2 2
1 3
iz = − + i= w
2 2
Where w is root of x3 = 1
i 4 z 4 = w4
⇒ z 4 = w (∴ w3 = 1)
19. Ans: b
1 i
Sol: I =∫ 2
dz whereC is z − = 1
c
1+ z 2
1
Singular points of are given by 1 + z 2 = 0
1+ z2
⇒ z = ±i
But z = I lies in the contour z − i =1

2
By cauchys integral formula
1
1 ( z + i)
I =∫ dz = ∫ dz = 2π if (i)
( z − i )( z + i) z −i

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GATE MATHEMATICS
1
Where f ( z ) =
z+i
 1 
I = 2π i   =π
 1+ i 
20. Ans:
1 1
Sol: I = ∫s
D
2
−1
ds = ∫ ( s − 1) (s + 1)ds
D
1
The singular points of 2
are given by s2 −1 i.e. S = ±1
s −1
But S = 1 lies in the contour D.
By cauchys integral formula
1
( s + 1) 1
∴I = ∫ ds = 2π if (1) where f ( s ) =
s −1 s +1
 1 
Hence I = 2π i   = πi
 1+1
21. Ans: b
−5 + 10i (−5 + 10i)(3 − 4i ) −15 + 20i + 30i + 40 25 + 50i
Sol: = = = = 1 + 2i
3 + 4i (−3 + 4i )(3 − 4i ) 9 + 16 25
22. Ans: a
1
Sol: f ( z ) =
( z + 2) ( z − 2)2
2
Z = 2 is a pole of f(z) of order 2

Re s( f ( z ) : z = z0 )
1  d m −1 
m −1 (
=  Lt ( z − z0 ) m f ( z ) ) 
( m − 1)!  0 dz
z → z

Re s( f ( z ) : z = 2)
1  d 2−1  2 1 
=  z → 2 2−1  ( z − 2)
Lt 2 2 
(2 − 1)!  dz  ( z + 2) ( z − 2)  
 (−2)  −1
= Lt   = 32
z →2 ( z + 2)3
 

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GATE MATHEMATICS
23. Ans: a
cos z
Sol: I = ∫ dz
c
z
Since z = 0 lies in the unit circle

By cauchy integral formula
I = 2π ig (0) = 2π i cos(0) = 2π i (Q g ( z ) = cos z )
24. Ans: d
Sol: sin z = 10
eiz − e −iz
⇒ = 10
2i
1
⇒ eiz − = 20i
e iz
⇒ (eiz )2 − 20i(eiz ) − 1 = 0
−(−20i ) ± −400 + 4 20i ± −396 20i ± 6i 11

⇒ eiz = = = = 10i ± 3 11i
2 2 2
⇒ iz = log[i(10 ± 3 11)] = log i + log(10 ± 3 11)
π 
⇒ iz = log1 + i  ± 2nπ  + log(10 ± 3 11)
2 
π 
⇒ iz = i  ± 2nπ  + log(10 ± 3 11)
2 
π 
⇒ z =  ± 2nπ  − i log(10 ± 3 11)
2 
N = 0, 1, 2, ----
∴ sinz = 10 has infinite number of complex solutions
25. Ans: b
Sol: The straight line y = 0.1 from −∞ to ∞ not passing through the origin in z-plane is
transformed in to a circle passing through the origin in the w-plane under the mapping
(or) transformation w = 1
z
Let z = x+ iy & w = u + iv
Then w = 1
z

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GATE MATHEMATICS
1 x − iy
⇒ u + iv = ⇒ u + iv = 2
x + iy x + y2
x −y
⇒u = 2 2
&v = 2
x +y x + y2
∴ the points (x, y) in the 1st and 2nd quadrants are transformed to 3rd and 4th quadrants as
x is positive and negative, y is only negative, u is posive and negative, v is only negative.
26. Ans: d
z
Sol: Given X ( z ) = , z >a
( z − a)2
z zn
Let X ( z ) z n −1 = z n −1
=
( z − a) 2 ( z − a)2
Here z = a is a pole of f(z) of order 2
∴ Res (f(z):z=a)
d  z n 
Lt  ( z − a) 2 2 
= Lt nz n −1 = na n −1
z → a dz
  ( z − a )  z →a
27. Ans: d
z −1
Sol: f ( z ) =
z2 +1
∴ The singular points of f(z) are given by z 2 + 1 = 0 i.e. z = ±i
28. Ans: c
cos(2π z )
Sol: I = ∫ dz
c
(2 z − 1)( z − 3)
The integral has singularities z = 1 , 3

2
But only z = 1 lies in z =1

2
1 {cos(2π z )} ( z − 3)
2∫
∴I = dz
( z − 1 2)
1 1 cos 2π z
= 2π if   where f ( z ) =
2 2 z −3

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GATE MATHEMATICS
2π i
∴I =
5
29. Ans: d
1 + f ( z)
Sol: I = ∫ dz
c
z
C 
1 + C0 +  1 
C
Where f ( z ) = C0 + C1 z −1 = C0 + 1 I = ∫  z  dz = z + C0 z + C1 dz , C is z = 1
z c
z ∫c z
Here z = 0 lies insides C

2π j
By cauchy integral formula = F ′(0)
1!
Where F ( z ) = z0 + C0 z + C1 & F ′( z ) = 1 + C0 + 0 = 2π j (+1 + C0 )
I = 2π j (C0 + 1)
30. Ans: d
Sol: e jz = e j ( x + iy ) = e jx − y ) = e − y e jx = e − y (∴ e jx
)
= cos x + j sin x = 1
31. Ans: b
Sol: x3 = j where j = −1
By verification option (b) will satisfy the given equation x3 = j

32. Ans: a
sin z f ( z) sin z
Sol: I = ∫
c
z
dz = ∫ z−z
c 0
dz = ∫ z − 0 dz
c
= 2π jf (0) = 2π j (0) where f(z) = sinz

∴I = 0
33. Ans: c
Sol: Given u = xy for f ( z ) = u ( x, y ) + iv( x, y )
dv = vx dx + vy dy = −u y dx + vy dy
dv = − xdx + ydy (∴ux = vy & vx = −u y )

2
y 2 − x2
+y
2
v = −x +k = +k
2 2 2

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GATE MATHEMATICS
34. Ans: d
Sol: (3 − 2i )(3 + 4i) = 9 + 12i − 6i − 8(i 2 ) = 17 + 6i
35. Ans: b
Sol: f ( x + iy) = ( x3 − 3x 2 y) + iφ ( x, y)
= ψ ( x, y ) + iφ ( x, y )
Where ψ ( x, y ) = x3 − 3xy 2
dφ = φx dx + φ y dy = −ψ y dx +ψ x dy
dφ = −(0 − 6 xy )dx + (3x 2 − 3 y 2 )dy
6 x2 y  y3 
φ= +  −3  + k
2  3 
φ = 3x 2 y − y3
36. Ans: b
3 + 4i 9 + 16 5
Sol: = = = 5
1 − 2i 1+ 4 5
37. Ans: a
1
Sol: Given ω 3 = 1 (or ) ω = (1) 3
ω is the cube root of unity

But, we know that, sum of the cube roots of unity is zero
i.e., 1 + ω + ω 2 = 0
38. Ans: d
Sol:
z2 + 8
I =∫ dz and C is x 2 + y 2 = 16 (or) z = 4
1 z−3 j
c
2 2
z2 + 8
= 2∫ dz
c
z −3j

∴ I = 2[2π jf (3 j )] = −4π j
Where f ( z ) = z 2 + 8

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GATE MATHEMATICS
(Since z = 3 lies in the contour)

39. Ans: c
1− 2z
Sol: Given X ( z ) =
z ( z − 1)( z − 2)
⇒ The poles of X(z) are 0, 1, 2 which are simple poles
R1 = Re s( X ( z ) : z = 0)
 (1 − 2 z )  1
= Lt ( z − 0) =
z →0
 z ( z − 1)( z − 2)  2
R2 = Re s( X ( z ) : z = 1)
 (1 − 2 z )  −1
= Lt ( z − 1) = =1
z →1
 z ( z − 1)( z − 2)  −1
R2 = Re s( X ( z ) : z = 2)
 (1 − 2 z )  −3 −3
= Lt ( z − 2) = =
z →1
 z ( z − 1)( z − 2)  2(1) 2
40. Ans: a
−3 z + 4
Sol: I = ∫ 2
dz where C is z = 1
c
z + 4z + 5
The singular points of the integrated are z = - 2 + I, -2 – i

But, the given contour does not contain singular points
−3z + 4
∴ By cauchy’s integral theorem, we have I = ∫ 2
dz = 2π i (0) = 0
c
z + 4z + 5
41. Ans: c
1
1 1 1
Sol: f ( z ) = e z = 1 + + + +−−−−−
z 2! z 3! z 3
2
1 1 1
= 1+ + + +−−−−
z − 0 2!( z − 0) 3!( z − 0)3
2
R1 = Re s ( f ( z ) : z = 0) = 1
(Coefficient of 1 in the above expansion)

z

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GATE MATHEMATICS
1
∴ ∫ e z dz = 2π i R1 = 2π i (1) = 2π −1
c
42. Ans: a
Sol: (1+i)(2-5i)=2-5i+2i+5=7-3i
43. Ans: d
Sol: Given u = 3x 2 − 3 y 2
For f(x+iy) = u (x,y)+iv((x,y)
dv = vx dx + v y dy
= −u y dx + ux dy (∴ux = vy & vx = −u y )
dv = −(0 − 6 y)dx + 6 xdy which is exact differential equation. integrating v =

6xy+k
44. Ans: b
z2 z2 1  1 1 
Sol: I = ∫ 4
dz = ∫ 2 2
dz = ∫  2 + 2 dz
c
z −1 ( z − 1)( z + 1) 2  ( z − 1) ( z + 1) 
1 1 1 1
I=
2 ∫z
c
2
−1
dz +
2 ∫z
c
2
+1
dz , C is z + 1 = 1
1 1 1 1
=
2 ∫ ( z − 1)( z + 1) dz + 2 ∫ ( z + i)( z − i) dz
c c
1  1  1
Only z = -1 lies inside C. By cauchy integral formula I = 2π i   + 2π i (0)
2  z − 1  z =−1 2
−π i
I=
2
45. Ans: d
Sol: Given that the point z inside of the unit circle within the first quadrant
i.e. z < 1 ----(1)
1
But the given transformation is w =
z
Now w > 1 , represents the region outside the circle w = 1
1  x   y 
⇒w= = −i  =u + iv
z  x2 + y 2   x2 + y 2 

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GATE MATHEMATICS
When the point z = (x, y) lies in the first quadrant when in the corresponding point w =
(u, v) lies in fourth quadrant
46. Ans: d
Sol: i = −1 = x
iπ
x
Let y = x ⇒ log y = x log x ⇒ log y = i log i = i log e 2
−π
π π
⇒ log y = i × i =− ⇒ y=e 2
2 2
47. Ans: c
1 1  1 2  1 1
2π j ∫ 2π j  ∫ z + 1
dz − ∫
z + 3  2π j ∫ z + 1
Sol: f ( z ) dz =  dz  = dz − 0
c c c c
(By Cauchy integral theorem)

= f(-1) where f(z) = 1
=1
48. Ans: b
iπ
Sol: we know that i = e 2
1 − iπ
∴ −i = = e 4
i
1 − iπ
⇒ − i = ( −i ) 2
=e 4
i 3π
And −i = i 3 = e 2
− iπ −3π
∴ square root of – i are e 4
, e 4
− iπ  −π   −π 
e 4
= cos   + i sin  
 4   4 
i 3π  3π   3π 
e 4
= cos   + i sin  
 4   4 
49. Ans: a
z2 − 4
Sol: Given I = ∫
c
z2 + 4
dz
z2 − 4
The singular points of φ ( z ) = are given by z 2 + 4 = 0
z2 + 4

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GATE MATHEMATICS
⇒ z 2 + 4 = 0 ⇒ z = 2i, −2i
But only z = 2i lies in z − i = 2
z2 − 4
z2 − 4 z + 2i dz
∴∫ 2 dz = ∫
z +4 z 2 − 2i
 z2 − 4 
i = 2π i   = −4π
 z + 2i  z = 2i
50. Ans: c
Sol: z = -2j lies inside z = 3

z2 − z + 4 j
I= ∫
c
( z − ( −2 j ))
dz = 2π jf ( −2 j )
(where f(z) = z 2 − z + 4 j )
= 2π j (−4 + 2 j + 4 j )
= 2π j (6 j − 4)
=-4 π (3+2j)
51. Ans: c
Sol: u(x,y) = u ( x, y) = e− y cos x
Let v(x,y) =C
∂v ∂v
dv = dx + dy = 0
∂x ∂y
∂u ∂u
=− dx + dy = 0
∂y ∂x
= e− y cos xdx − e− y sin xdy = 0
= d (e− y sin x)
∴ v = e− y sin x + C
52. Ans: c
Sol: w = u +iv

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GATE MATHEMATICS
f ( z ) = zz* = ( z + iy )( x − iy ) = x 2 + y 2 =1=(1+0.i)
∴ All the points on ‘s’ are mapped to the point (1, 0) in w-plane
53. Ans: b
Sol: 1i = (cos 2nπ + i sin 2nπ )i = e−2 nπ
It is always real and non-negative
54. Ans:c
z2
Sol: The function f ( z ) = has singular point z = 1 which lies inside z − 1 = 1
( z 2 − 1)
z2 z2
I= ∫ z 2 − 1 dz =
z −1 =1
∫ ( z + 1)( z − 1)dz
z −1 =1

z2
I = 2π if (1) ( where f ( z ) = )
( z + 1)
1
= 2π i = πi
2
55. Ans: c
1 + i (1 + i )(1 + i ) 2i
= = = i = 0 + 1i
1− i 2 2
Let ( x + iy ) = (0 + 1i)
 y 1 π
∴ Argument = tan −1   = tan −1   = tan −1 (∞) =
x 0 2
56. Ans: c
Sol: Let V ( x, y ) = C
∂V ∂V
dV = dx + dy = 0
∂x ∂y
∂u ∂u
=− dx + dy = 0
∂y ∂x
= −2 xdx + 2 ydy = 0
V = (− x 2 + y 2 + K )

Page 328
GATE MATHEMATICS
57. Ans: c
Sol: Let V ( x, y ) = C
∂V ∂V
dV = dx + dy = 0
∂x ∂y
∂u ∂u
=− dx + dy = 0
∂y ∂x
= 2 ydx + 2 xdx
dV = 2( xdy + ydx) = 2d ( xy ) ⇒ V = 2 xy + C
58. Ans: b
3i
dz 3
Sol: ∫
5
z
= (log z )35i = log 3i − log 5 = log 3 + log i − log 5 = log   + log i
5
π
= −0.511 + i = ( −0.511 + 1.57i )
2
59. Ans: b
2 − 3i (2 − 3i ) (−5 − i ) −13 + 13i  −1 i 
Sol: z = = × = = + 
−5 + i −5 + i (−5 − i ) 26  2 2
60. Sol. ()
For the given data f(z)= z =x-iy
⇒ u = x: v = - y
ux = 1: vx =0
u y =0: vy =-1
F is not analytic. So option (D) is correct remaining all options are correct
61. Sol. (10)
az + b
f (z) = : f ( z1 ) = f ( z 2 ) ∀z1 ≠ z 2
cz + d
a = 2: b = 4: c =5
2z + 4
f ( z) =
5z + d
2 z1 + 4 2 z2 + 4
Now, f ( z1 ) = f ( z2 ) ⇒ =
5 z1 + d 5 z2 + d
⇒ 10 z1 z2 + 20 z2 + 2dz1 + 4d = 10 z1 z2 + 2dz2 + 4d

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GATE MATHEMATICS
⇒ 20( z2 − z1 ) = 2d ( z2 − z1 ) ⇒ d = 10
1
62. Sol.
2
1
2π i ∫ Re a( z)dz : where
c
c : z =1
Put z = eiθ ⇒ dz = Ceiθ

2π
1
∫ Re(e
iθ
).ieiθ dθ
2π i 0
2π
1
=
2π i ∫ cos θ .i(cos θ + i sin θ )dθ
0
2π 2π
1 i 1
∫ cos θ dθ − ∫ cos θ sin θ dθ = 2π i (π − 0) = 2
2
=
2π i 0 0
63. Sol. ()
f ( z) 2π if n ( z0 )
By cachy integral formula ∫c
( z − z0 ) n +1
dz =
n!
f ( z) 2π i
⇒ ∫ (z − z )
c 0
n +1
dz =
n!
×0 = 0
64. Sol. (B)

Option B is suitable since the sum of two differentiable function is also a differentiable
function at a point.
65. Sol. ()
z1 = 5 + (5 3)i
5 3
arg z1 = tan −1   = tan
−1
( 3 ) = 60 o
 5 
 
2 2 
z2 =
3
−1 
+ 2i ⇒ arg z2 = tan 
2  = tan −1 ( 3 ) = 60 o
 
 3
z  o o o
arg  1  = arg z1 − arg z2 = 60 − 60 = 0
 z2 

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GATE MATHEMATICS
66. Sol. (D)

Given V = u + iv ⇒ V = φ + iψ ; Where φ is a potential function ψ is a velocity function
−∂φ ∂φ
But we have u = ⇒ = −u ( x , y )
∂x ∂x
∂φ
Similarly, = − v ( x, y )
∂y
∂y ∂φ ∂y u
Now = × =
∂x ∂x ∂φ v
67. Sol.
For the given function z = 1 is a simple pole
Z = -2 is a pole of order 2
9
(i) Re f ( z ) z =1 = Lt =1
z →1 ( z + 2) 2
1 9 9
(ii) Re f ( z ) z =−2 = Lt = Lt = −1
1! z →− 2 ( z − 1) z →−2 ( z − 1)
So, A is correct option
68. Sol. (C)
f ( z ) = u + iv ⇒ f ′( z ) = ux + ivx
df
⇒ = u y − iv y (Q f is analytic)
dz
69. Sol. (-0.33)
1 e −2 z
2π i ∫c z ( z − 3)
dz , c : z = 2 , − 2 < z < 2
Poles are z=0, 3

Z = 3 lies outside the circle
e −2.0 −1
f (0) = =
0−3 3
1 e −2 z
dz = f (0) = −1 = −0.33
2π i ∫c z ( z − 3)
∴ By cauchy integral formula
3

Page 331
GATE MATHEMATICS
70.Ans: – 133.8
1 sinz 1 f " (2π j)
Sol: − ∫
2π C (z − 2π j)3
dz =
2π
× 2π i
2!
f(z) = sin z
f “(z) = –sin z
\ f “(Z0) = − sin 2π j
1 sinz 1  − sin(2π j) 
∫
2π C (z − 2π j)3
dz =−
2π
× 2π j
 2


sinh2π 1
= j× j = − (sinh2π ) = − 133 .87
2 2
71.Ans: (B)
1 ez 1
Sol: i) ∫ dz = 2π j f(2) ⇒ e2 = 7.39
2π j c (z − 2) 2π j
1 ez
2π j ∫c (z − 2)
ii) dz = 0 (Q z = 2 lies out side c)
72.Ans: (A)
Sol: Given u =2xy, v = ?
The Cauchy-Riemann equation
ux = vy & vx = – uy are satisfying with option (a) –x2+ y2 + constant
∴ V(x,y) = –x2 + y2+ constant

73. Ans: (A)
Xj
-lm: M = > j
∞
j8 + 2j + 2
∞
MN g K¶
ÝgÞ ø =
0 8 + 2 + 2
Then poles of f(z) are given by z2 + 2z + 2 = 0
∴ z = -1 ± i
g K¶
S% = Sgø: = −1 + = lim
¶→%nK ? − −1 + @? − −1 − @

Page 332
GATE MATHEMATICS
g K%nK g K%
= =
−1 + + 1 + 2
MN no
> ø = > = MN ?2ûS% @
8 + 2 + 2

g K%
= MN 12û 3
2
= MN zûg % "cos1 − 1#{
ûsin 1
= −
g
74.Ans: –1
Sol: Given, u = 2kxy & v = x2 – y2
ux = vy
⇒2ky = –2y
∴ k = –1
75.Ans: (B)
Sol: L The correct path is given in option (B).
¢
A¶C
3 − 5
> ¶8
= 2û o p = 4û
−1 − 2 ¶}%

76.Ans: 0
Sol: f (Z) = 2z3 + b |z|3

for b = 0, f(z) becomes polynomial
so it is analytic every where only when b = 0
77.Ans: 1
sin(z) 1  z3 z 2 
Sol: = 2 z − + − ..........
z2 z  3! 5! 
1 z z3
= − + − ..........
z 3! 5!
Res. f(z) = 1
z=0
78.Ans: (b)

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GATE MATHEMATICS
Sol: f(z) = z + z* = 2x,

z* is a continuous but not analytic
so, f(z) is continuous but not analytic
79.Ans: (b)
2 (1 / 2 ) + 5 6 24
Sol: f(z) = = =
(1 / 2 ) − 4 (1 / 2 ) + 5
2
13 / 4 13
Ans = 2πi [sum of residues ]
24 48πi
= 2πi × =
13 13

Page 334
GATE MATHEMATICS
CHAPTER- 8
VECTOR CALCULUS
01. If the linear velocity V in given by V = x 2 yi − j − yz 3 k then the angular velocity W at point
(1,1,-1) is it _____________ (GATE -93)
02. The directional derivative of f(x,y) = 2x2+3y2+z2 an point P(2,1,3) in the direction of the
vector a = i − 2x is (GATE -94)
a) 4 / 5 b) −4 / 5 c) 5/4 d) − 5 / 4
03. If V is a differentiate vector function and f is sufficiently differentiable scalar function then
curl ( f V ) =_______________ (GATE-95(ME)]
( (
a) gradA × V + fcurlV )) b) 0
c) f curl V d) (gradf) x V
04. The derivation of f(x,y) and point (1,2) in the direction of vector i + j in 2 2 and in the
direction of the vector −2 j is -3, then the derivative of f(x,y) in direction −i − j is
(GATE-95(ME)]
a) 2 2 + 3 / 2 b) −7 / 5 c) −2 2 − 3 / 2 d) 1/ 5
05. The expression curl (grad f) where f is a scalar function is (GATE-96(ME)]
a) Equal to ∇ 2 f
b) Equal to div (grad f)
c) A scalar of zero magnitude
d) A vector of zero magnitude
06. The directional derivative of the function f(x,y,z) = x-y at the point P(1,1,0) along the
direction i + j is (GATE-96)
a) 1/ 2 b) 2 c) − 2 d) 2
07. For the function φ = ax 2 y − y 3 to represent the velocity potential of an ideal fluid, ∇2φ should
be equal to zero. In that case, the value of ‘a’ has to be (GATE – 99)
a) -1 b) 1 c) -3 d) 3

Page 335
GATE MATHEMATICS
08. Given a vector field F , the divergence theorem sates that (GATE – 99)
a) ∫ F .d s = ∫ ∇.Fdv
S v
b) ∫ F .d s = ∫ ∇ × Fdv
S v
c) ∫ F × d s = ∫ ∇.Fdv
S v
d) ∫ F × d s = ∫ ∇.Fdv
S v
09. The directional derivative of the following function at (1,2) in the direction of (4i+3j) is:
F(x,y) = x2+y2 ( GATE-02)
a) 4/5 b) 4 c) 2/5 d) 1
10. The vector fields F = xi − y j (where i and j are unit vectors ) is (GATE – 03)
a) Divergence free, but not irrotational
b) Irrotational, but not divergence free
c) Divergence free and irrotational
d) Neither divergence free not irrotational
∫ xydy − y dx, where, c is the square cut from the first quadrant by the
2
11. Value of the integral
c
line x = 1 and y=1 will be (Use Green’s theorem to change the line integral into double
integral) (GATE -05)
a) 1/2 b) 1 c) 3/2 d) 5/3
12. The line integral ∫ V.dr of the vector function V ( r ) = 2xyzi + x 2 z j + x 2 yk from the origin to
the point P(1,1,1) (GATE-05)
a) is 1 b) is zero c) is -1
d) cannot be determined without specifying the path
13. Stokes theorem connects (GATE -05(ME)]
a) a line integral and a surface integral
b) a surface integral and a volume integral
c) a line integral and a volume integral
d) gradient of a function and its surface integral

Page 336
GATE MATHEMATICS
x2 y2
14. For the scalar field u = + , the magnitude of the gradient at the point(1,3) is
2 3
(GATE – 05 (EE)]
13 9 9
a) b) c) 5 d)
9 2 2
15. If a vector R ( t ) has a constant magnitude then (GATE -05 (IN)]
dR dR dR dR
a) R ⋅ =0 b) R ⋅ =0 c) R ⋅ R= d) R ⋅ R=
dt dt dt dt
16. A scalar field is given by f = x2/3+y2/3, where x and y are the Cartesian coordinates. The
derivative of ‘f’ along the line y = x directed away from the origin at the point (8,8) is
(GATE -05 (IN)]
2 3 2 3
a) b) c) d)
3 2 3 2
17. Which one of the following is Not associated with vector calculus? (GATE-05(PI)]
a) Stoke’s theorem b) Gauss Divergence theorem
c) Green’s theorem d) Kennedy’s theorem
18. ∇ × ( ∇ × P ) where P is a vector is equal to (GATE-05EC)]
a) P × ∇ × P − ∇ 2 P b) ∇ 2 P + ∇ ( ∇ ⋅ P ) c) ∇ 2 P + ( ∇ × P ) d) ∇ ( ∇.P ) − ∇ 2 P
19. The directional derivative of f ( x, y , z ) = 2 x 2 + 3 y 2 + z 2 at the point p(2,1,3) in the direction
of the vector a = i − 2k is ________ (GATE -06(CE)]

a) -2.785 b) -2.145 c) -1.789 d) 1.000
20. The velocity vector is given as V = 5 xyi + 2 y 2 j + 3 yz 2 k . the divergence of this velocity
vector at (1,1,1) is (GATE – 07(CE)]
21. The area of a triangle formed by the tips of vectors, a, b and c (GATE – 07(ME)]
1 1
a)
2
( )(
| a −b ⋅ a −c | ) b)
2
( ) (
a −b × a −c )
1 1
c)
2
| a ×b×c | d)
2
( )
a ×b ⋅c

Page 337
GATE MATHEMATICS
3 1 3 1
22. The angel (in degrees) between two planer vectors a = i+ j and b = i+ j is
2 2 2 2
(GATE-07(PI)]
a) 30 b) 60 c) 90 d) 120
23. Divergence of the vector field v(x,y,z) = (-x cosxy + y)

( )
i + ( ycosxy ) j +  sin z 2 + x 2 + y 2  k is (GATE -07(EE)]
(a) 2z cos z2 b) sin xy+2z cos z2 c) xsinxy –xcosz d) none of these

24. Consider points P and Q in xy – plane with P = (1,0) and Q = (0,1). The line integral
Q
2 ∫ ( x dx + ydy ) along the semicircle with the line segment PQ as its diameter
τ
(GATE -08(EC))
a) is -1 b) is 0 c) 1 d) depends on the
direction (clockwise (or) anti-clockwise) of the semi circle
25. The divergence of the vector field ( x − y ) i + ( y − x ) j + ( x + y + z ) k is (GATE -08(ME)]
a) 0 b) 1 c) 2 d) 3
26. The directional derivative of the scalar function f(x,y,z) = x2+2y2+z at the point P = (1,1,2) in
the direction of the vector a = 3i − 4 j is (GATE-08(ME)]
a) -4 b) -2 c) -1 d) 1
27. If r is the position vector of any point on a closed surface S that encloses the volume V then
∫∫ ( r ⋅ d s ) is equal to
s
(GATE -08(PI)]
1
a) v b) V c) 2V d) 3V
2
28. For a scalar function f(x,y,z) = x2+3y2+2z2, the gradient at the point P(1,2,-1) is
(GATE – 09 (CE)]
a) 2i + 6 j + 4k b) 2i + 12 j − 4k c) 2i + 12 j + 4k d) 2
29. For a scalar function f(x,y,z) = x2-+3y2+2z2, the directional derivative at the point P(1,2,-1) in
the direction of a vector i − j + 2k is
(GATE-09(CE)]

Page 338
GATE MATHEMATICS
a) -18 b) −3 6 c) 3 6 d) 18
30. If a vector field V is related to another field A through V = ∇ × A, which of the following is
true? (GATE-09(EC)]
Note: C and SC refer to any closed contour and any surface whose boundary is C.
ur ur uur
a) ∫ V ⋅ dl = ∫ ∫ A ⋅ ds
C SC
ur ur uur
b) ∫ A ⋅ dl = ∫ ∫ .ds
V
C SC
ur uur ur uur
c) ∫ ∇ × V ⋅ dl = ∫ ∫ A ⋅ ds
C SC
ur uur ur uur
d) ∫ ∇ × A ⋅ dl = ∫ ∫ V ⋅ ds
C SC
31. A sphere of unit radius is centered at the origin, the unit normal at appoint (x,y,z) on the
surface of the sphere is the vector. (GATE-09(IN)]
 1 1 1   x u z   x y z 
a) (x, y, z) b)  , ,  c)  , ,  d)  , , 
 3 3 3  3 3 3  2 2 2
∧ ∧ ∧
32. The divergence of the vector field 3xz i + 2xy j− yz 2 k at a point (1, 1, 1) is equal to
(GATE-09(ME)]
a) 7 b) 4 c) 3 d) 0
∧ ∧
( ) ( )
33. F ( x.y ) = x 2 + xy a x + y 2 + xy a y . Its line integral over the straight line from (x,y) = (0,2) to
(x,y) = (2,0) evaluates to (GATE-09(EE)]
a) -8 b) 4 c) 8 d) 0
∧ ∧
34. The line integral of the vector function F = 2x i + x 2 j along the x-axis from x=1 to x=2 is
(GATE-09(PI)]
a) 0 b) 2.33 c) 3 d) 5.33
35. Divergence of the 3- dimensional radial vector field r is (GATE-10(EE)]

1 ∧ ∧ ∧
∧ ∧ ∧ 
a) 3 b) c) i + j + k d) 3  i + j + k 
r  

Page 339
GATE MATHEMATICS
ur ∧ ∧ ur
36. If A = xy a x + x 2 a y then ∫ over the path shown in the figure is
A
2 C
X
0 4(x) 2(x)
2
a) 0 b) c) 1 d) 2 3
3
37. If a and b are two arbitrary vectors with magnitudes a and b respectively, | a × b |2 will be
equal to (GATE-11(CE)]
( ) ( )
2 2
a) a 2 b 2 − a, b b) ab-a ⋅ b c) a 2b 2 + a ⋅ b c) ab + a.b
38. If A(0,4,3), B(0,0,0) and c(3,0,4) are there points declined as x, y, z coordinate system, then
uuur uuur
with one of the following vectors is perpendicular to both the vectors AB and BC
(GATE-11(PI))
r uur uur r r
a) 16 j + 9 j − 12 K b) 16i − 9 j + 12k
r r r r r r
c) 16i − 9 j − k d) 16i + 9 j + 12k
P2
39. The line integral ∫ ( ydx + xdy ) from (P1(x1,y2) to P2(x2,y2) along the semi-circle P1P2 shown
P1
in the figure is (GATE-11(PI))

y
P1(x1y2)
P2(x1y2)
x
a) x1y2-x1y1

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GATE MATHEMATICS
b) ( y22 − y12 ) + ( x22 − x12 )
c) ( x2 − x1 )( y2 − y1 )
d) ( y2 − y1 ) + ( x2 − x1 )
2 2
40. If T(X, Y, Z) = x2+y2+2z3 defines the temperature at any location (x, y, z) then the magnitude
of the temperature gradient at point (P(1,1,1) is __________. (GATE-11(PI))
a) 2 6 b) 4 c) 24 d) 6
r
41. Consider a closed surface ‘S’ surrounding a volume V. If r is the position vector of point
r ∧
inside S with n the unit formal on ‘S’. the value of the integral ∫ ∫ 5 r.n ds is
(GATE-11(EC))
a) 3V b) 5V c) 10 V d) 15 V
−i 3
42. The two vectors [1,1,1] and [1,a,a2] where a = +j are (GATE -11(EE)
2 2
a) Orthonormal b) Orthogonal c) Paralist d) Collinear
43. the direction of vector A is radially outward from the origin, with |A| = Krn value of n for
which ∇ . A=0 is (GATE-12(EC,EE,IN))
a) -2 b) 2 c)1 d) 0
2 2 3
44. For the spherical surface x +y +z =1, the unit outward normal vector at the point
 1 1 
 , ,0  is given by (GATE-12(ME,PI))
 2 2 
1 ∧ 1 ∧ 1 ∧ 1 ∧ ∧
1 ∧ 1 ∧ 1 ∧
a) i+ j b) i− j c) k d) i+ j+ k
2 2 2 2 3 3 3
∧ ∧ ∧ ∧
45. For the parallelogram OPQR shown in the sketch. OP = a i + b j and OR = c i + d j . The area
of the parallelogram is (GATE-129CE))
R Q
P
O
a) ad –be b0 ac + bd c) ad +bc d) ab-cd

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GATE MATHEMATICS
ur ur uur
()
46. Consider a vector field A r . The closed loop line integral ∫ ⋅ dt can be expressed as
A
(GATE – 2013(EC))
ur uur
a) ∫ ∫ ( ∇× A ) ⋅ ds over the closed surface bounded by the loop
ur uur
b) ∫ ∫ ∫ ( ∇ ⋅ A ) ⋅ dv over the closed volume bounded by the loop
ur
c) ∫∫∫ ( ∇ ⋅ A )dv over the open volume bounded by the loop
ur uur
d) ∫ ∫ ( ∇× A) ⋅ ds over the open surface bounded by the loop
47. The divergence of the vector field statements is NOT TRUE? (GATE-2013(EC))
a) 0 b) 1/3 c) 1 d) 3
48. For a vector E, which one of the following (GATE-2013(IN))
a) If ∇ E =0, E is called solenoidal
b) If ∇ x E = 0, E is called conservative
c) If ∇ x E = 0,E is called irrotational
d) If ∇ . E =0, E is called irrotational
49. The following surface integral is to be evaluated over a sphere for the givens steady velocity
vector field F = xi + yj + zk defined with respect to a certain coordinate system having i,j and
k as unit base vectors.
1
∫ ∫ 4 ( F .n )dA
s
Where S is the sphere, x2+y2+z2=1 and n is the outward unit normal vector to the sphere. The
value of the surface integral is (GATE – 2013(ME))
a) π b) 2π c) 3 π/4 d) 4 π
50. The curl of the gradient of the scalar field defined by V= 2x2y+3y2z+4z2x is
a) 4xyax+6yzay+8zxaz
b) 4ax+6ay+8az
c) (4xy+4z2)ax+(2x2+6yz)ay+(3y2+8zx)az
d) 0

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GATE MATHEMATICS
∧ ∧ ∧
51. Given a vector field F = y 2 x a x − yz a y − x 2 a z , the line integral ∫ F.dt evaluated along a
segment on the x-axis from x=1 ω x = 2 is (GATE-2013(EE))
a) 2.33 b) 0 c) 2.33 d) 7
r ∧ ∧ ∧ r
52. If r = x a x + y a y + z a z and |r|= r , then dx (τ 2∇ ( log r ) ) = _______. (GATE-14-EC-)
53. The magnitude of the gradient for the function f(x,y,z)= x2+3y2+z2 at the point (1,1,1) is
_______. (GATE – 14-EC)
xy
54. The directional derivative of f ( x, y ) = ( x + y ) at (1,1) in the direction of the unit vector at
2
π
an angle of with y-axis, at given by ___________. (GATE-14-EC)
4
r ∧ ∧ ∧
55. Given F = z a x + x a y + y a z , if S represents the portion of the sphere x2+y2+z2=1 for z ≥0, then
r uur
( )
∫ ∇ × F. ds is ____________. (GATE-14-EC)
s
56. The line integral of function F = yzi, in the counterclockwise direction, along the circle
x2+y2=1 at z=1 is (GATE-14-EE)
a) -2π b) – π c) π d) 2 π
57. Let ∇. ( f V ) = x 2 y + y 2 z + z 2 x, where f and V if V = yi + zj + xk , then V. ( ∇f ) is
(GATE-14-EE)
2 2 2
a) x y+y z+z x b) 2xy+2yz+2zx
c) x+y+z D) 0
∧ ∧ ∧ ∧ ∧ ∧
58. A vector is defined as f = y i + x j + z k where, i , j and k are unit vectors in Cartesian (x,y,z)
coordinate system. The surface integral ∫ ∫ f.ds over the closed surface S of a cube with
Vertices having the following coordinates: (0,0,0), (1,0,0), (0,1,0), (0,0,1), (1,0,1), (1,1,1),
(0,1,1), (1,1,0) is___________. (GATE -14 –ME)
1
59. The integral ∫ ( ydx-xdy ) is
C
evaluated along the circle x 2 + y 2 =
4
traversed in counter
clockwise direction. The integral is equal to (GATE -14-ME)

π π π
a) 0 b) − c) − d)
4 2 4

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GATE MATHEMATICS
∧ ∧ ∧
60. Curl of vector F = x 2 z 2 i − 2 xy 2 z j + 2 y 2 z 3 k (GATE-14-ME)
∧ ∧ ∧
( )
a) 4 yz 3 + 2 xy 3 i + 2 x 3 z j − 2 y 2 z k
∧ ∧
( )
b) 4 yz 3 + 2 xy 3 i − 2 x3 z − 2 y 3 z k
∧ ∧ ∧
c) 2 xz 3 i − 4 xyz j + 6 y 3 z 3 k
∧ ∧ ∧
d) 2 xz 3 j + 4 xyz j + 6 y 2 z 3 k
∧ ∧ ∧
61. Divergence of the a vector field x 2 z i + xy j − yz 2 k at (1, −1,1) is (GATE-14-ME)
a) 0 b) 3 c) 5 d) 6
62. Directional derivative of φ = 2 xz − y 2 at the point (1,3,2) becomes maximum in the direction
of (GATE-14-PI)
a) 4i+2j-3k b) 4j-6j+2k c) 2i-6j+2k d) 4i-6j-2k
63. If φ = 2 x3 y 2 z 4 then ∇2φ is
a) 12x2z4+4x2z4+20x3y2z3
b) 2x2y2z+4x3z4+24x3y2z2
c) 12xy2z4+4x3z4+24x3y2z2
d) 4xy2z+4x2z4+24x3y2z2
64. Vector P is given by P = x3 yaˆ x − x 2 yaˆ y − x 2 yzaˆ z . Which of the following is true?
(GATE - EC -15)
A) P is solenoidal but not irrational B) P is irrotational, but not solenoidal
C) P is neither solenoidal (nor) irrational D) P is both solenoidal and irrotational
1
65. Consider the function f = r , where r is a distance from the origin and r is a unit
r2
vector in the radial direction. The divergence of the function over a sphere of radius R.
Which includes origin is (GATE - EC -15)
A) 0 B) 2π C) 4π D) Rπ
66. Match the following (GATE - EE -15)
P. Stoke’s theorem 1. ∫∫ D.ds = φ

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GATE MATHEMATICS
Q. Gauss theorem 2. ∫ f ( z ) dx = 0
R. Divergence theorem 3. ∫∫∫ (∇. A)dy = ∫∫ A.ds

S. Cauchy integral theorem 4. ∫∫ (∇ × A)ds = ∫ A.dI
A) P-2, Q-1, R-4, S-3 B) P-4, Q-1, R-3, S-2
C) P-4, Q-3, R-1, S-2 D) P-3, Q-4, R-2, S-1
67. The velocity field of an incompressible flow is given by (GATE - ME -15)
V = (a1 x + a2 y + a3 z )i + (b1 x + b2 y + b3 z ) j + (c1 x + c2 y + c3 z )k where a1 = 2; c3 = −4 the
value of b is
68. Curl of a vector V ( x, y, z ) = 2 x 2i + z 2 j + y 3 k at x = y =z=1 is (GATE - ME -15)
A) -3i B) 3i C) 3i-4j D) 3i-6k
1
∫∫ π (9 xi − 3 yj ).nds over the sphere x
2
69. The surface integral + y 2 + z 2 = 9 is
s
(GATE - ME -15)
70. Let φ is an arbitrary constant smooth real valued scalar function and V is an arbitrary
smooth vector valued function in three dimension space which of the following is
identify (GATE - ME -15)
A) curl (φV ) = ∇( DivV ) B) divV = 0
C) DivcurlV = 0 D) Div(φV ) = φ DivV
71. The D.D of the field u(x, y, z) = x 2 − 3 yz in the direction of a vector I + j – 2k at a point
(2, -1, 4) is (GATE - CE -15)
72. The velocity components of a two dimensional motion plane of a fluid are
y3
u= + 2 x − x 2 y , which of the following is correct (GATE - CE -15)
3
A) Fluid is incompressible and flow is irrotational
B) Fluid is incompressible and flow is rotational
C) Fluid is compressible and flow is irrotational
D) Fluid is compressible and flow is rotational

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GATE MATHEMATICS
73. A Scalar function in XY plane is given by φ ( x, y ) = x 2 + y 2 , if iˆ and ˆj are unit vectors in

x and y directions, the direction of maximum increase in the value of φ at (1, 1) is a long
(GATE - CH -15)
A) −2iˆ + 2 ˆj B) 2iˆ + 2 ˆj C) −2iˆ − 2 ˆj D) 2iˆ − 2 ˆj
74. A scalar potential p has the following gradient: qp = l£̂ + j¥̂ + jl¦ . Consider the integral
þv ∇φ. dr on the curve r = xıt + yȷ̂ + zk¦ . The curve C is parameterized as follows:
uur r
j=Þ
(GATE - ME -16)
l = Þ 8 1 ≤ Þ ≤ 3.q
= 3Þ 8
The value of the integral is ________
75. The value of the line integral ∮Ev . ̅ ′ ds, where C is a circle of radius
G
√ù
units is ________
Here, Ev (j, l = l £t + 2j ¥̂ and ̅ ′ is the UNIT tangent vector on the curve C at an arc length
s from a reference point on the curve. £t and ¥ware the basis vectors in the x-y Cartesian
reference. In evaluating the line integral, the curve has to be traversed in the counter-
clockwise direction. (GATE - ME -16)
76. Suppose C is the closed curve defined as the circle x2 + y2 = 1 with C oriented anti-
clockwise. The value of ò(xy dx + x ydy) over the curve C equals ______
2 2
(GATE - EC -16)

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GATE MATHEMATICS
VECTOR CALCULUS
ANSWERS WITH SOLUTIONS
i j k
1 ∂ ∂ ∂
01. We know angular velocity W =
2 ∂x ∂y ∂z
x2 xyz − yz 2
1
=  i ( − z 2 − xy ) − j ( 0 − 0 ) + K ( yz − x 2 ) 
2
1
At (1,1, −1) =
2
(
 −2i − 2 K  = − i + k
 )
02. Sol: (b) Given scalar point function is f(x,y) = 2x2+3y2+a2
( ∇ )(
f 2,1,3)
= 4 xi + 6 yj + 2 zk
= 8i + 6 j + 6k
a −4
Directional derivative = ∇t. = =
|a| 5
03. Sol: Option (a) is vector identity
04. Sol: (b)
Directional derivative of f in the direction of i+j = 2 2
Similarly,
b  ∂f ∂f ∂f  ( i + j ) ∂f ∂f
∇f. = −3 ⇒  i + j + k  ⋅ =2 2⇒ + = 4......(1)
|b|  ∂x ∂y ∂z  2 ∂x dy
Similarly,
b  ∂f ∂f ∂f  ( −2 j ) ∂f ∂f
∇f. = −3 ⇒  i + j + k ⋅ = −3 ⇒ −2 = −6 ⇒ = 3......(2)
|b|  ∂x ∂y ∂z  2 dy dy
∂f
Sub. (2) in (1), we obtain =1
dx
c  ∂f ∂f ∂f  ( −i − 2 j ) −7
∴∇f ⋅ = i+ j + k . =
| c |  ∂x ∂y dz  5 5

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GATE MATHEMATICS
05. Sol: (d)

Curl (gradϕ) = 0
06. Sol: (b)
f(x,y,z) = x+y P(1,1,0), a = i + j
a
directional derivative = ∇f. = 2
a
07. Sol : (d)

∂ 2φ ∂ 2φ ∂ 2φ
φ = ax 2 y − y 2 = ∇ 2φ = + + =0
∂x 2 ∂y 2 ∂z 2
08. Sol: (a) Gauss divergence theorem
9. Sol : (b)
F ( x, y ) = x 2 + y 2 , a = 4i+3j(1, 2 )
Directional derivative = ∇f .
a
= ( 2i + 4 j ) .
( 4i + 3 j ) = 4
|a| 5
10. Sol: (c)
F = xi − yj
div F = 1 − 1 = 0 ⇒ F is solinaidal
i j K
∂ ∂ ∂
curl F = = 0 ⇒ F is irroational
∂x ∂y ∂z
x −y 0
11. Sol: (c)
∫ xydy − y dx
2

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GATE MATHEMATICS
Y
(0,1) (1,1)
(1,0) x
 ∂N ∂M 
By Green’s theorem ∫ Mdx − Ndy = ∫ ∫  ∂x −
e R
 dx dy
∂y 
1 1
3
= ∫ ∫ ( y + 2 y )dx dy= 2
x = 0 y =0
12. Sol : (a)
V ( r ) = 2 xyz i + x 2 z j + x 2 yk
For this function clearly curl V = 0
⇒ V = ∇φ
∂φ ∂φ ∂φ
⇒ V=i + j +k
∂x dy ∂z
⇒ φ = x 2 yz
(1,1,1)
(1,1,1)
∴ ∫ V.d r = (φ )( 0,0,0 ) = 1
( 0,0,0 )
13. Sol : (a)
∫ F.d r = ∫ ∫ curl F, d s
c s
14. Ans: (c)

2
∇ u = xi + yj
3
∇u(1,3) = i + 2 j
Magnitude of D. D is | ∇u |= 1 + 4 = 5

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GATE MATHEMATICS
15. Sol : (a)
R ( t ) is a vector with constant magnitude ⇒| R|=R = constant
RR = R 2
d d
⇒
dt
( )
R.R = ( R 2 ) = 0
dt
dR dR dR dR
⇒ .R + R. = 0 ⇒ 2R. =0⇒R =0
dt dt dt dt
16. Sol: (a)

∧
A unit vector along the line y = x is a = cosθi +sinθ j, whereθ =π /4
∧
π π 1 1
a = cos i+ j= i+ j
4 4 2 2
−1 −1
2 3 2 3
∇f = × i y j
3 3
a
∴ Directional derivative = ∇f ⋅
|a|
1 1 2
= + = j
3 2 3 2 3
17. Sol: (d)
Kennedy’s Theorem is not related to vector calculus
18. Sol: (d)
Curl (Curl P) = ∇ × ( ∇ × P ) = grad ( div P ) − ∇ 2 P
= ∇ ( ∇.P ) − ∇ 2 P ( Vector identity )
19. Sol:( c)
∇f ]( 2,1,3) = 8i + 6 j + 6k
a −4
Directional derivative = ∇f =
|a| 5

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GATE MATHEMATICS
20. Sol: (d)

V = 5 xyi + 2 y 2 j + 3 yz 2 k
div V = 5 y + 4 y + 6 yz
At (1,1,1) div V = 5 + 4 + 6 = 15
21. Sol: (b)

1
Area of triangle ABC = | AB × AC |
2
1
=
2
(
| ( a − b) × c − a )
1
=
2
( ) (
| a −b × a −c | )
22. Sol : (d)
3 1 3 1
a= i + j, b = − i+ j
2 2 2 2
3 1
a − + 1
cosθ = = 4 4 =−
| a || b | 3 1 3 1 2
+ +
4 4 4 4
⇒ θ =120
23. Sol : (a)
V ( x, y , z ) = − ( x cos xy + y ) i + ( y cos xy ) j + sin z 3 + x 2 + y 2  k
∂ ∂
div V =  − ( x cos xy + y )  + sin z 2 + x 2 + y 2 
∂x  ∂y
= xy sin xy − xy sin xy + 2 z cos z 2

= 2zcosz2
24. Sol : (b)\
P(1,0), Q(0,1)
Q Q
2∫ x dx + ydy = 2∫ F.dr.where = F xi + yj
P P
curl F = 0 ⇒ thereexists scalar function φ ( x, y )

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GATE MATHEMATICS
Such that F = ∇φ
x2 + y2
∴ φ ( x, y ) =
2
0 0
∴2∫ x dx + y dy = ∫ F .dr.Where F = xi + yj
P P
25. Sol : (d)
V = ( x − y) i + ( y − x) j + ( x + y + z ) k
div V = 1 + 1 + 1 = 3
26. Sol: (b)
f ( x, y, z ) = x 2 + 2 y 2 + z, p (1,1,2 ) , a = 3i − 4 j
∇f = 2 xi + 4 yj + k
∇f p = 2i + 4 j + k
a 6 − 16 10
Directional derivative = ∇f . = = − = −2
|a| 5 5
27. Sol : (d)

As ‘s’ a closed surface, using Gauss – Divergence theorem,
∫ ∫ rd s = ∫ ∫ ∫ ( ∇.r )dv = 3v
s v
28. Sol: (b)

f ( x, y , z ) = x 2 + 3 y 2 + 2 z 2 p (1, 2, −1)
Grad f = ∇f = 2 xi + 6 yj + 4 zk
∇ f p = 2i + 12 j − 4k
29. Sol: (b)
F ( x, y, z ) = x 2 + 3 y 2 + 2 z 2 , P (1,2, −1) , a = i − j + 2k
∇f = 2 xi + 6 yj + 4 zk
∇ f p = 2i + 12 j − 4k

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GATE MATHEMATICS
a 2 − 12 − 8 18
Directional derivative = = ∇f . = = = −3 6
|a| 1 +1+ 4 6
30. Sol: (b)
Using stokes theorem for A over the ‘C’ bounding an open surface SC,
∫ A.di = ∫ ∫ curl A.ds

C SC
=
SC
∫ ∫ V.ds
31. Sol: (a)

Equation of sphere is x2+y2+z2=1
Lit φ ( x, y , z ) = x 2 + y 2 + z 2
Normal to the surface is ∇φ = 2 xi + 2 yj + 2 zk
∇φ
=
(
2 xi + yj + zk )
Unit normal is
| ∇φ | 4x2 + 4 y2 + 4z 2
= xi + yj + zk sin ce x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1
32. Sol : (C)

f = 3 xzi + 2 zy j − yz 2 k
div f = 3 z + 2 y − 2 yz
div f (1,1,3) = 3 + 2 − 2 = 3
33. Sol: (d)

∧ ∧
( )
f ( x, y ) = x 2 + xy a x + y 2 + xy a y ( )
∫ F .d r = ∫ ( x + xy ) dx + ( y 2 + xy )dy
2
x + y = 2 ⇒ dx = −dy
= ∫  x 2 + x ( 2 − x )  dx + ( 2 − x ) + x ( 2 − x )  ( − dx )
2
 
C
=0

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GATE MATHEMATICS
Ans;(c)
y
(0,2)
x+y =2
x
(2,0)
34. Sol:
F = 2xi + x 2 j
Along x-axis, y=0 → dy=0
2
∫ F.dr F = ∫ 2xdx + x dy = ∫ 2 xdx = 3

2
C C 1
35. Sol: (a)

r = xi + yj + zk
∂F1 ∂F2 ∂F2
div r = + + = 1+1+1 = 3
∂x ∂y ∂z
36. Sol: (c)
∧ ∧
A = xy a x + x 2 a y
∫ A.d i = ∫ xydx +x dy
2
C C
Using green’s theorem,

 ∂N ∂M 
∫ M dx + Ndy = ∫ ∫  ∂x −
C R
∂y 
dx dy
2
3 3
= ∫ ∫ ( 2 x − x )dy dx
1 y =1
x=
3
2
3
= ∫ 2 xdx = 1
1
3

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GATE MATHEMATICS
37. Sol: (a)
( ) ( ( ))
2 2 2
a × b = a a sin 2 a, b = a 2b 2 1 − cos 2 a, b
( ( )
2
)
a 2b 2 1 − a.b / a 2b 2 = a 2 .b 2 − a, b( )
38. Sol: (a)
P2 P2
∫ ydx + xdy = ∫ ( yi + xj ).d r

P1 P1
BC = OC − OB = ( 3,0,4 ) = 3 j + 4 K
(16i + 9 j −12k ).B A = 0

(16i + 9 j −12k ).BC = 0
39. Sol: (a)
P2 P2
∫ ydx + xdy = ∫ ( yi + xj ).d r

P1 P1
F = yi + xj , curl F = O
⇒ F = ∇φ Where φ = xy
P2
∴ ∫ ( yi + xj ).d r = φP2 − φP1 = ( x2 , y2 ) − ( x1, y1 ) = x2 y2 − x1 y1

P1
40. Sol: (a)

∇T = 2 xi + 2 y j + 4 zk
∇T ]P(1,1,1) = 2i + 2 j + 4k
| ∇T |= 24 = 2 6
41. Option : D similar to Q . No -27
-1+j 3
42. Given vectors are a = i + j + k :b, where w =
2
a ⋅ b = 1 + w + w2 = U :⇒ a, b are orthogonal
Option (a) is correct

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GATE MATHEMATICS
43. Option (b), if n=1 then |A| = Kr, where r = | r | . Then A = K r = K xi + yj + 3k ( )

 ∂2 ∂2 ∂2 
Now ∇ A=  2 + + 2 K  . Kxi + Kyj + Kz K ( )
∂ ∂y ∂z 
∂2 ∂ ∂2
⇒ ( ) 2 ( ) 2 ( kz ) = 0
Kx + ky +
∂x 2 ∂y ∂z
44. Given φ = x 2 + y 2ez 2 − 1 , the unit out word normal is grad of optional grad
 1 1  2i + 2i
φ = 2 x + 2 yj + 2 zkat  ,0  , is − 2 (1 + 1)
 2 2  2
45. Option (b) .Area of a parallel logram OPQR = ac+bd

46. option (d) , by stokes theorem
47. A = xi + yj+ zk div A = 1+1+1=3 : (option (d))
48. Option (d) , since E is irrotational ⇒ ∇ × E= 0
49. f = xi + ji + zk . By gauss divergence theorem ∫ ∫ ( F-n ) dA = ∫ ∫ ∫ div fdv

= ∫ ∫ 3dv
4
= 3∫∫∫ V. =3 πr 2
3
= = 4π (1)
2
1 1
Now ∫ ∫ ∫ − 4 ( F .n )ds = 4 4π : so option (a) is correct
50. Vector identity curl grad V=0: So option (d) is correct
51. Given F = yxi − yzi − x 2 K
x=2 2
∫
x =1
F ⋅ dr = ∫ = ( yxi − yzi )( dx + dyj + dzk )
x =1
2
= ∫ − x 2 dz since integration is along X axis from 1 to 2 and y=0, z=0, →dy = 0, dz
1
=0
2
= ∫ − x 2 ( 0 ) = 0, option ( b )
1

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GATE MATHEMATICS
52 . Ans : 3
1 r r
If r = xi + yz + zk : r = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 .∇ ( or r ) = . = 2
r r r
r
Now r 2 ∇ ( or r ) = r 2 = r : divr = 3
r2
53. Ans : 7
Magnitude of gradient is | ∇φ |= ( 2 x ) + ( 6 y ) + ( 3z )
2 2 2 2
| ∇φ |(1,1,1) = 4 + 36 + 9 = 7
1
54. Given f =
2
(
x2 y + y2 x )
∇f =
( 2 xy + y ) i + ( 2 xy + x ) j
2 2
2 2
y=x
π/4
π/4
3
( ∇f )(1,1) = (i + j )
2
 1 1 
Let r = xi + yj = r cosθ i + r sin θ i = 2  i+ j
 2 2 
=i+j
3
Now D.D = (1 + 1) = 3 2
2
55. Given F = zi + xj + yk by stoke’s theorem, ∫ ( ∇ × F ) ds = ∫ F ⋅ dr

S
= ∫ ( xi + xi + yk )
= zdx + xdy + ydz

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GATE MATHEMATICS
=0
56. Given F = yzi
Now ∫ F .dr = ∫ ( yz )dx = θ∫ ( y − 1) dx since z =1
Given circle of x2<y2=1
X= cosθ, y=sinθ
Dx=-sinθdθ
= θ ∫ ydx
2π
= ∫ sin θ dθ
0
2π
 −1  2π  sin 2θ   1 2
2π
 1 − cos 2θ
=−∫   = ( 0 ) −   = x
0 
2  2  0  2 0  2
x =-π
57. we know that div ( fv ) = fdivv + gradf ⋅ v
i.e ∇ ( fV ) = f ( ∇v ) + ∇f ⋅ V
∂ ∂y ∂ 
⇒ x 2 y + y 2 z + z 2 z = f  y + 2 + x  + ∇.∇f
 ∂x ∂y ∂z 
⇒ x 2 y + y 2 z + z 2 x = f ( 0 ) + v.Df
58. Given f = yi + xj + zk ∫ ∫ f .dsw = ∫ ∫ ∫ div dv ( Gauss divergence function )

1 1 1
∂ ∂ ∂
= ∫∫∫ ( y ) + ( x ) + ( K )( dxi + jdy + Kz )
0 0 0
∂x ∂y ∂x
= ∫ ∫ ∫ 0 dv =0
59. Ans : 1
∂N ∂M
∫ ( ydx − xdy ) = ∫ ∫ ( ∂x − ∂y
)dxdy, Green’s theorem
(
= ∫ ∫ ( −1 − 1) ds − 2 ∫ ∫ ds = −2 π r 2 )

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GATE MATHEMATICS
  1  2  −π
= −2  π    =
 2  2
 
Option (c)
i j k
∂ ∂ ∂
60. curl f = = ( 4 yz 3 + 2 xy 2i ) + ( 2 x 2 z ) j − 2 zy 2 zk
∂x ∂y dz
x3 y 3 −2 x 2 y 2 z 2 2 y2 z3
Option (c)
∂ 2 ∂ ∂
61. dif F =
∂x
( )
x z + ( xy ) +
∂y ∂z
(
− yz 2 = 2 xz + x − 2 yz )
( ∇.F )(1, −1,1) = 2 + 1 + 2 = 5 option – (c)
62. D.D of φ = xz − y 2 at (1,3, 2 ) is maximum in the direction of ∇φ at (1,3, 2 )
i.e., ( ∇φ )(1,3,2 ) = ( 2 z ) i − 2 ji + 2 zk
= 4i − 6 j + 2k
Option (b)
63. φ = 2 x3 y 2 z 4
∂ 2φ ∂ 2φ ∂φ
∇ φ = 2 + 2 + 2 = 2 xy 2 z 4 + 4 x 3 z 4 + 24 x 3 y 2 z 4
2
∂x ∂y ∂z
( )
= xi + yj + zk = t 3 + 2t i − 3e −2 t j + 2k
dx
The acceleration of the particle is
dt
( )
= 3t 2 + 2 i + 6e −2 t j
dr
Magnitude of a acceleration of
dt
= ( 9t 4
+ 4 + 12t 2 ) + 36e −4t
dr
= 4 + 35 = 40
dt t =0
= 1 10 cm/sec
64. Sol. (A)
P = x3 yaˆ x − x 2 yaˆ y − x 2 yzaˆ z

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GATE MATHEMATICS
∇.P = 3x 2 y − 2 x 2 y − x 2 yz = 0
It is solenoidal
aˆ x aˆ y aˆ z
∂ ∂ ∂
∇× P = ≠ 0 ⇒ P is not irrational
∂x ∂y ∂z
x3 y − x 2 y − x 2 yz
65.Sol.
1
f = r
r2
 ∂ ∂ ∂1 
divf = ∇. f =  i + j + k  .  2 r
 ∂x ∂y ∂z   r 
66. Sol. (b)
67. Ans : (c)
Sol.
V is incompressible
∂V ∂V ∂V
⇒ div = 0 ⇒ + + =0
∂x ∂y ∂z
⇒ a1 + b2 + c3 ⇒ 2 + b2 − 4 = 0
b2 = 2
68. Ans: (a)
i j k
∂ ∂ ∂
Sol: curlV = = i (3 y 2 − 6 z ) + j (0 − 0) + k (0 − 0) = (3 y 2 − 6 z )i( x , y , z ) =(1,1,1) = −3i
∂x ∂y ∂z
2x2 3z 2 y3
69.Sol.
By Gauss divergence theorem ∫ F .nds = ∫ divF .dv
s v
Here F = 9xi-3yj
divF=9-3=6
1 1 1 1 4 
∴ ∫∫ (9 xi − 3 yj ) = ∫∫∫ 6dv = 6v = 6  π r 3  = 216
s
π π π π 3 

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GATE MATHEMATICS
70 Sol.
C is correct since it is vector identity
71.Sol.
∂u ∂u ∂u
∇u = i + j +k = 2 xi − 3zj − 3 yk
∂x ∂y ∂z
∇u(2,−1,4) = 4i − 12 j + 3k
a = i + j − 2k : a = 1+1+ 4 = 6
a i + j − 2k −14
The required directional derivative is ∇u = ( 4i − 12 j + 3k ) =
a 6 6
72.Sol.
A since ∇.u = 0 and ∇× u = 0
73.Sol. (B)
Direction of maximum increase = ∇φ at (1, 1)
= (2 xiˆ + 2 yjˆ) at (1, 1)
= 2iˆ + 2 ˆj
74.Ans: 726
Sol: line integral
A
ã ̅ = >?lj + jl + jl@
Ý. M = > ø.
I}%
> jl = jlAI}% = 3Þ C AI}% = 726

I}%
75. Ans: (16)

76. Ans: 0 (Zero)
Sol: Using Green’s Theorem
∫ (xy dx + x )
ydy = ∫∫ (2xy − 2xy )dxdy = 0
2 2
C R

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GATE MATHEMATICS
CHAPTER- 9
LAPLACE TRANSFORMS
01. The Laplace transform of the periodic function given below i.e.
sin t , if (2n − 1)π < t < 2nπ (n = 1,2,3.......)
f (t ) =  is________ (GATE-1993-ME)
0 otherwise
02. If f(t) is a finite and continuous function for t>0 the Laplace transformation is given by
∞
F = ∫ e − st f (t ) dt , then for f (t ) = cosh mt , The Laplace transformation is (GATE-1994-
0
ME)
03. The inverse Laplace transform of ( s + 9) /( s 2 + 6 s + 13) is (GATE-1995)
(a) cos 2t + 9 sin 2t (b) e −3t cos 2t − 3e −3t sin 2t

(c) e −3t sin 2t + 3e −3t cos 2t (d) e −3t cos 2t + 3e −3t sin 2t
ω
04. The Laplace transform of f (t) is F(s). Given F ( s ) = , the final value of f(t) is
s +ω2
2
(GATE-1995-EE)
(a) Infinite (b) zero (c) one (d) none
∞
05. The Laplace transform of a function f(t) is defined by F ( s ) = L{ f (t )} = ∫ e − st f (t ) dt .
0
Find the inverse Laplace transform of F(s-a) (GATE-1995-IN)

s
06. Find L{e at cos ωt } when L{cos ωt } = (GATE-1995-IN)
s +ω2
2
2( s + 1)
07. If L{ f (t )} = 2
then f (0 + ) and f (∞ ) are given by___ (GATE-1995-EC)
s + 2s + 2
2
(a) 0,2 (b) 2,0 (c) 0,1 (d) ,0
5

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GATE MATHEMATICS
08. Using Laplace transform, solve the initial value problem 9 y"−6 y '+ y = 0.
y(0) = 3 and y' (0) = 1, where prime denotes derivative with respect to t. (GATE-1996)
s+5
09. The inverse Laplace transform of the function is ____ (GATE-1996-EC)
( s + 1)( s + 3)
(a) 2e −t − e −3t (b) 2e −t + e −3t (c) e −t − 2e −3t (d) e −t + 2e −3t

10. The Laplace transform of eαt cosαt is equal to _____ (GATE-1997-EC)
s −α s +α 1
(a) (b) (c) (d) None
(s −α ) +α 2 (s +α ) +α 2 ( s −α )
2 2 3
d2y dy dy
11. Solve the initial value problem 2
−4 + 3 y = 0 with y=3 and = 7 at x = 0 using
dx dx dx
the Laplace transform technique? (GATE-1997-ME)
t 3t t 3t t 3t
(a) e -6e (b) – (e +6e (c) e +6e (d) None
0, for t < a
12. The Laplace transform of a unit step function u a (t ) defined as u a (t ) =  is
1 for t > a
(a) e−as / s (b) se−as (c) Seas (d) se− as − 1 (GATE-1998)
13. ( s + 1) −2 is the Laplace transform of _____ (GATE-1998)
(a) t 2 (b) t 3 (c) e −2t (d) te −t

w
14. If L{ f (t )} =
s + w2
2
then the value of lim f (t ) = ___
t →∞
(GATE-1998-EC)
(a) cannot be determined (b) zero (c) unity (d) ∞

15. The Laplace transform of (t 2 − 2t )u (t − 1) is _______ (GATE-1998-EE)
2 −s 2 −s 2 −2 S 2 − S 2 −S 2 −S
(a) e − 2e (b) e − 2e (c) e − e (d)None
S3 S S3 S S3 S
16. If L{ f (t )} = F ( s) then L{ f (t − T )} is equal to _______ (GATE-99-EC)
F (s) F (s)
(a) e sT F (s ) (b) e − sT F (s ) (c) (d)
1 − e sT 1 − e − sT
f (t ) = k , 0 < t < c
17. The Laplace Transform of the function is (GATE-1999)
= 0, c < t < ∞,
(a) ( k / s ) e − sc (b) ( k / s ) esc (c) ke− sc (d) ( k / s ) (1 − e − sc )

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GATE MATHEMATICS
18. Laplace transform of ( a + bt ) 2 where a and b are constants is given by (GATE-1999)
(a) ( a + bs ) (b) 1/ ( a + bs )
2 2
(c) ( a 2 / s ) + ( 2ab / s 2 ) + ( 2b 2 / s 3 ) (4) ( a 2 / s ) + ( 2ab / s 2 ) + ( b 2 / s 3 )

t
s+2 s2 +1
19. If L{ f (t )} = , L{ g ( t )} = , h(t ) = ∫ f (T ) g (t − T ) dT then L{h(T)}
s2 +1 ( s + 3)( s + 2) 0
is__________ (GATE-2000-EC)
s2 +1 1 s2 + 1 s+2
(a) (b) (c) + 2 (d) None
s+3 s+3 ( s + 3)( s + 2 ) s + 1
20. Let F ( s ) = L  f ( t )  denote the Laplace transform of the function f ( t ) . Which of the
following statements is correct?
t 
(a) L [ df / dt ] = 1 / s F ( s ) ; L  ∫ f (τ ) dτ  = sF ( s ) − f ( 0 )
0 
t 
(b) L [ df / dt ] = s F ( s ) − F ( 0 ) ; L  ∫ f (τ ) dτ  = − dF / ds
0 
t 
(c) L [ df / dt ] = s F ( s ) − F ( 0 ) ; L  ∫ f (τ ) dτ  = F ( s − a )
0 
t 
(d) L [ df / dt ] = s F ( s ) − F ( 0 ) ; L  ∫ f (τ ) dτ  = F ( s )
0 
21. The inverse Laplace transform of 1 /( s 2 + 2 s ) is (GATE-2001)
(a) (1 − e −2 t ) (b) (1 + e 2 t ) / 2 (c) (1 − e 2 t ) / 2 (d) (1 − e −2 t ) /2
sin t for 0 ≤ t ≤ π
22. The Laplace transform of the function is f (t ) =  (GATE-2002)
0 for t > π
(a) 1/ (1 + s 2 ) for all s > 0 (b) 1/ (1 + s 2 ) for all s < π
(c) 1 / (1 + e −π s ) / (1 + s 2 ) for all s > 0 (d) e −π s / (1 + s 2 ) for all s > 0
23. Using Laplace Transform, solve (d 2 y / dt 2 ) + 4 y = 12 t given that y=0 and dy/dt=9 at t=0
_____ (GATE-2002)
(a) 3(t-sin2t) (b) 3(t+sin2t) (c) 3(t-cos2t) (d) 3(t+cos2t)

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GATE MATHEMATICS
24. Let Y ( s ) be the Laplace transform of function Y ( t ) , then the final value of the function
is (GATE-2002-EE)
(a) LimY ( s ) (b) LimY ( s ) (c) Lim sY ( s ) (d) Lim sY ( s )
s →0 s →∞ s →0 s →∞
25. If L denotes the Laplace transform of a function, L{sin at} will be equal to
(GATE-2003-CE)
a a s s
(a) (b) (c) (d)
s − a2
2
s + a2
2
s + a2
2
s − a2
2
2
26. The Laplace transform of i ( t ) is given by I ( s ) = . As t → ∞, the value of i ( t )
s (1 + s )
tends to _____ (GATE-2003-EC)
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) ∞
27. {1,
A delayed unit step function is defined as u ( t − a ) = 0, t < a . Its Laplace transform is
t≥a
____ (GATE-2004)
(a) a e − as (b) e − as / s (c) eas / s (d) e as / a
5s 2 + 23s + 6
28. The Laplace transform of a function f(t) is F(s) = . As t → ∞, f(t)
s( s 2 + 2s + 2)
approaches (GATE-2005)
(a) 3 (b) 5 (c) 17/2 (d) ∞
29. Laplace transform of f ( t ) = cos ( pt + q ) is (GATE-2005)
s cos q − p sin q s cos q + p sin q s sin q − p cos q s sin q + p cos q

(a) 2 2
(b) 2 2
(c) 2 2
(d)
s +p s +p s +p s2 + p2
In what range should Re(s) remain so that the Laplace transform of the function e (
a + 2 )t + 5
30.
exists? (GATE-2005-EC)
(a) Re ( s ) > a + 2 (b) Re ( s ) > a + 7 (c) Re ( s ) < 2 (d) Re ( s ) > a + 5
31. The dirac delta Functions δ ( t ) is defined as (GATE-2005-EC)
(a) δ ( t ) = 1{
0,
t=0
other wise
(b) δ ( t ) = ∞{
0,
t=0
other wise

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GATE MATHEMATICS
{
∞
1 t = 0 and
(c) δ ( t ) = ∫ δ ( t ) dt = 1
0, other wise
−∞
δ ( t ) = {∞
∞
t = 0 and
(d)
0, other wise ∫ δ ( t ) dt = 1
−∞
ω0
32. Consider the function f ( t ) having Laplace transform F ( s ) = ,Re ( s ) > 0 . The
s + ω02
2
final value of f ( t ) would be ______ (GATE-2006-EC)
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) −1 ≤ f ( ∞ ) ≤ 1 (d) ∞
33. If F ( s ) is the Laplace transform of the function f ( t ) then Laplace transform of

t
∫ f ( x ) dx is
0
(GATE-2007-ME)
1 1
(a) F (s) (b) F ( s ) − f ( 0) (c) sF ( s ) − f ( 0 ) (d) ∫ F ( s ) ds
s s
34. Laplace transform of 8t 3 is _ (GATE-2008)
8 16 24 48
(a) (b) (c) (d)
s4 s4 s4 s4
35. Laplace transform of sin ht is (GATE-2008-P1)
1 1 s s
(a) 2
(b) (c) (d)
s −1 1 − s2 s −12
1 − s2
36. Laplace transform of f ( x) = cosh(ax) is (GATE-2009)
a s a s
(a) (b) (c) (d)
s − a2
2
s − a2
2
s + a2
2
s + a2
2
37. Given that F ( s ) is the one-sided Laplace transform of f ( t ) , the Laplace transform of
s
∫ f (τ ) dτ
0
(GATE-2009-EC)
s
1 1
(a) sF ( s ) − f ( 0 ) (b) F ( s ) (c) ∫ f (τ ) dτ (d)  F ( s ) − f ( 0 ) 
s 0
s

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GATE MATHEMATICS
1
38. The inverse Laplace transform of is (GATE-2009-ME)
( s + s)
2
(a) 1 + e t (b) 1 − e t (c) 1 − e−t (d) 1 + e−t
 3s + 1 
39. Given f ( t ) = L−1   . If t Lt f ( t ) = 1 then value of k is
 s + 4 s + ( k − 3) s 
3 2 →∞
(GATE-2010-EE)
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
1
40. The Laplace transform of f ( t ) is . The function (GATE-2010-ME)
s ( s + 1)
2
(a) t − 1 + e − t (b) t + 1 + e − t (c) −1 + e − t (d) 2t + et

41. u(t) represents the unit step function. The Laplace transform of u(t-ɩ) is (GATE-2010-IN)
1 1 e− sτ
(a) (b) (c) (d) e− sτ
sτ s −τ s
42. Given two continuous time signals x (t ) = e − t and y (t ) = e −2 t which exists for t > 0. Then
the convolution z(t) = f(t) * y(t) is____ (GATE-2011)
(a) e − t − e −2t (b) e −2 t (c) e − t (d) e − t + e −3t
2 ( s + 1)
43. { }
If F ( s ) = L f ( t ) = 2
s + 4s + 7
then the initial and final values of f ( t ) are
respectively (GATE-2011)
2 2
(a) 0,2 (b) 2,0 (c) 0, (d) ,0
7 7
44. Given f ( t ) and g ( t ) as shown below (GATE-2011-EE)
(i) g ( t ) can be expressed as

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GATE MATHEMATICS
t 
(a) g ( t ) = f ( 2t − 3) (b) g ( t ) = f  − 3
2 
 3  t 3
(c) g ( t ) = f  2t −  (d) g ( t ) = f  − 
 2 2 2
If x [ n ] = (1/ 3) − (1/ 2 ) u [ n] , then the region of convergence ( ROC ) of its Z-

n n
45.
transform in the Z-plane will be (GATE-2012-EC, EE, IN)
1 1 1 1 1
(a) < z <3 (b) <z< (c) < z <3 (d) < z
3 3 2 3 3
1
46. The unilateral Laplace transform of f ( t ) is 2
. The unilateral Laplace transform
s + s +1
of t f ( t ) is (GATE-2012-EC, EE, IN)
s 2s + 1 s 2s + 1
(a) − (b) − (c) (d)
(s + s + 1) (s + s + 1) (s + s + 1) (s + s + 1)
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
d 2 y (t ) dy ( t )
47. Consider the differential equation 2
+2 + y (t ) = δ (t )
dt dt
dy
with y ( t ) t =0 = −2 and =0
dt t =0
dy
The numerical value of , is (GATE-2012-EC, EE, IN)
dt t =0
(a) -2 (b) -1 (c) 0 (d) 1
1
48. The inverse Laplace transform of the function F ( s ) = is given by
s ( s + 1)
(GATE-2012-ME, P1)
(a) f ( t ) = sin t (b) f ( t ) = e sin t (c) f ( t ) = e (d) f ( t ) = 1 − e

−t −t −t
d2 f
49. The function f ( t ) satisfies the differential equation + f = 0 and the auxiliary
dt 2
df
conditions, f ( 0 ) = 0, ( 0 ) = 4 . The Laplace transform of f ( t ) is given by
dt
(GATE-2013-ME)

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GATE MATHEMATICS
2 4 4 2
(a) (b) (c) 2
(4) 4
s +1 s +1 s +1 s +1
50. A system is described by the following differential equation, where u ( t ) is the output of
the system and y(t) is the output to the system y ( t ) + 5 y ( t ) = u ( t ) . When y ( 0 ) = 1 and
u ( t ) is a unit step function y ( t ) is (GATE-2014-EC-Set1)
(a) 0.2 + 0.8e −5t (b) 0.2 − 0.2e −5t (c) 0.8 + 0.2e −5t (d) 0.8 − 0.8e−5t
1
51. The unilateral Laplace transform of f ( t ) is 2
. which one of the following is the
s + s +1
unilateral Laplace transform of g ( t ) = t. f ( t ) ? (GATE-2014-EC-Set4)
−s − ( 2 s + 1) s ( 2s + 1)
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(s + s + 1) (s + s + 1) (s + s + 1) (s + s + 1)
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
3s + 5
Let X ( s ) = be the Laplace Transform of a signal x ( t ) . Then x ( 0 ) is
+
52. 2
s + 10s + 20
(GATE-2014-EE-Set1)
(a) 0 (b) 3 (c) 5 (d) 21
53. Laplace transform of e

−2t
cos ( 4t ) is (GATE-2014-ME-Set4)
s−2 s+2 s−2 s+2

(a) (b) (c) (d)
( s − 2) ( s − 2) ( s + 2) ( s + 2)
2 2 2 2
+ 16 + 16 + 16 + 16
1 if a ≤ t ≤ b
54. The bilateral Laplace transform of a function f (t ) =  (GATE-EC-15)
0 otherwise
a −b e 2 (a − b) e − as − e − bs e s ( a −b )
(A) (B) (C) (D)
s s s s
t −3 1
55. The Laplace transform of f (t ) = 2 is s 2
. Laplace transform of g (t ) = is
π πt
(GATE-EE-15)
3 −5 2 −1 1 3
(A) s (B) s 2
(C) s 2
(D) s 2
2
56. Laplace transform of eijt wherei = −1 is (GATE-ME-15)

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GATE MATHEMATICS
s − 5i s + 5i s + 5i s − 5i
(A) (B) (C) (D)
s 2 − 25 s 2 + 25 s 2 − 25 s 2 + 25
∞
57. Laplace Transform of f(t) is given by F ( S ) = L{ f (t )} = ∫ e − st f (t ) dt Laplace transform of
0
 2, 0 < tC1
the function shown below is f ( t ) =  (GATE
(GATE-ME-15)
0, Other wise
1 − e −22ss 1 − e−s 2 − 2e − s 1 − 2e − s
A) B) C) D)
s s s s
58.If ø (Þ is a function defined for all t ≥ 0, its Laplace transform F(s) is defined as
þU eJi ftdt
þU eJi
ú

ftdt
∞
(GATE-ME
ME-16)
>g
ø ÞÞ > g KCI øÞÞ
∞ ∞
KCI KCI
U U
59. Laplace transform of cos(ωt) is (GATE-ME

ME-16)
x x

&
' $ >

8 + x8 8 + x8 8 − x8 8 − x8
60.Solutions
Solutions of Laplace’s equation having continuous second
second-order
order partial derivatives are called
(GATE-ME-16)
(GATE
(A) biharmonic func
functions
tions (B) harmonic functions
(C) conjugate harmonic functions (D) error functions
61.The
The Laplace transform of the
t causal periodic
perio square
uare wave of
o period T shown in the
he figure
below is (GATE-ECEC-15)
1 1
(A) F(s) = (B) F(s) =
1 + e−sT/2  sT

s1 + e 2 
 

Page 370
GATE MATHEMATICS
1 1
(C) F(s) = (D) F(s) =
(
s 1 + e − sT ) 1 − e −sT
+∞
∫ e δ ( 2t − 2 ) dt, where δ ( t )
−t
62. The value of is the Dirac delta function is (GATE-EC-16)
−∞
1 2 1 1
a) b) c) d)
2e e e2 2e2
63.The Laplace Transform of f(t) = e2t sin(5t) u(t) is (GATE-EE-16)
5 5 s−2 5
a) 2
b) 2 c) 2 d)
s − 4s+29 s +5 s − 4s+29 s+5
64.The solution of the differential equation, for t > 0, y '' (t) + 2y ' (t) + y(t) = 0 with initial
conditions y(0) = 0 and y ' (0) = 1, is [u(t) denotes the unit step function],
(GATE-EE-16)
e) te− t u ( t ) ( )
b) e− t − te− t u ( t ) ( )
c) −e− t + te− t u ( t ) d) e− t u ( t )
d2 y dy
65.Let y(x) be the solution of the differential equation 2
−4 + 4y = 0 with initial conditions
dx dx
dy
y ( 0 ) = 0 and = 1. Then the value of y(1) is ____________. (GATE-EE-16)
dx x =0

Page 371
GATE MATHEMATICS
Solutions
LAPLACE TRANSFORM
T
1
1Sol. L { f ( t )} = ∫ f (t ) e
− st
.dt , T = 2π
1 − e − sT 0
2π
1
∫e
− st
= .sin t dt
1 − e −2 sπ π
2π
1  e − st 
=
1 − e −2 sπ  s 2 + 1 ( − s sin t − cos t ) 
 π
e −π s
= 2
( s + 1)( e−π s −1)
s
2Sol. L {cosh mt} =
s − m22
3Sol. (d)
f (s) =
s+9
=
( s + 3) + 6
s + 6 s + 13 ( s + 3)2 + 4
2
 s+6 
L−1 { f ( s )} = e−3t L−t  2 
s + 4
(First shifting theorem)
 s 6 
= e−3t L−t  2 + 2 
s + 4 s + 4
= e −3t [ cos 2t + 3sin 2t ]
4Sol. (b)
Final value Lim f ( t ) = Lim sF ( s )
t →∞ s →0
sω
Lim =0
s →0 s 2ω 2
5Sol. L−1 { f ( s − a )} = eat f ( t )
s−a
6Sol. L {eat cos ωt} = (First shifting property)
( s − a) ω2
2
7Sol. (b)

Page 372
GATE MATHEMATICS
f ( 0+ ) = Lim f ( t ) = Lim F ( s ) = 2
x→∞ s→0
f ( ∝ ) = f ( 0+ ) = Lim f ( t ) = Lim F ( s ) = 0
t →α s →0
8Sol. Given 9 y n − 6 y '+ y = 0
y ( 0 ) = 3, y ' ( 0 ) = 1
⇒ 9 L { y n } − 6 L { y '} + L { y} = 0
⇒ 9  s 2 L { y} − 3s − 1 − 6  sL { y} − 3 + L { y} = 0
9
⇒ L { y} = ⇒ y ( t ) = 3e t / 3
3s − 1
9Sol. (a)
s+5 2 1
f (s) = = −
( s + 1)( s + 3) s + 1 s + 3
 s+5  −1  1  −1  1 
⇒ L−1   = 2L  − L  
 ( s + 1)( s + 3)   s + 1  s + 3
10Sol. (a)
s
L {cos α t} = = f (s)
s +α2
2
s −α
⇒ L {eα t cos α t} = f ( s − α ) = (first shifting theorem)
(s −α ) +α 2
2
11Sol.  s 2Y ( s ) − 7 s − 3 − 4  sY ( s ) − 3 + 3Y ( s ) = 0
7s − 9 1 6
⇒ Y (s) = = +
( s − 1)( s − 3) s − 1 s − 3
∴ y ( t ) = et + 6e3t
12.Sol. (a)
∞
e − as
L {ua ( t )} = ∫ e − asua ( t ) dt =
0
s
13Sol. (d)
{
L ( s + 1)
−2
} = te −t

Page 373
GATE MATHEMATICS
14Sol. (b)
15Sol. (d)
{ }
L ( t 2 − 2t ) u ( t − 1)
2 e− s
{ 2
}
= L ( t − 1) u ( t − 1) − u ( t − 1) = e − s
s3
−
s
16Sol. (b)
By second shifting theorem L { f ( t − T )} = e− sT f ( s )
17Sol. (d)
c
1 − e − sc 
L { f ( t )} = ∫ e − st .k dt + 0 =k  
0  s 
18Sol. (c)
{ }
L ( a + bt ) = a 2 L{1} + 2abL ( t ) + b2 L{t 2}
2
a 2 2 ab 2b 2
= + 2 + 3
s s s
19Sol. (b)
t
h ( t ) = ∫ f (T ) g ( t − T ) dT = f ( t ) * g ( t )
0
1
⇒ L {h ( t )} = L { f ( t ) * g ( t )} = F ( s ) G ( s ) =
s+3
20Sol. (d)
 df 
L   = sF ( s ) − f ( 0 )
 dt 
t  f (s)
and L  ∫ f ( t ) dt  =
0  s
21Sol. (d)
 1  −1  1  −1  1  1 1  1
L−1  2 =L  =L   −   = 1 − e 
−2 t
 s + 2s   s ( s + 2 )   2  s s + 2  2
22Sol. (c)

Page 374
GATE MATHEMATICS
π
L { f ( t )} = ∫ e − st sin t dt
0
π
 e− st 
=  2 [ − s sin t − cos t ]
 s +1 0
e − sπ 1 1 + e −π s
= + =
s2 + 1 s2 + 1 s2 + 1
23Sol. L { y n ( t ) + 4 y ( t )} = 12 L {t}
12
⇒  S 2 L { y ( t )} − 9  + 4 L { y ( t )} = 2
s
12
⇒ ( s 2 + 4 ) L { y ( t )} = +9
s2
12 + 9s 2 3 6
⇒ L { y ( t )} = = 2+ 2
s ( s + 4) s s + 4
2 2
⇒ y ( t ) = 3t + 3sin 2t
Ans : (b)
24Sol. (c)
Final value : Lim y ( t ) = Lim s Y ( s )
t →∞ s →0
25Sol. (b)
a
L {sin at} =
s + a2
2
26Sol. (c)
Lim i ( t ) = Lim sI ( s ) = 2
t →∞ s →0
27Sol. (b)
∞
e − as
L {u ( t − a )} = ∫ e − st u ( t − a ) dt =
0
s
28Sol. (a)
5s 2 + 23s + 6
Given F ( s ) =
s ( s 2 + 2s + 2 )
⇒ f ( t ) = L−t { F ( s )} = 3 + e−t [ 2cos t + 15sin t ]

Page 375
GATE MATHEMATICS
∴ Lim f ( t ) = 3 or
t →∞
Lim f ( t ) = Lim s F ( s ) = 3
t →∞ s →0
29Sol. (a)
L {cos ( pt + q )} = L {cos pt cos q − sin pt sin q}
s p
= cos q 2 2
− sin q. 2
s +p s + p2
scsoq − p sin q
=
s2 + p2
30Sol. (a)
1
L e({ a + 2 )t +5
}=e 5
s − ( a + 2)
Where s > ( a + 2 )
31Sol. (d)
This is a definition of Dirac delta function
32Sol. (a)
Final value theorem
Lim f ( t ) = Lim s F ( s ) = 0
t →∞ s →0
33Sol. (a)
t  f (s)
L  ∫ f ( s ) dt  =
0  s
34Sol. (d)
6 48
L {8t 3} = 8.L {t 3} = 8. =
s4 s4
35Sol. (a)
1
L {sin ht} = 2
s −1
36Sol. (b)
s
L {cos h a s} =
s − a2
2
37Sol. (b)

Page 376
GATE MATHEMATICS
t  f (s)
L  ∫ ( f / τ ) dτ  =
0  s
38Sol. (c)
 1  −1  1 
L−1  2 =L  
s + s  s ( s + 1) 
1 1 
= L−1  −  = 1− e
−t
 s s + 1
39Sol. (d)
 3s + 1 
f ( t ) = L−1  3 
 s + 4 s + ( k − 3) s 
2
Lim f ( t ) = Lim s F ( s ) = 1
t →∞ s →0
3s 2 + s
⇒ Lim =1⇒ k = 4
t →∞ s 3 + 4 s 2 + ( k − 3) s
40Sol. (a)
 1  −1  −1 1 1 
L−1  2 =L  + 2 + 
 s ( s + 1)   s s s + 1
(By partial fractions) = −1 + t + e−t

41Sol. (c)
e −τ s
L {u ( (t − τ )} =
s
42Sol. (a)
t t
−2( t −u )
Z ( t ) = ∫ e−u e du = e −2t ∫ eu du
0 0
= e−t − e−2t
43Sol. (b)
2s 2 + s
Lim f ( t ) = Lim s F ( s ) = Lim =0
t →∞ s→0 s→0 s 2 + 4s + 7
44Sol. (d)

Page 377
GATE MATHEMATICS
0 t < 0
f ( t ) = 1 0 < t < 1
0 t > 1
0 0 < t < 3

g ( t ) = 1 3 < t < 5
0 t > 5
 t 3  0 t < 3
f  −  = 1 3 < t < 5 = g ( t )
 2 2  0 t > 5
45 option (c)
n n
1 1
x (n) =   −   u (n)
3  2
n −n n
1 1 1
  =   u ( − n − 1) +   u ( n )
3 3 3
n
1 ZT z z
  →− +
3 z −3 z − 1
3
1
z < 3, z >
3
n
1 z 1
  u ( n) = 1
, z >
2 z− 2
2
z z z
X (z) = − + +
z −3 z − 1 z − 1
3 2
1
ROC = < z <3
2
46.option.(d)
1
Let F ( s ) = 2
s + s +1
d 2s + 1
L {t f ( t )} = − F ( s) =
( s2 + s + 1)
2
ds

Page 378
GATE MATHEMATICS
47.option(d)
y ''+ 2 y '+ y = δ ( t )
L { y ''} + 2 L { y '} + L { y} = L {δ ( t )}
 s 2 y − sy ( 0 ) − y ' ( 0 )  + 2  sy − y ( 0 )  + y = 1
(s 2
+ 2s + 1) y + 2 s + 4 = 1
−3 − 2s −3 s
y= = −2
( s + 1) ( s + 1) ( s + 1)
2 2 2
=
−3
−2
( s + 1) − 1
( s + 1) ( s + 1)
2 2
y ( t ) = −3te−t − 2e−t + 2te−t
y ( t ) = −te−t − 2e−t
dy
= te − t − e − t + 2e − t
dt
dy
At t = 0, = 0 −1+ 2 = 1
dt
48.option.(d)
 1  −1  1 1 
L−1  =L  −  = 1− e
−t
 s ( s + 1)   s s + 1 
49.option.(c)
d2 f
= 0 ⇒ f 11 ( t ) + f ( t ) = 0
dt 2 + f
L { f 11 ( t )} + L { f ( t )} = 0
⇒ s 2 f ( s ) − sf ( 0 ) − f 1 ( 0 ) + f ( s ) = 0
4
⇒ ( s 2 + 1) f ( s ) − s ( 0 ) − 4 = 0 ⇒ f ( s ) = 2
s +1
 4 
∴ f ( t ) = L−1 { f ( s )} = L−1  2  = 4sin t
 s + 1
4
L { f ( t )} = 4 L {sin t} = 2
s +1

Page 379
GATE MATHEMATICS
50.option.(a)
y '(t ) + 5 y (t ) = u (t )
L { y ' ( t )} + 5L { y ( t )} = L {u ( t )}
1
 sY ( s ) − y ( 0 )  + 5Y ( s ) =
s
1
( s + 5)Y ( s ) − 1 =
s
1 1+ s
(5 + s )Y ( s ) = +1 =
s s
1+ s 1 4
∴ Y (s) = = +
s ( 5 + s ) 5s 5 ( s + 5 )
1 4  1 
⇒ y ( t ) = L−1   + L−1  
 5s  5  s + 5 
1 4 −5 t 1
y (t ) = + e = (1 + 4e −5t )
5 5 5
51.option.(d)
1
Let L { f ( t )} = = F (s)
( s + s + 1)
2
L { g ( t )} = L {t f ( t )}
d
=−  F ( s ) 
ds 
d  1 
=−
ds  s + s + 1
 2
=
( 2s + 1)
(s + s + 1)
2 2
52.option.(b)
x ( t ) = L−1 { X ( s )}
 3s + 5 
= L−1  2 
 ( s + 10 s + 21) 

Page 380
GATE MATHEMATICS
 4 1 
= L−1  − 
 ( s + 7 ) ( s + 3) 
= ( 4e −7 t − e −3t )
X ( 0+ ) = 4 − 1 = 3
53.option.(d)
s
Given that L {cos 4t} =
( s + 16 )
2
s+2
{
L e−2t cos 4t = } (from first shifting theorem)
( s + 2)
2
+ 16
54. option(c)
∞ b b
 e − st  −1 −bs − as e − as − e −bs
L{ f (t )} = ∫ e . f (t )dt = ∫ e .1 dt = 
− st − st
 = ( e − e ) =
−∞ a  − s a s s
55. option(b)
−3
Given L{ f (t )} = s 2
1 tπ f (t )
g (t ) = = =
πt 2t 2t
∞
1  s 2 
∞ ∞ −1
 f (t )  1 1 −3 2 1
L{g (t )} = L   = ∫ f (t )dt = ∫ s ds = =
 2t  2 s 2s 2  −1  s
 2 s
56. option(b)
s + 5i
L{e ijt } = L{cos 5t + i sin 5t} = L{cos 5t} + iL{sin 5t} =
s 2 + 25
So, option (c) is correct
57. option: (c)
t
f (t ) = 2 : 0 < t < 1 t
 e − st  2 − 2e− s
∴ L{ f (t )} = ∫ 2e dt = 2 
− st
 =
=0 : otherwise 0  s 0 s
58.Ans: (B)
Sol: By the definition of Laplace transform of f(t) ∀t ≥ 0 , we have

Page 381
GATE MATHEMATICS
E = Ý{øÞ} = > g CI øÞÞ

∞

59.Ans: (A)
ëìí: ÝcosxÞ} =
+ x8 8

∴ Ý{cosÞ} = 8 ¢
+ 8
60.Ans: (B)
Sol: The solution of Laplace’s equation having continuous 2nd order partial derivatives is
called a harmonic function.
61.Ans: (B)
Sol: One period of signal x1(t) = u(t) – u(t–T/2)
1 e − sT/2 1 − e − sT/2
X 1 (s) = − =
s s s
1 1 − e −sT/2 1
X(s) = X (s) = =
1− e −sT 1
s 1− e −sT
( s 1 + e −sT/2 ) ( )
62. Ans: (a)
∞ ∞
∫ e − t δ ( 2t − 2 ) dt = ∫ e δ ( 2 ( t − 1) ) dt
−t
Sol:
−∞ −∞
∞
1
= ∫e
−t
δ ( t − 1) dt
−∞
2
∞
1
= ∫ e − t δ ( t − 1) dt
2 −∞
1 1
= e−1 =
2 2e
63. Ans: (a)
5
Sol: sin 5t 4 (t) ¬¾¾¾®
LT
s + 52
2
5
e 2t sin 5t4 (t ) ¬¾¾¾®
LT
(s - 2)
2
+ 25
(\ e f (t) ¬¾¾¾® F(s - a))
at LT
5
=
s + 4 − 2 × 2 ( s ) + 25
2
5
= 2
s + 4 − 4s + 25
5
= 2
s − 4s + 29
5
{\ e 2t
sin 5t4 (t)}s 2
- 4s + 29

Page 382
GATE MATHEMATICS
64.Ans: (a)
( )
Sol: s2 + 2s + 1 Y ( s )
 1 
So, Natural response L−1  
 ( s + 1) 
2
= te− t u ( t )
65.Ans: 7.389
d2y dy
Sol: Given, 2
−4 + 4y = 0
dx dx
y(0) = 0 y' ( 0 ) = 1
y ( 0) = 0 y '(0) = 1
S2 y ( s ) − sy ( 0 ) − y ' ( 0 ) − 4s y ( s ) + 4 y ( 0 ) + 4 y ( s ) = 0
s 2 y ( s ) − 1 − 4 sy ( s ) + 4 y ( s ) = 0
y ( s )  s 2 − 4 s +  = 1
1
y (s) = 2
s − 4s + 4
1
y (s) =
( s − 2)
2
 1 tn 
y ( t ) = t.e 2t ∴ n +1 ←
L .T
→ 1
 s n? 
y (1) = 1.e = 7.389
2

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Chapter No. Name Of the Chapter Page No

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(c) X= 6, Y= 6, Z= -4 (d) X= 12, Y= -3, Z= 4

(a) > % $ % &%

(a) 5 (b) 7 (c) 9 (d) 18

(a) 1,4 (b) -1,2 (c) 0,5 (d) cannot be determined

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(a) -1,1 (b) 1, 6 (c) 2, 5 (d) 4, -1

Which one of the following statement is not correct? (GATE- 05[CE])

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(a) Q−2R (b) 2 (c) −2 (d) 5

(a) [5 6 7] (b) [5 -3 1] (c) [2 0 -1] (d) [2 -1 0]

value of the determinant of a matrix is (GATE- 05[PI])

90. A is a 3 × 4 matrix and AX= B is an inconsistent system of equations. The highest

(a) ?1 −2 0 0@F (b) ?0 0 1 (c) ?1 0 0 −2@F (d) ?1 −1 2 1@F

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(a) MG (b) MG (d) MG

(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4

(c) - is true and - is false (d) - is false and - is true

(a) > % $ % &%

(a) A + 31 + 2 &% = O (b) &8 + 2A + 21 = O

?y@F = ?y@% . The value of x is given by (GATE- 09[ME])

(a) a = 6, = 20 (b) a = 6, ≠ 20 (c) ) a ≠ 6, = 20 (d) ) a ≠ 6, ≠ 20

√A % √%U

1 jj + 1 j+1 1 j+1 j8 + 1

(c) y + F = yF + F (d) MN = NM

The ystem of linear equations Q3 0 1R = Q−4R has

(a) &F &% B (b) −&F &% ' (c) − ¢