Design of building component

1. Formwork design
2. Staircase design
3. Deep Beams
4. Slabs

Excavation, Layout and Foundation

 Excavation is a process of making trenches by digging up of earth for the

construction of foundations and basements.
 Excavation level at escape site is 219.825 mm
 Excavation is done by the JCB on the hourly basis
 After the excavation the surface is leveled called surface dressing
 Layout is done on the PCC poured over leveled surface.
 Column and foundation (raft ) steel is then laid as per drawings.

Points to be taken care of:

1. Layout should be checked properly.

2. Check any difference between architectural and structural drawings regarding
location of column.
3. After excavation check the stability of temporary structures built near the
excavated ground.
4. Before laying raft reinforcement, shuttering wall which is mainly brick wall should
be built and should be filled with soil on other side.
5. Check the direction of chair bars in the raft

Column Casting
  On the raft the column layout is done.
 Layout for starter.
 The column ties and link bars are provided as per column reinforcement drawings
and general specifications.
 Displacement of main bars should be provided with L bar
 The plumb of formwork should be checked.
 Height of cast should be calculated accurately.
 Avoid caps as far as possible.

Links and Ties for column Formwork

Slab, Beam, Shuttering and Casting

 Beam bottom is first laid on the column and then slab formwork is laid.
 After the reinforcement, the slab is checked for steel as per drawings and level
required.
 A camber of 5 mm in provided in the center of slab.
 Casting of slab should be discontinue at l/3 from the support.

Important Components in Building Construction

 Key in Columns
 Expansion joint
 Water bar
 Binding materials

Key in Columns

 Since the height of column is very large, hence it is not possible to cast the
column at one time, to cast the column later the key is made at the junction so
that the proper bond between the old concrete and new concrete is formed.
 The key is only a small depression left on the concrete surface

Expansion Joint

 Since concrete is subjected to volume change. Provision must be made to cater

for the volume change by way of joint to relieve the stresses produced.
 Expansion joint is function of length
 Buildings longer than 45 m are generally provided with one or more expansion
joints.
 Material used as expansion joint material is armor board whose thickness is 25
mm.

Water Bar
  Water bar is provided in the retaining wall so that the moisture can't move from
the soil to the joint.
 Water bar is basically provided at the constructions joints of retaining wall of two
different towers

Binding Materials

 Since the thermal expansion of concrete is different from that of masonry. The
interface between the concrete and the masonry is liable to crack. To avoid this
crack the chicken wire mesh is used to avoid the crack and also provides the
better grip for Masonry with concrete.
 Similarly when the drainage pipes are laid along with the outer wall then again the
connection between the pipe and the wall has different coefficient of temperature
change hence they are joint to the concrete by lead keys.
 In the toilets and kitchen sunken portion the joints in any case are packed by
water proof and non shrinkable material.

Water Proofing
 Water proofing has remained as an unsolved complex problem. Use of
plasticizes, super plasticizes, air-entraining agents helps in reducing the
permeability of concrete by reducing the requirement of mixing water, hence can
be also be regarded as waterproof material.
 Some of approved water-proofing compound by the company are: pidilite, cico,
fosroe, baushimine, unitile.

Water-proofing cement paint:- super snowcem

Water Proofing in garden area

 For water proofing in garden area the soil is first leveled and then rammed to
achieve the maximum density
 The PCC (Plain Cement Concrete)is then laid down mixed with tape Crete (a
water proofing compound)
 After PCC the plaster of fibrous material is done.
 The bituminous sheets are laid by heating it with the welder. On those sheets the
drainage pipes are laid down with suitable slope and these pipes are covered with
geo-fabric sheets.
 Again the plaster is done. On the plaster the 40 mm aggregates are laid.
 On the aggregate the geo-fabric sheets are laid down on which the sand is placed
& on the sand the soil, along with fertilizers, is placed on which the gardening is
done for the non tower area.

Swimming pool
"Swimming pools" redirects here. For the Kendrick Lamar song, see Swimming Pools (Drank).
For other uses, see Swimming pool (disambiguation).

Backyard swimming pool

A swimming pool, swimming bath, wading pool, or paddling pool is a structure designed to
hold water to enable swimming or other leisure activities. Pools can be built into the ground (in-
ground pools) or built above ground (as a freestanding construction or as part of a building or
other larger structure), and are also a common feature aboard ocean-liners and cruise ships. In-
ground pools are most commonly constructed from materials such as concrete, natural stone,
metal, plastic or fiberglass, and can be of a custom size and shape or built to a standardized size,
the largest of which is the Olympic-size swimming pool.

Many health clubs, fitness centers and private clubs, such as the YMCA, have pools used mostly
for exercise or recreation. Many towns and cities provide public pools. Many hotels have pools
available for their guests to use at their leisure. Educational facilities such as universities typically
have pools for physical education classes, recreational activities, leisure or competitive athletics
such as swimming teams. Hot tubs and spas are pools filled with hot water, used for relaxation or
hydrotherapy, and are common in homes, hotels, and health clubs. Special swimming pools are
also used for diving, specialized water sports, physical therapy as well as for the training of
lifeguards and astronauts. Swimming pools may be heated or unheated.

Dimensions of swimming pool

Length: Most pools in the world are measured in metres, but in the United States pools are often
measured in feet and yards. In the UK most pools are calibrated in metres, but older pools
measured in yards still exist. In the US, pools tend to either be 25 yards (SCY-short course
yards), 25 metres (SCM-short course metres) or 50 metres (long course). US high schools and the
NCAA conduct short course (25 yards) competition. There are also many pools 33⅓ m long, so
that 3 lengths = 100 m. This pool dimension is commonly used to accommodate water polo.[citation
needed]

USA Swimming (USA-S) swims in both metric and non-metric pools. However, the international
standard is metres, and world records are only recognized when swum in 50 m pools (or 25 m for
short course) but 25-yard pools are very common in the US. In general, the shorter the pool, the
faster the time for the same distance, since the swimmer gains speed from pushing off the wall
after each turn at the end of the pool.
Width: Most European pools are between 10 m and 50 m wide.[citation needed]

Depth: The depth of a swimming pool depends on the purpose of the pool, and whether it is open
to the public or strictly for private use. If it is a private casual, relaxing pool, it may go from 1.0
to 2.0 m (3.3 to 6.6 ft) deep. If it is a public pool designed for diving, it may slope from 3.0 to
5.5 m (10 to 18 ft) in the deep end. A children's play pool may be from 0.3 to 1.2 m (1 to 4 ft)
deep. Most public pools have differing depths to accommodate different swimmer requirements.
In many jurisdictions, it is a requirement to show the water depth with clearly marked depths
affixed to the pool walls

Steel

Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon and other elements. Because of its high tensile strength and
low cost, it is a major component used in buildings, infrastructure, tools, ships, automobiles,
machines, appliances, and weapons.

Iron is the base metal of steel. Iron is able to take on two crystalline forms (allotropic forms),
body centered cubic and face centered cubic, depending on its temperature. In the body-centered
cubic arrangement, there is an iron atom in the center and eight atoms at the vertices of each
cubic unit cell; in the face-centered cubic, there is one atom at the center of each of the six faces
of the cubic unit cell and eight atoms at its vertices. It is the interaction of the allotropes of iron
with the alloying elements, primarily carbon, that gives steel and cast iron their range of unique
properties.

In pure iron, the crystal structure has relatively little resistance to the iron atoms slipping past one
another, and so pure iron is quite ductile, or soft and easily formed. In steel, small amounts of
carbon, other elements, and inclusions within the iron act as hardening agents that prevent the
movement of dislocations that are common in the crystal lattices of iron atoms.

The carbon in typical steel alloys may contribute up to 2.14% of its weight. Varying the amount
of carbon and many other alloying elements, as well as controlling their chemical and physical
makeup in the final steel (either as solute elements, or as precipitated phases), slows the
movement of those dislocations that make pure iron ductile, and thus controls and enhances its
qualities. These qualities include such things as the hardness, quenching behavior, need for
annealing, tempering behavior, yield strength, and tensile strength of the resulting steel. The
increase in steel's strength compared to pure iron is possible only by reducing iron's ductility.

Steel was produced in bloomery furnaces for thousands of years, but its large-scale, industrial use
began only after more efficient production methods were devised in the 17th century, with the
production of blister steel and then crucible steel. With the invention of the Bessemer process in
the mid-19th century, a new era of mass-produced steel began. This was followed by the
Siemens-Martin process and then the Gilchrist-Thomas process that refined the quality of steel.
With their introductions, mild steel replaced wrought iron.

Further refinements in the process, such as basic oxygen steelmaking (BOS), largely replaced
earlier methods by further lowering the cost of production and increasing the quality of the final
product. Today, steel is one of the most common manmade materials in the world, with more
than 1.6 billion tons produced annually. Modern steel is generally identified by various grades
defined by assorted standards organizations.

Steel building. A steel building is a metal structure fabricated with steel for the internal support and for
exterior cladding, as opposed to steel framed buildings which generally use other materials for floors,
walls, and external envelope. Steel buildings are used for a variety of purposes including storage, work
spaces and living accommodation.

In essence, steel is composed of iron and carbon, although it is the amount of carbon, as well as
the level of impurities and additional alloying elements that determine the properties of each steel
grade.

The carbon content in steel can range from 0.1-1.5%, but the most widely used grades of steel
contain only 0.1-0.25% carbon. Elements such as manganese, phosphorus, and sulfur are found in
all grades of steel, but, whereas manganese provides beneficial effects, phosphorus and sulfur are
deleterious to steel's strength and durability.

Different types of steel are produced according to the properties required for their application,
and various grading systems are used to distinguish steels based on these properties.

According to the American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI), steel can be broadly categorized into
four groups based on their chemical compositions:

1. Carbon Steels
2. Alloy Steels
3. Stainless Steels
4. Tool Steels

The table below shows the typical properties of steels at room temperature (25°C). The wide
ranges of tensile strength, yield strength, and hardness are largely due to different heat
treatment conditions.
Carbon Steels

Carbon steels contain trace amounts of alloying elements and account for 90% of total steel
production. Carbon steels can be further categorized into three groups depending on their carbon
content:

 Low Carbon Steels/Mild Steels contain up to 0.3% carbon

 Medium Carbon Steels contain 0.3 – 0.6% carbon
 High Carbon Steels contain more than 0.6% carbon

Alloy Steels

Alloy steels contain alloying elements (e.g. manganese, silicon, nickel, titanium, copper,
chromium, and aluminum) in varying proportions in order to manipulate the steel's properties,
such as its hardenability, corrosion resistance, strength, formability, weldability or ductility.
Applications for alloys steel include pipelines, auto parts, transformers, power generators and
electric motors.

Stainless Steels

Stainless steels generally contain between 10-20% chromium as the main alloying element and
are valued for high corrosion resistance. With over 11% chromium, steel is about 200 times more
resistant to corrosion than mild steel. These steels can be divided into three groups based on their
crystalline structure:

 Austenitic: Austenitic steels are non-magnetic and non heat-treatable, and generally
contain 18% chromium, 8% nickel and less than 0.8% carbon. Austenitic steels form the
largest portion of the global stainless steel market and are often used in food processing
equipment, kitchen utensils, and piping.
 Ferritic: Ferritic steels contain trace amounts of nickel, 12-17% chromium, less than
0.1% carbon, along with other alloying elements, such as molybdenum, aluminum or
titanium. These magnetic steels cannot be hardened by heat treatment but can be
strengthened by cold working.

 Martensitic: Martensitic steels contain 11-17% chromium, less than 0.4% nickel, and up
to 1.2% carbon. These magnetic and heat-treatable steels are used in knives, cutting tools,
as well as dental and surgical equipment.

Tool Steels

Tool steels contain tungsten, molybdenum, cobalt and vanadium in varying quantities to increase
heat resistance and durability, making them ideal for cutting and drilling equipment.