‫الساسات الضحلة‬

‫القواعد المنفصلة‬

SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
ISOLATED FOOTINGS

April 5, 2012 Spread Footings 1

 Foundations
Foundations are usually divided into:
:‫تنقسم الساسات عادة إلى‬
• Shallow Foundations are used when the top layers of
soil can support the applied loads with accepted
settlement. They can take any form of the followings:
‫ ويتم استخدامها عندما تكون طبقات التربة العلوية قادرة‬:‫( أساسات ضحلة‬1
،‫على تحمل الحمال الواقعة عليها من المنشأ بأمان وبقيم مقبولة للهبوط‬
:‫ومن أنواعها‬
- Spread (isolated) Footing, - Combined Footing,
- Strap – Beam Footing - Wall Footing,

- Strip Footing, - Raft Foundation.

‫ قواعد الحوائط‬-‫ القواعد المشتركة‬-‫ القواعد المنفصلة‬-
April 5, 2012
‫أساسات اللبشة‬ - ‫ القواعد الشريطية‬-
Spread Footings
‫ الشدادات‬- 2
 Foundations
2) Deep Foundations are used if the top soil is
weak and can not support the structure loads.
They used to transmit the loads to the stronger
deeper soil layers. Forms of deep foundations are
piles, piers, and caissons ….etc.
‫ وتستخدم عندما تكون طبقات التربة القريبة‬:‫( الساسات العميقة‬2
.‫من سطح الرض ضعيفة أو ل تستطيع تحمل أحمال المنشأ‬
‫وتستخدم الساسات العميقة لنقل الحمال إلى طبقات التربة القوية‬
– ‫ الخوازيق – الدعائم‬:‫ ومن أنواعها‬.‫التى تستطيع تحملها‬
.‫القيسونات – البار السكندرانى‬
April 5, 2012 Spread Footings 3
 Wall Footing
‫قواعد الحوائط‬

Wall

Reinforced Concrete
Plain Concrete

April 5, 2012 Spread Footings 4

 Isolated
Footing P

‫القواعد المنفصلة‬

Reinforced Concrete

Plain Concrete
April 5, 2012 Spread Footings 5
 Combined Footing Pb

‫القواعد المشتركة‬
Pa

Reinforced Concrete

Plain Concrete
April 5, 2012 Spread Footings 6
 Pd
Strip Footing
‫القواعد الشريطية‬ Pc

Pb

Pa

R.C.

April 5, 2012
P. C. Spread Footings 7
 Pa Strap Beam Pb

‫الشداد‬
Strap Beam

‫قاعدة جار‬

a Strap Beam b

April 5, 2012 Spread Footings 8

 - ‫اللبشة المسلحة‬Raft Foundation

April 5, 2012 Spread Footings 9

 Pile Foundations
‫الخوازيق‬
Very Large Concentrated
Large Distributed Weight
Weight
Low
Weight

Soft to
Firm Clay

Dense Sand
April 5, 2012 Strong Rock
Spread Footings 10
 DESIGN OF SPREAD
FOOTINGS

April 5, 2012 Spread Footings 11

 Design Procedure of Isolated Footing
Data:
Pc : Column load at ground surface,
‫حمل العمود عند سطح الرض‬
a, b : Dimensions of column,
(‫أبعاد العمود )طول وعرض‬
B/C of soil: qall or qall net . at foundation level
‫قدرة تحمل التربة المسموح بها عند منسوب التأسيس‬
April 5, 2012 Spread Footings 12
 ‫‪Step by Step Design Procedure‬‬
‫‪-Load P at the foundation level is 1.10 x Pc‬‬
‫‪-‬الحمل عند منسوب التأسيس ))‪ × = 1.1P‬حمل العمود )‪،(cP‬‬
‫‪ -‬حيث ‪ 0.10‬من حمل العمود تكافئ وزن القاعدة‬
‫‪Design of Plain Concrete Footing‬‬
‫تصميم قاعدة الخرسانة العادية‬
‫مساحة الخرسانة العادية ‪- Area of plain concrete,‬‬
‫‪Ap.c. = P / qall = Lp.c. x Bp.c.‬‬
‫حيث‪:‬‬
‫‪ A.p.c‬مساحة القاعدة العادية ‪ L.p.c‬طول القاعدة العادية ‪B.p.c‬‬
‫‪April 5, 2012‬‬ ‫‪Spread Footings‬‬
‫‪13‬عرض القاعدة العادية‬
 Step by Step Design Procedure
a-b ‫ طول العمود‬a ‫حيث‬
Lp .c . = Ap.c. +
2
a-b ‫ لقرب‬B.p.c ‫ و‬L.p.c ‫يتم تقريب‬
B p .c . = Ap.c. - ‫ سم بالزيادة‬5
2
Plain Concrete Thickness ‫تخانة الخرسانة العادية‬
- t p.c. = 30 cm if P < 40 ton

- t p.c. = 40 cm if P > 40 ton

- Projection distance, x1 = 0.80 – 1.00 tp.c.
‫العادية‬
April 5, 2012
‫تخانة‬ 1 ‫إلى‬x 1 = 0.8 ‫المسلحة‬
Spread Footings
‫عن‬ ‫العادية‬ ‫الخرسانة‬ ‫رفرفة‬
14
 - Reinforced Concrete Dimensions:
:‫أبعاد الخرسانة المسلحة‬
LR.C. = Lp.c. – 2 x1 ‫طول الخرسانة المسلحة‬
BR.C. = Bp.c. – 2 x1 ‫عرض الخرسانة المسلحة‬

- Reinforced Concrete Footing Area:

:‫مساحة قاعدة الخرسانة المسلحة‬
AR.C. = LR.C. x BR.C.

- Contact Pressure (fn):

Pc :‫ضغط التلمس بين العادية والمسلحة‬
fn =
AR.C.
April 5, 2012 Spread Footings 15
 Lp.c.
LR.c.
P
c.

c.
p.

R.
B

x1

April 5, 2012 Spread Footings 16

 Isolated Footing P
Column
R.C. Footing
P.C. Footing
LP.C.

LR.C.
BP.C. BR.C.
b
a
April 5, 2012 Spread Footings 17
 Critical Section for Moment P I
Pc
fn =
AR .C .
( LR .C . - a )
x=
2
x
fn
LR.C.
MI-I = fn x BR.C. 2
M I−I a
d = k1 BR.C.
BR .C . b I
M I−I
As =
k2 d
April 5, 2012 Spread Footings x 18
 Critical Section for Shear P
P
fn =
AR .C .
( LR .C . - a ) 45o d
x1 = -d
2
LR.C. fn
Qsh = fn x1 BR.C.
Check of Shear: a d
b BR.C.
Qsh
qsh = ≤ 6 kg/cm 2

BR.C. d
April 5, 2012 Spread Footings
x1 19
 Critical Section for Punching P
P
fn = d/2 d/2
A
Punching Section Area:
bp = 2 [(a+d) + (b+d)]
fn fn
Qp = fn [LR.C. BR.C. – (a+d) * (b+d)]
LR.C.
Check of Punching:
d/2
qp =
Qp
≤ 8 kg/cm 2 BR.C.
bp d d/2
April 5, 2012 Spread Footings 20
 Example
Design an isolated footing to support a
column load of 80 ton, knowing that the soil
allowable bearing capacity, qall = 1.20
kg/cm2, and the column dimensions are 80 x
40 cm.

April 5, 2012 Spread Footings 21

 Solution
- P at F.L. = 1.10 x Pc = 80 x 1.10 = 88 ton
(cP) ‫ = × حمل العمود‬1.1P)) ‫الحمل عند منسوب التأسيس‬-
Design of Plain Concrete Footing
‫تصميم قاعدة الخرسانة العادية‬
Ap.c. = P / qall = 88.0 / 12.0 = 7.33 m2
a-b 0.8 - 0.4
Lp .c . = Ap.c. + = 7.33 + = 2.90 m
2 2
a-b 0.8 - 0.4
B p .c . = Ap.c. - = 7.33 - = 2.50 m
2 2
April 5, 2012 Spread Footings 22
 Plain Concrete Thickness ‫تخانة الخرسانة العادية‬
P > 40 ton, then t p.c. = 40 cm

-Projection distance, x1 = 0.80 – 1.00 tp.c.

- x1 = tp.c. = 0.40 m = 40 cm
- Reinforced Concrete Dimensions:
LR.C. = Lp.c. – 2 x1 = 2.90 – 2 x 0.40 = 2.10 m
BR.C. = Bp.c. – 2 x1 = 2.50 – 2 x 0.30 = 1.70 m
AR.C. = 2.10 x 1.70 = 3.57 m2

April 5, 2012 Spread Footings 23

- Contact Pressure (fn): ‫ضغط التلمس بين العادية والمسلحة‬
Pc 80.0
fn = = = 22.41 t/m 2

AR.C. 3.57
Critical Section for Moment (Section I-I)
( LR .C . - a ) ( 2.10 - 0.80 )
x= = = 0.65 m
2 2
x 0.65
M I − I = f n x BR.C. = 22.41 * 0.65 * 1.70 *
2 2
MI-I = 8.05 t.m
5
M I−I 8.05 x 10
d = k1 = 0.361 = 24.84 cm
BR .C .
April 5, 2012
170Spread Footings 24
 Take d = 30 cm, and t = 35 cm

5
M I − I 8.05 x 10
As = = = 21.08 cm 2

k 2 d 1273 x 30
As = 11 φ16 = 7 φ16 /m'

April 5, 2012 Spread Footings 25

Critical Section for Moment (Section II-II)

( BR .C . - b ) ( 1.70 - 0.40 )
y= = = 0.65 m
2 2
y 0.65
M II − II = f n y LR.C. = 22.41 * 0.65 * 2.10 *
2 2
MI-I = 9.94 t.m
5
M II − II 9.94 x 10
d = k1 = 0.361 = 24.84 cm
LR .C . 210

April 5, 2012 Spread Footings 26

 Take d = 30 cm, and t = 35 cm

5
M II − II 9.94 x 10
As = = = 26.03 cm 2

k2 d 1273 x 30
As = 13 φ16 = 7 φ16 /m' LR.C.
y
II II
b BR.C.
a
April 5, 2012 Spread Footings 27
 Isolated Footing
Reinfrocement

b
a
April 5, 2012 Spread Footings 28
Check of Shear
( LR .C . - a ) ( 2.10 - 0.8 )
x1 = -d = - 0.30 = 0.35 m
2 2
Qsh = fn x1 BR.C. = 22.41 * 0.35 * 1.70
= 13.33 ton
Qsh 13.33
qsh = = = 26.1 t/m 2

BR .C . d 1.70 * 0.30
qsh = 26.10 t/m2 = 2.61 kg/cm2
< 6.0 kg/cm2 O.K.
April 5, 2012 Spread Footings 29
 Check of Punching:
Punching Perimeter ‫ المحيط المؤثر للختراق‬:
bp = 2[(a + d)+ (b + d)]
= 2[(0.8+0.3)+(0.4+0.3)]= 3.60 m
Qp = fn [LR.C. * BR.C. – (a+d)* (b+d)]
= 22.41 [2.1 * 1.7 – 0.7] = 64.32 ton
Qp 64.32
qp = = = 59.56 t/m ≤ 8 kg/cm
2 2

b p d 3.60 * 0.30
April 5, 2012 Spread Footings 30