Ansys Apdl

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1. Introduction to FEA
Finite element analysis (FEA) is the modelling of products and systems in a virtual environment, for
the purpose of finding and solving potential (or existing) structural or performance issues. FEA is the
practical application of the finite element method (FEM), which is used by engineers and scientist to
mathematically model and numerically solve very complex structural, fluid, and Multiphysics
problems. FEA software can be utilized in a wide range of industries, but is most commonly used in
the aeronautical, biomechanical and automotive industries.
A finite element (FE) model comprises a system of points, called "nodes", which form the shape of the
design. Connected to these nodes are the finite elements themselves which form the finite element mesh
and contain the material and structural properties of the model, defining how it will react to certain
conditions. The density of the finite element mesh may vary throughout the material, depending on the
anticipated change in stress levels of a particular area. Regions that experience high changes in stress
usually require a higher mesh density than those that experience little or no stress variation. Points of
interest may include fracture points of, previously tested material, fillets, comers, complex detail, and
high-stress areas.
FE models can be created using one-dimensional (lD beam), two-dimensional (2D shell) or three-
dimensional (3D solid) elements. By using beams and shells instead of solid elements, are presentative
model can be created using fewer nodes without compromising accuracy. Each modelling scheme
requires a different range of properties to be defined, such as:
 Section areas
 Moments of inertia
 Torsional constant
 Plate thickness
 Bending stiffness
 Transverse shear
To simulate the effects of real-world working environments in FEA, various load types can be applied
to the FE model, including:
 Nodal: forces, moments, displacements, velocities, accelerations, temperature and heat flux.
 Elemental: distributed loading, pressure, temperature and heat flux.
 Acceleration body loads (gravity).
Types of analysis include:

 Linear static: linear analysis with applied loads and constraints that are static.
 Nonlinear statics and dynamics: effects due to contact (where one part of the model comes into
contact with another) nonlinear material definitions (plasticity, elasticity, etc.) and large
displacement (strains that exceed small displacement theory that limits a linear analysis
approach).
 Normal modes: natural frequencies of vibration.
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 Dynamic response: loads or motions that vary with time and frequency.
 Buckling: critical loads at which a structure becomes unstable.
 Heat transfer: conduction, radiation and phase change.
Typical results calculated by the solver include:
 Nodal displacements, velocities and accelerations.

 Elemental forces, strains and stresses.
Benefits of FEA:
FEA can be used in new product design, or to refine an existing product, to ensure that the design will
be able to perform to specifications prior to manufacturing. With FEA you can:
 Predict and improve product performance and reliability.

 Reduce physical prototyping and testing.
 Evaluate different designs and materials.
 Optimize designs and reduce material usage.
Advantages of FEM
 Can readily handle complex geometry.
 Can handle complex analysis types.
 Vibration
 Transient
 Nonlinear
 Heat transfer
 Fluids
 Can handle complex loading.
 Node – based loading
 Element – based loading
 Time or frequency dependent loading
 Can handle complex restraints.
 Indeterminates structures can be analyzed
 Can handle bodies comprised of non-homogeneous materials.
 Every element in the model could de assigned a different set of materials properties.
 Can handle bodies of comprised of non-isotropic materials.
 Orthotropic
 Anisotropic
 Special material effects are handled.
 Temperature dependents properties
 Plasticity
 Creep
 Swelling
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 Special geometric effects can be modelled.

 Large displacements
 Large rotation
Disadvantages of FEM
 A specific numerical result is obtained for a specific problem. A general form solution, which
would permit one to examine system response to changes in various parameters.
 The FEM is applied to an approximation of the mathematical model of the system (The source
of so called inherited errors).
 Numerical problems.
 Computers only carry a finite number of significant digits.
 Round off error accumulation.
 Can help the situation by not attaching stiff (small) elements to flexible (large) elements.
 Susceptible to user introduced modeling error.
 Poor choice of elements types
 Distorted elements
 Geometry not adequately modeled
 Certain effects not automatically included
 Buckling
 Large deflections and rotations
 Material nonlinearity
Limitations of FEM
 High speed computers and large memory requirements.
 Obtaining material properties other than isotropic is very difficult.
 Incapable of handling incompressible fluids.
 Proper interpretation of results is more important as large output data is available.
 Large unwanted data.
 Selection of proper mesh size is difficult.
 Limited development in the fields of contact fracture mechanics etc.
FEM Errors
 FEM errors takes place at 3 stages of solution.
 Error during conversion of solid model to mathematical model.
 Discretization error.
 Solution error
Some of the FEM (Mechanical) packages
ABAQUS, ADAMS, ADINA, AFEMS, ALGOR, ANSYS, AUTODYN, C-MOLD, COSMOS, NISA,
PRO-MECHANICA, NASTRAN.
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Steps in FEM – Linear Static Analysis
Step 1: Discretization of the structure

The first step in the finite element method is to divide the structure or solution region into subdivisions
or elements. Hence the structure is to be modeled with finite elements. The number, type, size and
arrangements of the elements are to be decided. These elements can be 1D, 2D, 3D Axis symmetric.
Step 2: Selection of a proper interpolation or displacement model
Since the displacement solution of a complex structure under any specified load conditions cannot be
predicted exactly, we assume some suitable solution within an element to approximate the unknown
solution. The assumed solution must be simple from a computational point of view, but it should satisfy
certain convergence requirements. In general, the solution or the interpolation model is taken in the
form of a polynomial.
Define the behaviors of the variables in each element by a suitable shape function. Choose the
displacement at each nodal point as the unknown variable and use the shape functions to describe how
the geometry and variable changes over each element (e.g. linear or quadratically). The higher the order
of the shape function, the more nodal points are assigned to each element. Accuracy of the solutions
can be improved either by using large number of simple elements (H-Convergence) or increasing the
order of the shape functions (P-Convergence).
Step 3: Element strains and stresses
From the displacement, derive the strains and stresses within each element by using the strain
displacement relationship and Hook's law (conservative equations). Compatibility equations are
automatically satisfied within each element because the displacements are chosen as the unknown
variables.
Step 4: Derivation of the element stiffness matrices and load vector
From the assumed displacement model, the stiffness matrix [K(e)] and the load vector F(e), of element
"e" are to be derived by using equilibrium conditions or a suitable Variational principle.
Step 5: Assemblages of element equations to obtain the overall equilibrium

equation
Since the structure is composed of several finite elements, the individual element stiffness matrices and
load vectors are to be assembled in a suitable manner and the overall equilibrium equation can be
formulated as
[k]Q = F
Where [K] is called the assembled stiffness matrix, Q is the vector of nodal displacement and F is the
vector of nodal forces for the complete structure.
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Since the summation of stiffness is carried out only on elements sharing a particular node, the overall
stiffness matrix will be sparely populated. The assembled stiffness matrix is singular. The process of
finding the appropriate location for the individual element matrix in the global matrix is called direct
stiffness method.
Step 6: Imposition of the boundary conditions

These can take the form of prescribed displacement, sliding against a rigid surface, attached spring,
prescribed forces/ stresses or pressures. More complex boundary conditions occur in contact problems.
The constraints can be single point constrain or multipoint constrain. These constrain can be handled
by elimination or penalty approach.
Step 7: Solution for the unknown nodal displacements

After the incorporation of the boundary conditions, the equilibrium equations can be expressed as
[K]Q = F
The modified stiffness matrix is non-singular. For linear problems, the vector Q can be solved very
easily using techniques such as gauss elimination method. But for nonlinear problems, the solutions
have to be obtained in a sequence of steps, each step involving the modification of the stiffness matrix
[K] and/or the load vector [F].
Step 8: Computation of element stress and strain
From the known nodal displacements Q, if required, the element strains and stresses can be computed
by using the necessary equations of solid or structural mechanics. Also, the reactions can be computed.
The terminology used in the above steps has to be modified if we want to extend the concept to other
fields. For example, we have to use the term continuum or domain in place of structure, field variable
in place of displacement, characteristic matrix in place of stiffness matrix, and element results in place
of element strains.
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2. Introduction to ANSYS
ANSYS is a powerful general-purpose finite element modelling package to numerically solve a wide
variety of mechanical, sutural and non-structural problems. These problems include: static/dynamic
structural analysis (both linear and non-linear), heat transfer and fluid problems, as well as acoustic and
electro-magnetic problems. In general, a finite element solution may be classified into the following
three stages. This is a general guideline that can be used for setting up any finite element analysis.
General analysis procedure to be used to solve a simulation. Regardless of the physics of the problem,
the same general procedure can be followed. Every analysis involves four main steps:
Preliminary Decisions
Preprocessing
Solution
Post Processing
Preliminary decisions
 Which type of analysis?
 What to model?
 Which element type?
Preprocessing: Defining the problem

 Define key points/Lines/Areas/Volumes.
 Define element types and material/geometrical properties.
 Mesh lines/Areas/Volumes as required.
Solution: Assigning loads, constraints and solving
In the solution level, the loading conditions such as point load or pressure and constraints or boundary
conditions are specified and finally the resulting set of equations are solved.
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Post processing: Further processing and viewing of the results
This stage provides different tools to view the results including:
 List of nodal displacements

 Element forces and moments
 Deflections plots
 Stress contour diagrams
Performing a typical ANSYS analysis
The ANSYS program has many finite element analysis capabilities, ranging from a simple, linear, static
analysis to a complex, nonlinear, transient dynamic analysis. the analysis guides manuals in the ANSYS
documentation set describe specific procedures for performing analyses for different engineering
disciplines.
A typical ANSYS analysis has three distinct steps:
 Build the model.

 Apply loads and obtain the solution.
 Review the results.
Building the model

Building a finite element model requires more of an ANSYS user's time than any other part of the
analysis. First, you specific a job name and analysis title. Then, you use the PREP7 preprocessor to
define the element types, element real constants, material properties, and the model geometry.
Specifying a job name and analysis title

This task is not required foe an analysis, but it is recommended.
Defining the job name

The job name is a name that identifies the ANSYS job. When you define a job name for an analysis,
the job name becomes the first part of the name of all files the analysis creates. (The extension or suffix
for these files ‘names is a file identifier such as .db). By using a job name for each analysis, you insure
that no files are overwritten. If you do not specify a job name, all files receive the name FILE or file,
depending on the operating system.
Command(s): /FILNAME
GUI: Utility Menu>File>Change Job name
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Defining element types

The ANSYS element library contains more than 100 different element types. Each element type has a
unique number and a prefix that identifies the element category: BEAM4, PLANE77, SOLID96, etc.
The following element categories are available
The element type determines, among other things:
 The degree-of-freedom set (which in tum implies the discipline-structural, thermal, magnetic,
electric, quadrilateral, brick, etc.).
 Whether the element lies in two-dimensional or three-dimensional space.
For example, BEAM4, has six structural degrees of freedom (UX, UY, UZ, ROTX, ROTY, ROTZ), is
a line element, and can be modelled in 3-D space. PLANE77 has a thermal degree of freedom (TEMP),
is an eight-node quadrilateral element, and can be modelled only in 2-D space.
Defining element real constants

Element real constants are properties that depend on the element type, such as cross-sectional properties
of a beam element. For example, real constants for BEAM3, the 2-D beam element, are area (AREA),
moment of inertia (IZZ), height (HEIGHT), shear deflection constant (SHEARZ), initial strain
(ISTRN), and added mass per unit length (ADDMAS). Not all element types require real constants,
and different elements of the same type may have different real constant values.
As with element types, each set of real constants has a reference number, and the table of reference
number versus real constant set is called the real constant table. While defining the elements, you point
to the appropriate real constant reference number using the REAL command.
Main Menu > Preprocessor > Create > Elements > Elem Attributes.
Defining material properties

Most element types required material properties. Depending on the application, material properties may
be:
 Linear or nonlinear.
 Isotropic, orthotropic, or anisotropic.
 Constant temperature or temperature dependent.
As with element types and real constants, each set of material properties has a material reference
number. the table of material reference numbers versus material property sets is called the material
table. Within one analysis, you may have multiple material property sets (To correspond with multiple
materials used in the model). ANSYS identifies each set with a unique reference number.
Main Menu > Preprocessor > Material Props > Material Models.
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Creating the model geometry

Once you have defined material properties, the next step in an analysis is generating a finite element
model-nodes and elements-that adequately describes the model geometry. There are two methods to
create the finite element model: solid modelling and direct generation. With solid modelling, you
describe the geometric shape of your model, and then instruct the ANSYS program to automatically
mesh the geometry with nodes and elements. You can control the size and shape of the elements that
the program creates. With direct generation, you "manually" define the location of each node and the
connectivity of each element. several convenience operations, such as copying patterns of existing
nodes and elements, symmetry reflection, etc. are available.
Apply the loads and obtain the solution

In this step you use the Solution processor to define the analysis type and analysis options, apply loads,
specify load step options, and initiate the finite element solution. You also can apply loads using the
PREP7 Preprocessor.
Applying loads
The word loads as used in this manual includes boundary conditions (constraints, supports, or boundary
field specifications) as well as other externally and internally applied loads. Loads in the ANSYS
program are divided into six categories:
 DOF Constraints
 Forces
 Surface loads
 Body loads
 Inertia loads
 Coupled-field loads
You can apply most of these loads either on the solid model (Keypoints, lines, and areas) or the finite
element model (nodes and elements).
Two important load-related terms you need to know are load step and sub step. A load step is simply a
configuration of loads for which you obtain a solution. In a structural analysis, for example, you may
apply wind loads in one load step and gravity in a second load step. Load steps are also useful in
dividing a transient load history curve into several segments.
Initiating the solution

To initiate solution calculations, use either of the following:
Command(s): SOLVE
GUI: Main Menu > Solution > Current Ls
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When you issue this command, the ANSYS program takes model and loading information from the
database and calculates the results. Results are written to the results file (Jobname.RST, Jobname.RTH,
Jobname.RMG, or Jobname.RFL) and also to the database. The only difference is that only one set of
results can reside in the database at one time, while you can write all sets of results (for all sub steps)
to the results file.
Review the Results

Once the solution has been calculated, you can use the ANSYS post processor to review the results.
 Displacement
 Nodal solution
 Stress
 Strain…etc.
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General Steps
Step 1: Ansys Utility Menu
 File – clear and start new – do not read file – Ok.
 File – change job name – enter new job name – xyz – Ok.
 File – change title – enter new title – xyz – Ok.
Step 2: Ansys Main Menu – Preferences
 Preferences – Structural – h-method – Ok.
Step 3: Ansys Main Menu – Preprocessor
 Element type – Select type of element from the table and the required options.
 Real Constants – Give the details such as thickness, areas, moment of inertia, etc. required
depending on the nature of the problem.
 Material Properties - Give the details such as Young’s modulus, Poisson’s ratio etc. depending
on the nature of the problem.
 Modeling – Create the required geometry such as nodes elements, area, volume by using the
appropriate options.
 Meshing – Mesh the geometry into number of nodes depending on the nature of the problem.
Step 4: Ansys Main Menu – Solution
 Define Loads – Apply boundary conditions and loads such as DOF constraints,
Force/Momentum, Pressure etc.
 Solve – Solve the problem.
Step 5: Ansys Main Menu – General Postproc
 General Postproc – Plot/List the required results.
Step 6: Animation: PlotCtrls – Animate – Deformed Shape – Def + undeformed – Ok.
Step 7: Ansys Utility Menu
 File – Save as Jobname.db to save the model.
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3. Bar Problem
Aim: To determine the displacement and nodal solution of the Bar as shown in the figure below.
E =210 Gpa µ = 0.3 A = 200 mm2

1000 N
1000 mm
Software: Ansys 14.5.

Procedure:
1. Ansys Main Menu – Preferences – Structural – h-method – Ok.
2. Preprocessor – Element Type – Add/Edit/Delete – Add – Link – 3D finit stn 180 – Ok – Close.
3. Preprocessor – Real Constants – Add/Edit/Delete – Add – Type 1 Link 180 – Ok – Real
Constant Set No. = 1 – Cross-sectional area = 200 – Ok – Close.
4. Preprocessor – Material Props – Material Models – Material model number 1 – Structural –
Linear – Elastic – Isotropic – EX = 210e3 – PRXY = 0.3 – Ok.
5. Preprocessor – Modeling – Create – Keypoints – In Active CS – X = 0, Y = 0 – Apply – X =
1000, Y = 0 – Ok.
6. Preprocessor – Modeling – Create – Lines – Straight lines – Pick Keypoints 1 & 2 – Ok.
7. Preprocessor – Meshing – Size Cntrls – Manual size – Lines – All Lines – No. of element
division = 5 – Ok.
8. Preprocessor – Meshing – Mesh – Lines – pick All.
9. Solution – Analysis Type – New Analysis – Static – Ok.
10. Numbering: PlotCtrls – Numbering – Node numbers – On – Ok.
11. Solution – Define loads – Apply – Structural – displacement – On Nodes – Select the node 1 –
Ok – DOFs to be constraint – ALL DOF – Ok.
12. Solution – Define loads – Apply – Structural – Force/Moment – On Nodes – Select the node
2 – Ok – Direction of force/mom – FX – Value = 1000 (+ve value) – Ok.
13. Solution – solve – Current LS – Ok (solution is done will be displayed) – Close.
14. General postproc – Plot Results – Deformed Shape – Def + Undeformed – Ok.
15. General postproc – Plot Results – Contour Plot – Nodal solution – Nodal solution – DOF
Solution – Displacement vector sum – Ok.
16. General Postproc – List Results – Nodal Solution – Nodal solution – DOF Solution –
Displacement vector sum – Ok.
17. Animation: PlotCtrls – Animate – Deformed Shape – Def + undeformed – Ok.
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Results:
1. Nodal Solution
NODAL SOLUTION PER NODE
***** POST1 NODAL DEGREE OF FREEDOM LISTING *****
LOAD STEP= 1 SUBSTEP= 1

TIME= 1.0000 LOAD CASE= 0
THE FOLLOWING DEGREE OF FREEDOM RESULTS ARE IN THE GLOBAL COORDINATE

SYSTEM
NODE UX UY UZ USUM
1 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
2 0.23810E-01 0.0000 0.0000 0.23810E-01
3 0.47619E-02 0.0000 0.0000 0.47619E-02
4 0.95238E-02 0.0000 0.0000 0.95238E-02
5 0.14286E-01 0.0000 0.0000 0.14286E-01
6 0.19048E-01 0.0000 0.0000 0.19048E-01
MAXIMUM ABSOLUTE VALUES
NODE 2 0 0 2
VALUE 0.23810E-01 0.0000 0.0000 0.23810E-01
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4. Stepped Bar Problem

Aim: To determine the displacement and nodal solution of the stepped bar as shown in the figure
below.
E = 200 X 103 N/mm2

E = 110 X 103 N/mm2
A = 600 mm2
A = 400 mm2
µ = 0.3 2000 N
µ = 0.3
500 mm 500 mm

Procedure:
Constant Set No. = 1 – Cross-sectional area = 600 – Apply – Real Constant Set No. = 2 – Cross-
sectional area = 400 – Ok – Close.
Linear – Elastic – Isotropic – EX = 200e3 – PRXY = 0.3 – ok – Material – New Modal – Define
Material ID = 2 – Material model number 2 – Structural – Linear – Elastic – Isotropic – EX =
110e3 – PRXY = 0.3 – Ok.
500, Y = 0 – Apply – X = 1000, Y = 0 – Ok.
6. Preprocessor – Modeling – Create – Lines – Straight lines – Pick Keypoints 1 & 2 – 2 & 3 –
Ok.
7. Preprocessor – Meshing – Mesh Attributes – Default Attributes – Material number-1 – Real
constant set number-1 – Ok.
8. Preprocessor – Meshing – Size Cntrls – Manual size – Lines – Picked lines – Select the first
line between the nodes 1 & 2 – ok – no. of element division-5 – Ok.
9. Preprocessor – Meshing – Mesh – Lines – pick the first line with No. of element division = 5
– Ok.
10. Repeat the steps 7, 8 & 9 to mesh the second line of nodes 2 & 3.
12. Solution – Define loads – Apply – Structural – displacement – On Nodes – Select the first node
– Ok – DOFs to be constraint – ALL DOF – Ok.
13. Solution – Define loads – Apply – Structural – Force/Moment – On Nodes – Select the last
node – Ok – Direction of force/mom – FX – Value = 2000 (+ve value) – Ok.
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18. General Postproc – Element Table – Define Table – Add – Results data item – By sequence
num – Ls, - Ls, 1 – Ok – Close.
19. General postproc – Plot Results – Contour Plot – Element Table – Item to be plotted – Ls1 –
Ok (Axial stress will be shown).
Results:
1. Nodal solution


SYSTEM
NODE UX UY UZ USUM
1 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
2 0.83333E-02 0.0000 0.0000 0.83333E-02
3 0.16667E-02 0.0000 0.0000 0.16667E-02
4 0.33333E-02 0.0000 0.0000 0.33333E-02
5 0.50000E-02 0.0000 0.0000 0.50000E-02
6 0.66667E-02 0.0000 0.0000 0.66667E-02
7 0.31061E-01 0.0000 0.0000 0.31061E-01
8 0.12879E-01 0.0000 0.0000 0.12879E-01
9 0.17424E-01 0.0000 0.0000 0.17424E-01
10 0.21970E-01 0.0000 0.0000 0.21970E-01
11 0.26515E-01 0.0000 0.0000 0.26515E-01

NODE 7 0 0 7
VALUE 0.31061E-01 0.0000 0.0000 0.31061E-01
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5. Beam Problem – 1
Aim: To determine the Bending moment, Shear force and Nodal solution for the beam as shown in
figure below.
100 N 5 N/mm2 5 N/mm2
2.5 N/mm2
100 mm
E = 200 Gpa µ = 0.3
200 mm 200 mm 200 mm 200 mm 200 mm 200 mm

Procedure:
2. Preprocessor – Element Type – Add/Edit/Delete – Add – Beam – 2 node 188 – Ok – Close.
4. Preprocessor – Sections – Beam – Common Sections – B = 100 – H = 100 – Preview – Ok.
5. Preprocessor – Modeling - Create – Keypoints – In Active CS – X = 0, Y = 0 – Apply – X =
200 – Apply – X = 400 – Apply – X = 600 – Apply – X = 800 – Apply – X = 1000 – Apply –
X = 1200 – Ok.
6. Preprocessor – Modeling – Create – Lines – Straight lines – Pick Keypoints 1 & 2 – 2 & 3 – 3
& 4 – 4 & 5 – 5 & 6 – 6 & 7 – Ok.
12. Solution – Define loads – Apply – Structural – Force/Moment – On Nodes – Select the node 2
– Ok – Direction of force/mom – FY – Value = - 100 (-ve value) – Ok.
13. Solution – Define loads – Apply – Structural – Pressure – On Beams – Select the beam between
the nodes 3 & 4 – Ok – Load key = 2 – Pressure value at node I = 5 – Ok.
the nodes 5 & 6 – Ok – Load key = 2 – Pressure value at node I = 2.5 – Pressure value at node
J = 5 – Ok.
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num – SMISC, - SMISC, 3 – Apply - By sequence num – SMISC, - SMISC, 16 – Apply – By
sequence num – SMISC, - SMISC, 6 – Apply – By sequence num – SMISC, - SMISC, 19 – Ok
– Close.
20. General postproc – Plot Results – Contour Plot – Line Element Results – Elem table item at
node I – SMIC3 – Elem table item at node J – SMIC16 – Ok (Bending moment diagram will
be displayed).
node I – SMIC6 – Elem table item at node J – SMIC19 – Ok (Shear force diagram will be
displayed).
Results:
1. Nodal solution


SYSTEM
NODE UX UY UZ USUM
1 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
2 0.0000 -0.12934E-01 0.0000 0.12934E-01
3 0.0000 -0.45949E-01 0.0000 0.45949E-01
4 0.0000 -0.90972E-01 0.0000 0.90972E-01
5 0.0000 -0.14200 0.0000 0.14200
6 0.0000 -0.19530 0.0000 0.19530
7 0.0000 -0.24894 0.0000 0.24894

NODE 0 7 0 7
VALUE 0.0000 -0.24894 0.0000 0.24894
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6. Beam Problem – 2
Aim: To determine the Bending moment, Shear force and Nodal solution for the beam as shown in
figure below.
25 N/mm2 1000 N
80 X 80 mm
E = 200 Gpa µ = 0.3
1000 mm 1000 mm

Procedure:
2. Preprocessor – Element Type – Add/Edit/Delete – Add – Beam – 2 node 188 – Ok – Close.
4. Preprocessor – Sections – Beam – Common Sections – B = 80 – H = 80 – Preview – Ok.
1000 – Apply – X = 2000 – Ok.
6. Preprocessor – Modeling – Create – Lines – Straight lines – Pick Keypoints 1 & 2 – 2 & 3 –
Ok.
Ok – DOFs to be constraint – UY – Ok.
13. Solution – Define loads – Apply – Structural – Force/Moment – On Nodes – Select the last
node – Ok – Direction of force/mom – FY – Value = - 1000 (-ve value) – Ok.
the nodes 1 & 2 – Ok – Load key = 2 – Pressure value at node I = 25 – Ok.
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num – SMISC, - SMISC, 3 – Apply – By sequence num – SMISC, - SMISC, 16 – Apply – By
sequence num – SMISC, - SMISC, 6 – Apply – By sequence num – SMISC, - SMISC, 19 – Ok
– Close.
node I – SMIC3 – Elem table item at node J – SMIC16 – Ok (Bending moment diagram will
be displayed).
node I – SMIC6 – Elem table item at node J – SMIC19 – Ok (Shear force diagram will be
displayed).
Results:
1. Nodal Solution:


SYSTEM
NODE UX UY UZ USUM
1 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
2 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
3 0.0000 -0.60343E-01 0.0000 0.60343E-01
4 0.0000 -0.12628 0.0000 0.12628
5 0.0000 -0.93319E-01 0.0000 0.93319E-01
6 0.0000 -0.14358 0.0000 0.14358
7 0.0000 0.44212E-01 0.0000 0.44212E-01
8 0.0000 0.19760E-01 0.0000 0.19760E-01
9 0.0000 -0.50468E-01 0.0000 0.50468E-01

NODE 0 6 0 6
VALUE 0.0000 -0.14358 0.0000 0.14358
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7. Truss Problem – 1
Aim: To determine the Stress, Nodal solution and Reaction solution for the truss as shown in figure
below.
200 mm E = 200 Gpa A = 300 mm2
µ = 0.3
100 KN 200 KN
500 mm 500 mm 500 mm

Procedure:
250, Y = 200 – Apply – X = 500, Y=0 – Apply – X = 750, Y = 200 – Apply – X = 1000, Y = 0
– Apply – X = 1250, Y = 200 – Apply – X = 1500, Y = 0 – Ok.
6. Preprocessor – Modeling – Create – Lines – Straight lines – Pick Keypoints – 1 & 3 – 3 & 5 –
5 & 7 – 1 & 2 – 2 & 3 – 3 & 4 – 4 & 5 – 5 & 6 – 6 & 7 – 2 & 4 – 4 & 6 – Ok.
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– Ok – Direction of force/mom – FY – Value = - 100000 (-ve value) – Apply - Select the node
3 – Ok – Direction of force/mom – FY – Value = - 200000 (-ve value) – Ok.
18. General Postproc – List Results – Reaction Solution – Items to be listed – All items – Ok
(Reaction forces will be displayed with the node numbers).
19. General Postproc – List Results – Nodal Loads – Items to be listed – All items – Ok (Nodal
Loads will be displayed with the node numbers).
num – Ls, - Ls, 1 – Apply – By sequence num – LEPEL, - LEPEL, 1 – Ok – Close.
22. General postproc – Plot Results – Contour Plot – Element Table – Item to be plotted – LEPE1
– Ok (Axial elastic strain will be shown).
Results:
1. Nodal Solution


SYSTEM
NODE UX UY UZ USUM
1 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
2 1.3889 -16.956 0.0000 17.013
3 4.5139 -18.591 0.0000 19.131
4 6.2500 0.0000 0.0000 6.2500
5 6.0185 -9.3463 0.0000 11.116
6 3.2407 -19.727 0.0000 19.991
7 -0.23148 -10.381 0.0000 10.383

NODE 4 6 0 6
VALUE 6.2500 -19.727 0.0000 19.991
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2. Reaction Solution
REACTION SOLUTIONS PER NODE
***** POST1 TOTAL REACTION SOLUTION LISTING *****

THE FOLLOWING X,Y,Z SOLUTIONS ARE IN THE GLOBAL COORDINATE SYSTEM
NODE FX FY FZ
1 -0.21246E-08 0.13333E+06 0.0000
4 0.16667E+06
TOTAL VALUES
VALUE -0.21246E-08 0.30000E+06 0.0000
3. Nodal Loads
SUMMED NODAL LOADS
***** POST1 SUMMED TOTAL NODAL LOADS LISTING *****

NODE FX FY FZ
1 0.21246E-08 -0.13333E+06
2 -0.12878E-08 0.10000E+06
3 0.17462E-09 0.20000E+06
4 0.29104E-10 -0.16667E+06
5 0.11642E-09
6 -0.22701E-08
7 0.11642E-08
TOTAL VALUES
VALUE 0.50932E-10 -0.37835E-09 0.0000
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8. Truss Problem – 2
Aim: To determine the Stress, Nodal solution and Reaction solution for the truss as shown in figure
below.
200 mm 400 N
E = 200 Gpa
A = 100 mm2
µ = 0.3
300 mm

Procedure:
0, Y = 200 – Apply – X = 300, Y=200 – Apply – X = 300, Y = 0 – Ok.
6. Preprocessor – Modeling – Create – Lines – Straight lines – Pick Keypoints – 1 & 2 – 2 & 3 –
3 & 4 – 1 & 3 – Ok.
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– Ok – Direction of force/mom – FY – Value = - 400 (-ve value) – Ok.
18. General Postproc – List Results – Reaction Solution – Items to be listed – All items – Ok
(Reaction forces will be displayed with the node numbers).
19. General Postproc – List Results – Nodal Loads – Items to be listed – All items – Ok (Nodal
Loads will be displayed with the node numbers).
num – Ls, - Ls, 1 – Apply – By sequence num – LEPEL, - LEPEL, 1 – Ok – Close.
22. General postproc – Plot Results – Contour Plot – Element Table – Item to be plotted – LEPE1
– Ok (Axial elastic strain will be shown).
Results:
1. Nodal Solution


SYSTEM
NODE UX UY UZ USUM
1 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
2 0.26667E-02 0.0000 0.0000 0.26667E-02
3 0.26667E-02 -0.40000E-02 0.0000 0.48074E-02
4 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

NODE 2 3 0 3
VALUE 0.26667E-02 -0.40000E-02 0.0000 0.48074E-02
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2. Reaction Solution
REACTION SOLUTIONS PER NODE
***** POST1 TOTAL REACTION SOLUTION LISTING *****

NODE FX FY FZ
1 0.14095E-13 0.93970E-14 0.0000
4 400.00
TOTAL VALUES
VALUE 0.14095E-13 400.00 0.0000
3. Nodal Loads
SUMMED NODAL LOADS
***** POST1 SUMMED TOTAL NODAL LOADS LISTING *****

NODE FX FY FZ
1 -0.14095E-13
3 0.14095E-13 400.00
4 -400.00
TOTAL VALUES
VALUE 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
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9. Stress Analysis of a Rectangular Plate with a Hole

Aim: To conduct stress analysis of a rectangular plate with a hole as shown in the figure below.
t = 5 mm
Ø100
500 mm mm 10 KN
E = 200 Gpa µ = 0.3
750 mm

Procedure:
2. Preprocessor – Element Type – Add/Edit/Delete – Add – Solid – Quad 4 node 182 – Ok –
Options – Element behavior – Plane strs w/thk – Ok – Close.
3. Preprocessor – Real Constants - Add/Edit/Delete – Add – Type 1 PLANE182 – Ok - Real
Constant Set No. = 1 – Thickness = 5 – Ok – Close.
5. Preprocessor – Modeling – Create – Areas – Rectangle – By 2 Corners – Width = 750 – Height
= 500 – Ok.
6. Preprocessor – Modeling – Create – Areas – Circle – Solid Circle – X = 375 – Y = 250 –
Radius = 50 – Ok.
7. Preprocessor – Modeling – Operate – Booleans – Subtract – Areas – First select rectangle –
Ok – and then circle – Ok (Hole will be created).
8. Preprocessor – Meshing – Size Cntrls – Manual size – Areas – All Areas – Element edge length
= 5 – Ok.
9. Preprocessor – Meshing – Mesh – Areas – Free – pick All – Close.
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11. Solution – Define loads – Apply – Structural – displacement – On Nodes – Box – Select the
first column nodes of the rectangle – Count = 101 nodes are selected – Ok – DOFs to be
constraint – ALL DOF – Ok.
12. Solution – Define loads – Apply – Structural – Force/Moment – On Nodes – Box – Select the
last column nodes of the rectangle – Count = 101 nodes are selected – Ok – Direction of
force/mom – FX – Value ≈ 99 (Value = 10 KN/101 nodes) – Ok.
16. General postproc – Plot Results – Contour Plot – Nodal solution – Nodal solution – Stress –
XY Shear stress – Ok.
1st Principle stress – Ok.
2nd Principle stress – Ok.
3rd Principle stress – Ok.
Stress intensity – Ok.
von Mises stress – Ok.
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10. Stress Analysis of a Bracket

Aim: To conduct stress analysis of a bracket as shown in the figure below.
120 mm
R 6 mm
E = 200 Gpa µ = 0.3
Fix R 10 mm
P = 1000 N/mm2
40 mm

Procedure:
Options – Element behavior – Plane strs w/thk – Ok – Close.
3. Preprocessor – Real Constants – Add/Edit/Delete – Add – Type 1 PLANE182 – Ok - Real
Constant Set No. = 1 – Thickness = 3 – Ok – Close.
5. Preprocessor – Modeling – Create – Areas – Rectangle – By 2 Corners – Width = 120 – Height
= 40 – Apply – X = 80 – Width = 40 – Height = -40 (-ve sign) – Ok.
6. Preprocessor – Modeling – Create – Areas – Circle – Solid Circle – Y = 20 – Radius = 20 –
Apply – X = 100 – Y = -40 – Radius = 20 – Ok.
7. Preprocessor – Modeling – Operate – Booleans – Add – Areas – Pick All.
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8. Preprocessor – Modeling – Create – Areas – Circle – Solid Circle – Y = 20 – Radius = 5 –

Apply – X = 100 – Y = -40 – Radius = 5 – Ok.
9. Preprocessor – Modeling – Operate – Booleans – Subtract – Areas – First select complete area
– Ok – and then select circle’s – Ok (Hole’s will be created).
10. Preprocessor – Modeling – Create – Lines – Line Fillet – Select the perpendicular lines of
lower sharp corner – Ok – Fillet radius = 10 – Ok.
11. Preprocessor – Modeling – Create – Areas – Arbitrary – By Lines – Select the fillet and two
perpendicular lines – Ok.
12. Preprocessor – Modeling – Operate – Booleans – Add – Areas – Pick All.
= 1.5 – Ok.
16. Solution – Define loads – Apply – Structural – displacement – On Lines – Select the boundary
lines of the left circular hole – Ok – ALL DOF – Ok.
17. Solution – Define loads – Apply – Structural – Pressure – On Lines – Select the lower boundary
semi-circle lines of the right circular hole – Ok – Load PRES value = 1000 – Ok.
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11. Stress Analysis of a Cylinder

Aim: To conduct the stress analysis of cylinder which is subjected to internal pressure as shown in
figure below.
25 mm
E = 200e3
µ = 0.3
p = 10 N/mm2 500 mm
X
100 mm

Procedure:
Options – Element behavior – Axisymmetric – Ok – Close.
4. Preprocessor – Modeling – Create – Areas – Rectangle – By 2 Corners – X = 100 – Width =
25 – Height = 500 – Ok.
= 6 – Ok.
8. Solution – Define loads – Apply – Structural – displacement – On Lines – Select the upper and
lower boundary lines of the rectangle – Ok – ALL DOF – Ok.
9. Solution – Define loads – Apply – Structural – Pressure – On Lines – Select the left boundary
line – Ok – Load PRES value = 5 – Ok.
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13. PlotCtrls – Style – Symmetry Expansion – 2D – Axi-symmetric – ¾ expansion – Ok.
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ME-CAD/CAM 1604-17-765-002

Types of analysis include:

Typical results calculated by the solver include:

 Nodal displacements, velocities and accelerations.

 Predict and improve product performance and reliability.

 Special geometric effects can be modelled.

Some of the FEM (Mechanical) packages

Steps in FEM – Linear Static Analysis

Step 1: Discretization of the structure

Step 2: Selection of a proper interpolation or displacement model

Step 3: Element strains and stresses

Step 4: Derivation of the element stiffness matrices and load vector

Step 5: Assemblages of element equations to obtain the overall equilibrium

Step 6: Imposition of the boundary conditions

Step 7: Solution for the unknown nodal displacements

Step 8: Computation of element stress and strain

Preprocessing: Defining the problem

Solution: Assigning loads, constraints and solving

Post processing: Further processing and viewing of the results

This stage provides different tools to view the results including:

 List of nodal displacements

Performing a typical ANSYS analysis

A typical ANSYS analysis has three distinct steps:

 Build the model.

Building the model

Specifying a job name and analysis title

Defining the job name

Defining element types

The element type determines, among other things:

Defining element real constants

Defining material properties

Creating the model geometry

Apply the loads and obtain the solution

Initiating the solution

Review the Results

E =210 Gpa µ = 0.3 A = 200 mm2

Software: Ansys 14.5.

***** POST1 NODAL DEGREE OF FREEDOM LISTING *****

LOAD STEP= 1 SUBSTEP= 1

THE FOLLOWING DEGREE OF FREEDOM RESULTS ARE IN THE GLOBAL COORDINATE

MAXIMUM ABSOLUTE VALUES

4. Stepped Bar Problem

E = 200 X 103 N/mm2

Software: Ansys 14.5.

14. Solution – solve – Current LS – Ok (solution is done will be displayed) – Close.

NODAL SOLUTION PER NODE

***** POST1 NODAL DEGREE OF FREEDOM LISTING *****

LOAD STEP= 1 SUBSTEP= 1

THE FOLLOWING DEGREE OF FREEDOM RESULTS ARE IN THE GLOBAL COORDINATE

MAXIMUM ABSOLUTE VALUES

100 N 5 N/mm2 5 N/mm2

E = 200 Gpa µ = 0.3

200 mm 200 mm 200 mm 200 mm 200 mm 200 mm

Software: Ansys 14.5.

***** POST1 NODAL DEGREE OF FREEDOM LISTING *****

LOAD STEP= 1 SUBSTEP= 1

THE FOLLOWING DEGREE OF FREEDOM RESULTS ARE IN THE GLOBAL COORDINATE

MAXIMUM ABSOLUTE VALUES

E = 200 Gpa µ = 0.3

Software: Ansys 14.5.

***** POST1 NODAL DEGREE OF FREEDOM LISTING *****

LOAD STEP= 1 SUBSTEP= 1

THE FOLLOWING DEGREE OF FREEDOM RESULTS ARE IN THE GLOBAL COORDINATE

MAXIMUM ABSOLUTE VALUES

* POST1 NODAL DEGREE OF FREEDOM LISTING *

* POST1 NODAL DEGREE OF FREEDOM LISTING *

* POST1 NODAL DEGREE OF FREEDOM LISTING *

* POST1 NODAL DEGREE OF FREEDOM LISTING *

* POST1 NODAL DEGREE OF FREEDOM LISTING *

* POST1 TOTAL REACTION SOLUTION LISTING *

* POST1 SUMMED TOTAL NODAL LOADS LISTING *

* POST1 NODAL DEGREE OF FREEDOM LISTING *

* POST1 TOTAL REACTION SOLUTION LISTING *

* POST1 SUMMED TOTAL NODAL LOADS LISTING *