CHAPTER 3

STEADY NON UNIFORM FLOW

IN OPEN CHANNEL

Prepared By :
AMALINA AMIRAH ABU BAKAR
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LEARNING OUTCOMES
 Understand the concept and equations on open channel flow

 To determine the velocity and discharge using Chezy’s equation

 To resolve velocity and discharge problems using Manning’s equation

 Able to solve problems related to optimum cross section in both conduits

and open channel

 Able to relate the concept of specific energy and momentum equations in

the effect of change in bed level – Broad Crested Weir

 Able to relate the concept of specific energy and momentum equations in

the effect of lateral contraction of channel - Venturi Flume

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 CHAPTER 3
STEADY NON UNIFORM FLOW
IN OPEN CHANNEL
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Specific energy and alternate depths
4.3 Critical depth
4.4 Critical depth for non rectangular sections
4.5 Critical velocity and critical flow
4.6 Critical slope
• EC 110- DIPLOMA IN CIVIL ENGINEERING (SEMESTER JANUARY2010- APRIL2010)
• ECW 301- BASIC HYDRAULICS (PREPARED BY: Amalina Amirah Abu Bakar)
9/9/2014 3
 LECTURE 4.1
OPEN CHANNEL FLOW

INTRODUCTION

• EC 110- DIPLOMA IN CIVIL ENGINEERING (SEMESTER JANUARY2010- APRIL2010)

• ECW 301- BASIC HYDRAULICS (PREPARED BY: Amalina Amirah Abu Bakar)
9/9/2014 4
 INTRODUCTION
 Analysis of steady non uniform flow in open channels
 Unlike steady uniform flow, water surface, energy gradient
and bed slope are not parallel
 Analysis of non uniform flow requires
 Different approach  use of energy equation in different
form
 Occurs in transitions where change in cross section or
obstruction in channel

• EC 110- DIPLOMA IN CIVIL ENGINEERING (SEMESTER JANUARY2010- APRIL2010)

• ECW 301- BASIC HYDRAULICS (PREPARED BY: Amalina Amirah Abu Bakar)
9/9/2014 5
SPECIFIC ENERGY &
ALTERNATE DEPTH
SPECIFIC ENERGY
 Energy (per unit weight) of the liquid at a
cross section measured above bed level at
that point,

 Equation can be solved for D if the

velocity, v which is function of the water
depth is known
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 For wide rectangular channel, the mean
velocity is

 where q = volume rate of flow per unit

depth

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 Substituting

into

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Plot of D versus q for a constant E

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Plot of D versus E for a constant q

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CRITICAL DEPTH
(RECTANGULAR SECTION)

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CRITICAL DEPTH, Dc
(RECTANGULAR SECTION)

Dc

Assuming a Assuming a
constant q constant E

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CRITICAL DEPTH
(RECTANGULAR SECTION – Constant q)

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CRITICAL DEPTH
(RECTANGULAR SECTION – Constant E)

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CRITICAL DEPTH FOR
NON-RECTANGULAR CHANNEL

δA= BδD

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CRITICAL DEPTH FOR
NON-RECTANGULAR CHANNEL

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 q

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δA= BδD

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CRITICAL VELOCITY

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CRITICAL VELOCITY
(RECTANGULAR CHANNEL)

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CRITICAL VELOCITY
(NON RECTANGULAR CHANNEL)

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CRITICAL FLOW

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CRITICAL FLOW

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CRITICAL FLOW

that

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Summary of the Classification of Flow into
Sub- critical, Critical & Supercritical Flow

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 A

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INDICATIONS OF CRITICAL FLOW
A

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CRITICAL SLOPE

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CRITICAL SLOPE

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EXAMPLE 4.1

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SOLUTIONS 4.1

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Example 4.2

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Solution Example 4.2

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Example 4.3

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Solution Example

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Exercise 1

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Exercise 2

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Exercise 3

Answer: E=3.83m, Dc= 2.45m, Vc = 4.9m/s

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