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Novel insight into adsorption and co-adsorption of heavy metal ions and an T
organic pollutant by magnetic graphene nanomaterials in water
Dan Huanga,b, Jizi Wua,b, Lu Wanga,b, Xingmei Liua,b, Jun Menga,b, Xianjin Tanga,b,
Caixian Tanga,c, Jianming Xua,b,
⁎
a
Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou
310058, China
b
Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
c
Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne Campus, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
Keywords: The adsorption of tetracycline (TC), cadmium [Cd(II)] and arsenate [As(V)] onto magnetic graphene oxide
Magnetic graphene nanomaterials (MGO), magnetic chemically-reduced graphene (MCRG) and magnetic annealing-reduced graphene (MARG) was
Co-adsorption investigated to understand the adsorption properties and molecular mechanisms. The adsorption of three con-
Heavy metal taminants was pH-dependent and the adsorption capability followed the order of MGO > MCRG > MARG, and
Organic pollutant
hence MGO was selected to systematically study the adsorption behaviors in three different types of binary
Water purification
systems. The maximum adsorption capacities of MGO were 252 mg/g for TC, 234 mg/g for Cd(II) and 14 mg/g
for As(V). The superiority of MGO was mainly attributed to its high dispersibility, thin nanosheets and various O-
containing functional groups. In addition to H-bonding and π–π interactions, the strong adsorption of TC onto
MGO was mainly due to the n–π electron-donor–acceptor (EDA) effect, with the maximum adsorption around
pKa of TC. The mutual effects of TC and Cd(II) in the simultaneously added system were negligible. Adsorption
of As(V) was significantly suppressed in the presence of TC, whilst As(V) hardly affected TC adsorption. The
adsorptions of Cd(II) and As(V) in the co-adsorption system were increased by 65% and 30%, respectively. This
⁎
Corresponding author at: Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University,
866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China.
E-mail address: jmxu@zju.edu.cn (J. Xu).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2018.10.138
Received 24 May 2018; Received in revised form 15 October 2018; Accepted 16 October 2018
Available online 17 October 2018
1385-8947/ © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
D. Huang et al. Chemical Engineering Journal 358 (2019) 1399–1409
synergistic effect resulted from the electrostatic attraction and the formation of type A ternary surface com-
plexation. These new insights were valuable for elucidating the interaction mechanisms and designing novel
adsorbents for traditional and emerging pollutions in practical application.
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D. Huang et al. Chemical Engineering Journal 358 (2019) 1399–1409
folding nature of graphene sheets was clearly visible. The basal plane of a
H/C: atomic ratio of hydrogen to carbon calculated from by elemental
the GO was almost unoccupied by the magnetic NPs, consistent with the analysis.
previous finding [47]. Dense aggregates of Fe3O4 NPs were observed in b
C1s bonding state and its relative atomic percentage on activated graphene
MCRG and MARG (Fig. 1b-c), indicating that the reduction of MGO were determined by XPS. – represents none or not detected.
induced serious wrinkles and overlaps on graphene nanosheets.
Thermal reduction of MGO to MARG decreased the BET specific surface MGO, and that the reduction decreased newly formed sp2 domains in
areas (SA) from 148 to 78 m2/g (Table 1), while chemical reduction of size [37]. As shown in Fig. 1f, the values of magnetic saturation (Ms) of
MGO to MCRG increased the SA to 157 m2/g. MGO, MCRG and MARG were 34.0, 55.6 and 67.3 emu/g, respectively,
In the XRD patterns (Fig. 1d), the diffraction peaks at 2ϴ values of suggesting that the magnetism was strong enough for many practical
30.2°, 35.6°, 43.3°, 53.7°, 57.1°, and 62.8° were assigned to the (2 2 0), applications [47].
(3 1 1), (4 0 0), (4 2 2), (5 1 1), (4 4 0), and (5 3 3) reflections, respec- The peaks of Fe 2p, C 1s and O 1s were observed in XPS spectra,
tively. These diffraction peaks were consistent with the characteristic indicating that the obtained MGO, MCRG and MARG contained Fe, O
crystalline spinel structure (JCPDS 88–0315) of Fe3O4, revealing that and C elements, which were in accordance with the result from the
magnetic Fe3O4 NPs were successfully synthesized [48,49]. The in- elemental analysis (Table 1 and Fig. S1). Carbon concentrations of the
tensity ratio of the D and G bands (ID/IG) is often used to estimate the three materials were similar, while oxygen concentrations decreased
amounts of defects on carbon materials [14]. The ID/IG value (Fig. 1e) from 38.6% for MGO to 32.4% for MCRG and 29.2% for MARG, in-
of MCRG (1.24) was higher than those of MGO (1.02) and MARG dicating that O-containing functional groups were diminished by the
(1.03), indicating that MCRG had more graphitic structure defects than
Fig. 1. TEM images of magnetic graphene oxide (MGO) (a), magnetic chemically-reduced graphene (MCRG) (b) and magnetic annealing reduced graphene (MARG)
(c); XRD patterns (d), Raman spectra (e) and magnetization curves (f) of MGO, MCRG and MARG. The inset in f shows photographs of the aqueous solution of the
MGO before (left) and after attracted by a magnetic bar (right).
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reduction process. In contrast, Fe concentrations increased from 45.2% 252.0 mg/g, which was much higher than those of MCRG (104.5 mg/g)
for MGO to 49.9% for MCRG and 56.0% for MARG, which were con- and MARG (24.2 mg/g) in this study (Table S1). The capacity of MGO to
sistent with the magnetization results. The MARG had lower H/C adsorb TC was significantly greater than those of MCRG and MARG.
atomic ratios and was more aromatic than MCRG and MGO [5]. Such difference in adsorption was primarily due to the following rea-
The compositions of surface functional groups of MGNs were ex- sons. First, the abundant O-containing functional groups on MGO led to
amined by FTIR spectra and XPS (Fig. 2). The broad bands at ap- its stable dispersion in the water, and the actual available surface area
proximately 3402 and 1570 cm−1 were assigned to the –OH bonds and of MGO in the aqueous solution was far above the value measured in
the H–O–H stretching and bending vibrations of the adsorbed water the solid state [52]. Second, in addition to π–π interaction and hydro-
molecules. For MGO, the peaks at 1406 and 1052 cm−1 were attributed phobic interaction, MGO could interact with TC via H-bonding [53].
to the stretching vibration of carboxyl O–C]O and alkoxy C–O bonds, Third, an appreciable amount of Fe3O4 NPs in the composite material
respectively. For MCRG and MARG, the intensity of –OH bonds at might increase the adsorption sites [54]. The Qmax of TC in this study
3402 cm−1 was lower, and those of O–C]O peaks at 1395 cm−1 and was much higher than those observed in previous studies, in which the
C–O at 1162 cm−1 were weaker or absent compared with that of MGO. Qmax of TC was 39.1 mg/g on functionalized magnetic particles [55],
Regarding the C 1s spectrum (Fig. 2b-f), four peaks at 284.7, 285.3, approximately 70 mg/g on GO and RGO [53], and 95 mg/g on 6-nm-
287.0, and 288.9 eV corresponded to the C]C/C–C (aromatic rings), Fe3O4-RGO [56].
C–O (phenolic hydroxyl/epoxy), C]O (carbonyl), and O–C]O (car- The Qmax of Cd(II) onto MGO (234.3 mg/g) was distinctly higher
boxyl groups), respectively [50,51]. The fitting results indicated that than those of Cd(II) onto MCRG (15.2 mg/g) and MARG (5.8 mg/g)
MGO had apparently more C]O and O–C]O groups than MCRG and (Table S1). Compared with other graphene-based materials, such as
MARG, and the quantity of C]C/C–C followed the order of MARG > magnetic graphene oxide nanocomposite (91.3 mg/g) [57], GO
MCRG > MGO. The results also suggested that the aromatic C in- (35.7 mg/g) [5], and amino-functionalized magnetic graphene compo-
creased via reduction and that the thermal reduction could reduce MGO site (27.8 mg/g) [58], MGO performed extremely well on Cd(II) ad-
thoroughly. sorption, probably attributed to the strong electrostatic attraction and
surface complexations between them. Notably, the Qmax of As(V) onto
MGO (13.9 mg/g) was significantly lower than that of Cd(II), mainly
3.2. Adsorption behaviors in single systems
due to the electrostatic repulsion between negative As(V) and MGO (at
pH 5.0) (Fig. S2). Nevertheless, the Qmax of As(V) onto MGO was still
3.2.1. Adsorption isotherms of TC, Cd(II) and As(V)
far greater than those of MCRG and MARG, and even higher than those
The adsorption isotherms of TC, Cd(II) and As(V) onto MGO, MCRG
of 3D Fe3O4-graphene macroscopic composite (0.471 mg/g) [59] and
and MARG were shown in Fig. 3. The parameters of the isotherms fitted
magnetite-reduced graphene oxide composite (5.83 mg/g) [33], sug-
by Langmuir and Freundlich models are listed in Table S1. Generally,
gesting that O-containing functional groups played an important role in
the isotherms of three magnetic graphene materials were fitted better
As adsorption and surface complexation [29]. Additionally, Fe3O4 NPs
by Freundlich (R2, 0.834–0.991) than by Langmuir model (R2,
had been confirmed to be excellent adsorbents for As [30,50]. Inter-
0.674–0.980), especially for the adsorption of TC onto MCRG and of As
estingly, though having the lowest component ratio of Fe (45.2% of
(V) onto MGO (Table S1). It was suggested that the adsorption of TC
weight, Table 1), MGO still exhibited a superior adsorption capacity
and As(V) onto MCRG and MARG tended toward multilayers rather
compared with MCRG and MARG, which might be attributed to more
than monolayers [14,29]. Furthermore, MGO displayed the strongest
available adsorption sites on MGO due to the homogeneous dispersion
capacities to adsorb TC, Cd(II) and As(V), followed by MCRG, and
of MGO.
MARG the smallest (Fig. 3).
The maximum adsorption capacity (Qmax) of TC onto MGO was
Fig. 2. FTIR spectra (a), XPS spectra of wide scan (b) and Fe 2p spectra (c) of MGO, MCRG and MARG, and XPS spectra of MGO (d), MCRG (e) and MARG (f) for C 1s.
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Fig. S3, TC had four species with their pKa values of 3.3, 7.5, and 9.5 for
the three hydrolyzable moieties, respectively, while the point of zero
charge (PZC) of TC was 5.5 [53]. Therefore, TC changed from posi-
tively-charged molecule to neutrality, and then electronegativity in-
creased with increasing pH, with the interaction between the TC and
Fig. 3. Adsorption isotherms of tetracycline (TC) (a), Cd(II) (b), As(V) (c), onto
MGO, MCRG and MARG. Adsorption conditions: pH = 5.0,
temperature = 25 ± 1 °C, equilibrium time = 24 h. Solid lines represent iso-
therms fitted by Freundlich model, and dashed lines represent isotherms fitted
by Langmuir model.
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MGO being strongest at pH 4.0. For MCRG and MARG, the adsorption The FTIR spectra are shown in Fig. 5a (MGO) and Fig. S4a (MCRG
of TC changed inappreciably at pH 2.0–5.0, and then decreased slightly and MARG). In the case of MGO–TC (Fig. 5a), the intense band at
over the pH range of 5.0–8.0. The phenomenon was mainly because 3421 cm−1 could be assigned to the stretching vibration of the N–H
MCRG and MARG were positively-charged in the acidic range, and and/or O–H [34], as well as intermolecular hydrogen bonding with the
there was electrostatic repulsion between TC and the two nanomater-
ials. Under alkaline conditions, the dominant species of TC are TCH−
and TC2−, the adsorption capacity of TC significantly decreased due to
the strong electrostatic repulsion between TC and MGNs. Notably, there
were still considerable amounts of TC adsorbed on three nanomaterials
at pH > 8.0, while the electrostatic repulsion was very strong. Inter-
estingly, MCRG showed the most effective adsorption of TC in the pH
range of 8.0–12.0, which could be attributed to more defects on MCRG.
The ID/IG value of MCRG (1.24) was higher than those of MGO (1.02)
and MARG (1.03) (Fig. 1e), and MCRG consequently possessed more
active sites for TC.
As shown in Fig. 4b, the adsorptions of Cd(II) on all three MGNs
elevated with the increase in pH, which was in line with previous ob-
servations [6]. The phenomenon was not attributed to the formation of
Cd(OH)2 precipitates, since the initial pH values of Cd(II) were adjusted
to 2.0–8.0 and Cd(OH)2 precipitation were unlikely [5]. The MCRG and
MARG exhibited similar sorption trends for Cd(II) in the pH range of
2.0–5.0, but their adsorption capacities were lower than that of MGO.
The electrostatic repulsion between the positively-charged graphene
nanosheets (Fig. S2) and the cations suppressed the adsorption of Cd
(II). Notably, the adsorption of Cd(II) on MGO was markedly enhanced
with increasing pH because the electrostatic attraction between the
negatively-charged MGO and Cd(II) cations promoted the adsorption
process. The adsorption capacities were in accordance with the surface
oxygen contents. Therefore, the Cd(II) adsorption onto magnetic gra-
phene materials correlated with the surface oxygen content as well as
electrostatic interaction.
The adsorptions of As(V) onto three magnetic graphene nanoma-
terials decreased with increasing pH (Fig. 4c), consistent with previous
studies [29,33]. Notably, the trend was more prominent for the ad-
sorptions onto MGO than MCRG and MARG. It is known that As(V)
speciation can be significantly affected by pH, and is presented in the
negative ionic form under most pH conditions except when the pH is
less than 2.2 (pH < 2.2: H3AsO4, 2.2 < pH < 6.9: H2AsO4−,
6.9 < pH < 11.5: HAsO42−, pH > 11.5: AsO43−). Increasing pH in-
creased the negatively-charged sites and the competition of hydroxide
ions (OH–) with As(V), and hence decreased As(V) adsorption by the
three adsorbents. Similar adsorption capacities of As(V) were also ob-
served for MCRG and MARG over the pH range of 2.0–12.0. Interest-
ingly, the adsorption of As(V) on MGO was apparently higher than
those of MCRG and MARG in the pH range of 2.0–6.0, indicating that
electrostatic interactions were not the major driving force in the ad-
sorption process [29].
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D. Huang et al. Chemical Engineering Journal 358 (2019) 1399–1409
Fig. 6. SEM images of the MGO after the treatment with 200 mg/L TC (a), 50 mg/L Cd(II) (b), 50 mg/L As(V) (c), 200 mg/L TC + 50 mg/L Cd(II) (d), 200 mg/L
TC + 50 mg/L As(V) (e), and 50 mg/L Cd(II) + 50 mg/L As(V) (f). Adsorption conditions: pH = 5.0, temperature = 25 ± 1 °C, equilibrium time = 24 h.
TC molecule. The peak observed at 1604 cm−1 could be assigned to the sharing complexes between As(V) and MNPs surface was the main ad-
stretching vibration of the N–H and/or C]C, which revealed the suc- sorption mechanism. The FTIR spectra revealed that the As(V) ad-
cessful adsorption of TC onto MGO. Besides, the N 1s peaks (407.8 and sorption via complexation with the peak at 45.1 eV being attributed to
399.7 eV) were observed in the XPS spectra (Fig. 7a) of MGO loaded As–O (Fig. 7c) [64]. Compared with original adsorbents, adsorption
with TC, which also agreed with the deduction. Thus, the FTIR and XPS with As(V) significantly increased the −OH peak (at approximately
spectra, highly consistent with the batch adsorption results, clarified 3405 and 1570 cm−1) of MGO as well as MCRG–As(V) and MARG–As
that H-bonds existed between N–H/–OH of TC molecules and O-con- (V). The stretching vibration of –OH was shifted from 1058 to
taining groups in MGO [53,60,61]. Moreover, the peak of carboxyl 1033 cm−1 for MCRG–As(V). In addition, the peak at around
(O–C]O) bending vibration of MGO was blue-shifted from 1396 to 1156 cm−1 could be assigned to the stretching vibration of the C–O
1352 cm−1 and its intensity significantly increased after reaction with and/or Fe–OH, and its intensity was also increased after As(V) ad-
TC, indicating the great contributions of edge carboxyl to TC adsorp- sorption, suggesting that –OH groups participated in the adsorption as
tion. As shown in Fig. S4a, the variations of characteristic peaks in H-bonding sites [30].
MCRG and MARG after TC adsorption were not obvious compared to
those of MGO-TC, which was primarily due to the elimination of most 3.3. Adsorption behaviors and binding mechanisms in binary systems
O-containing functional groups after reduction (Fig. 2) and π–π inter-
action becoming the main interaction between TC and MCRG and Since multiple types of pollutants often coexist in the actual en-
MARG [62]. Typically, the lengths of most H-bonds were shorter than vironments, the adsorption behaviors and interaction mechanisms of
3 Å, while the interval of two attached molecules via π–π interactions MGNs need to be elucidated when they are used in practical applica-
was larger [53]. The main adsorption forces for TC on MGO were H- tions. Thus, MGO, with the highest adsorption capacity, was selected to
bonding, π–π interaction, and n–π electron-donor–acceptor (EDA) ef- further study the adsorption behaviors of TC, Cd(II) and As(V) in binary
fect, which could explain the apparently higher adsorption of TC by systems (Fig. 8).
MGO compared to MCRG and MARG [36,53].
After Cd(II) adsorption onto the MGNs, the stretching vibration of 3.3.1. Mutual effects of TC and Cd(II) in a simultaneously added system
O–H was blue-shifted from around 3402 cm−1 (pure sorbate) to The presence of Cd(II) did not affect the TC adsorption onto MGO,
3418 cm−1 for MGO–Cd (Fig. 5b), and red-shifted from 3406 to nor did TC affect the Cd(II) adsorption (Fig. 8a-b). Zhao et al. [65]
3389 cm−1 for MCRG–Cd, and from 3417 to 3400 cm−1 for MARG–Cd showed a similar effect of Cd(II) on TC adsorption in the study of co-
(Fig. S4b). The behaviors were in accordance with the electrostatic adsorption of TC and Cd(II) onto soils. After co-adsorption of 200 mg/L
attraction between Cd(II) and MGO and electrostatic repulsion between TC and 50 mg/L Cd(II), numerous dark particles of Cd(II) complexes
Cd(II) and MCRG and MARG at pH 5.0. The intensity of O–C]O bands were anchored onto the surface of MGO (Fig. 6d); the amount was
appeared at 1395 cm−1 was much increased after Cd(II) adsorption, comparable to that of single adsorption of 50 mg/L Cd(II) (Fig. 6b). The
especially for MGO. A greater number of –OH/–COOH on MGO relative active sites of MGO were limited, when all the active sites were occu-
to MCRG and MARG conveyed the improved adsorption and dispersion pied, the extra reactants could not be adsorbed on the MGO surface, and
abilities of MGO [38]. In addition to the electrostatic interaction, the O- the co-adsorption would not be improved further [66]. The adsorption
containing functional groups and hydrogen of H2O could also form coefficients (Kd) for MGO at various concentrations of pollutants are
strong surface complexes with Cd(II), which played an important role in shown in Fig. S5. The adsorption affinity of TC onto MGO was much
the adsorption [5,14]. higher than that of Cd(II) at given equilibrium concentrations, in-
Similarly, adsorption with As(V) largely enhanced the O–C]O peak dicating that TC would be more prone to interactions with MGO both
intensity (∼1395 cm−1) for three adsorbents (Figs. 5c and S4c). Liu on the nanosheets and functional groups. The amino and hydroxyl
et al. [63] reported that the formation of bidentate binuclear corner- groups of TC were preferentially attracted to functional groups of MGO
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Fig. 8. Adsorption capacity of tetracycline (TC) (a) and Cd(II) (b) in the presence of different initial concentrations of Cd(II) and TC; adsorption capacity of TC (c) and
As(V) (d) in the presence of different initial concentrations of As(V) and TC; adsorption capacity of Cd(II) (e) and As(V) (f) in the presence of different initial
concentrations of As(V) and Cd(II). Adsorption conditions: pH = 5.0, temperature = 25 ± 1 °C, equilibrium time = 24 h.
0.63 for EDS) was lower than that of Cd to P in Cd3(PO4)2 precipitate 4. Conclusions
(1.5) at pH 5.0 [6]. Moreover, no new minerals were detected in the
MGO loaded with Cd(II) and As(V) (Fig. S6), indicating that the co- This study presents a new strategy to prepare diverse types of
precipitation was not the dominant mechanism for the synergistic ef- magnetic graphene nanomaterials, MGO, MCRG, and MARG, with dif-
fect. Although both Cd(II) and As(V) adsorptions were enhanced in the ferent microstructures and properties. The three magnetic graphene
(Cd + As) system, the reduced adsorption of Cd(II) and increased ad- nanomaterials had a good magnetic separability and showed excellent
sorption of As(V) were observed using the surface-sensitive XPS tech- adsorption capacities for TC, Cd(II) and As(V), while MGO was shown
nique (only 2–5 nm probing depth) [69]. The results might indicate the to be the best adsorbent. High dispersibility and thin nanosheets con-
formation of a ternary surface complex with Cd(II) as the bridge mo- tributed to the superior adsorption capabilities of MGO. Moreover, 59%
lecule (i.e., MGO–Cd–As, marked as type A). On the basis of the Kd–Ce O-containing functional groups also promoted the strongest adsorption
curve (Fig. S5), Cd(II) had a stronger affinity to MGO than As(V) at 25 capabilities of MGO. In the binary systems of organic–inorganic com-
and 50 mg/L. Therefore, the formation of type A ternary surface com- bined pollutions, TC adsorption was hardly affected by the presence of
plexes was the primary mechanism of Cd(II) and As(V) adsorption in Cd(II) and As(V), nor was Cd(II) adsorption affected by TC, while the
the (Cd + As) system. For Cd(II) adsorption, the exposed As(V) in type adsorption of As(V) was significantly suppressed by TC. In the cation-
A ternary surface complexes could act as the new adsorption sites to oxyanion (Cd + As) binary systems, adsorption by MGO of both Cd(II)
adsorb the dissolved Cd(II) in solution continuously via electrostatic and As(V) were enhanced, which were attributed to the formation of
attraction and complexation at pH 5.0. type A ternary surface complexation (MGO–Cd–As) and electrostatic
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D. Huang et al. Chemical Engineering Journal 358 (2019) 1399–1409
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