Appendix E Mechanical Properties of

Engineering Materials

This appendix summarizes the mechanical properties of selected engineering materials in

Tables El and E2, in the standard international system (SI) of units and the U.S. customary
system (U.S.) of units, respectively. The data provided here are average values or approxima-
tions of material coefficients. Exact values may vary greatly, depending on composition, heat
treatment, and mechanical working. Therefore, the tables should be used only for educational
purposes. For professional practice, obtain material properties from the supplier of materials.

Notation

p = density (mass per unit volume)

E = modulus of elasticity or Young's modulus
G = modulus of rigidity or shear modulus
v = Poisson's ratio
ay — yield stress in tension and compression
au = ultimate stress in tension and compression
a = coefficient of thermal expansion

Units

GPa = 109 Pa = 109 N/m2

MPa = 106 Pa = 106 N/m2
1 psi = 1 lb/in2 = 144 lb/ft2
1 slug /ft3 = 0.018619 lb mass/in2
°C = Celsius temperature (°C = 5/9 x [°F - 32])
°F = Fahrenheit temperature

925
 TABLE E1 Material Properties in SI Units

P E C °Y l ou 2 a
Material V
(I0 kg/m3)
3
(GPa) (GPa) (MPa) (MPa) (10~ 6 /°C)

Aluminum 2.7 70 26 0.33 20 70 23.9

Aluminum alloys
2014-T6 2.70 73.1 27 0.35 414 469 23
6061-T6 2.71 68.9 26 0.35 255 290 24
Cast iron alloys
GrayASTM20 7.19 67 27 0.28 - 179 (669) 12
Malleable ASTMA197 7.28 172 68 0.28 - 276 (572) 12
Concrete
Low strength 2.38 22.1 - 0.15 [12] - 11
High strength 2.38 29.0 - 0.15 [38] - 11
Copper
Soft (pure) 8.92 110 41 0.34 69 220 17.6
Hard (Be-Cu) 8.4 124 47 0.34 1,170 1,310 17.8
Glass 2.63 69 28 0.25 - (69-862) 5.4-16.2
Magnesium alloy Am 1004-T61 1.83 44.7 18 0.30 152 276 26
Nickel steel 7.73 200 78 0.29 138-207 310-414 13
Plastic-Kevlar 49 1.45 131 - 0.34 - 717(483) -
Structural steel
A36 7.83 200 78 0.28 248 400 12.1
A572 7.83 200 78 0.28 345 448 12.1
Stainless steel
S40500 7.73 191 73 0.31 172 414 17.3
S17700 7.73 191 73 0.31 1,030 1,280 17.3
Titanium 4.54 110 40 0.33 400 500 8.5
Titanium alloy 5 Al, 2.5 Sn 4.43 117 44 0.34 758 793 10.3
Woods
Douglas fir 0.50 12.1 - - - (51) -
Southern pine 0.58 12.1 - - - (58) -

1. Shear yield stress noted in brackets [ ].

2. Compression ultimate stress noted in parentheses ().

926 STRESS, STRAIN, AND STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS

TABLE E2 Material Properties in U.S. Units

P E C ou2 a
Material V
(slug/ft3) (10 6 psi) (106 psi) (10 psi) (103 psi) (10~ 6 /°F)
3

Aluminum 5.2 10 3.8 0.33 3 10 13.3

Aluminum alloys
2014-T6 5.42 10.6 3.9 0.33 60 68 12.8
6061-T6 5.26 10 3.7 0.33 37 42 13.1
Cast iron alloys
GrayASTM20 14.0 10 3.9 0.28 - 26 (97) 6.7
Malleable ASTMA197 14.1 25 9.8 0.28 - 40 (83) 6.6
Concrete
Low strength 4.62 3.20 - 0.15 [1.8] - 6.0
High strength 4.62 4.20 - 0.15 [5.5] - 6.0
Copper
Soft (pure) 17.3 16 6.0 0.34 10 32 9.8
Hard (Be-Cu) 16.3 18 6.7 0.34 170 190 9.9
Glass 5.1 10 4 0.25 - (10-125)
Magnesium alloy Am 1004-T61 3.54 6.48 2.5 0.30 22 40 14.3
Nickel steel 15 29 11.2 0.29 20-30 45-60 7.2
Plastic-Kevlar 49 2.81 19.0 - 0.34 - 104 (70) -
Structural steel
A36 15.2 29 11.3 0.28 36 58 6.7
A572 15.2 29 11.3 0.28 50 65 6.7
Stainless steel
S40500 15 27.6 10.5 0.31 25 60 9.6
S17700 15 27.6 10.5 0.31 150 185 9.6
Titanium 16 5.8 0.33 60 70 4.7
Titanium alloy 5 Al, 2.5 Sn 8.6 17 6.3 0.34 110 115 5.7
Woods
Douglas fir 0.97 1.76 - - - (7.4) -
Southern pine 1.13 1.76 - - - (8.4) -

1. Shear yield stress noted in brackets [ ].

2. Compression ultimate stress noted in parentheses ( ) .

Mechanical Properties of Engineering Materials 927