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Digitization of Speech Signals

Signal Signal

4 4
3 2 4 4 2 -2 …
2 2
6 7 8 9 10 1

1 2 3 4 5 Time -1 Time 0010 0100 0100 0010 1010 …

-2 -2
-3
-4 -4

Sampling: Obtaining Quantizing: Rounding off Coding: Converting

discrete PAM signal samples infinite values of PAM quantized signal samples to
from continuous signals at a signal samples to a finite binary digit streams of fixed
specified time interval set of values length

00100100001001000010010
00100100 0 … Deco
ing … ding
Cod

Digital transmission
Voice quality provides high reliability, Voice quality
deteriorates. low interference, and deteriorates.
enhanced security.

Common Speech Codecs

Provides good QoS.

G.711
Implements stable
ITU-T G.722
transmission.
G.723.1
Requires high
…
bandwidth.

Requires low
GSM HR bandwidth.
3GPP GSM FR Cannot adjust
GSM EFR codec rates based
on bandwidth.

HR AMR
FR AMR Adjusts codec rates
3GPP based on bandwidth.
UMTS AMR
UMTS AMR2

ITU-T G.722.2
Provides good QoS.
UMTS Requires high
AMR-WB bandwidth.
3GPP FR AMR-WB
…

Codec Negotiation
After codec negotiation, the preferred codec is used between two NEs, improving
voice quality.

Reduced Codec negotiation Improved QoS and

transmission delay codec conversion-free

Reduced CPU usage, and Reduced link resource

Analog signals codec conversion-free usage Analog signals
Compress G.711 Compress
speech signals. speech signals.

Coding/Decoding Coding/Decoding Coding/Decoding Coding/Decoding

Key NEs in Codec Negotiation

Performs GSM codec
negotiation and conversion Provides
with the IM-MGW during services for CS
LTE-CS calls. subscribers.

MSC
IMS Core MGCF server

Performs non-GSM
codec negotiation and SRVCC
conversion during IWF
LTE-CS calls and
eSRVCC handovers.
Performs codec negotiation
and conversion with the SBC
functioning as the ATCF/ATGW
during eSRVCC handovers.

SBC IM-MGW MGW

EPC

LTE 2G/3G

Codec Negotiation Flow

Codec negotiation flow during an LTE-to-CS call

Codecs supported by Codecs supported by the

UE_A (contained in an local MSC server (configured
INVITE message) using ADD TCCAP)
SBC
1 2 3 1 2 3 4

INVITE 183 Ⅰ

IMS The IMS core does

not perform codec 1 2 3
core negotiation. INVITE

INVITE 183
Codecs contained in Codecs supported by the
the incoming INVITE local MSC server (configured
MGCF/ message using ADD MGW)
IM-MGW 1 2 3 5 4 3 2
Ⅱ

Codecs supported by
IAM APM 2 3 the local MSC server
(configured using ADD
IAM MGW)
Ⅲ 5 4 3 2
MSC Codecs contained
Codecs supported by the
server/ in the incoming 2 3 3 2 RNC (configured using
MGW IAM message
ADD RNC)
1 2 3 4
Ⅳ
2 3 Codecs supported by
NEs participating in
codec negotiation UE_B (contained in a
Call Confirmed message)
Codec lists based on The preferred codec
which the common 2 is selected for 4 3 2
codecs are ordered bearer establishment.

TC Support
A transcoder (TC) is used when the sending and receiving ends of a call cannot use
the same codec. The system supports three types of TC: ordinary TC, Gigabit
Ethernet transcoder (GETC), and frame process transcoder (FPTC). A GETC
consists of two ordinary TCs.

1 TC 2 TC

11 11
TDM G.7
FR TDM G.711 G.7
I P I P

Converts codecs between G.711 over Converts codecs from G.711 over TDM to
TDM and a compressed speech codec G.711 over IP
over IP (FR, HR, or EFR)

3 GETC 4 GETC

FR FR
HR
T T FR I P T T
I P I P I P
G.711

G.711

C C C C

Converts between different compressed Converts between codecs of the same type
speech codecs. but with different or incompatible rate sets.

5 GETC 6 FPTC
11 11
G.7 G.7 BICC SIP
T T
I P I P
G.711

C C

Converts between G.711 codecs with different Converts UP headers and frame formats.
parameter settings (ptime, for example).

Next issue

Key Features – eSRVCC Solution

Brief introduction
The LTE network at the initial phase covers only hotspots and
is limited in continuous coverage. When a subscriber moves
from an LTE network to a 2G/3G network during an active call,
the call is interrupted. The eSRVCC solution has been intro-
duced to address this issue.
Core Network Documentation Dept.
Prepared by: Guan Hougang (content), Tang Suwen (figures) Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. 2015. All rights reserved.