JUDICIAL REVIEW

Rule Rule 43 Rule 45 Rule 65

Appeal by Certiorari/Petition for

Mode Ordinary appeal Petition for Certiorari
Review

When filed 15 days 15 days 60 days

Regional Trial Court (RTC), CA,

Where filed Court of Appeals (CA) Supreme Court
Supreme Court (SC)

limited only to the errors of law

Questions of law or errors of
Scope Questions of fact, law or mixed committed by the appellate court
jurisdiction
(except in case of conflict)

Decisions of the Commission Where an administrative agency or

Excluded Elections (COMELEC) and officer does not exercise judicial or
Commission on Audit (COA) quasi-judicial power

Exhausted all administrative
remedies and that a final order or
Conditions decision has been rendered by the
administrative body in the exercise
of its quasi-judicial functions
jurisdiction, and there is no appeal,
The tribunal, board or officer
exercising judicial or quasi-judicial
functions has acted without or in
excess its or his jurisdiction, or
with grave abuse of discretion
amounting to lack or excess of
or any plain, speedy, and
adequate remedy in the ordinary
course of law,