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International Scientific Conference “Environmental and Climate Technologies”, CONECT 2018

International Scientific Conference “Environmental and Climate Technologies”, CONECT 2018
Qualitative indicator analysis ofonaDistrict
sustainable remediation
Qualitative
The 15thindicator
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Symposium remediation
Heating and Cooling
Inese Tilla*, Dagnija Blumberga
Assessing the feasibility Inese Tilla*,ofDagnijausingBlumberga
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Institute of Energy Systems and Environment, Riga Technical University, Azenes 12/1, Riga, LV-1048, Latvia
temperature function
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Riga Technical University, Azenes heat
12/1, Riga,demand
LV-1048, Latviaforecast

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Abstract I. Andrić *, A. Pina , P. Ferrão , J. Fournier ., B. Lacarrière , O. Le Corre
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Keywords:
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scenarios considered).
coupled scenarios). The values suggested could be used to modify the function parameters for the scenarios considered, and
improve the accuracy of heat demand estimations.

© 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and
* Corresponding author.
Cooling.
inese.tilla@gmail.com
E-mail address:author.
* Corresponding
E-mail address:
Keywords: inese.tilla@gmail.com
Heat demand; Forecast; Climate change
1876-6102 © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
This is an open
1876-6102 access
© 2018 Thearticle under
Authors. the CC BY-NC-ND
Published license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
by Elsevier Ltd.
Selection
This is an and
openpeer-review under
access article responsibility
under of the scientific
the CC BY-NC-ND licensecommittee of the International Scientific Conference ‘Environmental and Climate
(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Technologies’, CONECT 2018.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Scientific Conference ‘Environmental and Climate
1876-6102 © 2017
Technologies’, CONECTThe Authors.
2018. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
1876-6102  2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Scientific Conference ‘Environmental and
Climate Technologies’, CONECT 2018.
10.1016/j.egypro.2018.07.075
 Inese Tilla et al. / Energy Procedia 147 (2018) 588–593 589
2 Author name / Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000

1. Introduction

Pollution caused by more intensive production and industrial operations, as well as historical pollution poses a risk to
human health and environment. According to World Health Organization it is estimated that annually 12.6 million people
pass away due to air, water and soil pollution, chemical exposures, climate change caused natural disasters etc. [1].
In several national and European Union policy strategic planning documents remediation of polluted sites and
hazardous waste management are set as important tasks to reduce environmental burden and to improve public
health through cleaner water, air and soil [2, 3].
Remediation of a polluted site is a treatment to remove hazardous substances and waste in order to minimize
threats to environment and human health, however it is a very complex and resource-intensive process that cause its
own impacts to social, economical and environmental dimensions, e.g. energy consumption, emissions, high cost,
traffic disruption etc. [4]. Sustainable remediation is based on assessment of the most important remediation factors
and process indicators and management of the potential risks to human and environmental health by identifying
social, economical and environmental benefits and impacts of remediation alternatives and searching the overall
benefit by means of decision making process [3, 5].
Despite the latest appearance of more and more modern and sufficient remediation methods and technologies,
there are still difficulties in implementation of remediation projects in Latvia and other countries due to different
pollution characteristics in each site, lack of methodology and flaws in decision making process [6, 7].
The aim of the study is to analyze existing situation in Latvia, acquire knowledge about remediation framework
in other countries and based on findings build a methodological decision making tool for a sustainable remediation
project implementation from cradle to grave (from planning to remediation aftercare stage) that demonstrates a
benefit for social, economical and environmental dimensions and cause less impacts.
The objectives that are determined in this paper are as follows:

 Identification of indicators according to remediation project practice in Latvia;

 Categorization of indicators into qualitative and quantitative indicators;
 Analysis of qualitative indicators by using Multiple criteria decision making analysis – Technique for order
preference by similarity to the ideal solution (TOPSIS).

In this study system boundaries are defined and include following remediation stages – initial planning and
project application, implementation (remediation works and utilization of waste), after-remediation monitoring –
and excluding the process of remediation equipment production and the process of extracting neutralization
materials and additives.

2. Methodology

2.1. Identification and categorization

In the beginning of this study identification of indicators that influence remediation process was made according
to literature and remediation project practice in Latvia [8, 9]. Indicators were categorized into qualitative and
quantitative indicators (Table 1).
 Author name / Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000 3
590 Inese Tilla et al. / Energy Procedia 147 (2018) 588–593

Table 1. Qualitative and quantitative indicators.

Qualitative
Shortcomings in legislation
Land use after remediation
`Polluters pay` principle
Ownership of land and infrastructure
Geological conditions
Available information of the site
Characteristics of pollution (composition)
Risks
Quantitative
The impact of pollution on human health (disease rate)
Cost benefit analysis (cost of the project)
The impact of pollution on environment (rate of loss of biodiversity)
Pollution migration rate
Available financial resources
Characteristics of pollution (concentration)
Time limit
Pollution self degradation rate
Choice of remediation technology (employment, noise and vibration, availability, cost etc.)
Duration of monitoring
Meteorological conditions

2.2. Qualitative indicator analysis

This paper presents an analysis of qualitative indicators by using Multiple criteria decision making analysis,
named – Technique for order preference by similarity to the ideal solution (TOPSIS). By this analysis indicators are
ranked by severity of impact (5 – highest to 1 – lowest) to social, economical and environmental criteria. To
estimate relative importance of each criteria experts from the State Environmental Service of Latvia were assigned
with the task of weighting. TOPSIS matrix is shown in Table 2.

Table 2. TOPSIS matrix.

Weight Shortcomings Land use `Polluters Ownership of Geological Available Characteristic Risks
in legislation after pay` land and conditions information s of pollution
remediation principle infrastructure of the site (composition)
4 Social 5 4 4 3 3 3 3 4
2 Economical 5 4 3 3 4 4 3 4
4 Environmental 5 4 1 2 2 4 3 5

For evaluation of selected indicators it was assumed that the criteria include following sub-criteria [10, 11]:

 Social – human health, education, employment, cultural values, transportation organization;

 Economical – investments, remediation project and after remediation cost;
 Environmental – air, soil and water quality, biodiversity, climate change, resources depletion.
 Inese Tilla et al. / Energy Procedia 147 (2018) 588–593 591
4 Author name / Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000

Decision matrix normalization was made by using following equations [12, 13]:
xij
nij 
m

x
i 1
2
ij (1)

xij
nij  (2)
max xij
i

where
xij decision maker’s ratings;
i 1, 2, …m;
j 1, 2, …n.

Construction of weighted normalized decision matrix was made by using following equation [12, 13]:

vij  nij  w j (3)

where wj is the weight of each criterion, ∑���� �� � �.

Positive ideal and negative ideal solutions are identified by using following equations [12, 13]:

   
 
A  v1 , v2 ,..., vn  max vij j  I , min vij j  J
i
 i
 (4)

   
 
A  v1 , v2 ,..., vn  min vij j  I , max vij j  J
i
 i
 (5)

To determine separation from ideal solution and negative solution following equations are used [12, 13]:

1/ p
 n 
d    vij  v j
i

  p


(6)
 j 1 

1/ p
 n 
d    vij  v j
i

  p


(7)
 j 1 

where p ≥ 1.

To determine relative closeness to ideal solution following equation is used [12, 13]:

d i (8)
Ri 
d i  d i
592 Inese Tilla et al. / Energy Procedia 147 (2018) 588–593
Author name / Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000 5

3. Results

The results calculated by using Multiple criteria decision making analysis - Technique for Order Preference by
Similarity to The Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) reveal influence of qualitative indicators to social, economical and
environmental dimensions and thus highlighting focus areas for an implementation of a sustainable remediation
project. Results are represented in Fig. 1.

1,00
1,00

0,90
0,79
0,80
0,68 0,66
0,70

0,60

0,50
0,40
0,40

0,30
0,23
0,19 0,21
0,20

0,10

0,00
shortcomings land use after `polluters pay` ownership of geological available characteristics risks
in legislation remediation principle land and conditions information of of pollution
infrastructure the site (composition)

Fig. 1. Qualitative indicators ranked by relative closeness to ideal solution.

The calculation results distinctly show that shortcomings in legislation are crucial over environmental, social and
economical qualities and have influence on every stage of remediation process - planning, remediation works and
after remediation. The calculated coefficient for indicator “shortcomings in legislation” is 1. National policy and
development plans are documents where national environmental problems, basic principles and directions for action
to achieve policy goals are determined and prioritized [14]. Legislation acts and regulations set out rules and
procedures for actions to be taken in order to ensure environmental quality and human health. In case this guidance
is not provided in case of implementation of remediation projects it is impossible to achieve successful results and
sustainability, thus causing negative impacts to people and environment as well as economy.
Another important factor for every project is risk assessment and management. The calculated coefficient for
risks in this analysis is 0.79. Risk assessment combines predictions of what could be possible failures, consequential
consequences and likelihood to happen. Risks that might have an influence on the implementation of remediation
projects must be evaluated already in the preliminary planning stage, as it may have an influence to other indicators
and result environmental challenges (different volume and characteristics of the pollution, inappropriate technology
choice etc.), as well as economical challenges (higher project cost) and social challenges (emissions during
remediation, traffic flows etc.). Risk management includes implementation of necessary activities to eliminate or
minimize risks and impacts to its lowest and continuous monitoring of its results [15].
Modeling results reveal that indicators “land use after remediation” (calculated coefficient – 0.68) and “available
information of the site” (calculated coefficient – 0.66) are almost on the same importance level as both indicators
have relevance to the remediation initial planning process. As practice shows in other countries, e.g. Germany, in the
initial planning phase remediation aim is set and the extent to which remediation works must be done is evaluated
according to intentions of how remediation territory (land) will be used after remediation works. It is certain that
remediation of territory which is located in populated area and is planned to be use for social activities demands
 Inese Tilla et al. / Energy Procedia 147 (2018) 588–593 593
6 Author name / Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000

higher remediation requirements in comparison to a territory, which is located in rural area and is planned to be used
for afforestation. In the planning phase description of a polluted site, assumptions of pollution composition,
characteristics, volume and migration rate, and thus the choice of remediation methods and technology and success
of the project implemented accordingly is dependent on available information of the site and prior research results
(if available). This must be estimated in correspondence to risks.
Less critical indicators that received coefficients 0.23, 0.21 and 0.19 are accordingly “geological conditions”,
“ownership of land and infrastructure” and “’polluters pay’ principle”, which are more influential for some of
criteria, but less influential for overall system.
In implementation of a sustainable remediation it is expected to take into account all indicators especially those
with a heavy influence over the processes.

4. Conclusions

The effectiveness and sustainability of a remediation project is affected by different qualitative and quantitative
indicators. Key indicators according to analysis made by using Multiple criteria decision making analysis -
Technique for order preference by similarity to the ideal solution (TOPSIS) are – shortcomings in legislation, risks,
land use after remediation and available information of the site. These indicators should be given additional
attention when implementing a sustainable remediation project.
Legislation has a crucial influence on social, economical and environmental qualities. National policy requires
frequent reviews as the environmental situation is constantly changing. Policy guidance must be improved to
support and lead effective and sustainable remediation projects.
Risk evaluation and management as well as estimation of land use after remediation and available information of
the site also require attention in a sustainable remediation planning process.
Further studies of quantitative indicator analysis are needed to carry out a sustainability appraisal in terms of
social, economical and environmental balance.

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