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Motion
Motion is a change in position in a certain
amount of time.
When you say that something has moved, you
are describing motion.
In describing motion, you are comparing it with
some frame of reference.
Velocity
Speed Velocity is speed in a given direction. It is also
In a race, the runners had to move or change determined by using the distance from the
positions to get to the finish line in a certain starting position to the ending position, rather
amount of time. than the distance of the path taken.
To describe motion you need to know: A runner moves eastward at 10m/s.
o distance traveled (meters – m) o speed is 10m/s
o how long it took to go that distance o velocity is 10m/s east
(seconds – s) o Velocity is very important for airplane
Speed is the rate at which an object moves. pilots, weather forecasters and anyone
The faster a runner’s rate of motion, the faster driving from one place to another.
the runner’s speed. Acceleration
Speed = distance/time The rate of change in velocity is known as
Units = m/s acceleration.
If something is accelerating, it is doing one of
Constant Speed the following:
Objects in motion that their speed does not o speeding up
change is moving at a constant speed. o slowing down
Total distance divided by total time give speed o changing directions
at any point in time.
Graph is a straight
How can a 75kg defensive back stop a 100kg
fullback?
The defensive back has more momentum.
All moving objects have momentum.
o The more momentum, the harder to
stop the object.
o Momentum depends on the mass of
the object and the velocity with which
it is traveling.
Momentum = mass x velocity
Units = kg-m/s
Problem
A roller coaster’s velocity at the top of a hill is
Momentum
10m/s. Two seconds later it reaches the bottom
Train has large momentum because of it’s mass.
of the hill with a velocity of 26m/s. What is the
A bullet fired from a rifle also has large
acceleration of the roller coaster?
momentum but because of it’s very high
Steps:
velocity.
o 1 – write the formula
o 2 – substitute given numbers and units
Conservation of Momentum
o 3 – solve for the unknown
The total momentum of any group of objects
remains the same unless outside forces act on
Deceleration
the objects.
When there is a decrease in velocity, the value
If one object loses momentum then another
of acceleration is negative.
object must gain momentum.
Negative acceleration = deceleration
Momentum is always conserved.
Distance – time graphs for acceleration is
Total momentum of two billiard balls before
always a curve.
they hit and after they hit must be the same.
Individual momentum can change even though
total momentum remains.
Ex: if one ball speeds up after they hit, the other
must slow down.
Examples
The momentum of a baseball bat is transferred
to the ball when the bat and the ball meet.
The act of throwing an object off a boat causes
the boat to move in the opposite direction. The
Circular Motion
more massive the object and the faster it is
In circular motion, the velocity is continuously
thrown, the faster the boat will move away.
changing because direction is continuously
changing.
An object in circular motion is accelerating even
though its speed may be constant.
Ex: Ferris wheel, traveling in a car turning a
corner, or even as you sleep (the earth is
continuously rotating)
Momentum
A 100kg fullback runs up the middle of the
football field and collides with a 75kg defensive
back running towards him.
The more massive fullback is thrown back 2
meters.