EX4.

25 P 266 A large bypass ratio turbofan engine has the following design and limit parameters:

M0 = 0.8 altitude = 37k f t

πd = 0.995

πc = 40, ec = 0.9

α = 6, π f = 1.6, e f = 0.9, π f n = 0.98, f an is convergent

τλ = 7, QR = 42800kJ/kg, πb = 0.95, ηb = 0.98

et = 0.9, ηm = 0.975

πn = 0.98, core nozzle is convergent

γc = 1.4, c pc = 1.004kJ/kgK

γt = 1.33, c pt = 1.156kJ/kgK

Calculate
℘c
1. the ratio of compressor to fan shaft power ℘f

2. fuel-to-air ratio f

V19
3. the ratio of fan nozzle exit velocity to core nozzle exit velocity V9

Fg, f an
4. the ratio of two gross thrusts, Fg,core

5. the engine thermal efficiency and compare it to an ideal Carnot cycle operating between the same
temperature limits

6. the engine propulsive efficiency

7. engine thrust specific fuel consumption

1 Proposed Solution
℘c
1.1 the ratio of compressor to fan shaft power ℘f

℘c ṁc p (T t3 − T t2 ) (T t3 − T t2 ) (τc − 1)
= = = (1)
℘f αṁc p (T t13 − T t2 ) α(T t13 − T t2 ) α(τ f − 1)
γ−1
τc = πcγec (2)
γ−1
τ f = π fγec (3)

1.2 fuel-to-air ratio f

T t2
τr = (4)
T0
τλ − τr τc τλ − τr τc
f = QR ηb
= QR ηb
(5)
h0 − τλ c p T0 − τλ
Subject to later verification

V19
1.3 the ratio of fan nozzle exit velocity to core nozzle exit velocity V9

Engine mapping:
Station0:
# γγ−1
c

γc − 1
" !
Pt0 c
= 1+ M02 (6)
P0 2
γc − 1
" ! #
T t0
= 1+ M0 2
(7)
T0 2
find T t0 and Pt0
Fan
T t13
τf = (8)
T t2
Difuser
Pt2
πd = (9)
Pt0
Pt13
πf = (10)
Pt2
Fan nozzle
Pt18
πfn = (11)
Pt13
Once it is a convergent nozzle, the maximum Mach number is M18 = 1, so we assume the nozzle is
choked and evaluate the static pressure P18 :
# γγ−1
c

γc − 1
" !
Pt18 c
= 1+ 2
M18 (12)
P18 2

2
 P18 = p19 (13)

P18 should be higher than P0 , therefore the nozzle is underexpanded. If not we assume P19 = P0 and
then we evaluate the Mach number.
Temperatures
γc − 1
" ! #
T t13 T t18
= = 1+ 2
M18 (14)
T 18 T 18 2
T 18 = T 19 (15)

Velocities
q
V19 = M19 a19 = M19 (γc − 1)c pc T 19 (16)

ENGINE CORE
Compressor
Pt3
πc = (17)
Pt2
T t3
τc = (18)
T t2
Burner
Pt4
πb = (19)
Pt3
ht4 c pt T t4 c pc T 0 τλ
τλ = = ⇒ T t4 = (20)
h0 c pc T 0 c pt
verify f :
c pt T t4 − c pc T t3
f = (21)
QR c pt T t4
Turbines
Energy absorbed=energy used in the compressors

ηm (1 + f )[c pt (T t4 − T t5 )] = ccp (T t3 − T t2 ) + αc pc (T t13 − T t2 ) (22)

find T t5
γt
! (γ −1)e 
γt
 
T t5 t t
πt = τt (γt −1)et
= (23)
T t4
Nozzles
Pt9
πn = ⇒ Pt9 = πn Pt5 (24)
Pt5
following the same procedure adopted in the faz nozzle (M9 = 1), we find P9 :
# γγ−1
t

γt − 1
" !
Pt9 t
= 1+ M92 (25)
P9 2

3
therefore finding T 9 , remembering that T t5 = T t9 :

γt − 1
" ! #
T t9
= 1+ 2
M9 (26)
T9 2

Velocities
q
V9 = M9 a9 = M9 (γt − 1)c pt T 9 (27)

finally, find
V19 /V9 (28)

Fg, f an
1.4 the ratio of two gross thrusts, Fg,core

find:
Fg, f an ṁ19 V19e f f ec
= (29)
Fg,core ṁ9 V9e f f ec
First, we must find the effective velocities:

Fg,core (P9 − P0 )A9 P9 (1 − PP90 )A9 γt a29 (1 − PP90 )

V9e f f ec = = V9 + = V9 + = V9 + (30)
ṁ9 ṁ9 ρ9 V9 A9 γt γt V9
γt P9
a29 = (31)
ρ9
P0
a219 (1 − P19 )
V19e f f ec = V19 + (32)
γc V19

1.5 non-dimensional specific thrust

Fn− f an α(V19e f f ec − V0 )
= (33)
(1 + α)ṁ0 a0 (1 + α)a0
Fn−core (1 + f )V9e f f ec − V0
= (34)
(1 + α)ṁ0 a0 (1 + α)a0
therefore,
Fn Fn− f an Fn−core
= + (35)
(1 + α)ṁ0 a0 (1 + α)ṁ0 a0 (1 + α)ṁ0 a0

1.6 the engine thermal efficiency

Since P9 , P0 nor P19 , P0 we must use the exaust effective velocities:

f f ec + ṁ9 V9e f f ec − (ṁ19 + ṁ0 )V0

2 2 2
∆KE ṁ19 V19e
ηth = = (36)
ṁ f QR 2ṁ f QR

αV19e
2
f f ec + (1 + f )V9e f f ec − (1 + α)V0
2 2
ηth = (37)
2 f QR

4
1.7 the engine propulsive efficiency
2Fn V0
ηp = (38)
2
ṁ19 V19e f f ec + ṁ9 V9e
2
f f ec − (ṁ19 + ṁ0 )V0
2

dividing the equation by ṁ0 and adding the ratio (1 + α)a0 V0 to the numerator we have:
 F 
2 (1+α)a n
0 ṁ0
(1 + α)a0 V0
ηp = (39)
αV19e f f ec + (1 + f )V9e
2 2
f f ec − (1 + α)V0
2

1.8 engine thrust specific fuel consumption

ṁ f f ṁ0 f f
T S FC = = = F =  F  (40)
Fn Fn n
ṁ0 (1 + α)a0 (1+α)an 0 ṁ0