Energy Balance

(session 10)
Estefanía Orquera
Consultant on Sustainable Energy Information

Sustainable Energy Information Management

Program
Quito, Ecuador
September 23, 2016
Content:

 Definition
 Modalities
 Characteristics
 Goals
 Structure
 Importance and Relevance
Energy balance: Definition

• An energy balance provides an overview of the relations in an

energy system over a given time period and the way energy is
produced, exported or imported, transformed and consumed by the
different economic sectors.

• This is usually done for a single country over a specific time

period.

• It can take two forms:

a) as a physical balance
b) as a calorific balance
Energy balance: Definition

 Accounting for inputs, outputs, consumption and accumulation

as energy flows in a system.

Consumption
Input Output

Accumulation

Input = Consumption + Accumulation+ Output

Energy balance: Definition

 An energy balance is built for each product.

Consumption
Production Export

Stock Change

Production= Consumption+ Stock Change+

Export
Energy balance: Definition
 Physical balance shows energy flows using physical measurement units
for each source, which can be volume, mass or energy.

 Each source uses a different measure unit, which makes difficult to

compare energy sources
Consumption
600 Kbbl Export
Production
1000 Kbbl 300 Kbbl
Inventory
100 Kbbl

Production= Consumption+ Inventory+ Export

1000 Kbbl = 600 Kbbl + 100 Kbbl + 300 Kbbl
Energy balance: Definition
 Calorific balances allow us comparisons and aggregations between
streams from different sources, all measurements should be in common
units.
 Physical streams -> Calorific streams.
 Use the lower calorific values for fuel sources and unit equivalences for
sources measured directly as calorific or energy units.

Consumption
534 kboe Export
Production
890 kboe 267 kboe
Stocks:
89 kboe

Production = Consumption + Stocks + Export

890 kboe = 534 kboe + 89 kboe + 267 kboe
Energy balance: Definition

 The balance must express all energy forms and show the
relationship between inputs and outputs in the energy
transformation processes.
Export
500 267 kboe
Production Consumption
144
890 kboe 534 kboe
290
100 Stocks
89 kboe
Energy balance: Definition

 It gathers all forms of energy used in a process.

 Allow us the identification and quantification of the

energy flows in a system.

 It is a mathematical expression that sets the state of balance

between energy flows in a system.
Energy balance: Definition

 The energy balance is the set of balance relations that

accounts the energy flows through a series of events, from
energy production to energy final consumption.

 This accounting is carried out generally in a specified

period (usually a year).

 It is an accounting system that gathers data/energy

information from all energy products.
Energy balance: Features

 Complete.

 Based on the first law of thermodynamics.

 Refer to a source or group of sources.

 Uses physical or calorific units.

Energy balance: Objectives

 Assess the dynamics of the energy system.

 An instrument of energy planning.
 Determine the characteristics of the national energy
sector.
 Identify possible substitution processes options.
 Creates the appropriate energy management
information bases.
 Constitutes the basis for forecast surveys.
 Energy balance: Structure The energy chain
Primary final consumption

Primary
energy Primary Primary
import Stock Stock
Change Secondary Change
energy
import
Transfers Transfers
Secondary
losses

Energy
Primary Primary Secondary Secondary Secondary final Total final final
supply input Transformation consumption consumption consumption Sectorial final
production supply
centers consumption

Secondary
own
Secondary consumption Non-energy
Reinjection energy final
export consumption
Primary
energy Bunker Primary Transformation Bunker
export losses losses

Secondary input

Primary energy Transformation Secondary energy Total final consumption

Energy balance: Structure
 Representation in a matrix [Activity - Sources]
Energy sources
Primary Secondary
Supply
Activities / Flows

Transformation
Consumption
Energy balance: Structure
 Representation in a matrix [Activity - Sources]
Energy balance: Structure

 Primary Energy Sources

Energy balance: Structure

 Secondary Energy Sources

Energy balance: Structure
 Activities - Groups

Activities / Flows
Supply
Transformation
Final consumption
Energy balance: Structure

 Activities: Supply

Sign
Activity / Energy source
(+/-)
Primary Production +
Reinjection or Recirculation -
Import +
Export +
Stock Change (+/-)
Unused +
Transfers (+/-)
Bunker +
TOTAL SUPPLY
Supply Equation
OT = PP -RI+ IM – EX + VI – NA – BK + TR
Energy balance: Structure

 Activities: Transformation
Recycling

Input [-] Transformation Output [+]

centers

Self-consumption [+]

Transformation
centers Losses
Efficiency <=1
Energy balance: Structure
 Activities: Transformation
Energy balance: Structure
 Activities: Transformation – Refineries
Refinery Gas

LPG

Crude Oil Gasoline

Natural Gas Kerosene & Jet Fuel

Refineries
Diesel Oil
Other Sources
Fuel Oil

Petroleum Coke

Non Energy

Transformation Losses
Energy balance: Structure
 Activities: Transformation – Gas treatment plants

Non Associated Dry gas

natural gas
Gas
treatment
LPG
Associated plant
natural gas
Gasoline and Naphtha

Transformation
losses
Energy balance: Structure
 Activities: Transformation – Electric power plants
Crude oil
Non renewable

Naturalgas

Coal

Nuclear

Electric
Electricity
Hydro energy
power
Geothermal plants
Renewable

Wind power

Solar energy

Biomass

Transformation
losses
Energy balance: Structure
 Activities: Transformation – Coke plants / furnace

Coke

Blast Furnace gas

Coal
Coke Coke gas
Furnace
plant
Transformation losses

Non energy products

Transformation losses
Energy balance: Structure
 Activities: Transformation – Charcoal plants

Firewood Charcoal plants Charcoal

Transformation losses
Energy balance: Structure
 Activities: Biomass transformation centers

Electricity
Agricultural waste
Biomass
transformation Alcohol
Forest residues
centers
[Breweries]
Agro-industrial waste Biogas
[Biodiesel Plants]
[Sugar Mills]
Urban waste
[Biomass plants] Biodiesel
[Bio digesters]
Ethanol

Transformation losses
Energy balance: Structure
 Activities: Consumption
Energy balance: Structure
 Activities:Additional flows
 Supply Equation

Apparent Consumption
Internal Supply: CA = CF + CP + PE – TT
OT = PP -RI+ IM – EX + VI – NA – BK +
TR
CF = Total final consumption
CP = Consumption by the energy sector
PE = Losses
TT = Total transformation (always negative)

Ideal Balance

OT=CA

Real Balance

OT-CA=AJ
 Energy balance: Structure
 OLADE form
Primary energy sources
Primary hydrocarbons Mineral sources Direct energy Biomass
Natural Other
Activity / Energy source Crude Natural Hydroenerg Sugarcane Other
gas Coal Nuclear Geothermal Wind Solar Firewood primary
oil gas y products biomass
liquids sources

Primary Production
Reinjection or Recirculation
Import
Export
Stock Change
Unused
Transfers
Bunker
TOTAL SUPPLY 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
Refinery
Centers Gas
Power Plants
Self-producers
Coking Plant
Blast Furnace
Coal Ovens
Ethanol distilleries
Biodiesel plants
Other Transformations
TOTAL TRANSFORMATION 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
Transport
Industry
Residential
Commercial, services & public
Farming, forestry & fishing
Mining
Construction and Other
ENERGY CONSUMPTION 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
Non Energy
FINAL CONSUMPTION 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
Own Consumption
Losses
ADJUSTMENT 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
Supply Equation
OT = PP -RI+ IM – EX + VI – NA – BK + TR
 Supply Equation
Primary energy sources Secondary energy sources

Total
Activity / Energy source Total primary secondary Total
sources sources

Refinery Sum of primary Outputs–

sources inputs

Centers Gas Sum of primary Outputs–

sources inputs

Power Plants Sum of primary Outputs–

sources inputs

Self-producers Sum of primary Outputs–

sources inputs

Coking Plant Sum of primary Outputs–

sources Sum positive inputs
Sum of primary figures for Outputs–
Blast Furnace
sources secondary inputs
sources
Coal Ovens Sum of primary (outputs) Outputs–
sources inputs

Ethanol distilleries Sum of primary Outputs–

sources inputs

Biodiesel plants Sum of primary Outputs–

sources inputs

Other Transformations Sum of primary Outputs–

sources inputs
Sum of
Outputs–
TOTAL TRANSFORMATION Sum of negative values - transformation activities secondary
inputs
sources
 Energy balance: Structure
 OLADE format
Secondary energy sources
Mineral sources
Crude oil and natural gas products products Biomass products Other
Other oil Other seconda Non
ITEM Activity / Energy source Electricity Kerose Coke of
Gasolin Diesel Fuel Refiner and gas Coke of Industri coal Charcoa Ethano Biodies ry energy
LPG ne & petroleu Biogas
e oil oil y gas product coal al gas product l l el sources
Jet fuel m
s s

1 Primary Production
2 Reinjection or Recirculation
3 Import
4 Export
5 Stock Change
6 Unused
7 Transfers
8 Bunker
9 TOTAL SUPPLY 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
10 Refinery
11 Centers Gas
12 Power Plants
13 Self-producers
14 Coking Plant
15 Blast Furnace
16 Coal Ovens
17 Ethanol distilleries
18 Biodiesel plants
19 Other Transformations
20 TOTAL TRANSFORMATION 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
21 Transport
22 Industry
23 Residential
Commercial, services &
24 public
25 Farming, forestry & fishing
26 Mining
27 Construction and Other
28 ENERGY CONSUMPTION 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
29 Non Energy
30 FINAL CONSUMPTION 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
31 Own Consumption
32 Losses
33 ADJUSTMENT 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
Energy balance: Importance and Relevance

 Analysis of the structure of the energy sector: Supply vs.

Demand.
 Evaluating the economy – energy relationship.
 Substitution analysis
 Comparative analysis of different time periods.
 Comparative analysis between countries
 It provides information for calculating GHG inventories.
 Calculating efficiencies of the transformation
 Statistical analysis of data consistency
 Systematization of information
 Energy prospects
 Planning Tool: monitoring results of plans and policies
Energy balance: Importance and Relevance

 Supply
 Transformation
 Demand
 Losses and Adjustments

 Sources:

 Electricity from different sources

Energy balance: Efficiency

In the transformation centers

We should establish the efficiency

Ratio between outputs and inputs.

Questions

45