Alayna Davidson

Madison Swanson
Works Cited

Primary

Johnston, David Claypole. The Bostons paying the excise-man or tarring & feathering. 1774.

Library of Congress, Congress.gov, 1830, www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2006691557/.

Accessed 23 Oct. 2018. This image represents the Loyalist vs Patriot attitude during the

era of revolution and just how far each side was willing to go to support their cause. This

particular picture shows the tarring and feathering of a Loyalist while the Patriots pour

tea in his mouth, while the latter pour tea in the harbor behind them, a direct reference of

the Boston Tea Party. It also portrays the Liberty Tree and the Stamp Act as reasons for

doing such acts. This picture better paints a picture of the attitudes radicals had against

each other before and after the revolution, allowing us in our project to better understand

each side's views.

Mason, George. "Declaration of Rights." 12 June 1776. Library of Virginia, Document Bank of

Virginia, edu.lva.virginia.gov/dbva/items/show/184. Accessed 23 Oct. 2018. The

Virginia Declaration of Rights, drafted by George Mason and adopted by that state less

than a month before the ratification of the Declaration, contains ten clauses that Virginia

used to prepare for a new government following the separation from Britain. It speaks on

the right to a trial by jury, against cruel and unusual punishment, religious tolerance, et

cetera, all rights used to confront the King in the Declaration of Independence and later

used in the Bill of Rights. We can use this to understand the documents that inspired the

Declaration and even future documents, that can be seen as an extension of the

Declaration and how it inspired the future of the country.

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Madison Swanson
"The Pennsylvania Evening Post." 6 July 1776. Static Independent,

static.independent.co.uk/s3fs-

public/styles/article_small/public/thumbnails/image/2017/07/05/16/declaration-of-

independence.jpg. Accessed 3 Oct. 2018. This image of a newspaper from The

Pennsylvania Evening Post shows how amazed America was at this new document. The

Declaration of Independence was a huge thing for the colonists and they probably weren't

too sure what to do with this new information. The headline was "In Congress... A

Declaration by the Representatives... In General Congress Assembled." Most people

probably weren't even sure of what this Declaration actually was but they knew it was a

huge deal.

Revere, Paul. The Bloody Massacre. JPEG file, 26 Mar. 1770. This wood carving depicts an

American point of view of the events that happened at the Boston Massacre, an event that

helped kickstart the American Revolution. The image is a clear portrayal of the fact that

author Paul Revere was a Patriot, as it seemingly depicts the Redcoats firing without

reason upon an unarmed crowd. The text under the image portrays the British as

barbarians who "approve [of] the Carnage" that occurred that day. The image and

included text provide background to the events that sparked the Revolution and Patriot

attitudes at the time.

Web sites, e-sources

Baack, Ben. "The Economics of the American Revolutionary War." EH.net, Economic History

Association, eh.net/encyclopedia/the-economics-of-the-american-revolutionary-war-2/.

Accessed 23 Oct. 2018. Ben Baack, in this article explains the economic causes and
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impacts of the American Revolution from the 1740s to the 1780s. It covers everything

from the Navigation Acts and Mercantilism to the Battle of Yorktown, Articles of

Confederation and Northwest Ordinances. Baack touches upon economic hardships,

triumphs, and economic policies suggested or put in place to helpl the economy. Not only

does this article just give information but provides statistics on the cost of the war,

specific battles, and the formation of the Republic. It truly explains a wide variety of

issues all tying back to the finances of the United States and its economic affects on

Britain as well. In our project it will allow us to better understand the economic cost of

starting a war and having to form a brand new country with a blank slate.

Cushing, William. "To John Adams from William Cushing, 29 July 1776." National Archives,

founders.archives.gov/?q=declaration%20independence&s=1111311111&sa=&r=175&s

r=. Accessed 3 Oct. 2018. This letter to John Adams from William Cushing from the

national archives shows how great the Declaration was and how perfectly timed it was.

He wrote " Your declaration of Independence happend in good season, to preclude all

shorn proposals and pretences of reconciliation." Most people were just excited to finally

gain their own independence from tyranny.

Day, Thomas, Esq. Fragment of an original letter on the slavery of the negroes; Written in the

year 1776, by Thomas Day, Esq ... Philadelphia: Printed by Francis Bailey, at Yorick's

Head M, DCC, LXXXIV. Library of Congress, 1784,

www.loc.gov/resource/rbpe.14603200/?sp=1. Accessed 2 Oct. 2018. This letter by

Thomas Day was written to an American "gentlemen" and expressed Day's opinions on

slavery and the new Declaration of Independence. He described slavery as monstrous and

a complete disregard to American ideals of freedom and justice, and questions how a man
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could support the ideals of the Declaration yet be willing to continue to own slaves and

treat them the way they do. This letter shines light on the responses of the people on the

ratification of the Declaration and how it was a tragedy for certain people. In this case,

slavery, which somehow was still protected despite being a complete contradiction to the

Enlightenment ideals of the Declaration. Thomas Day gives his own perspective yet

creates a well-rounded argument against slavery and all those who support it.

"The Declaration of Independence: A History." National Archives, U.S. National Archives and

Records Administration, www.archives.gov/founding-docs/declaration-history#toc-the-

engrossed-declaration. Accessed 26 Sept. 2018. Here the National Archives provides a

detailed history of the Declaration of Independence, including the events leading to, the

writing and ratification of, and affects of the Declaration. The document provides a

information on the clear reason why colonists sought independence from England and the

King's retaliation. It also gives information on the earliest draft of the Declaration of

Independence, the Lee Resolution, and continues to speak on the Committee of Five,

support of all thirteen colonies, and eventually the official ratification of the Declaration.

Remaining unbiased and providing multiple points of view, it also speaks on primary

roles of John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, and Thomas Jefferson in creating and drafting

the Declaration of Independence.

"The Declaration of Independence and Its Legacy." Us History, Independence Hall Association,

www.ushistory.org/us/13a.asp. Accessed 26 Sept. 2018. This article on UsHistory.org

uses historical fact to demonstrate the legacy the Declaration of Independence left. This

site shows how Americans took the Declarations, "We hold these truths to be self-

evident, that all men are created equal." and turned this to equal rights for all, not just
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white land-owning males, although at first these equal rights were only given to "real

men". It also states how the ideals of equality influenced the course of American History

by not only leaving a major legacy but creating an ongoing challenge. They also go into

depth on how the purpose of the government was to protect the people.

"Difference between Constitution and Declaration of Independence." TheyDiffer.com, 23 Feb.

2018, theydiffer.com/difference-between-constitution-and-declaration-of-independence/.

Accessed 3 Oct. 2018. This webpage, theydiffer.com points out some major and minor

differences between our us constitution and the declaration of independence. They also

show the causes for each document being made and how they overall played a part in

todays society. It also includes a basic description of what the declaration really means,

and who were the main writers.

"Economic Crisis of the 1780s." US History Online Textbook, Independence Hall Association,

www.ushistory.org/us/14d.asp. Accessed 2 Oct. 2018. This article details the economic

issues faced in the colonies because of the Revolutionary War. The Declaration of

Independence had been signed while the war had officially started already, but it further

escalated the fight and lead to many economic losses. American ships had been

destroyed, farms ransacked, and British prohibited trade with Caribbean sugar colonies.

The founding fathers did not expect an economic crisis this bad, and were forced to make

difficult decisions that came from compromises. This was a tragedy for the states, with a

triumph seemingly nowhere to be found until years later.

"The Events Leading to Independence." Us History, Independence Hall Association,

www.ushistory.org/us/9.asp. Accessed 26 Sept. 2018. This article from UsHistory.org

effectively explains the events leading up to independence after the American Revolution
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by using facts and textual evidence. The website talks about Americas thoughts on

independence and how they were in a good state, being already prosperous due to the

Kings rule over them, yet the Colonies didn't want to be told what to do there for pushing

the thoughts of independence. This site also points out how and why both men and

women came together unanimously to declare their independence, and speaks on how

they thought they were being unfairly taxed by the King, further encouraging these folk

to want these freedoms from the crown.

"Frederick Douglass's, “What to the Slave Is the Fourth of July?”." National Endowment for the

Humanities, edsitement.neh.gov/launchpad-frederick-douglasss-what-slave-fourth-july.

Accessed 23 Oct. 2018. This article contains Frederick Douglass's speech, “What To the

Slave Is the Fourth of July?” and touches upon its historical context, historical

importance and its affects on abolitionism in the 1840s. Despite the speech being given at

such a time, Douglass references the Declaration of Independence multiple times, giving

personal thoughts on it, such as the fact that it ties the nation together and affects its

destiny, regards the signers of the document, and most importantly, using it to express to

his audience the natural rights of man, despite skin color. He explains that the American

people should stand by what it says, but apply that to all people. This speech and analysis

of it provides a greater understanding of long-term effects of the Declaration and its role

in future reform movements.

George III. "His Majesty’s Most Gracious Speech to Both Houses of Parliament on Thursday,

October 31, 1776." University of Virginia Library, 31 Oct. 1776,

explore.lib.virginia.edu/items/show/2459. Accessed 2 Oct. 2018. This speech made by

King George III is his first public response to the Declaration of Independence sent by
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the American colonists. He addresses his Parliament, expressing to them his concerns and

the colonists clear renunciation of allegiance to the crown. He continues to go on and

promise he cares about all of his subjects and explain the comforts they live with, and

express his desire to bring them back from their delusions. He did not agree with the

Declaration as a true Declaration or official document, and made an assumption that he

had it under control yet had later been shown at the end of the Revolution that he could

not bring them back. This was a tragedy initially for the colonists, having to fight a war

but turned into a triumph as they won and in turn was a tragedy for the British, losing a

large amount of subjects and revenue.

"How the British Reacted to the Declaration of Independence." Patch, 3 July 2011,

patch.com/pennsylvania/hellertown/how-the-british-reacted-to-the-declaration-of-

independence-2. Accessed 24 Oct. 2018. This website Patch, gave an overall explanation

of Britain's reaction to the Declaration of Independence. The Declaration was a triumph

for America and the colonies but the real tragedy was for Britain. They lost control of the

now country that they once were in control of. Britain thought America was having a

silly rule until they started getting their country going. This source can be used to further

the argument of how the Declaration was also a major tragedy.

"The Impact of Independence." AlphaHistory.com, alphahistory.com/americanrevolution/impact-

of-independence/. Accessed 3 Oct. 2018. This article from alphahistory,com talks about

the direct impacts of the declaration of independence. For its idealism and philosophical

content, the declaration was "designed primarily to achieve real, practical outcomes."

They also mention that " News of American independence was greeted with amusement

and curiosity elsewhere in Europe, with France and Spain viewing the incident as
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evidence that British imperial control was failing." America claiming their independence

made Britain seem like they were failing which doesn't go down very good, yet no one

really thought America's independence would survive.

"Independence and the Articles of Confederation." US History, Independence Hall Association,

www.ushistory.org/gov/2b.asp. Accessed 26 Sept. 2018. This page of the

online American Government Online Textbook provides useful information about the

Declaration of Independence itself but also one of the major effects of the ratification of

it, the Articles of Confederation. It supported the idea that the Declaration itself did

include the natural rights present during the Enlightenment, but also that Congress felt

they needed to pass the Articles in order to officially secure those rights and help the

people. It also expands on the fact that Britain did not accept the Declaration and

continued to send troops to fight in the colonies, so the colonists instead drafted the

Articles of Confederation to combat that. The article also provides facts and remains

unbiased in providing that information, effectively creating an article that educates on the

connection between The Declaration and Articles of Confederation.

Jefferson, Thomas, et al. "The United States Declaration of Independence." Edited by John

Adams and Benjamin Franklin. Office of the Historian, Bureau of Public Affairs, United

States Department of State, 4 July 1776, history.state.gov/milestones/1776-

1783/declaration. Accessed 2 Oct. 2018. The Declaration of Independence, written

mostly by Thomas Jefferson, formally declares the colonies' independence wishes for

independence from England. The document details the ways England and King George

disrespected them, and their official declaration of being called the United States of

America. They establish the ways in which they should be able to rule themselves and
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have the ability to fight against the tyranny of the King. This document is the primary

piece of our project, which revolves around it. The rights declared in this document make

way for the future of the US and how they led their people from thereon, with the

Articles and Constitution, presenting problems and solutions.

"Magna Carta." Constitution Society, 25 Sept. 1995, constitution.org/eng/magnacar.htm.

Accessed 7 Nov. 2018. This website has a direct copy of what was included on The

Magna Carta. Although The Magna Carta did not directly influence the Declaration of

Independence, the framers noted that theories such as "Trial by jury of their peers, and no

taxation and without representation" echoed throughout the colonies before and after the

Declaration of Independence. They both declare that there will be no unlawful

imprisonment or rights taken away from citizens. We can use this source to demonstrate

how these ideals of the Declaration have been around for hundreds of years, yet we just

recently put them together, something we should've established many years before.

Page, John. "To Thomas Jefferson from John Page, 20 July 1776." National Archives, 20 July

1776, founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/01-01-02-0189. Accessed 3 Oct. 2018.

This letter on the National Archives from John Page to Thomas Jefferson was just asking

him for a favor but at the end he expressed his appreciation towards the Declaration. He

stated "I am highly pleased with your Declaration." This letter shows a true reaction of

the new Declaration from someone probably very close to Jefferson.

Pasternak, Paige. "10 Events Leading up to the Declaration of Independence." TimeToast.com,

www.timetoast.com/timelines/10-events-leading-up-to-the-declaration-of-independence.

Accessed 3 Oct. 2018. On this website, Paige Pasternak includes some key events that led

up to the declaration. These are shown on a timeline and each has a short description of
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what the event was and how it influenced the declaration. As an example she mentions

the Albany Plan of Union where she states, " Benjamin Franklin proposed a plan unitiing

the coloines called the Albany Plan of Union. It was rejected. This was important because

latter on colonists began thinking of themselves as Americans united by their hostility to

British authority. Colonial leaders began to take political action.

Price, Alexa. "'Who Will [Independence] Please but Ambitious Men?': Rebels, Loyalists, and the

Language of Liberty in the American Revolution." Edited by Cory McKenzie. University

of New Hampshire Inquiry Journal, U of New Hampshire, 2013,

www.unh.edu/inquiryjournal/spring-2013/who-will-independence-please-ambitious-men-

rebels-loyalists-and-language-liberty. Accessed 21 Oct. 2018. This undergrad research

journal inquiry done by Alexa Price focuses on the Loyalist point of view in New

Hampshire during the revolutionary war and their thoughts on freedom. It explains their

reasoning for being Loyalists, grievances, and beliefs at the time. However, it also talks

about Patriots who fought against them and challenged Loyalist belief, and the shared

ideologies on both sides. It explains both sides' grievances on taxes, similar but uniquely

different and enough so to create argument. This inquiry speaks on Loyalist treatment,

such as being sent to prison simply for being loyalists, and their fighting back the

hypocrisy of the patriots. In our project we will use this to give points on both sides of

the Loyalist vs Patriot argument at the time of the war.

"Remember the Ladies." National Archives, 31 Mar. 1776,

founders.archives.gov/documents/Adams/04-01-02-0241. Accessed 24 Oct. 2018. This

website, the National Archives holds the letter from Abigail Adams to her husband John

Adams. This letter contains elements she wanted to remind Adams of for when they went
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in to write the Declaration of Independence. She urges how men are known for tyranny

and to "remember the ladies" when writing specifically the part about all men being equal

rather than everyone being equal. This gave us an inside look of women's perspectives on

the Declaration and how they were raving to be included.

"Signers of the Declaration." US History, www.ushistory.org/declaration/signers/jefferson.html.

Accessed 24 Oct. 2018. This is a short biography on Jefferson around the time of the

Declaration. Included in this biography is his view points and how he overall came to the

conclusions of the Declaration. The article also includes how the Declaration affected

him, his presidency, and his legacy. This source can be used to fully understand the

reasoning behind the declaration and to further the research into how the Declaration

affected many different aspects whether it be a triumph or a tragedy.

"Signers of the Declaration of Independence." Us History, Independence Hall Association, 4 July

1995, www.ushistory.org/Declaration/signers/index.html. Accessed 26 Sept. 2018. This

webpage mentions all 56 signers of the Declaration and tells what state they are from.

Each person who had signed the Declaration of Independence has a short biography

about their past life and what led them to the reason why they would sign the Declaration.

This includes their thoughts on the subject and what political party they were associated

with, further explaining their view on the Document.

Skemp, Sheila L. "Women and Politics in the Era of the American Revolution." Oxford Research

Encyclopedias, Oxford UP, June 2016,

americanhistory.oxfordre.com/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199329175.001.0001/acrefore

-9780199329175-e-216. Accessed 25 Sept. 2018. This online article by Sheila L. Kemp

goes into great depth about women's roles before, during, and after the American
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Revolution. She gives explicit evidence and cites sources, providing strict facts and

remaining unbiased. Kemp shines light on both women fighting against tyranny

alongside their husbands and women who, after the war, go on to fight their own battles

against oppression and the contradictory statements written in the Declaration of

Independence. It also speaks about men who both agreed and disagreed with the

treatment of women before, during, and after the Revolution, providing various sides of

each argument and the importance of them.

Staff. "New York City and the Declaration of Independence." New York Historical Society

Museum and Library, New York Historical Society, 28 June 2016,

behindthescenes.nyhistory.org/new-york-city-and-the-declaration-of-independence/.

Accessed 22 Oct. 2018. During the early American Revolution, New York was overrun

by British forces on Staten Island and the outlook was bleak. This article explains the

darkness that fell upon the city when the British did, and anticipation of attacks that were

yet to come. However, it changed when General Washington read a document given to

him on July 9, 1776, the Declaration of Independence. The outlook of the war both

changed and stayed the same, with some citizens fearing the worst of the separation, that

blood would flow with consequences to come for years to stay. others cheered and

dismantled statues of King George. This article, short yet informative, provides useful

information on how news of the Declaration of Independence changed outlooks of the

war and patriotism in New York.

Stoner, James R. "Declaration of Independence." Natural Law, National Rights, and American

Constitutionalism, Witherspoon Institute, 2011, www.nlnrac.org/american/declaration-of-

independence. Accessed 2 Oct. 2018. James Stoner's take on the Declaration of

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Independence provides a factual and unbiased view of the prominence of natural law and

inspired by the Enlightenment present in the Declaration. It stresses the importance of

justice and political liberty and how it inspired a new country, a new republic dedicated

to the welfare of their people. The document clearly illustrates the inspiration behind the

Declaration and intentions of the new government on leading the common people as

opposed to British ways based on natural law. This was a great triumph for the new

United States, not just the ratification of the document but because of the opportunity it

gave them to express their beliefs and values and not fear those who lead them and to

create a new nation that would set a precedent for future generations to come.

"The text of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, written in 1789, translated

into English." Digital Public Library of America, dp.la/primary-source-sets/declaration-

of-the-rights-of-man-and-of-the-citizen/sources/889. This document, written by Marquis

de Lafayette and presented to the French government, was designed as a preamble to the

system of government still under construction by French authority once the French

Revolution started. The revolution itself and the document were both inspired by the

western American Revolution, though tailored to fit the demands of the French. Marquis

de Lafayette himself fought against the British alongside American troops. This primary

source is essential to our research to better understand the effects of the American

Declaration of Independence on other countries and governments in the future.

United States History. www.u-s-history.com/pages/h568.html. Accessed 2 Oct. 2018. This

article sheds light on the ideals of the Loyalists during the American Revolution and

gives primary examples from people like Samuel Seabury and Reverend William Smith

of Pennsylvania who unapologetically share their views. It speaks on how they responded
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to the impending war and the effects of it on them once it ended. It also provides an

outside perspective, speaking about Loyalist migrations post-war and Loyalists who

instead decided to accept the new government. The article does shed light on effects of

the Revolutionary War and Declaration of Independence, tragedies in the eyes of

Loyalists but triumphs for that of Patriots.