Mosinal pain hotest f Bums Sf, Renegades Adentres, and sharp Basinsne: he Som een A Medea Sth oth Commas of he Arab Wt set re of Cy vo tno sagem Toa gi Le i ts “Harvey devotesa chapter tthe two Cason odes in is tai Spin, 74-117 (75, terreno soe) fa scant tn ning eon ees, 4 Trading with the ‘Other’: Economic Exchanges between Muslims, Jews, and Christians in Late Medieval Northern Castile Teofllo F Ruiz (on 7 September 1305, Andlla (oe Audlla) the Moor, and his wife, Dona ‘hens, sold Houses on the set of Salieri to Pero de Mena, aad de ey {a toyal ji fic) in Burgos forthe amount of 300 manana)" The econ ofthis tanscton, extant in the cathedral archives of Burgos, ‘pens window onthe Ife of Madefrs sins living under Chistian rl) ha ther reltons with Chistian ia elty deep im the rearguard ofthe ‘Svancng frontier with lam, Tis wansoetion provides important inform thon ot ony onthe type of economic exchanges that tok place between {Cutan ad membersof the tv oes eligi groups in Iberia Jews and Muslin) butalson aspects of Masti fein predominantly Christian ty. Introduction Inhisplonecrng work, Angus MacKay intouce complet the study of the relagons among Iews, Christians, and Moslims in medieval ea MacKay’ inightful endeng of Castle's pat, particular his Keen analysis atthe way in which religions sexual and trade relationships affected the Sel, poltsl snd call le of Chastans and non-Christians in the peninsla have long served 38 an ispration and guide to numerows his {mans rfor one, through this modest contrition, wish to acknowledge a fest and old debt of gratitude to Angus and to add othe growing body of ‘fockon themes Mackay opened up for storia ingly Tat following pages ny eae ited scope. wish to explore the nature of economic exchanges betveen the dominant Christan majo and “Matter eigious minorities and to determine what these exchanges meant foethe sca feof Jows and Mims under Cristian rule Wht do these Interactions tll us about the changing economic elimate in tient and fourtenth-century northern Casi? The story of the relations among these tlgious groups is received 4 great del of attention lately, but tis4 ai pte tention has uu focused on cultural religious, and social aspects? The purligmatie model esablshed long agoby Amésco Casto, aiterary scolar ith gest nuence on te study of Castilian medieval culture, was that of Tonic the peace intermingling of Jews, Chistian, and Muss i {Bera and their bonding actos cla andelgious boundaries. For Castro indi followers tis ead vision of coentence was mos visi artic inte inthe court a spor ot Afonso X (1252-84) In that setng, 501 ony goes representatives ofthe thre egious tolled harmoniously, ie By Side fer Alfonso Xs ambitious cltufal programme. Ihave never ben amour of this formulation and regard conven shaving litle to do sth the cheistans’ penchant for riding oughshod over hose below. any- Thing tions were aug with animosty and mists, nd often med edby punitive lesion and pejorative cltral representations Property wanes ax cllcton, and the etal trade functioned as tes for soctintcacton and contestation because they encoded complex symbolic ‘Sula conventions ideologies class gene and ethnicity; scoures aratgon snd pots. In the following pages, 1 wil focus on economic Chet ong members ofthe thee lions groups to show how the pb- Tce over ntergoup commerce maifstediselfinvaioussocalandcu thot practices Burst economic ansatons were pragmatic Innate and {Repti the estabtshed parameters governing economie lations among CChnstans, That document recoring the purchase and sale of lands ot ‘Reuss between Christians and non-Christians were indsingushable from the recording sch tansections among Chstians, except forthe fc that acre partespns wes a member of elglous minont. This deta ow. ers tae allthe ference, When busines was wansaced with Jews and Sour ther rlgiows aflation was Cay stated; in tansitons among ‘tno clio atfition was ot mentioned. Moreover despite evidence {Ge cong the records show Chestane for the mst par purchasing Pop ‘Sopvand Jews and Muslim sing Religion ths, to large extent, dete fred how transactions were recorded and whether they survived i enti typology of economic ansatons, and of messes equating shove ranacton, wl provide a preliminary famework for understanding ‘lonaligious nection inthe ecomomie per. As such, i may serve 388 Pragbosrd fr rather sy ofa topte that merits greater attention ® Instances of exchange and relation can be categorized 38 follows 1. etal wansactions among Chistian, Jewish, and Muslim merchants at Sansandther cents. 2, Moneyedngand wansfersopropertyamong members thee Ps Slag provisions to regulate or restct economic exchanges betwee rian ad non-Chiistans ‘mechronologia boundary for this sty startin the ea thirteenth cee sy hcn rapid chonges i Castles polial and economic stuctues brought a turn for the worse in attitudes toward and representations of (yout minontes tend ia 1380, wher the Rlck Det le to violet oc eo pans jews and vo Cass descent, shorty afterwards ito endless JoSsr palit}, and economic ees. The geographic locale fs northem Etta petty the towns for wich we have Information of economic ‘Sohunige betveen Christians and members ofthe oes two reins. But Haars tinteoucea caveat The sources avaible fortis story ae at er damentary. Worse, documents showing property purchases y Jews ae em ae rare indeed Considering the indirect evidence of Musi a Jews nnesshpof propery references to thereal-staeofewsin pt onetot king forthe abolition of Jesh ax-exemption; internal evidence omni suing wecords of wansactons between Christians and non: Trias tht imemion houses owned by thi-party Jews or Moor), one ranean tat sich records were either suppressed or scared, Extant ‘oes hus represent sninuscle portion ofthe land another transactions JRugueon.The fot hat these document aboveal those showing Jews and Nhs sb purchasers of propery from Chratians, are missing irom she Notre ya get de about general atitode toward religious minorities [inte medieval and eariy moder Caste. The documentary sence i 2 THeega ar ofthis story. t may have Been acceptable fo transact business ‘Blast’ her, but alo seemed wise~at east tothe Castllans to eric Mite evidence of such transactions. And for good reson. At the cts of ‘avon 1286 andof Valladolid five years lates, theurban procrators dean atthe cao forbid te sal, donatlon oF ing property 0 Jews and Sane bocouse a the petition stated, great damage s done vo ou [biity vee taut and ee tse our nights” The erasure of evidence can De vo ed tons feat offs tax revere and Latent mistrust of Jews and Moors Legal provisions to regulate economic exchanges between (Christians and non-Christians Though records of vidual transactions may be sare Indes the oni Tree thst pride revealing gms of tel requency and characte. Pree cod thigcenth contury ul the endo the Mile Ages, the eis mene ove sought to restr and regulate economic exchanges betmeen re Samtnsnt Canstan population and Muss and Jews. The frequency of {hase pohibtins and te ted repetition of estritve measures against alge ows tllushow often these njuncions wee igoredorcircum ate yas ial he Importance ofthese ansactionsin he economic Tot the sal, Neal of these measures, were economic in ate 3 east, they were no overly. Some of he ets’ enances sought to prevent Jenga Mlime rom having nate contact with Chiistans and oder ‘Sate am by reetting thee cloting and haste. But even these ore ‘ances were seldom enforce an the fad movement actos religious Linescontinved o fed the resentment of both the ruling groups and those tthe lowerlevelsofsociety® Most ofthe petitions to he king tthe regula metings of the crs came ‘nom aban olgachal groups devising coherent programmes to restrict the ‘Sconomic activites of Jews and Muslims These peters sought o bring an Shu tothe longstanding competition Between Chestian mercantile elites nd theJews (and toaleserexten, Muslims) forcontolof wade usury. and other tourees of income hough competion sometimes spawned business pat ‘emhip, spell in matter of moneylending- In many respects the con. {em of urban procrator al them members ofthe rlingelite—with the rater of wo hd the right ocllect aes Castle and how taxes should ticofected became ental ss inthe economic warfare agaist the Jos Thin docs not mean thot Jews weresngledout for abuse while Muslims could dons they pleased, Itjst means that Mesias or Modejas, on the whole ‘Sccupyiny «lower ecmome level and engaged in diferent occupations in tortor Castile inthis period wee not een as thyeats tothe economic wel bingo chasis ‘Ate cores of Palencia (1286), the wan procurators asked for, and received, excise rights 19 collect taxes. Between 1286 and 1350, the {Gotan congo tmuniial councils) ade thet right to cect taxes the ‘outstanding cof debate atthe ots. a pat, the conejo desire contol ‘hceoletion stemmed rom the abuses jal ax collectors had inflicted on he cites® Bot proetsagans taxfaeing were almost a8 widespread 3s {Iain to taxcoleting ights by ban knights (he cals wlan) and {good men ones bon ox bueno, Since large scale axfarming was often in Jews hands, or perceived tobein thelr hands, the pbtions tothe king st the Cones and the proves from the Casan muna wee In act aati Jesh measur The nol eigions thus developed strategies to dea with these obstructions. At the realms highest Levels Jews and afew Muslins gaged in active lobbying, spats and even cooperation wih Christian yet and munipal officals about the always troublesome busines fc Jecting arming nd spacing ta evens tothe Crown out another perspective paying ane oa Jewish ax farmer involved an ‘economic tansction tat pat Jews“on tp And the wealth of some Jews ‘ees considenble In 1291, fo cite one example, the aaa he Jewish com unit) of Burgos, the second largest inthe kingdom, pal 109 921 mrs in Fea tx and sevice form ot). Thelma of vi sll city, paid 74 1 rs These age sume reflect he presence of wealthy tax farmer and the case of Avila alge ats and mercantile Jewish population. Thee [pobialand' financial infvence was Uhewse remashable, The aoa Pagal rant wf ov wn i he io a Hilts In 1277 ana Abra archi 1287, farmed the taxes forthe Entre Kingdon." Abraham el Baron exemplifies perectly the cole Jes Played in royal ances and in exoss-ielgious business transactions With ‘Chuistans When Abram purchased the ight tocollcroal taxes 1287, ttcueles ofthe cites and villages in Len and Case were ordered to pro- {ect Abvaham and those wha collected taxes hs ame Seven years ater, [bahar el Bachlon farmed he die the), even though ast the pres ths year the oainance ofthe tesa reseroed the farming and collecting trtoves within the Kingdom to the good men and urban knights of the cites. ‘Thesnmne yea 1294, eta Don Samba Jew collected 30 000 rs for the fms of Pajares Another es, Don Daniel collected taxes n Zamora, and Do Teo served as amor (ueasure) forthe ene Kingdom, The cic: tom ofthe demos de lamar rom the ports ofthe Hay of Biscay wasn Jewish hands i 1294, and probably throughout most of this period, That yar Mit {Clim and Abraham € Basch out Don Toros elev, Most Feo, and Don Abecem Abenxunen, though all thre Rad eld the concession the p= “the most obvious evidence of Jewish-Christian economic exchange Is fou nthe ert thirenth-and fourteenthcentry xdnances that, ~ ing in to the procrators’ monotonous demands, reduced interest rate fo ‘huro Joan and mandated the paral cancelation of debs to Jewish mo perder. These legsative efforts to rede debt aa ime of ers inthe 120% the 1310s and aftenards~ were also concerted efoto undermine Ane economic standing of he Jews, But although nota singe disposition of {hcentesacknowledgesaChastan role ln moneylending Chtstansasolent money a interest, sometimes in partnerp wis Jesh lenders tate many wsed to ctcumventijutlons against usury); even the procurators leading with the king for sanctions guns the Jews ten profited rm ict Tears Ths conundrum ssvells the somewhst contradictory nature ofthe pts benghatche onthe one hand capping nets ftesandrestiting Jews nancial activity diminished profit etarns for Chstians a6 well 8 5esom the other hand, liming Jews from the moneylending crc et the ied wide open for Cistians to ply the rade excuse also helps to iplain why these polices were rarely success enforce Instead, a ther impeded comme flowed among memes ofthe three religions, as {Christians an Jews (nd Muslims) pal, gamered, and farmed taxes or gant fa cllected, and paid ft loans, tom 2 few pennies 0 vas sums of money (seebeow Tn the same manner and so that we donot forget that mos Jews were nok sich = it shouldbe noted that corte ordinances also forbade Jews to seve as ‘nants to Chistian babies o fo cohabit with Chustans. These measures ‘efulting employment ad sexual exchange hedadltiona ighton the ou tine and intimate ways which the tee eligions came togethez The re ‘queney of eles banning hese rlatons underscore how common they must Five been Christian bales weeoften brought up by Jewsh and Muslim sr ‘ants orlaves, Christian men vated houses of prostitutes wheresexal (and ‘onomie) tansatons took place with the ‘other. And Jewish and Muslim