CHE 191-1: SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

LECTURE 1
CHE 191-1: SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Objectives and Outcomes

 The purpose of this lecture enhance the student’s knowledge
in solid waste management

 After the end of the lecture the student will be able to:
 Describe what solid waste management is
 Identify and explain the functions of the solid waste
management
 Identify the importance of the solid waste management
in the society
 Identify and define the effects of solid waste if
unmanaged
CHE 191-1: SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Solid Waste

 Comprises of all wastes

arising from human and
animal activities or
generated from
combined residential,
industrial and
commercial activities
that are discarded as
unwanted or useless
solid materials.
CHE 191-1: SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Solid Waste

 Any solid material in the

material flow pattern that
is rejected by society

 Any solid material devoid

of function or economic
value
CHE 191-1: SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Classification of Solid Waste

 Origin/Source
 Domestic/Residential, Municipal, Hospital/Infectious,
Industrial, Commercial, Construction, Processes,
Agricultural, Special or Institutional

 Contents
 Organic material, glass, metal, plastic, paper, etc.

 Hazard Potential
 Toxic, non-toxic, flammable, radioactive, infectious
CHE 191-1: SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Q2.

What is the meaning of solid waste management?

CHE 191-1: SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Solid Waste Management

 Control of generation, storage,

collection, transfer and
transport, processing and
disposal of solid waste in a
manner that is accord with the
best principles of public health,
economics, engineering,
conservation, aesthetic and
other environmental
consideration and that is also
responsive to public attitudes.
CHE 191-1: SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Solid Waste Management

 Judicious use of means to

achieve an end

 “End” means removal of

rejected material from the
flow pattern
CHE 191-1: SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Q1.

Define solid waste.

CHE 191-1: SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Functional Elements of Solid Waste Management Systems

 The analysis of the activities

associated with the
management of solid waste
from the point of generation to
final disposal
CHE 191-1: SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Functional Elements of Solid Waste Management Systems

CHE 191-1: SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Functional Elements of Solid Waste Management Systems

 Waste Generation

 Activities in which materials are

identified as no longer have a
value and are either thrown away
or gathered together for disposal
CHE 191-1: SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Functional Elements of Solid Waste Management Systems

 On-site Handling, Storage and

Processing

 Activities associated with the

handling, storage and processing
of solid waste or near the point of
generation
CHE 191-1: SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Functional Elements of Solid Waste Management Systems

 Collection

 Activities associated with

gathering of solid wastes and the
hauling of wastes after collection
to the location where the
collection vehicle is emptied.
CHE 191-1: SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Functional Elements of Solid Waste Management Systems

 Transfer and Transport

 Activities associated with transfer of

wastes from the smaller collection
vehicle to the larger transport
equipment and the subsequent
transport of the wastes usually over a
long distance to the disposal
CHE 191-1: SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Functional Elements of Solid Waste Management Systems

 Disposal

 Activities associated with ultimate

disposal of solid wastes, including
those waste collected and transport
directly to landfill site
CHE 191-1: SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Q3.
True or False:

A. Waste generation is an activity in which materials are

identified that has small value and are either thrown away or
gathered together for disposal

B. On-site Handling, Storage and Processing are activities

associated with the handling, storage and processing of solid
waste or near the point of generation

C. Disposal is the last stage in solid waste management

CHE 191-1: SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Integrated Solid Waste Management (ISWM)

 Defined as the selection and application of suitable techniques,

technologies and management programs to achieve specific
waste management objectives and goals

 Municipality chosen to consider or follow the management of

solid wastes in a hierarchical order.
CHE 191-1: SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Q4.

What does ISWM stand for?

CHE 191-1: SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Environmental and Health Effects of Improper Solid Waste

Management

 Contaminates surface and ground water

 Clogs drains
 Creates stagnant water for insect breeding
 Causes flood during rainy seasons
 Burning of waste contributes to air pollution
 Green house gases are generated
 Attracts insects and rodents and can spread diseases
 Exposure to fire hazard and odor
CHE 191-1: SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Q5.

Give at least 3 environmental and health effects of improper

solid waste management.
CHE 191-1: SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Solid Waste Generation

 Encompasses activities in which materials are identified as no

longer being of values and are either thrown away or gathered
together for disposal.

 Affected by socio-economic development, degree of

industrialization and climate

 Note that there is an identification step and that this step varies
with each individual waste
CHE 191-1: SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Estimation of Solid Waste Quantities

 General composition and quantity of solid waste is important in

design and operation of solid waste management systems.

 Load Count Analysis (Time and Motion Study)

 Method in which quantity and composition of solid waste are
determined by recording the estimated volume and general
composition of each load of waste delivered to disposal or
transfer station facility during a specified period of time.
 The total mass and mass distribution by composition is
determined by using average density data for each category.
CHE 191-1: SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Estimation of Solid Waste Quantities

 Mass-Volume Analysis
 Method of analysis similar to above methods with the added
feature that the mass of each load is also recorded

 Factors influencing the quantity of municipal waste generation

 Geographical location
 Seasons of the year
 Collection frequency
 Kitchen waste equipment (grinder)
 Public attitudes
 Legislation
CHE 191-1: SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Types of Solid Wastes

 Type and source of solid waste including its physical and

chemical composition and properties are all considered.

 Categories of solid waste according to its origin or source are

always considered
 Municipal Waste –comprise of materials according to its
classification.
 Industrial Waste –arising from industrial activities
 Hazardous Waste –pose a substantial danger immediately
over a period of time to public health and environment.
CHE 191-1: SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Municipal Wastes

 Food waste
 (putrescible) animal, fruit or vegetable residue that results
from handling, preparation, cooking and eating of a food.

 Rubbish
 Combustible and non-combustible solid wastes excluding food
and putrescible waste materials. (e.g. combustible –paper,
cardboard, plastics, textiles, rubber, leather, wood, furniture
and garden trimming. While non-combustible consists of items
such as glass, crockery, tin and aluminum cans, ferrous and
non-ferrous metals, dirt and construction waste
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Municipal Wastes

 Ashes and Residues

 Materials remaining from burning wood, coal, coke and other
combustible wastes.

Note: Wastes from power plants are not included in this category.
Ashes and residues are normally composed of fine, powdery
materials, cinders, clinkers and small amounts of burned and
partially burned materials.
CHE 191-1: SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Municipal Wastes

 Demolition and Construction Waste

 Waste from razed buildings and other structures.
 Include dirt, debris, stones, concrete, bricks, plaster, lumber,
shingles, plumbing and electrical parts
 Special Wastes
 Waste such as street sweepings, roadside litter catch-basin
debris, dead animals and abandoned vehicles.
 Treatment plant wastes
 Solid and semisolid wastes from water and industrial waste
treatment facilities
CHE 191-1: SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Industrial Wastes

 Waste from industrial activities (i.e. rubbish, ashes, demolition

and construction wastes, special waste and hazardous waste
CHE 191-1: SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Hazardous Wastes

 Waste that classified as hazard and exhibits the following

characteristics:
 Ignitability
 Corrosivity
 Reactivity
 Toxicity
CHE 191-1: SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Sources of wastes

 Residential
 Wastes from single-family and multifamily dwellings from low
to high class family

 Types of solid waste generated are food waste, paper,

cardboards, plastics, textiles, leather, yard wastes, wood,
glass, tin cans, aluminum and other metals, ashes, street
sweepings like., special waste including bulky items,
electronics, white goods, yard wastes, batteries, used oils,
tires, household hazardous wastes.
CHE 191-1: SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Sources of wastes

 Commercial
 Wastes from stores, restaurants, markets, office buildings,
hotels, print shops, service and repair shops.

 Institutional
 Wastes from schools, hospitals, prisons, and other
governmental centers

 Industrial (non-process wastes)

 Wastes from construction, fabrication, refineries, chemical
plants, power plants and demolition
CHE 191-1: SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Sources of wastes

 Municipal
 Comprise of waste generated from residential, commercial
and institutional sources. (Municipal = Residential +
Commercial + Institutional)

 Treatment Plants
 Solid and semisolid wastes generated from water, wastewater,
and waste treatment facilities.
CHE 191-1: SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Sources of wastes

 Agricultural
 Wastes and residue resulting from diverse agricultural
activities such as planting and harvesting of crops, production
of milk and dairy products, farms such poultry, swine and
cattle raising, and wastes from slaughter house operation.
CHE 191-1: SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Composition of Solid Waste

 Physical Composition
 Information and data on physical composition of solid wastes
include the following:
 Identification of the individual components
 Analysis of particle size
 Moisture content
 Density of the solid waste (bulk density)

 Chemical Composition
 Proximate Analysis
 Ultimate Analysis
CHE 191-1: SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Individual Components

 Typical values of solid wastes by component

CHE 191-1: SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Individual Components

 Typical values of solid wastes by component

CHE 191-1: SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Particle Size

 Particle size of the component materials in solid mass is

important in the recovery of materials, especially with
mechanical means such as trammel screens and separators.
CHE 191-1: SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Moisture Content

 Usually expressed as the mass of the moisture per unit mass

of wet or dry material.
CHE 191-1: SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Moisture Content

 Procedure
 Collect a representative sample of the solid material

 Weigh the sample in analytical balance

 Dry the material in an oven at 77 °C (170 °F) for 24 hours

 After drying cool down the sample in desiccator

 Weigh the dried sample

CHE 191-1: SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Proximate Analysis

 It is the fraction of volatile organic matter and fixed carbon.

 The Proximate Analysis includes the following

 Moisture (loss at 105 °C for 1 hour)
 Volatile Combustible Matter (additional loss of ignition at
950 °C in a covered crucible)
 Ash (residue after burning) –residue after combustion in
an open crucible
 Fixed Carbon (remainder) –combustible residue after the
combustible matter is removed; ignition at 600 –900 °C
CHE 191-1: SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Proximate Analysis
CHE 191-1: SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Ultimate Analysis
 Based on elemental composition such as percent of
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur and ash
including heating value.