Test: Sensation, Neural Regulations, Endocrine, The Incredible Human Body

Neutral Regulations in Animals

- Simplest Animal Systems/Groups = amylates, monera

- Brainbow
- To react to stimuli = be able to find your prey and capture it for survival
- Nerve cells = combination of neurons (refer to pic)
- A to H = more complicated nervous system structures (refer to diagram)
- Cephalization = central part that controls your body (central processing or integration of the
stimuli that has been sent to the nervous system)
- Afferent = sending pulses towards the brain/central nervous system (sensory impulses)
- Efferent = from the brain (response), autonomic or motor, voluntary response
- It becomes voluntary when you have your reflexes (knee jerk reflex to see if efferent and
afferent are intact,knee straightens, quadtriceps(?) contracts, you’re able to carry heavy loads,
your legs will be able to maintain the weight)
- Central nervous system = brain and spinal cord
- Peripheral nervous system = nerves ganglia = clustering of nerve cells
- Myelination = isolation, nerves are jumping, nodes of ranvier (spaces between myolin, nerve
impulses jump)
- Interact with astrocytes then with blood cells
- Cerebrospinal fluid = gives nourishment to brain and spinal cord, just filtration of blood
- Ventricles = space between cerebrum, cerebrospinal fluid passes through here
- Cilia = lines up ventricles, creates fluid to circulate around the brain and spinal cord, made from
ependymal cells
- Micrologia = immune system, combat foreign bodies in your central nervous system/peripheral
- Blood brain barrier = very selective, whenever we take drugs or infections, not everything passes
through, like placenta
- Schwann cells = peripheral
- Oligodendrocytes = central
- Ventricles are cavities between the brain
- White matter = inside, gray matter = outside for brain
- White matter = outside, gray matter = inside for spinal cord
- Grey matter protects the cortex/cerebrum
- Myelinated = nerve impulses are being transported to the brain
- Ranal nerves are part of the peripheral nervous system
- Autonomic is involuntary = divisions are responsible for peristaltic movement
- Sympathetic = fight or flight (gastrointestinal digestion)
- Parasympathetic =
- ^always opposite, help each other thru homeostasis(autonomic), they sometimes compliment
each other
- When you need heat, you shiver so you have a motor response. You also try to conserve heat by
constricting blood vessels (autonomic).
- Reproduction compliments each other
 - In symphatetic, the ganglia is formed near the spinal colord, In parasymphateic, synpases are
formed closer to target organs
- Left part of the brain will control your right side of the body (vice versa)
- Partial involvement = some parts may still move
- Forebrain = cerebrum – bigger in humans
- Hindbrain = cerebellum – bigger part of the brain in fishes, locomotion, balance and equilibrium
- Sensory impulses are sent by the midbrain and processed by the forebrain
- Reflexes do not need to be processed
- Mammals and birds are almost at the same proportion, fishes,etc. have more of a bigger
hindbrain
- Brainstem = part midbrain and hindbrain, connects brain to spinal cord
- Cerebrum = frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital
- Cerebral cortex –cerebrum with the gray matter
- Corpus callosum = divide left and right hemispheres
- Basal nuclei =
- Homeostasis = hypothalamus (secretion of hormones in posterior pituitary gland and
epithalamaus (pineal gland – produces melatonin/melanin)
- Circadian clock = when to know if its night or day
- How do dolphins sleep = alternating, one half is sleeping one half is awake
- Amygdala is responsible for emotions
- Broc’s area = able to understand but can’t speak When there is an issue in this area, a patient
can understand the speech of others, but can't produce any speech him or her self.
- Wernicke’s area = don’t understand but can speak When there is an issue in this area, a patient
may be able to produce speech, but cannot understand the speech of others.
- ^both are on the left cerebrum
- Somatosensory receptors
- UP UNTIL FRONTAL LOBE FUNCTION MGA GAGO

Sensation and Movement in Animals

- When there’s a change in your brain potential, it becomes less negative.

- Depending on the strength of the stimulus, greater potential?
- If you have more pressure, you have more action potentials
- Gentle pressure is found around the outermost layer
- Your brain is able to form an image or something that would make you understand what the
stimulus is all about, tells what part of your body will need to react
- Amplification = more pathways are activated, bigger response
- Sensory Adaptation = your heart beating – you don’t perceive/feel it all the time because of
continued stimulation unless you consciously try to listen it
- Mechanoreceptors = touch, stretching, movement
- Chemoreceptors = chemicals, food
- Electromagnetic receptors = electrical impulses, magnetides(?) – keeps orientation on the
direction they are swimming to, beluga whales
- Thermoreceptors = temperature, snakes, they try to balance and sense the thermal energy
- Pain receptors = excessive stimulus of any of the above
- Statolith, depending if the organism is stimulated….?
- Phina = sounds are perceived is here
- You yawn to equalize the pressure in the ear