Professional Documents
Culture Documents
LIMBA ENGLEZĂ I
1
CHAPTER 1
BUSINESS CONTACTS
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
SECTION A
INTRODUCTION
SECTION B
LANGUAGE FOCUS – ADJECTIVES
SECTION C
EXAM FOCUS
SECTION D
PROJECT WORK
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LEARNING OBJECTIVES
SECTION A
INTRODUCTION
1. a. Fill in the following text about business contacts with words from the box
below.
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drink. (5) …….. differences may create a lot of problems in business relations if
they are not treated with care. You should know, for example, that it is usual in
the UK and the USA to (6) ……… when meeting for the first time, and when
saying good-bye at the end of the meeting. Since names often create
confusions, when you introduce yourself to a foreign partner/ customer, you
should say your name clearly. Then, to avoid being (7)……., it is better not to
address someone by their first name unless you are invited to do so. It is very
(8) …….. to be on first name terms with a business associate in UK, but not
usual in most (9) …….. countries.
If you are invited to someone‟s house for a meal, it is usual to take a small gift,
though the type of gift varies from one country to another; in the UK, for
example, you could take a bottle of wine, a box of chocolate, some flowers, or a
(10) ……. from your own country. Note, however, that in some countries it is not
polite to open a gift immediately, while in others it is usual. If you are aware of
the (11) ………. of the country you are visiting, you will not cause offence or be
(12).
1. It is unusual in the UK and USA to give a firm handshaking, when meeting for the
first time.
2. When developing the social side of a business relationship, you should be able to
talk about your own country and be informed about your foreign customers‟
countries.
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2. Group work.
You are at a business conference abroad. During the coffee break, you want to meet
some of the participants, because you believe they could become your business
partners. Ask them about:
- their organization‟s activity;
- what they do and how long they have worked there;
(Don‟t ask them about their salary!)
I‟m an (engineer).
So, what do you do?
I work for (Coca-Cola) Company.
What do you do for a living?
I‟m with a company that produces (textiles).
I work for (a small shoe factory called Brown &
Yellow).
Who do you work for?
I‟m self employed.
(A firm of lawyers.)
We manufacture (computer products.)
What kind of company/organization
It‟s a (sportswear) retailer.
is it?
It‟s a (huge soft-drinks) company.
What is your work force? We are (thirty.)
How many employees are there? (A couple of thousand) all over the world.
In (Genoa), (Italy.)
Just outside (Iasi).
Where is it based?
We have offices in (Bucharest) and
(Constanţa).
Since (1998).
How long have you been working
For about (8) months / years.
there?
Actually, I have just started.
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3. Work in pairs.
Soon, your company / institution will receive some visitors from abroad. Since they
are potential customers, you need to know as much as possible about them. Find out
the missing information in the business cards from your partners.
Student 1 has cards 1a, 1b, 1c
Student 2 has cards 2a, 2b, 2c from the appendix.
When you have the complete profile of your visitors, discuss how to organize their
stay in your town:
a. places in the company/institution they should see;
b. people in the company/organization they should meet;
c. accommodation;
d. socializing events.
4. Write the profile of a business man that you know or heard of, from your
own country or from abroad, considering his/ her:
a. name;
b. nationality;
c. home town;
d. company / institution / organization;
e. job responsibilities;
f. position within the organization.
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5. a. Complete the chart below with countries and nationalities.
Country Nationality
………………….. Romanian
Italy …………………..
………………….. Danish
Turkey …………………..
………………….. Dutch
Germany …………………..
Poland …………………..
………………….. Swiss
…………………..
Japanese
Finland
…………………..
China
…………………..
5. b. What do you know about their culture? Find one or two adjectives to
characterize each people above.
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SECTION B
LANGUAGE FOCUS
ADJECTIVES
Usually, the word or part of speech named adjective is derived from is a noun or a
verb:
But many adjectives are not derived from other words: rich, soft, poor, old, new, etc.
When we want to create negative forms of adjectives we use prefixes such as:
IL – illegal;
IM – impossible;
IN – inaccurate;
IR – irrevocable;
MIS – mistaken;
DIS – dissatisfied.
Compound adjectives are formed by joining two or more adjectives together with a
hyphen (-):
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There are also combinations of the type:
adjective + noun
that form a kind of fixed word partnership, such as:
Ex. joint account,
joint venture,
last resort,
keen competition, etc.
Ex. He‟s a fast driver. (adj.) He drives fast when he leaves for work.
(adv.)
He is an early comer. (adj.) He usually comes early to work. (adv.)
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We can use adverbs to modify adjectives.
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PRACTICE
3.A. Find at least three adjectives that can describe the items below:
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3. a banking service - …………… 6. a book - ……………
- …………… - ……………
- …………… - ……………
B. Work with a colleague. Ask and answer questions to find out about the
description of the items from part A.
11. Put the following words in the right order in order to form sentences:
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6. Make up sentences of your own using the following compound adjectives:
ADJECTIVE ADVERB
reliable
necessary
erratic
slow
late
traditional
competent
excellent
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SECTION C
EXAM FOCUS
Fill in:
1. When the conversation invariably turned to the history of the town, the guest asked
his host how he was so …
a. well-known
b. knowing
c. knowledgeable
d. knowledge
2. The President said in the news that he was very … with the country's economic
progress.
a. shocked
b. shocking
c. pleasing
d. pleased
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5. Many of the senior staff are … concerned about their pensions.
a. right
b. rightly
c. rightfully
10. In our company, sales … increased throughout the first two years.
a. gradual
b. gradually
c. gradualy
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SECTION D
PROJECT WORK
Pick up a country with which you think you would do business in future and write
about its
a geography
b history
c economy
d culture.
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CHAPTER 2
TRAVELLING FOR BUSINESS
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
SECTION A
INTRODUCTION
SECTION B
LANGUAGE FOCUS
SECTION C
EXAM FOCUS
SECTION D
PROJECT WORK
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LEARNING OBJECTIVES
SECTION A
INTRODUCTION
Not a very long time ago, few people outside Portugal had heard of the country‟s
prime minister, Jose Manuel Durao Barroso. But the man chosen to be the next
European Commission President has been immersed since teens in politics. As he
explained in Brussels this week, at Lisbon University, during the Portuguese
revolution there were only two political parties: pro-Soviet Communists and pro-
Chinese Communists. The Maoists were the more forward-looking.
Today, Mr. Barroso is the very model of a modern prime-minister. As a centre-right
leader he has been unpopular with the proletariat for his budget cuts and
privatisations. He speaks English, French and Spanish fluently. He is only 48, yet has
a wealth of international experience, including negotiating a peace deal in Angola.
Mr. Barroso sees his new role as that of honest broker and point of equilibrium
between conflicting groups. He does not want to build up the prestige of the
commission against national governments. Yet, the role of honest broker will be
trickier in an enlarged European Union. “ The risks of polarization will be much
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greater with 25 member states, ”he says. “We have to avoid any fragmentation
between founding states and newcomers, between the centre and the periphery or
between the rich and the poor. The key issue is fairness.
B. Pick up the adjectives in the text and put them in the following table with
their degrees of comparison. An example has been done for you.
ADJECTIVES
less long
long longer than as long as very long the longest
than
Etc.
2. Work in pairs.
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A. Before starting the discussion, fill in the table below, using as many
adjectives as possible.
B. Compare the two towns in your discussion, taking into consideration the
following aspects:
1. cost of land
2. rate of unemployment
3. transport and communication
4. skilled staff
5. climate
3. Imagine you are meeting your business partner for the first time, ask each
other questions using the expressions below. Decide first your names and jobs
within the company, the country you are in and the reasons for the visit.
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4.. Form a pair with someone from a different group. Role-play a meeting at the
office.
You could perhaps begin like this:
5. A. Look at the business card and answer the following questions. Design
your own business card and then exchange business cards with your partner.
Ask each other questions using the information written on the business card(s)
you have received.
MAJOR EQUIPMENT
John SMITH
Financial Director
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5. B. Using the information from the previous task, write down a short company
description:
Population
Housing
Labour Force
Education
Civil Society
Major Industries
B. Discuss with your partner what would be interesting for a foreigner to see in
your city. Describe each place in a couple of words. Compare your answers
with other groups.
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SECTION B
LANGUAGE FOCUS
THE COMPARATIVE
By means of the comparative form of an adjective, we can compare two things or
people.
Ex. This year‟s sales figures are higher than last year‟s.
This year‟s turnover is more impressive than last year‟s. (comparative of
superiority)
This year‟s turnover is less impressive than last year‟s. (comparative of
inferiority)
The form of the comparative depends on the number of syllables of the adjective. In
this chapter, we will use the term “short adjectives” for those that have one or two
syllables, (such as nice, cheap, big, easy, etc.) and “long adjectives” for the ones
having two and more syllables (such as expensive, competitive, common, modern,
etc.).
Short adjectives form the comparative by adding –er to the positive (i.e. the
dictionary form) followed by than.
Ex. Shop‟s own brands are usually cheaper than branded products.
This new line of products is nicer than the previous one.
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One-syllable adjectives whose positive form ends in
short vowel + consonant (such as big, hot, flat, wet, etc.)
double the final consonant before adding –er. (bigger, hotter, flatter, wetter)
Ex. On the long run, Ferret Ltd. proved to be more competitive than Locket
International.
Our old offices are far less modern than these new premises.
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Change in a state or feature and increase are expressed by the construction
comparative + and + comparative
Ex. In our company, handwritten documents have become rarer and rarer.
Ex. The smaller wages are, the less satisfied employees become.
The more we earn , the richer we get.
THE SUPERLATIVE
The superlative form of the adjective expresses the highest degree of a particular
quality or feature.
Ex. This year‟s turnover is the highest our company has ever had.
The most impressive product of the line is definitely the top-end one.
Short adjectives form the superlative by adding the definite article the and –est to the
positive.
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One-syllable adjectives whose positive form ends in
short vowel + consonant (such as big, hot, flat, wet, etc.)
double the final consonant before adding –est (the biggest, the hottest, the flattest,
the wettest)
Ex. Enron‟s bankruptcy and fraud allegations has caused one of the biggest crises
in the United States Economy.
Ex. Investment in shares is the easiest but also the riskiest way to make money.
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IRREGULAR COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES
In English there are a limited number of adjectives which have irregular forms for the
comparative and the superlative:
1
Farther / the farthest refers to a “greater distance”:
Ex. John‟s office is the farthest one from the city centre.
2.
Elder and the eldest (instead of older and the oldest) refer to people‟s ages and
to hierarchy in a family. Elder cannot be used immediately after a verb, in
comparisons, in this case the form older being preferred:
Ex. She arrived earlier than we expected. (the comparative of a short adverb)
Since she attended that training, she has worked more efficiently than ever.
(the comparative of superiority of a long adverb)
In order to get a promotion, employees must work harder and harder.
Immediately after getting promoted he behaved worse than ever. (comparative
of the adverb badly)
The quicker we close the deal, the sooner we receive the first shipment.
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PRACTICE
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3. Find the words with the opposite meaning in the second column. Then write
a paragraph about a successful manager using at least four terms from the
table.
incorrect dull
interesting first
terrible far-sighted
last dirty
near-sighted quiet
unhappy dangerous
clean outdoors
indoors easy
difficult correct
safe expensive
cheap happy
fast slow
noisy wonderful
4. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the adjectives in brackets. Don‟t
forget to add than wherever necessary.
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5. Complete the sentences about global issues using the structure
comparative + the + comparative:
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SECTION C
EXAM FOCUS
4. I‟m afraid the bank does not … permit such large overdrafts.
a. generally
b. any longer
c. any more
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7. The public don‟t … respond in the ways advertising experts them to.
a. sometimes
b. any longer
c. always
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SECTION D
PROJECT WORK
Write a report about the business you think you can open in your town / area.
Consider the following topics in particular:
- cost of land;
- cost of labour;
- transport and communication.
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CHAPTER 3
AT THE WORKPLACE
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
SECTION A
INTRODUCTION
SECTION B
LANGUAGE FOCUS
SECTION C
EXAM FOCUS
SECTION D
PROJECT WORK
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LEARNING OBJECTIVES
- be able to describe labour sectors and product groups from your country and
from abroad;
- be able to analyze, comment and write reports / profiles of companies and
working people;
- have better reading and writing skills in English
- be able to use countable and uncountable nouns in coherent contexts.
SECTION A
INTRODUCTION
1. Fill in the text on labour in Great Britain with words from the box below
and then answer the questions:
The total supply of labour in an economy depends on such factors as the size of the
population, the age composition of the population and many (1)………. and social
factors. In the early 1970‟s in Great Britain, for example, the minimum school-leaving
age was raised from fifteen to sixteen years. This change clearly reduced the
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potential labour (2)……... In the same country, the normal retirement age for women
is being (3)……….. from 60 to 65. If the retirement age is increased, this will also
increase the supply of labour.
Other institutional factors, such as the length of the average working-week and of
holidays are also of significance. Workers are clearly not (4)…………, so that natural
ability may be a barrier to movement between jobs. Some jobs require an innate
ability, such as nimble fingers or an analytical mind, which some workers just do not
possess. Many jobs require a period of (5)………., so that a (6)………. steel-worker,
for example, cannot become a television repairman overnight. Workers may be
reluctant to undertake retraining as it normally involves a period of (7)……… and
starting again at the bottom of the (8)……..
There are several factors which can deter a worker from moving to a job in another
part of the country, even if the worker is (9)……….. Social ties to family and friends
may be strong. There may be problems in obtaining suitable housing in the new
location and the monetary costs of transferring a home are significant. A move is also
likely to be disruptive to children‟s education.
Despite the efforts of the employment service in Great Britain, it is often difficult to
obtain information about (10)……….., job conditions and (11)……… in other parts of
the country. A further problem is that many workers prefer to remain in their own
region even when unemployed and when jobs are available in other regions. Mainly,
there are three (12)………… in the economies of most countries: primary (with
agriculture, mining, construction etc.), secondary (covering crafts and manufacturing
groups) and tertiary (including banking, education, transport, tourism,
communications and others).
1. Which are the institutional factors that the supply of labour in an economy
depends on?
2. What would retraining suppose for a worker?
3. What kind of problems would geographical mobility bring?
4. Name the economic sectors of a country.
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2. Match the sectors with the product groups:
manufacturing chemicals
secondary
engineering oil
3. Work in pairs.
Consider the information in Exercise 1 to discuss about job opportunities and job
problems in Romania. Use the table below to organize your dialogue:
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As far as I know, the rate of unemployment is…..
I‟d also like to know…
Presumably, you can also tell us about…
Asking for more information
Why/what/when exactly?
Can you be more explicit?
4. Pair work.
5. Read the text about management. In pairs, discuss the problems that
might arise in an organization and the suggestions for a better management
listed below, in terms of their result for the organization / company and for the
employees. Then, debate the matter with the whole class and note down the
features of an ideal company.
The year 2002 will surely be remembered as the annus horribilis of business. It
was a time of tumult and reassessment, high drama and low comedy. Corporate
crime and greed were spectacularly exposed in companies that had once been
praised, run by executives who had once been trusted, It was the year Enron
set new “lows” in corporate ethics, while Reward Com broke records for the size
of its bankruptcy. It was also the year we learned the Rigans family may have
defrauded Adelph Communications of some $ 1billion, and so on and so on.
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- setting free the natural creativity of people at all levels of the organization
- encouraging people to contribute to corporate goals
- making people work in teams both vertically and horizontally, so as to share
both information and progress.
6. Now, read the report below about a company and choose the correct answer:
1. The companies which own Constanţa International are from different countries.
a. right
b. wrong
c. doesn‟t say.
3. Last year, Constanţa International sold 60% more construction materials than
the year before.
a. right
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b. wrong
c. doesn‟t say
4. Constanţa International moved to a new site because the old factory was too small.
a. right
b. wrong
c. doesn‟t say
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SECTION B
LANGUAGE FOCUS 1
THE NOUN
1. Read the text from Exercise 6, Section A, again. Underline all the nouns
and decide which of them are only used as nouns and which are derived from
other parts of speech. An example has been done for you.
Words used only as nouns Nouns derived from other parts of speech
company development
………………………………… …………………………………
………………………………… …………………………………
………………………………… …………………………………
………………………………… …………………………………
NOUN FORMATION
Some words are used only as nouns: company, car, biscuit, etc. But nouns can also
be derived from other words, such as
verbs (recruit-recruitment, refer-reference, perform-performance, promote-
promotion, deliver-delivery),
adjectives, (reliable-reliability effective-effectiveness)
other nouns (capital-capitalism, partner-partnership).
Some nouns have the same form as verbs (budget, share, supply, claim, cost,
offer, import benefit etc).
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Sometimes the pronunciation is different: verbs are stressed on the second or
last syllable whereas nouns receive their stress on the first syllable:
Verb Noun
im‟port import
re‟cord record
ob‟ject object
We can form nouns (referring to people) by the help of suffixes, such as:
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2. units of measurement 2. abstract ideas:
Ex. a meter Ex. progress
a pound profitability,
a gallon safety, etc.
B. They have singular or plural verb B. They do not take the when used in a
forms: general sense:
Ex. That firm deals with shoes Ex. Work helps you earn money.
production.
C. They take the singular form of the verb:
Those firms are part of a
Ex. Employment is what I need now.
group.
Note
The –s is pronounced /s/ after the sounds /p/, /k/ or /f/, otherwise it is pronounced /z/.
Ex. brick-bricks /s/;
car-cars /z/.
If the singular form of the noun ends in –o, -s, -x, -ch, -sh, the plural one is formed by
adding –es:
Ex. tomato-tomatoes;
crash-crashes;
box-boxes;
watch-watches;
dress-dresses.
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Note that words of foreign origin or abbreviated words ending in –o add –s only.
Ex. memo-memos;
kilo-kilos;
piano-pianos
If the final consonant of a noun in the singular is followed by –y, this will be changed
into –ies in the plural form.
Ex. delivery-deliveries
Other nouns, ending in -f or –fe add –ves for the plural form.
Ex. leaf-leaves;
shelf-shelves;
loaf-loaves;
knife-knives;
wife-wives
There are also exceptions from this rule, other words ending in –f or –fe (especially
those ending in double f) adding simply –s .
Ex. cliff-cliffs;
handkerchief-handkerchiefs;
safe-safes
IRREGULAR PLURALS
Ex. tooth-teeth;
foot-feet;
goose-geese;
louse-lice;
mouse-mice;
woman-women;
man-men (and all its compounds)
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or by adding a suffix to the singular form:
Ex; ox-oxen;
child-children.
COLLECTIVE NOUNS
Ex. Our family is united at last. (= the entire family seen as a unit)
The team are already gathered in the meeting room. (= the members of the
team, the individuals forming the team)
Some words which retain their original Greek or Latin forms make their plurals
according to the rules of Greek or Latin.
Ex. phenomenon-phenomena;
memorandum-memoranda;
curriculum-curricula;
thesis-theses;
crisis-crises, etc.
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THE PLURAL OF COMPOUND NOUNS
When man or woman serve as a prefix / first part- both parts are made plural.
Ex. man driver - men drivers;
woman doctor - women doctors.
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PRACTICE 1
Is there much…?
Are there many…?
and using the following nouns:
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space; information; profit; work; employees; equipment; money; heavy industry;
people; government subsidies.
(Adapted and abridged after an article from The Economist – July 2003)
6. Work in groups of 3 or 4.
Consider the plan of setting up a business together. Discuss the matter, taking
into account the following points:
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LANGUAGE FOCUS 2
THE ARTICLE
In English there are three types of article, definite (the), indefinite (a / an) and zero
article (no article at all)
Definite articles in English are invariable, they do not change according to the gender
or number of the noun they refer to, e.g. the company, the chairperson, the
economists
'The' is used:
2. when both the speaker and listener know what is being talked about, even if it has
not been mentioned before.
Ex. 'Where's the meeting room?'
'It's on the first floor.'
3. in sentences or clauses where we define or identify a particular person or object:
Ex. The man who wrote this book is famous.
'Which car did you buy?' 'The red one.‟
My desk is the one with any PC on it.'
the Earth, sun, moon, sky, etc. - The Earth travels around the sun every 365
days.
institutions - The World Bank lends money to many nations.
public bodies - The government collects taxes.
publications - The Singapore Straits Times is a daily newspaper.
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5. before superlatives and ordinal numbers:
Ex. the highest building, the first page, the last chapter.
NOTE:
An is also used before an h mute - an hour, an honour.
A can be used before u and eu when they sound like 'you': a European, a university,
a unit, a uniform
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Ex. John is a doctor.
Mary is training to be an engineer.
He wants to be a dancer.
Nouns without any article at all use the zero article. Use the zero article (-) with:
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Exceptions to this rule include the Earth, and plurals or adj + noun combinations –
the Johnsons, the Netherlands, the United States, the United Kingdom, the Alps, the
Atlantic Ocean, etc.
English uses the zero article in general statements with uncountable nouns and
plural countable nouns.
Ex. Life is full of surprises. Do you like classical music?
There is no article:
4. with certain places (such as school, work, home, bed, prison) after a preposition,
when we refer to the institution and not to the building
Ex. Elizabeth isn't here. She's at (-) school.
5. with professions:
Ex. Engineering is a useful career.
He'll probably go into business administration.
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8. in some fixed expressions, such as:
Ex. by car / train / air
on foot / holiday
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PRACTICE 2
a. I know that … man you need for this job is hard to find.
b. He cannot solve this technical problem, he is … economist, not … engineer.
c. He is … Dean of our College.
d. Is … Ceahlău … highest peak in … Carpathians?
e. Let‟s discuss this matter over … lunch.
a. Where is a / the order they sent last week? I can‟t find it anywhere.
b. I have an / the appointment for an / the interview.
c. When we were on - / the holiday, a / the weather was excellent.
d. All the team have been working so hard that they all need a / the holiday.
e. Coca-Cola is a / the largest producer of non-alcoholic beverages in the world.
f. A / The negotiation was a / the success for both teams.
g. We need to close a / the deal until the end of the month.
h. Gerald is a / the certified accountant and he works for a / the very important
external audit company.
i. Athough it seems rather impossible, right now there must be a / the solution to this
problem.
j. I wish I could speak - / the French like - / the French.
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SECTION C
EXAM FOCUS
Fill in:
1. If he works in the legal department, he may be a …
a. accountant
b. lawyer
c. technician
2. Making … for the shareholders is the most important aim of any business.
a. reductions
b. money
c. profit
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a. premises
b. section
c. department
14. The … of team work for employees are self-fulfilment and a smoother-running
…
a. benefits, workplace.
b. weaknesses, management.
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c. profit, team.
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SECTION D
PROJECT WORK
Write an article for a local newspaper about one of the most successful business
people in the area. Find about
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CHAPTER 4
SOCIAL ISSUES
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
SECTION A
INTRODUCTIONS
SECTION B
LANGUAGE FOCUS
SECTION C
EXAM FOCUS
SECTION D
PROJECT WORK
59
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
SECTION A
INTRODUCTION
Under the broad umbrella of social issues, there are many problems that concern
and affect both nations or areas and individuals. In this chapter we chose only a few
of them, ranging from the general to the particular, from world issues to individual
ones, mainly the problem of
global economic inequality,
the pension system, the one that concerns every working person.
In the box below write down all the words and phrases related to these topics
that you would like to know the English equivalent. If you encounter the terms
in this chapter, add the equivalents in the table. The remaining terms are your
assignment. Check them up in the dictionary and then try to use them in a
dialogue.
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sărăcie – poverty orfan – orphan pensionare – retirement
2. Now read the text and find an appropriate title for it.
Critics of capitalism are convinced that the gap between rich and poor is
widening across the world. For them, worsening inequality is a sure sign of the
moral bankruptcy of “the system.” Whether rising inequality should in fact be
seen as condemning capitalism in this way is a question worth addressing, as
there are reasons to doubt it.
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live in? Judging any claim about global inequality is impossible without a clear
understanding of how the researchers concerned have dealt with all three
questions.
How so? Simply add a third assumption: namely, that a group of poor countries
accounting for a big share of all the poor people in the world was growing very
rapidly. Suppose, for instance, that average incomes in India and China were
growing much faster than average incomes in the rich industrial economies.
Then it could be true that inequality was widening within every country,
including within China and India themselves; and also that the gap between the
very poorest countries (of sub-Saharan Africa) and the richest (Europe and the
United States) was widening; and yet, at the same time, the inequality
measured across all the individuals in the world was falling fast, because
average incomes in the two most populous poor countries were rapidly going
up.
It so happens that average incomes in India and China are going up extremely
rapidly. Without knowing anything else, one should therefore be sceptical about
all the claims that are so confidently made about rising “global inequality.”
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3. After having read the text try to summarize the information of each
paragraph in one sentence.
1. ______________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
2. ______________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
3. ______________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
4. ______________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
5. ______________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
4. Skim the text and underline all the numbers (numerals) you encounter. Place
them in the following table dividing them in numbers showing quantity (column
A) and numbers showing order (column B). The first one was done for you.
A B
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PRACTICE
1. Fill in the text with words and groups of words from the box below and then
answer the questions.
2. Work in groups. Read the text on Integrating minorities and then debate
the following issue:
There are different approaches to ethnic and religious diversity. Each can learn from
the other.
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Integrating minorities
“The French must understand that France is changing”, says a local official.
”Islam has its place here now.”
Evry illustrates clearly the issues troubling France in dealing with ethnic
diversity. At root are difficult questions of identity, social mobility and religious
expression. In particular, Islam is challenging the strict form of secularism,
known as laicité, which marks France out from most other Western
democracies. Under this doctrine, equality before the law of all citizens,
regardless of their private beliefs, is supposed to be guaranteed by barring
religion from the public arena. Even the “So help me God” said by the incoming
American Presidents would be unthinkable in France.
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Use the table below to organize your debate.
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3. Translate the following text into Romanian:
Very typical of Islam in Britain is the Muslim Welfare House. The centre supplies
English-language and Arabic lessons, advice on job-seeking, and youth and
homework clubs, as well as holding weekly prayers-all with the help of an annual
grant from the British Government. It not only serves traditional populations of
Pakistanis and Bangladeshis, but newer groups of Algerians and Albanians too.
The British model of integration consists, essentially, of not worrying about it. Where
the French have an Official High Council for Integration, designed to ensure that the
process takes place, the British shy away from the term. Ethnic minority groups are
not only left alone by the state to practise their faith, language or culture, but are
encouraged and subsidized to do so.
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SECTION B
LANGUAGE FOCUS
LANGUAGE STUDY 1
Cardinal numbers (in column A) can be written as words (e.g. thirteen, eight) or as
figures (e.g. 23, 567, 904).
In formal English, symbols are used for extended amounts, especially in important
documents, such as annual reports, statements, invoices, vouchers, cheque
registers, or sale slips.
For the writing of ordinals (in column B) (e.g. third, twelfth) in formal documents,
words are preferred.
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CARDINAL NUMBERS
69
ORDINAL NUMBERS
1
Generally, some specialists assert that with the phrase o’clock the hour is expressed in words while
the symbol is preferred when the above-mentioned phrase is replaced by the acronyms A.M. or P.M.
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3 At the beginning of a sentence, if it is a short number:
Ex. Three of the damaged items were replaced immediately.2
6 In the case of two consecutive numbers which are not split by punctuation
mark, the shorter one is written in words:
Ex. They plan to build two 15-floor buildings for the University.
The secretary has to type 15 ten-page reports.
7 In legal documents, when referring to amounts of money they are written both in
words and symbols:
Ex. The plaintiff is entitled to an amount of twenty three thousand five hundred
dollars ($23,500).
8 Ordinal numerals expressed as one word (except for street numbers and
dates that are above 10)
Ex. He has just finished the twentieth year of his career.
Their headquarters are on Fifth Avenue in New York.
but
His house is on the corner of Third and 45th Street.
2
If the number is long, it is advisable to rephrase the sentence, avoiding the initial position of the
number. (e.g. They sent 237 invitations for the conference.)
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Numbers generally written as figures
Ex. This brochure contains 237 different items manufactured by our company.
Procter & Gamble has just purchased 11 new fax machines.
Ex. This new Reader‟s Digest book can be purchased with only RON 70.
4 with dimensions:
6 with decimals and percentages: (Pay attention to the spelling of the word
“percentage”, the symbol % being read and written as “per cent”!)
Ex. This year we spent only 3.2 per cent of our profit on investment.
The applicant typed the report in 5.34 minutes and she was hired as a
secretary.
9 when expressing the hour by means of the phrases A.M. or P.M. (a.m. or p.m.)
Ex. The product presentation begins at 11 a.m.
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10 with weights and measures:
Ex. The water tank weighs 56 kilograms but holds 368 m3.
Special situations
2 In standard writing, dates are written in simple figures if followed by the year:
Ex. The Committee plans to meet on November 13, 200-.3
3 When an ordinal numeral expresses the day without mentioning the year, it is
expressed as a symbol followed by the ending st, nd, rd, th
Ex. Please come for an interview on the 14th of January.
I thought we had agreed to meet on the 7th.
4 The year:
Ex. 1987 – read either nineteen eighty-seven
or nineteen hundred and eighty-seven
1300 B.C (before Christ). – thirteen hundred
3
In American English, the date is expressed by the month, the day and then the year, the last two
being separated y comma (e.g. October 30, 2004). In British English, first comes the day (definite
th
article – the + ordinal number) hen the preposition of, the month and the year (e.g. The 30 of October
2004).
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Spelling of decimals and large numbers
1 In English currencies are written in numbers the symbol of the currency being
placed in front of the amount:
Ex. $34.50 – read thirty four dollars fifty
£545 – read five hundred forty five pounds
3 In the case of large numbers, the English system is also at odds with the
Romanian one, as comma separates thousands from hundreds.
Ex. 345,600 – read three hundred forty five thousand six hundred
3,450 – read three thousand four hundred fifty (Am. E.) or
three thousand four hundred and fifty (Br. E.)
4 In case of million4 (never in the plural millions) the zeros can be replaced by
the letter “m”. For the Romanians, this abbreviation can create confusion, as for us it
generally means “metre” (Br. E.)/ “meter” (Am. E.).
Ex. 23m – read twenty three million
4.5m – read four point five / four and a half million
4
There are other numerals which do not have the plural form if they refer to a definite number:
hundred, thousand. (e.g. four hundred copiers, one thousand dollars). If they convey the idea of a
large number, these numerals are used in the plural, being followed by the preposition by: e.g.
hundreds of copiers, thousands of dollars. There are other expressions that refer to numbers, such
as dozen (12) and score (20) which follow the same rules (two dozen copiers, four score floppy disks
but dozens of copiers).
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PRACTICE 1
1). 456,908 four hundred and fifty-six thousand, nine hundred and eight
2). 34,300 ……………………………………………………………………
3). 1,458, 789 ……………………………………………………………
4). 320,300 ……………………………………………………………………
5). 34,030 ……………………………………………………………………
6). 34,330 ……………………………………………………………………
7). 452,980 ……………………………………………………………………
8). 56,050 ……………………………………………………………………
9). 65,015 ……………………………………………………………………
10). 3,210 ……………………………………………………………………
11). 40-232-210234 ……………………………………………………………
12). 16.5% ……………………………………………………………………
13). 457 B.C. ……………………………………………………………………
14). 23m ……………………………………………………………………
15). 3/4 ……………………………………………………………………
b. You work for a non-profit organisation whose aim is to stop the appalling
practice of baby trade in our country. Write an advertisement for the new free
help line where people can signal such cases or ask for help and advice. Use at
least five numerals (written either in words or figures).
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7. twenty three millions of people
8. five point five hundred and fifty-five
9. three and a half dollars ($3.50)
10. The shipment was delivered on the 3 of November.
a. 457 employees are covered by the insurance policy the company has.
b. To fit current desk space, your printer cannot exceed twenty by eight inches.
c. Organizer refills for company executives sell for $3, $25, or 34.78.
d. Garfield Enterprise made amendments to the 4th, 5th and 21st meeting agendas.
e. I counted fourteen ink jet cartridges, eighteen reams of laser pager, and 31
storage CDs.
f. We worked on the web page design from 10:00 A.M. until seven-thirty P.M.
g. You‟ll recognize the courier: she is six feet two inches tall.
h. Our bank has authorized a line of credit for our remaining debt of five thousand
pounds sterling.
i. With the Euro, you can visit the same twelve countries and exchange the money
only 2 times.
j. Create a table that will accommodate variable figures such as one-half, 4 1/9
and six.
4. Find and underline five errors in the writing of numerals in the following text
excerpted from a newspaper article. Correct the errors in the five blanks that
follow the text (An error occurs twice, identify it but consider it as the same
problem).
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announced its Millennium Development Goal on poverty – to bring the number
of people living on less than a dollar a day in 2015 down to a half the level in
1990 – the goal had already been achieved.
1. _________________
2. _________________
3. _________________
4. _________________
5. _________________
STUDY 2
INTERNATIONAL ADOPTIONS
_____
Since the moratorium, the numbers have plummeted again. Local authorities
have stopped declaring large numbers of children abandoned, because there is
no longer a profitable business and any money in it. The EU is instead funding
day-care centres or foster care in Romania. But this progress is threatened by
pressure from Europe‟s governments which tend to pay more attention to the
concerns of middle-class would-be ……… (1) to any moratorium.
_____
A Christmas feel-good story for the Italian government has turned into a new
year embarrassment. After political pressure from Rome, Romania‟s prime
minister pushed through a long-delayed adoption of 105 Romanian „orphans‟ by
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Italian families. But the deal has angered the European Commission and that
could affect Romania‟s hopes of ……… (2) the European Union in 2007.
_____
The story starts in 1990, when pictures of Romania‟s „………‟ (3) flashed across
the world‟s television screens. Well-meaning folk from other countries promptly
started to ……… (4) the children. But the $20,000 – 30,000 they paid for each
adoption proved all too tempting in a country with ……… (5) salaries of only
$100 a month. The numbers of children in ……… (6) increased to meet the
demand.
_____
The Commission is angry because the deal broke a three-year-old EU-inspired
moratorium on international ……… (7) of Romanian children. The ban was
imposed because these adoptions have become a highly profitable business, in
which the ……… (8) of the children and their natural families were ignored.
According to the American aid agency USAID many babies with families were
misrepresented as available for adoption. The agency concluded that “children
are being adopted out of Romania who would not, in absence of financial
……… (9), have been placed for adoption at all, let alone adopted
internationally.”
_____
In 1990s foreign governments and citizens provided a lifetime aid and hope for
Romania‟s children. It would be sad if their continuing involvement now dented
Romania‟s standing with the EU.
_____
In fairness, the Italian government was doing only what others have done.
Almost 1,000 children have gone abroad as „exceptions‟ since the moratorium
was imposed. The mistake the Italians made was to boast openly their success
that Brussels was quick to pounce. Gunter Verheugen, the commissioner for EU
enlargement, wrote to the Romanian prime minister, saying that the case
“raises serious questions as to Romania‟s political commitment to the protection
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of children ……… (10) which is part of the political criteria for accession in the
EU.”
1. What is the act that establishes the rules and regulations of adoption in the
European Union?
2. What does USAID stand for?
3. What caused the phenomenon of international adoptions in Romania?
4. According to the article, were there so many real orphans in our country?
5. What is the EU commissioner‟s opinion on Romania‟s position concerning the
topic?
6. Why is the problem of international adoptions so important for our country‟s
accession to the European Union?
7. According to the article, when is Romania to join the EU?
8. What measures for preventing international adoptions are funded by the EU?
9. According to the article, what was the average salary in Romania at that time?
10. What was the price range that international adopters had to pay in Romania?
3. State your opinion on this topic by writing a five-line paragraph using the
words: orphan, mass media, right, adoption.
4. Underline all the forms of the apostrophe’s genitive in the article. Could you
identify the grammar rule of this case‟s use? Do you know any other structure
of the genitive? Revise the grammar basics below.
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LANGUAGE STUDY 2
Many non-native speakers find it difficult to use the genitive, as they do not know
when the „s genitive is appropriate and when the of one is.
The genitive is used to show possession, authorship, brand, kind or origin:
Joan‟s office
Kotler‟s book
Nike‟s shoes
shareholders‟ meeting
Einstein‟s theory
A noun in the genitive may be followed by apostrophe („) s and then by another noun.
As a rule, it can be expanded into a phrase.
THE ‘S GENITIVE
This form of the genitive is usually used to express the following ideas:
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2 referring to people and animals and to personal/professional relationships and
human qualities
4 referring to the origin of something (where it comes from or who made it)
7 with names of shops, companies and people / places that provide a service
Ex. I‟m getting the Christmas shopping at Macy‟s. (Macy‟s department store)
Was there anything fresh at the butcher‟s this morning? (the butcher‟s shop)
a minute‟s delay
at arm‟s length
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THE ‘OF’ GENITIVE
Ex. The negotiators ignored the shouting of the strikers standing in front of the
building.
Ex. A man was sentenced to life imprisonment for the murder of an American CEO,
Hannibal Lector.
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‘OF’ GENITIVE OR ‘S GENITIVE
There are certain situations in which we can use both the „s genitive and the „of‟
structure in order to express the following ideas:
4 expressing a reason or purpose with sake (note the exceptions in point 8 of the
table with the use of „s genitive)
Ex. We agreed to make a go of it for the sake of the employees / the employees‟
sake.
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PRACTICE 2
1. I went there, but they were closed. It was a complete waste of time.
2. The product launch is a disaster. There‟s a complete…interest.
3. You shouldn‟t have told them that information. It was an … of judgement.
4. Our hotel offers a wide … facilities for the business traveller.
5. We have a relatively low … unemployment in our country, just 4%.
6. I heard a very interesting … information the other day.
7. We arrived just at the right time. What a … luck!
8. The advertisement has been very successful. There‟s a … inquiries.
9. The results must be correct. We used a very reliable … data analysis.
10. Things are moving so quickly in this field. The … change is very fast.
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d. office used by Andrew
e. end of the day
f. reply given by John
g. reasons cited by officers
h. debts owed by the Smolletts
i. timecards of the employees
4. Six of these sentences contain mistakes. Identify the correct sentences, then
find and correct the mistakes.
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6. The Serious Fraud Office, a special police unit, is investigating DataBase
International. The following is an extract from a newspaper report. Improve
some of the sentences by changing the genitive forms.
The Board‟s decision to raise the dividend was against the advice of the auditor.
Now the companies‟ shares have been suspended and its AGM has been
postponed. The director‟s passports have been confiscated by the judicial
authorities. A spokesman for Mr. Sherlock Holmes, the Managing Director, said
Mr. Holmes had no comment to make. Mr. Holmes‟ wife, also a Board‟s
member, said the investigation was „a disgrace‟. Meanwhile, the employees of
the company reported for work as usual. A worker‟s representative said her
colleague were worried about their jobs.
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STUDY 3:
PENSIONS
“I work in the UK for a large US company which has a great pension scheme. I
joined the company in June 2000 and the company scheme in July 2001. I am
ill at the moment, and I want to clarify my wife‟s financial position should I die. I
have reviewed my pension and she gets the accumulated value of my
contributions, and there is a significant dependants‟ pension element – 4/9ths of
my salary plus 2/9ths for my children until they are 18.
However, there is a clause which says ”If you join the Plan at the first
opportunity and remain an active member” you get this benefit and, since I
joined the plan much later than the company, there is doubt over whether I
qualify. When I joined the company I was given full details of the plan but was
not made aware that if I didn‟t join straight away I would be losing a possible
future benefit. Should I challenge my employer?”
He must ask his employer to grant Mr. S.‟s wife and children a pension in the
event of his death.
He must address the Pensions Advisory Service to see if there is any basis for a
claim.
He must prepare the papers given to him when he started employment
It is possible that there has been a breach of a term implied into his employment
contract. In this case, the employer is obliged to take steps to bring to his attention
the existence of a valuable benefit.
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According to Mr. Johnson‟s point of view, he was aware of the possible negative
consequences of staying out of the pension scheme for a while. Unfortunately, his
fears may prove to be true.
I am writing in reply to the letter you sent to Employment Today, which was also
published in the magazine‟s October issue. The editor passed it to me and after
having analysed your case I could make some suggestion to you.
Firstly,………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
Should this not be possible………………………………………………………………
…….………………………………………………….………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………..
.……………………………………………………………………………………………….
Before that, however,……………………………………………………………………...
………………………………………………………………………………………………..
..………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………..
I hope to have been of some help to you and should you have any further queries,
feel free to contact me.
Sincerely yours,
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SECTION C
EXAM FOCUS
Choose the correct alternative. In some cases both options are correct.
4. I need to visit…
a. the doctor‟s surgery.
b. the surgery of the doctor.
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8. He‟s taking … from his job at the university.
a. a year‟s sabbatical
b. a sabbatical of a year
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SECTION D
PROJECT WORK
Write a report about social issues in either the world or our country, using the
following structure:
- topic;
- reasons for choosing that topic;
- methods of analysis (analysis of statistical data, surveys, etc.) used in your
research;
- findings;
- causes of the issues presented;
- possible solutions or recommendations;
- conclusions.
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