RATIFICATION PAGE

Complete report of genetics laboratory with the title “The Role of Genes
Affected by Sex”. Which made by:
name : Nisa Andini Sofyan
ID : 1614442010
class : Biology Education of ICP
group : V (five)
After checked by assistant and assistant coordinator, so this report accepted.

Makassar, October 2018

Assistant Coordinator, Assistant,

Muhammad Habil Ahmad

Paewa Panennungi, S.Pd
ID. 1614142011

Known,
Lecture of Responsibility

Hartati, S. Si, M. Si, Ph. D

ID : 19740405 200003 2 00
 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

A. Background
Genetics is the study of heredity. Heredity is a biological process where a
parent passes certain genes onto their children. Every child inherits genes from both
of their biological parents and these genes in turn express specific traits. Some of
these traits may be physical for example hair and eye color and skin color. On the
other hand some genes may also carry the risk of certain diseases and disorders that
may pass on from parents to their offspring.
The genetic information lies within the cell nucleus of each living cell in the
body. The information can be considered to be retained in a book for example. Part
of this book with the genetic information comes from the father while the other part
comes from the mother. We also know that individual have two kinds
chromosomes, autosomal and chromosomes sex. That’s why female and male have
same autosomal, so the inherits determine by gene on autosomal from parents to
their child without differenciate the sex.
Although many anatomical and physiological differences between woman
and men, a single loop basis determination of gender is quite simple. Humans and
other mammals, there are two kinds of sex chromosomes, X and Y symbol. The Y
chromosome is much smaller than the X chromosome. Someone who inherit two X
chromosomes, one from each parent, usually develop into woman. Man develops
from the zygote that contains an X chromosome and one Y chromosome. Genes
that are affected by gender is an autosomal gene that differentiate between woman
and men due to internal environmental factors influenced, difference sex hormone
levels between men and woman. Nature-derived by gene known as properties is
dropping that influenced by gender. One example of the nature of the decline in
people who are affected by gender is the length of the index finger.
The length of index finger ratio to ring finger of individual is determined by
genes which are influenced by sex. The length of index finger has been of concern
to some experts because of gender-related differences. It has been reported that the
ratio of length index finger most male individuals is smaller than that of in female.
So, this laboratory work to prove that statement.
B. Purpose
1. To determine ourself genotype based on our finger size
2. To know frequency of the fenotype and genotype from the index finger
C. Benefits
This laboratory activity makes us learn about gene role affected by sex. We
can determine ourself genotype based on our finger size after did this laboratory
works.
 CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE

The members of any biological species are similar in some characteristics but
different in others.For example, all human beings share a set of observable
characteristics, or traits, that define us as aspecies. We have a backbone and a spinal
cord; these traits are among those that define us as a typeof vertebrate. We are warm
blooded and feed our young with milk from mammary glandsthesetraits are among
those that define us as a type of mammal.Within the human species, however, there
is also much variation. Traits such as hair color, eyecolor, skin color, height, weight,
and personality characteristics are tremendously variable from oneperson to the
next.The study of biologically inherited traits is genetics. Among the traits studied
in genetics are thosethat are influenced in part by the environment.Inherited traits
are determined by elements of heredity, called genes, that are transmittedfrom
parents to offspring in reproduction (Hartl & Jones, 2010).
In 1866, Gregor Mendel, an Austrian monk and a plant breeder, published
his findings on the method and the mathematics of inheritance in garden pea plants.
The passing of traits to the next generation is called inheritance, or heredity. Mendel
was successful insorting out the mystery of inheritance because of the organism he
chose for his study the pea plant. Pea plants are easy to grow and many are true-
breeding, meaning that they consistently produce offspring with only one form of a
trait. Pea plants usually reproduce by self-fertilization. A common occurrence in
many flowering plants, self-fertilization occurs when a male gamete within a flower
combines with a female gamete in the same flower. Mendel also discovered that
pea plants could easily be cross pollinated by hand. Mendel performed cross
pollination by transferring a male gamete from the flower of one pea plant to the
female reproductive organ in a flower of another pea plant. Mendel rigorously
followed various traits in the pea plants he bred. He analyzed the results of his
experiments and formed hypotheses concerning how the traits were inherited. The
study of genetics, which is the science of heredity, began with Mendel, who is
regarded as the father of genetics (Biggs et al, 2008 : 277).
 The importance of the cell nucleus in inheritance became apparent in the
1870s with the observationthat the nuclei of male and female reproductive cells fuse
in the process of fertilization. Thisobservation suggested that there was something
inside the sperm and egg nucleus that wasresponsible for inherited characteristics.
The next major advance was the discovery of thread-likeobjects inside the nucleus
that become visible in the light microscope when stained with certaindyes, these
threads were called chromosomes. By 1900 it had become clear that the number
ofchromosomes is constant within each species but differs among species. The
characteristics ofchromosomes made it seem likely that they were the carriers of
the genes.By the 1920s, more and more evidence suggested a close relationship
between DNA and the geneticmaterial. Studies using special stains showed that
DNA, in addition to certain proteins, is present inchromosomes.The first evidence
that genes are DNA came from studies of bacteria that cause pneumonia.Bacterial
pneumonia in mammals is caused by strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae that are
able tosynthesize a slimy "capsule" around each cell. Strains that lack a capsule do
not cause pneumonia.The capsule is composed of a complex carbohydrate that
protects the bacteriumfrom the immune response of the infected animal and enables
the bacterium to cause the disease (Hartl& Jones, 2010).
He called these new plants hybrids because they received different genetic
information, or different alleles, for a trait from each parent. The results of these
studies made Mendel even more curious about how traits are inherited. Garden peas
are easy to breed for pure traits. An organism that always produces the same traits
generation after generation is called a purebred. He found that tall plants crossed
with short plants produced seeds that produced all tall plants. Whatever caused the
plants to be short had disappeared. Mendel called the tall form the dominant factor
because it dominated, or covered up, the short form. He called the form that seemed
to disappear the recessive factor. Today, these are called dominant alleles and
recessive alleles (Biggs et al, 2008: 128).
A typical gene contains the information for one specific protein. The
collection of proteins an organism can synthesize, as well as the timing and amount
of production of each protein, is an extremely important determinant of the structure
and physiology of organisms. A protein generally has one of two basic functions,
depending on the gene. First, the protein may be a structural component,
contributing to the physical properties of cells or organisms. Examples of structural
proteins are microtubule, muscle, and hair proteins. Second, the protein may be an
active agent in cellular presses such as an active-transport protein or an enzyme that
catalyzes one of the chemical reactions of the cell. The primary structure of a
protein is a linear chain of amino acids, called a polypeptide (Griffiths et al, 2005).
An organism with two of the same alleles for a particular trait is
homozygous for that trait with two different alleles for a particular trait is
heterozygous.The outward appearance of an organism does not always indicate
which pair of alleles is present. The organism’s allele pairs are called its genotype.
The observable characteristic or outward expression of an allele pair is called the
phenotype (Biggs et al, 2008: 279).
Men with more masculine finger ratios are perceived as being more
masculine and dominant by female observer and they tend to perform better in a
number of physical activities and sports. A low masculine finger ratio shows a
correlation with high testosterone level which is characteristic feature of males,
while higher ratio shows that correlation with low testosterone level which is a
characteristic feature of females. In human finger length ratio of the index and ring
finger (2D:4D) is a sexually dimorphic trait. The ratio in between index and ring
digits length (2D:4D) may correlate with in utero testosterone level because it is
sexually dimorphic. The relative length of the digits are set before birth and 2D:4D
ratio have been reported to be negatively correlate with testosterone level and
positively associate with estrogen level in adults (Shukla et al, 2016).
Sex and gender are important determinants of health and well-being. Sex
refers to a set of biological attributes in humans and animals that are associated with
physical and physiological features including chromosomes, gene expression,
hormone function and reproductive/sexual anatomy. Sex is usually categorized as
female or male, although there is variation in the biological attributes that constitute
sex and how those attributes are expressed. Gender refers to the socially constructed
roles, behaviours and identities of female, male and gender-diverse people. It
influences how people perceive themselves and each other, how they behave and
interact and the distribution of power and resources in society (Shirin et al, 2016).
The ring finger is the fourth digit of the human hand and the second most
ulnar finger located between the middle finger and the little finger while the index
finger is the first finger and the second digit of a human6,7. The index finger is
located between the thumb and the middle finger and usually the most dexterous
and sensitive finger of the hand6,8. Digit ratio commonly known as 2D:4D is the
ratio of the index finger (2D) to ring finger (4D)9. Finger length ratio (2D:4D) is a
sexually dimorphic trait. The ratio of second digit (index finger) to fourth digit (ring
finger) is smaller for males than females in humans, mice and baboons10-15. Males
develop a lower 2D:4D than the females by the end of the first trimester of gestation
or by the 14th week of gestation16-19.Thus the sexually dimorphic pattern is
established around 14 weeks prenatally and is fixed from the second postnatal year
or later19-21. After birth, 2D:4D ratios and sex differences in 2D:4D ratios are seen
by the age of two and is thought to be stable, and they seem not to be affected by
postnatal variations in hormone levels, including the large variations that occur at
puberty (Mehta et al, 2014).
The length of index finger ratio to ring finger of individual is determined by
genes which are influenced by sex. The length of index finger (2D) and ring finger
(4D) has been of concern to some experts because of gender-related differences. It
has been reported that the ratio of 2D to 4D in most male individuals is smaller than
that of in female. The ratio of the length of the index finger towards the ring finger
on someone. It is a character or trait inherited through genes his expression is
influenced by the type of gender (sex influence gene). Finger length second or index
finger (2D) and fingers the fourth or the ring finger (4 d) concern some experts
because related gender differences (Purwaningsih, 2016).
The bones of the fingers (digitorum) attached to the metacarpal bones.
Bones – bones (phalanges) digitorum has 14 vertebrae, two vertebrae to mother
finger and other fingers to section 3 which consists of medial and proximal phalanx,
the distal end. On each of his phalanx consisting of the caput, corpus and base. His
corpus the shape of the pointed toward the distal end, and its surface is shaped
konveks in the dorsal. While the sides are flat and harsh that functioned as a place
gets tendo flexor muscles. The base of the phalanx part proksimalnya oval-shaped
joint surface with concave (Putri, 2017).
Gene diversity is all the differences found on the living beings in one
species. Knowledge of genetic diversity is very important because it will give a
basic information in the development of the next crop. In a high diversity of genes
potentially save that high anyway. Development of science makes it easy to detect
the genetic diversity of a molecular-based individuals. In general the genetic
diversity of a population can occur due to mutation, recombination, or gene
migration from one place to another (Carlen et al, 2015).
According to scientists, the growth of human fingers varies depending on
the hormone levels of testosterone and estrogen in the womb when her mother's
baby was conceived. High testosterone levels are believed to support the
development of parts of the brain that deal with math skills and perspective of space.
The hormone that causes the finger to grow longer. Estrogen also encourages the
same effect on the brain but that relate to verbal. However, these hormones also
supports the growth of the index finger so that it is longer than the ring finger
(Hartati & Irawan, 2018).
 CHAPTER III
MATERIALS AND METHODS

A. Time and Place

Day / Date : Thursday, October 11, 2018
Time : 15.50 until 17.50 WITA
Place : Microbiology lab floor II West Faculty of Mathematics and Natural
Science University of Makassar

B. Tools and Materials

1. Tools
a) Pencil or ballpoint 1 piece
b) Ruler 1 piece
2. Materials
a) Observation sheet 1 piece
b) Index and ring finger of yours 1 hand
C. Work Procedures
1. Make a horizontal line in your observation sheet;
2. Place your hand (left or right) on top of the observation sheet, place it
according to the horizontal line before;
3. Make a mark on the edge of your index finger by using pencil or ballpoint;
4. Write down your result by using gene T and t, determine your genotype.
 CHAPTER IV
RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS

A. Result
Num. Name Gene (TT/tt)
1 Risma TT
2 Fatmah Kamaruddin tt
3 Sari Bulan Wahyuni Tt
4 Kamriani TT
5 Kevin Aji Pratama P TT
6 Dian Puspitasari TT
7 Sakina Amaliah Pratiwi TT
8 Muhammad Ainun Chaer TT
9 Muhammad Ichsan Izzulhaq TT
10 Hamia TT
11 Dinul Qayyimah TT
12 Yulianda tt
13 Elva Yunianti TT
14 Nurul Fitrahtullah TT
15 Syamsiar Rahayu TT
16 Besse Maqfirah Ramadhani TT
17 Dian Rahmadani TT
18 Andi Fia Mutmainnah TT
19 Nisa Andini Sofyan tt
20 Eka Jesinta TT
Table 1. Class Data of Length between Index and Ring Finger

Males Females Total

TT 3 13 16
tt 0 4 4
Table 2. Distribute Data Length of Index and Ring Finger Based on Sex Determine
B. Data Analysis
1. Frequency of Fenotypes
a) Males (index finger shorter than the ring finger/TT)
∑index finger longer than the ring finger♂
= ∑ 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑎
x 100 %
3
= x 100 % = 15 %
20

b) Males (index finger longer than the ring finger/tt)

∑index finger shorter than the ring finger♂
= ∑ 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑎
x 100 %
0
= x 100 % = 0 %
20

c) Females (index finger shorter than the ring finger/TT)

∑index finger longer than the ring finger ♀
= ∑ 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑎
x 100 %
13
= x 100 % = 65 %
20

d) Females (index finger longer than the ring finger/tt)

∑index finger shorter than the ring finger ♀
= ∑ 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑎
x 100 %
4
= x 100 % = 20 %
20

2. Frequency of Genotypes
Handy-Weinberg Formula
𝒑𝟐 + 𝟐𝒑𝒒 + 𝒒𝟐 = 1
where
p+q = 1
Genotype for each index finger
𝑝𝟐 = Index finger shorter than ring finger homozygote (TT)
2pq = Index finger longer than ring finger heterozygote (Tt)
𝑞 𝟐 = Index finger longer than ring finger (tt)
a) Males
Alel frequency for each genotype
∑ 𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑟 0
 𝑞2 = ∑ 𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑎
= =0
3

𝑞=0
 Subtitute the value q to formula p + q = 1
p+q=1
p+0=1
p =1
So, genotype percentage are
 𝑝𝟐 = (1𝟐 ) = 1 x 100% = 100%
Total in person = 1 x 3 = 3
 2pq = 2(1)(0) = 0
Total in person = 0
 𝑞 𝟐 = (0𝟐 ) = 0
Total in person = 0
a) Females
Alel frequency for each genotype
∑ 𝑓𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑟 13
 𝑝2 = ∑ 𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑎
= 17 = 0,76

𝑝 = √0,76 = 0,87
 Subtitute the value p to formula p + q = 1
p+q=1
0,87 + q = 1
q = 1-0,87 = 0,13
So, genotype percentage are
 𝑝𝟐 = (0,87𝟐 ) = 0,7569 x 100% = 75,69%
Total in person = 0,7569 x 17 = 13
 2pq = 2(0,87)(0,13) = 0,2262 x 100% = 22,62%
Total in person = 0,2262 x 17 = 4
 𝑞 𝟐 = (0,13𝟐 ) = 0,0169 x 100% = 1,69%
Total in person = 0,0169 x 17 = 0
C. Discussion
Genotype differences on each person, and the role of the gene in the sex lab
course this time give us that not only genes contained on gonosom. The genes that
govern the various properties that are affected by sex, can be located on any
autosomal or sex chromosome of homologous sections. Dominant or recessive
expression by alleles, locus-locus are influenced by internal environmental
differences caused by sex hormones.
Some of the properties of the specified descendant by autosomal genes there
that his expression is affected by sex (sex). For example observations this time is
the length of the index finger. After observation from 20 students, it brings a number
of 4 people have a longer index finger from on the ring finger (tt), 16 people have
the index finger is more shorter than the ring finger (TT or Tt), and no one person
has a finger the same length with index finger sweet. Basically, the size of a human
finger already formed since the individual in the womb. There are some of the
factors that affect the size of the fingers, one of which is sex hormones, namely
testosterone and estrogen.
The results obtained in the male population there are three people who have
a homozygous short index finger (TT): with a percentage of 15%. Then there is no
man who has a long index finger due to probandus in practical work is dominated
by women. Whereas, in a population of women there were there were 13 people
who have short index finger homozygous (TT): with a percentage of 65% and for
women who have a longer index finger (tt) there are 4 people with the percentage
of 20%.
Genotype percentage for men is obtained that represents the male
homozygous short index finger (TT) of 100% in 3 people. And 0% in males
heterozygous short have index finger (Tt) and men long have index finger (tt).
Meanwhile, the percentage of genotip for women acquired that women who
represents the homozygous short index finger (TT) of 75.69% i.e. on 13 people.
then 22.6% in heterozygous women short have index finger (Tt), namely on 4
people, as well as to women's have index finger long (tt) amounted to 1.69% or no
one is have index finger long (tt).
 From the analysis that was done there was a difference with the observations,
our observations on the table symbolize the female that has the index finger is
longer than the ring finger with tt. So, there are two gene TT and tt. However, once
the analysis with the Handy-Weinberg, it turns out that 4 people in a population of
women who have a longer index finger than ring finger it bergenotipe heterozygotes
(Tt). So, based on the analysis on the population of women, TT: Tt: tt is 13:4: 0.
Determination of the length of the index finger is short compared with the
ring finger. If your index finger is longer than the ring finger index finger then it's
called long. If your index finger is shorter than the ring finger index finger then it's
called short. Both are the same length, and when the meal is called that long index
finger and ring finger are the same.
The basis of gender, the female student shows the incidence of short index
finger higher student compare to the male, while students female have the incidence
of finger index finger length higher than male students. This is in accordance
research by Purwaningsih (2016) which reported that men have length between
index finger and ring finger ratio is smaller than female. Length between index
finger and ring finger ratio is alleged to determined by exposure to testosterone
during the development of intra uterin early. Subsequent length between index
finger and ring finger ratio on the male is smaller than the women related to physical
aggression disorders attention deficit hyperactivity and genetic polymorphism
androgen receptors.
 CHAPTER V
CLOSING

A. Conclusion
Based on our observation, we can conclude that the Percentage of frequency
males and females that have short index finger is higher than peoples that have long
index finger. Peoples who have short index finger caused by genes affected by sex
are dominant to males, but ressesive to women.
B. Suggestion
Keep focuss and pay attention while during the laboratoy activity. Cause a little
mistake can takes a high risk in the result. Also, don’t forget to understand the
instruction fellow before do a laboratory. Cause biologist is all about learn and
focuss.
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