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CHEMISTRY (862)

Aims:
1. To foster acquisition of knowledge and 5. To develop an interest in activities involving
understanding of terms, concepts, facts, usage of the knowledge of Chemistry.
processes, techniques and principles relating to 6. To develop a scientific attitude through the study
the subject of Chemistry. of Physical Sciences.
2. To develop the ability to apply the knowledge of 7. To acquaint students with the emerging frontiers
contents and principles of Chemistry in new or and interdisciplinary aspects of the subject.
unfamiliar situations.
8. To develop skills relevant to the discipline.
3. To develop skills in proper handling of
apparatus and chemicals. 9. To apprise students with interface of Chemistry
with other disciplines of Science, such as,
4. To develop an ability to appreciate achievements Physics, Biology, Geology, Engineering, etc.
in the field of Chemistry and its role in nature
and society.
CLASS XI

There will be two papers in the subject. (iii) Chemical equivalents, volumetric calculations
Paper I: Theory- 3 hours ... 70 marks in terms of normality. C = 12.00 should be
taken as a standard for expressing atomic
Paper II: Practical - 3 hours ... 20 marks masses.
Project Work … 7 marks
(iv) Relative molecular mass and mole. The
Practical File … 3 marks following methods may be considered for the
determination of relative molecular masses for
PAPER I –THEORY – 70 Marks the gases: the molar volume method; Victor
Meyer’s method.
There will be one paper of 3 hours duration divided
into 2 parts. 2. Atomic Structure
Part I (20 marks) will consist of compulsory short (i) Electrons, Protons and Neutrons as
answer questions, testing knowledge, application and fundamental particles, their charges and
skills relating to elementary/fundamental aspects of masses.
the entire syllabus.
(ii) Rutherford’s nuclear model based on the
Part II (50 marks) will be divided into 3 Sections: A,
scattering experiment.
B and C. Candidates are required to answer three out
of five questions from Section A (each carrying 8 (iii) Bohr’s atomic model (No mathematical
marks), two out of three questions from Section B details are required).
(each carrying 7 marks) and two out of three
(iv) Atomic structure: wave mechanical model- a
questions from Section C (each carrying 6 marks).
simple non mathematical treatment. Quantum
Therefore, a total of seven questions are to be
numbers; shape, size and orientation of s and
answered in Part II.
p orbitals only. Hund’s rule of maximum
multiplicity. Pauli’s exclusion principle,
SECTION A
AUFBAU principle, electronic configuration
of elements in terms of s, p, d, f subshells.
1. Atoms and Molecules
(i) The concept of atoms having fixed properties 3. Periodic Table
in explaining the laws of chemical (i) Atomic number (Proton number) as the basis for
combination. classification of the elements in the Periodic
(ii) Atomic and isotopic masses and their Table. IUPAC nomenclature for elements with
determinations by spectrometry. Z> 100.
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(ii) Extra nuclear structure as the basis of and presence of a catalyst. Catalyst –
periodicity. Some idea of the following: structure: enzymes and zeolites.
ionisation potential, electron affinity, atomic (ii) The concept of energy barrier (it is suggested
radius, atomic volume, electronegativity, etc that some experiments may be devised which
must be given. The periodicity of electronic may deal with the above mentioned factors).
structure leading to the periodicity of elements
e.g the relative ease of ionisation of elements. 8. Chemical Equilibria
(iii) Periodicity of elements with reference to s, p, d
and f block elements. (i) Reversible reactions and dynamic equilibrium.
The concept of equilibrium constant in terms of
4. Chemical Bonding concentration or partial pressure to indicate the
Electrovalent Bond composition of the equilibrium mixture. The
(i) Electrovalent or ionic bond e.g formation of following are the examples: the dissociation of
NaCl, Li2O, MgO, CaO, MgF2, and Na2 S. dinitrogen tetroxide, hydrolysis of simple
(ii) Factors influencing the formation of ionic esters, the Contact Process for the manufacture
bond, e.g electron affinity, lattice energy and of sulphuric acid, the synthesis of ammonia.
electronegativity. (ii) Le Chatelier’s principle and its applications to
(iii) The relation between the ionic bonding and chemical equilibria.
Periodic Table.
(iv) Variable electrovalency and its causes. SECTION B
Covalent Bond
9. General Survey of Groups of Elements
(i) Covalent bond, e.g. formation of ammonia,
nitrogen, ethene, ethyne, and carbon dioxide. General survey of the following groups of
(ii) Variable valency: chlorine exhibits the valency elements in the periodic table. It should include
of 1,3,5 & 7 respectively. the following (a) Occurrence in nature
(iii) Deviation from Octet rule and Fajans’ rules. (b) Physical state (c) Type of bonding (d) Nature
of oxides, hydroxides, chlorides, hydrides,
5. The Gaseous State carbonates, nitrates, sulphates wherever
(i) The gas laws, kinetic theory treated applicable.
qualitatively.
(i) p-block elements. 13th (III A) group- Al, 14th
(ii) PV = nRT or PV= (W/M)RT and the (IV A) group - C, allotropes – elementary idea
application of this equation of state. of graphite, fullerenes and diamond, Si, Sn,
(iii) Non-ideal behaviour of gases and Van der Pb, 15th (V A) group – N, P, 16th (VI A) group
Waals’ equation. O, S, 17th (VII A) Group – F, Cl, Br, I.
(iv) Dalton’s law, the Avogadro constant, the (ii) d- block elements – transition elements
mole, Graham’s law of diffusion, simple e.g. Cu, Ag, Zn, Fe.
numerical problems on the above.
(iii) Elements in earth, sea. Mineral wealth of
6. Colloidal Solutions India.
Preparation and properties of colloids, both
lyophilic and lyophobic colloids. Precipitation as 10. Extraction Properties and Uses of Metals
evidence that the colloidal particles are charged.
Idea of gold number is required, but application of Only the following metals:
gold number is not required. The importance of Electrolytic reduction: Mg
large surface area in adsorption should also be
appreciated. Chemical reduction: Fe; important alloy – steel.

7. Chemical Kinetics Only the chemical principles and reactions are


required. Details of the industrial processes are
(i) Qualitative treatment of the dependence of not required.
reaction rates on: concentration of the
reactants, size of the particles, temperature 11. Redox Reactions
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12. Manufacture, Properties and Uses of the (iv) Conversions of one alcohol into another may
Compounds: be taken e.g. methanol into ethanol or vice-
Only the following compounds: versa.
(i) Sodium hydroxide. 17. Applications of Chemicals
(ii) Sodium carbonate. (i) In medicine: analgesics, tranquillisers,
(iii) Iron (II) Sulphate. antiseptics, disinfectants, anti-microbials,
anti-fertility drugs, antihistamines, antibiotics,
(iv) Magnesium chloride-6-water. antacids.
(v) Iron (II) chloride. (ii) Industry: Dyes- classification with examples –
(vi) Iron (II) ammonium sulphate-6-water. indigo, methyl orange, aniline yellow,
(vii) Iron (III) chloride. alizarine, malachite green. Advanced
materials: carbon fibres, ceramics, micro
(viii) Zinc sulphate-7-water. alloys. Detergents: classification, some
important examples.
SECTION C
(iii) Space: Rockets propellants- characteristics,
13. Introduction to Organic Chemistry chemicals used.
(i) The unique nature of carbon atom and (iv) Food processing: preservatives, artificial
catenation. sweetening agents, antioxidants and edible
(ii) Classification of organic compounds and colours.
homologous series. PAPER II
(iii) Detection of carbon, hydrogen, sulphur, PRACTICAL WORK- 20 Marks
nitrogen and halogen.
(iv) Estimation of carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen 1. Measurement of the rate of reaction based on the
– by Dumas’ method. size of the particle, concentration of reactants,
temperature and presence of catalyst, e.g. the
14. Hydrocarbons study of the rate of dissolving of magnesium or
zinc in dilute sulphuric or hydrochloric acid.
(i) Alkanes: General methods of preparation,
Properties of alkanes with reference to 2. Qualitative analysis; identification of the
methane and ethane. Petroleum as an following:
industrial source of hydrocarbons. Cations: NH4+, Ag+, Pb2+, Cu2+, Al3+, Fe2+, Fe3+,
(ii) Alkenes: general methods of preparation and Zn2+, Ca2+, Mg2+
properties of alkenes. Anions: CO32-, NO2-, S2-, SO32-, SO42-, NO3-,
(iii) Alkynes: methods of preparation (including CH3COO-, Cl-, Br-, I-.
manufacture), properties and uses of ethyne. Formal analytical procedure required.
15. Halide 3. Titration: acid-base titration involving molarity.
(i) The nomenclature of aliphatic compounds 4. Construction of voltaic cell and Daniel cell and
containing halogen atom. measuring their emf.
(ii) Preparation, properties, uses of haloalkanes.
PROJECT WORK AND PRACTICAL FILE -
(iii) Correlation of physical properties.
(iv) Preparation, properties, and uses of the 10 Marks
following: ethyl bromide, chloroform, Project Work – 7 Marks
iodoform, haloform reaction.
The candidate is to creatively execute one
16. Alcohols
project/assignment on a selected topic of Chemistry.
(i) Classification, general formulae, structure and Teachers may assign or students may choose any one
nomenclature.
project of their choice.
(ii) General methods of preparation, manufacture,
properties and uses of methanol and ethanol Practical File – 3 Marks
(no details – only outline).
Teachers are required to assess students on the basis
(iii) Manufacture, properties and uses of of the Chemistry Practical file maintained by them
ethane-1,2 diol, propane-1,2,3 triol (outline-
no details). during the academic year.
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CLASS XII
There will be two papers in the subject. (f) Van’t Hoff equation and its interpretation.
Paper I: Theory - 3 hours ... 70 marks (g) Simple numerical problems on different
methods mentioned above for the
Paper II: Practical - 3 hours ... 20 marks
determination of molecular masses.
Project Work … 7 marks Abnormal molecular masses in case of
Practical File … 3 marks electrolytes and in case of solutes which
associate.
PAPER I –THEORY – 70 Marks
2. Nuclear and Radio Chemistry
There will be one paper of 3 hours duration divided (i) Radioactive disintegration.
into 2 parts.
(ii) Detection and nature of alpha particles, beta
Part I (20 marks) will consist of compulsory short particles and gamma radiation. Evidence
answer questions, testing knowledge, application and from experiments with photographic
skills relating to elementary/fundamental aspects of emulsions and cloud chamber to establish
the entire syllabus. the nature of the rays.
Part II (50 marks) will be divided into 3 Sections, (iii) Modes of decay and group displacement
A, B and C. Candidates are required to answer two law.
out of three questions from Section A (each carrying 9 (iv) Rate of radioactive disintegration, decay
marks), two out of three questions from Section B law and graph, Half life period, Average life
(each carrying 7 marks) and two out of three and simple numerical problems based on the
questions from Section C (each carrying 9 marks). above.
Therefore, a total of six questions are to be answered
in Part II. (v) Effect of N/P ratio on nuclear stability,
related graphs.
SECTION A
(vi) Artificial or induced transmutation, only
1. Relative Molecular Mass and Mole transmutations produced by neutron,
hydrogen and helium are included.
(i) Molality, molarity, mole fraction, as measures Balancing of nuclear reactions.
of concentration.
(vii) Radioisotopes and their uses. Carbon (14),
(ii) Raoult's law and colligative properties. P (32) , I (127), Co (60).
(iii) Nonvolatile, non electrolytic solute. (viii)Fusion, fission and nuclear reactors-a
simple treatment is expected.
(iv) Dissociation- Electrolytic solute.
3. Chemical Bonding
(v) Association.
(i) Co-ordinate or dative covalent bond, e.g.
(vi) Relative molecular mass of non-volatile formation of oxy-acids of chlorine.
substances:
(ii) Hydrogen bonding: its essential requirements,
(a) By relative lowering of vapour pressure. the examples of hydrogen fluoride, water
(b) Depression in freezing point method- (ice), alcohol, etc may be considered.
Beckmann's method. (iii) Metallic bonding, Van der Waals’ forces.
Dipole effect and dipole moment.
(c) Elevation in boiling point method-
Cottrell's method. (iv)Shapes of simple molecules e.g. methane,
ammonia, water, based on the concept of
(d) Osmotic pressure and its application in repulsion between electron pairs, pyramidal,
the determination of relative molecular planar and trigonal bipyramidal molecules
mass. (Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion
(e) Van’t Hoff factor. Theory).
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(v) Molecular orbital theory, Qualitative treatment (vi) Variation of rate constant with temperature.
of homonuclear diatomic molecules of first Arrhenius equation K= Ae − E A /RT and related
two periods. Energy level diagrams, bonding, graphs.
antibonding orbitals, bond order,
paramagnetism of O2 molecule. Relative (vii) Catalyst - Catalysis: types of catalysts, theories
stabilities of O2-, O2, O2+. of catalysts, characteristics of catalyst.

(vi) Hybridisation and shapes of molecules: 7. Ionic Equilibria


hybridisation involving s and p orbitals only;
(i) Ostwald’s dilution law and its derivation.
sigma and pi bonds.
Strength of acids and bases based on their
dissociation constant.
4. States of Matters: Structure and Properties
(ii) Brönsted-Lowry and Lewis concept of acids
Solid State and bases.
Crystalline and amorphous substances; lattice; (iii) Ionic product of water, pH of solutions and
unit cell; 3–D packing of atoms in a crystal lattice; pH indicators, problems.
relation between radius, edge length and nearest
(iv) Common ion effect.
neighbour distance of atoms in a unit cell; density
of a unit cell; interstitial void; imperfections in (v) Salt hydrolysis.
solids, ionic, metallic and atomic solids, electrical (vi) Buffer solutions.
and magnetic properties.
(vii) Solubility product and its applications.
5. Coordination Compounds 8. Electrochemistry
Concept of complexes; definition of ligands; (i) Faraday’s laws of Electrolysis, Coulometer.
coordination number, coordination sphere; (ii) Relation between Faraday, Avogadro’s number
classification of ligands; IUPAC nomenclature of and charge on an electron. F = NAe should be
coordination compounds; isomerism; magnetic given (no details of Millikan’s experiment are
characteristics of coordination compounds on the required).
basis of valence bond theory. Stability constant; (iii) Galvanic cells, mechanism of current
uses of coordination compounds in different production in a galvanic cell; and electrode
fields. potential.
6. Chemical Kinetics (including numericals) (a) Standard electrode potential, measurement
of standard electrode potential.
Detailed study of -
(b) Idea of heterogeneous equilibria on the
(i) Collision theory. surface of the electrode.
(ii) The law of mass action. (c) Factors affecting electrode potential.
(iii) Effect of concentration of the reactants on - (d) Electrochemical series and its explanation
(a) The rate of the reaction. on the basis of standard electrode potential.
(b) The rate constant. (e) Numericals based on calculation of emf of
a cell from the values of standard electrode
(iv) Molecularity and order of the reaction. potentials.
(a) Meaning of the order of reaction. (f) Nernst equation (correlation with the free
(b) Meaning of molecularity. energy of the reaction in thermodynamics
derivation of the equation).
(v) Mechanisms of the reactions:
(iv) Electrolytic conductance: specific conductance.
SN1 and SN2 , E1 and E2 mechanisms are to be Measuring of molar and equivalent conductance;
taught at this point. Kohlrausch's law.

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SECTION B 13. Types of Chemical Reactions and their
Mechanisms
9. Chemical Energetics (i) Substitution, addition and elimination
(i) Introduction. reactions.
(ii) First law of Thermodynamics and its (ii) Homolytic and heterolytic fission.
mathematical statement. (iii) Electrophiles and nucleophiles.
(iii) Ideas about Heat, Work and Energy. (iv) Inductive, mesomeric and electromeric
effects.
(iv) Second law of thermodynamics – Entropy,
Free Energy. Spontaneity of a chemical (v) Free radicals and polar mechanisms (in
change. ∆G° = -2.303 RT logKeq; reversible terms of fission of the bonds and formation
and irreversible changes, isobaric, isochoric of the new bonds) including SN1 and SN2
adiabatic processes. mechanisms.
(vi) Organometallic compounds.
(v) Thermochemistry:
(a) Definitions. SECTION C
(b) Constancy in the heat of neutralisation.
14. Ethers, Aldehydes, Ketones, Carboxylic acids
(c) Calculation of calorific value of a fuel. and Acid Derivatives
(d) Hess’s law of constant heat summation - (i) Ethers: general formula and structure.
simple problems based on the above Nomenclature; preparation, properties and
definitions and concepts. uses of diethyl ether (outline, no detail).
(ii) Aldehydes and Ketones: methods of
10. Extraction, Properties and Uses of Metals preparation, properties and uses of aldehydes
Only the following metals: and ketones with reference to formaldehyde
and acetaldehyde (aldehydes) and acetone
(i) Electrolytic reduction – Al.
(ketone); The following reactions should be
(ii) Metallurgy of Cu, Pb and Sn. dealt with at appropriate place; Cannizzaro's
reaction, Aldol condensation, Keto-enol
(iii) Extraction of silver - Cyanide process.
Tautomerism.
11. Isolation, manufacture, properties and uses of (iii) Carboxylic acids: classification, general
non-metals formulae, structure and nomenclature:
monocarboxylic acids, general methods of
Only the following non-metals:
preparation, properties and uses of formic acid
Silicon, Phosphorus, Fluorine, Bromine and and acetic acid. Manufacture of acetic acid
Iodine. from ethyne, dicarboxylic acid and
preparation of oxalic acid from glycol, sodium
12. Preparation, manufacture, properties and uses formate and sucrose; properties and uses of
of compounds oxalic acid (outline-no detail).
Sodium thiosulphate crystals, Aluminum (iv) Acid derivatives: laboratory preparation,
chloride, Alum, Copper sulphate crystals, Silver properties and uses of acetyl chloride, acetic
nitrate, Hydrogen sulphide, Hydrogen peroxide, anhydride, acetamide, ethylacetate; urea
Ozone, Silicones, Silicon carbide, Nitrous acid, preparation (by Wohler's synthesis),
Hypochlorous acid, Chloric acid, Perchloric acid, properties and uses of urea, manufacture of
Bleaching powder, Phosphorus penta chloride, urea from ammonia and by cyanamide
Ortho Phosphoric acid. process.

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15. Glycine: preparation from chloroacetic acid, 20. Isomerism
properties of glycine including Zwitterion
Reactant, product, condition, equations, special (i) Structural Isomerism.
points, and precautions are to be learnt for all the
(ii) Stereo Isomerism.
reactions.
(a) Geometric isomerism.
16. Cyanide, Isocyanide, Cyanates, Isocyanates,
(b) Optical isomerism - lactic acid and
Nitro compounds and Amines
tartaric acid.
(i) Their nomenclature, general methods of
(iii) Use in identifying the compound.
preparation, correlation of physical properties,
their structure, chemical properties, their uses;
PAPER II
inter conversion of primary, secondary and
tertiary amines, amides. PRACTICAL WORK – 20 Marks
(ii) Quarternary ammonium salt from long chain
1. Qualitative analysis
amines (reactant, product, condition,
equations, special points, and precautions are Candidates would be required to carry out tests
to be learnt for all reactions). and make deductions.
Cations: NH4+, Ag+, Pb2+, Cu2+, Hg2+, Sn2+, Al3+,
17. Carbohydrates Fe2+, Fe3+, Cr3+, Zn2+, Ni2+, Mn2+, Ba2+, Sr2+, Ca2+,
Classification, monosaccharides; preparation and Mg2+
properties of glucose and fructose; disaccharides; Anions: CO32-, NO2-, S2-, SO32-, NO3-, CH3COO-,
properties of sucrose; polysaccharides; properties Cl-, Br-, I-, SO42-
of starch and cellulose.
A formal group analysis is required for the
18. Aromatic Compounds (Benzene and its identification of cations and anions in a mixture
derivatives) that may contain two cations and two anions.
Aromatic compounds (benzene and its Interfering combinations will not be allowed.
derivatives): coal tar as an important source of 2. Study of the rate of reaction
aromatic compounds; preparation of benzene from
sodium benzoate, properties and uses of benzene; The candidates will be required, having been
resonance model of benzene; directive influence given full instructions, to carry out an experiment
of substituents in the benzene ring; preparation, on the rate of reaction, e.g. reaction between
properties and uses of - chlorobenzene, sodium thiosulphate and hydrochloric acid.
nitrobenzene, aniline, phenol, benzaldehyde, 3. Titrations
benzoic acid. The following reactions should be
dealt with wherever relevant - Fittig reactions - acid-base titrations
(e.g. chlorobenzene to methyl benzene), Friedel - oxidation-reduction titrations: iodine / sodium
Craft reaction, e.g. toluene preparation. thiosulphate; potassium manganate (VII) /
ammonium iron (II) sulphate; potassium
19. Polymers manganate (VII) / oxalic acid; potassium
Polymerisation: the principle of addition and dichromate / sodium thiosulphate; copper (II)
condensation polymerisation illustrated by sulphate/ sodium thiosulphate.
reference to natural and synthetic polymers e.g. The candidate may be required to determine the
proteins, polyolefines and synthetic fibres; percent purity of a compound and the number of
thermoplastics, thermosetting plastics, molecules of water of crystallization in hydrated
chemotrophs; reference should also be made to salts. In such experiments sufficient working
the effect of chain-length and cross-linking on details including recognition of the end point will
physical properties of polymers. be given.

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4. Identification of the following compounds 2. Nucleic Acid: DNA and RNA – their structure.
based on observations Unique nature. Importance in evolution and their
 Aliphatic compounds: formaldehyde; ethanol; characteristic features.
acetic acid; acetone; glycerol; glucose. 3. Lipids: structure, membranes and their functions.
 Aromatic compounds: benzoic acid; phenol; 4. Carbohydrates and their metabolism,
aniline (carbylamine reaction should be Haemoglobin-blood and respiration.
avoided); benzaldehyde. 5. Immune systems.
*Please Note: Carbylamine reactions are not 6. Vitamins and hormones
performed under ordinary laboratory conditions.
Ethyl, methyl or phenyl isocynides are highly 7. Simple idea of chemical evolution.
obnoxious and cause dizziness and headache. 8. Natural polymers (any five)- structure,
characteristics, uses.
5. Testing of food material for adulteration which
may include: 9. Synthetic polymers (any five)- method of
preparation, structure, characteristics and uses.
 pure ghee (mixed with vanaspati or animal fat).
10. Thermoplastics and Thermosetting plastics -
 butter (mixed with starch or vanaspati ghee). methods of preparation, characteristics and uses.
 turmeric (mixed with starch or chromate salt). 11. Types of dyes- methods of preparation,
 milk (either fat is removed or some starch is characteristics and uses.
also mixed). 12. Chemicals in medicines: antiseptics, antibiotics,
 sweets (non-permissible colouring matter such antacids, etc. and their uses – chemical names.
as metanil yellow). 13. Various rocket propellants and their
6. Testing of vitamins A and B characteristics.
14. Preparation of soap, alcohol, nail polish, boot
PROJECT WORK AND PRACTICAL FILE - polish, varnish, nail polish remover, shampoo and
10 Marks scents.
Project Work – 7 Marks 15. Chemical and chemical processes in forensic
studies.
The project work is to be assessed by a Visiting
Examiner appointed locally and approved by the 16. Air pollution, water pollution.
Council. 17. Insecticides, pesticides and chemical fertilisers.
The candidate is to creatively execute one 18. Coal and coal tar as a source of many chemicals.
project/assignment on an aspect of Chemistry. 19. Ancient Indian medicines and medicinal plants.
Teachers may assign or students may select a topic of
their choice. Following is only a suggestive list of 20. Explosives - preparations and their uses.
projects. Practical File – 3 Marks
Suggested assignments: The Visiting Examiner is required to assess students
1. Amino acids: Peptides, structure and on the basis of the Chemistry Practical file maintained
classification, proteins structure and their role in by them during the academic year.
the growth of living beings.

NOTE: According to the recommendation of International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), the
groups are numbered from 1 to 18 replacing the older notation of groups IA ….. VIIA, VIII, IB …… VIIB and 0.
However, for the examination both notations will be accepted.

Old IA IIA IIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB VIII IB IIB IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA 0
notation
New 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
notation
[

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