JET Manual 01

Treating Equipment

Version 1.1
JET Manual 01 Treating Equipment
InTouch Content ID# 4127821
Version: 1.1
Release Date: December 18, 2005
Owner: Well Services Training & Development, IPC

Schlumberger private

Document Control

Revision History
Rev Effective Date Description Prepared by

Copyright © 2006 Schlumberger, Unpublished Work. All rights reserved.

This work contains the confidential and proprietary trade secrets of Schlumberger and may not
be copied or stored in an information retrieval system, transferred, used, distributed, translated, or
retransmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, in whole or in part, without
the express written permission of the copyright owner.

Trademarks & service marks

“Schlumberger,” the Schlumberger logotype, and other words or symbols used to identify the
products and services described herein are either trademarks, trade names, or service marks of
Schlumberger and its licensors, or are the property of their respective owners. These marks may
not be copied, imitated or used, in whole or in part, without the express prior written permission
of Schlumberger. In addition, covers, page headers, custom graphics, icons, and other design
elements may be service marks, trademarks, and/or trade dress of Schlumberger, and may not
be copied, imitated, or used, in whole or in part, without the express prior written permission of
Schlumberger. A complete list of Schlumberger marks may be viewed at the Schlumberger Oilfield
Services Marks page: http://www.hub.slb.com/index.cfm?id=id32083

An asterisk (*) is used throughout this document to designate a mark of Schlumberger.

Other company, product, and service names are the properties of their respective owners.
 Table of Contents

1.0  Introduction 5
1.1 Learning objectives 5
1.2 Safety warning 5
2.0  Treating Equipment Functions 7
3.0  Low-Pressure Treating Equipment 9
3.1 Low-pressure hoses 9
3.1.1 Suction hoses 9
3.1.2 Discharge hoses 10
3.1.3 Care/ (maintenance) and handling 10
3.2 Low-pressure equipment 11
3.2.1 Unions 11
3.2.2 Caps 11
3.2.3 Butterfly valve 12
4.0  High-Pressure Treating Equipment 21
4.1 High-pressure iron 21
4.1.1 Treating iron limitations  21
4.2 Treating line and unions 22
4.2.1 Stand pipe 22
4.2.2 Unions 22
4.2.3 2-in loops  27
4.2.4 Chiksan swivel joint 28
4.2.5 Plug valve 36
4.2.6 Check valve 43
4.2.7 Cement head 49
4.3 Treating iron tips 51
4.4 High-pressure hoses 51
4.4.1 Coflexip 52
4.4.2 CemSTREAK  53
4.4.3 Parker Hannafin hose 53
4.5 Industry terminology 53
4.6 Identification 54
5.0  Do’s and Don’ts 55
5.1 Do 55

JET 01 - Treating Equipment  |  iii

 5.2 Don’t 55
6.0  References 57
7.0  Check Your Understanding 59

iv  |  Table of Contents

 1.0  Introduction

Schlumberger Well Services consist mainly in the system, the greater the danger. To
of pumping various types of fluids at a high minimize dangerous situations, follow all the
pressure into a client’s well. The ultimate goal Well Services-approved safety procedures.
is to pump these fluids safely and efficiently.
To accomplish this goal, Well Services
uses a variety of treating equipment.

This training manual introduces you to the

treating equipment used by Schlumberger
Well Services. It also provides general
maintenance, disassembly, and assembly
procedures for that equipment.

Important:
This training is a general guideline
for dealing with treating equipment.
For more specific procedures, refer
to the Treating Equipment Manual.

1.1 Learning objectives

Upon completion of this training, you should be
able to:

• Explain the functions of treatingequipment

• Identify low-pressure treating equipment
• Identify high-pressure treating equipment
• Maintain basic treating equipment
• Disassemble and assemble basic treating
equipment.

1.2 Safety warning

All pressurized systems, whether low- or high-
pressure treating equipment have the potential
to cause damage to property, and injury or
death to personnel: The greater the pressure

JET 01 - Treating Equipment  |  

 This page left intentionally blank

  |  Introduction
 2.0  Treating Equipment Functions

Schlumberger Well Services uses a variety

of low and high-pressure flow hoses and
treating lines. Low-pressure treating equipment
is used to transfer fluid between tanks and
high-pressure pump. Other pieces are used
to control or divert fluids as necessary.
These tools are called treating equipment.

The piping used to move fluids from a pump

truck to the point of injection into the well is
called a high pressure treating line. Treating
line is the arrangement of components that
are assembled during the rig up phase
of a service job on a client’s well.

High-pressure equipment

Low-pressure equipment

Figure 2-1. Treating Line

JET 01 - Treating Equipment  |  

 This page left intentionally blank

  |  Treating Equipment Functions

 3.0  Low-Pressure Treating Equipment

Low-pressure equipment consists of various wire coil to prevent it from collapsing when
types of hoses, fittings, unions, and butterfly the pump sucks the fluid from the tank.
valves. These parts are required to connect to
low-pressure pumps, such as the centrifugal
pump.

Butterfly valve

Disharge hose

Suction hose to frac tank Figure 3-2. Suction Hose

Figure 3-1. Low-Pressure Treating Equipment

3.1 Low-pressure hoses

Figure 3-3. Thread
Introduction
Low-pressure hoses are hoses that are used:

• on the suction side of positive displacement

pumps
• on the suction and discharge side of
centrifugal pumps
• in the transfer of dry bulk material
• in the transfer of fluids from one point to
another.

Figure 3-4. Wing

3.1.1 Suction hoses
Suction hoses connect the fluid tank to the
centrifugal pump. This type of hose is hard
because it is made of fabric that is woven with
The most common low-pressure suction hose
is the 4-in hose. However, there are situations
where an 8-in or 3-in hose is used. Suction
hoses are commonly used between a storage

JET 01 - Treating Equipment   |  

tank and centrifugal pump for blending or
pumping.
Note:
The Treating Equipment Manual
clearly defines the type of end
connections (king nipples)
approved for use with a suction
hose. It also specifies the type and
number of clamps to be used when
attaching the end connection to the
hose.
Warning:
A suction hose must never be
connected to the discharge side
of any pump, especially triplex or
other positive-displacement pumps.
It should also never be used as a
discharge hose on cement silos.
Before use, carefully examine the
suction hose for cracking or other
signs of wear or damage.
3.1.2 Discharge hoses
A discharge hose is a soft, collapsible hose
made up of layers of fabric and rubber. It is
used to transfer both liquid and dry materials,
such as cement and sand. With cement, the
transfer can be from bulk container to bulk
container or bulk container to mixer. With sand,
the transfer can be from bulk container to bulk
container.
When transferring liquid, the discharge hose
is used on the discharge side of a centrifugal
pump or Frac blender.
The primary function of a discharge hose
is to allow the movement of fluids to the
suction side of high-pressure triplex pumps.
10  |  Low-Pressure Treating Equipment
Discharge hoses are usually 4-in in diameter and
15-ft in length. Maximum fluid flow for discharge
hoses is slightly higher than for suction hoses
(8 to 10 bbl/min) because of their expansive,
flexible properties. The exception is heavy sand
slurries, which require a reduction in maximum
flow rate to approximately 5 bbl/ min.
Warning:
Discharge hoses CANNOT be
used on the discharge side of
triplex or other high-pressure
pumps or on the suction side of
centrifugal pumps. Before using
the hose, check it carefully for
any signs of cracking or damage.
The pressure rating of the hose
is between 100 and 125 psi;
therefore, if a damaged hose fails
under pressure, it causes damage
to equipment and injury or death to
personnel.
3.1.3 Care/ (maintenance) and handling
Carefully inspect the hose lines on a regular
basis to determine serviceability of hoses and
fittings.
Note:
Never twist hoses in service.
Bending hoses to a tight radius
imposes stress on the structure,
which reduces performance. As a
rough guide, one foot of radius is
allowable per inch of hose diameter
(i.e. a 4-in hard hose cannot be
bent smaller than 4-ft radius.).
To support the hose from a considerable
amount of jerking, and prevent extreme
stresses where much flexing occurs, move the
fittings on the hose to the end of the shank.
Store hoses in cool, dark, and dry conditions.
Since hoses are made from rubber, they
are very susceptible to deterioration when
exposed to direct sunlight, oil, chemical
contamination, and Ozone (a special form of
Oxygen). Ozone, which is extremely damaging
to rubber, is produced by the vicinity of arc
lamps, welding, or other electrical machines.
3.2 Low-pressure equipment
3.2.1 Unions
4-in FMC Weco unions are used in the suction
lines of Well Services units. They are usually
one of 2 types: metal to metal seal or with
an O-ring sealing at the male sub. Its acme
hread allows fast make up and break out.
Figure 3-5 200 Without O-Ring
Figure 3-6 200 With O-Ring
Note:
When using unions and caps, it
is important to make sure that the
threads are clean and undamaged.
Lubricate the threads before rig-up.
3.2.2 Caps
Caps are used to ensure leak-proof (pressure/
vacuum) make up at suction below the triplex
pump and at the end of suction lines when
needed.
Figure 3-7. Cap
When closing a 4-in line, always use a Weco
wing and a two-piece blanking cap. When
removing the cap, you can loosen the union in
one turn. The operator will immediately know if
pressure is held in the line. You cannot perform
this procedure with a 4-in, one piece cap. If
pressure is held in the line, removal of the
one‑piece cap causes it to suddenly fly in the
air.
JET 01 - Treating Equipment   |  11
3.2.3 Butterfly valve
Low-pressure butterfly valves are generally
used on low-pressure suction and discharge
lines. The maximum working pressure of these
valves is 175 psi.

Butterfly valves are generally used at Well

Services in fill and discharge lines; in low-
pressure suction and discharge piping on
cement units; and on POD and conventional
blenders.
Figure 3-9. Open Position (Handle Aligns With Disc)

Warning:
Never force a butterfly valve to
open or close. Using excessive
force results in damage or
breakage in the valve.

A butterfly valve should always be closed slowly

to prevent water-hammer effect, which can
cause breakage or abrupt pressure changes.

During operation, butterfly valves should be

checked for leakage. Using a faulty valve
results in a loss of pressure. If leakage occurs,
change the expendable parts in the valve
where necessary.

Figure 3-8. Closed Position (Handle Aligns With Disc)

12  |  Low-Pressure Treating Equipment

 Positive stop gripper type handle with bolt on
detent plate for positioning handle in any

Upper journal area features

an O-ring weatherseal and an
underseat grease reservoir.

Triple seal design provides

three completely
independent seas to the
Breached hex
stem journals:
drive eliminates
• O-ring between the seat in-line pins,
and the stems screws, or bolts
• undersized stem holes in and allows a
the seat streamlined
• corresponding flats on disc offering
the seat and disc hubs less restriction
to flow

Valve design features equal thickness and inform

compression of the seat elastomer 360 deg around
the disc assuring positive shut off to 175 psi and
extended service life.

Patented seat construction features

precision molded elastomer and a
two‑piece phenolic backup Upper and lower Ring groove in lower stem
• allows the seat to expand under tangential pins locate and simplifies field removal.
pressure making the body the positively retain the valve
pressure containing member stems allowing the disc to
• stablizes the seat in the body be self-centering,
eliminating seat walking
• ribbed face eliminated need for
gaskets
• integral constructions simplifies
field replacement

Figure 3-10. Butterfly Valve Configuration

JET 01 - Treating Equipment   |  13

3.2.3.1 Butterfly valve disassembly
STEP 01 Close the valve and remove
it from the line. Turn the valve to the open
position. Handle may be left on the upper stem
or taken off by removing the cap screw and
washer.

Figure 3-13. Removing Top Pin with a Punch

STEP 03 Pull the upper and lower stems

from the body. If the stems cannot be removed,
grasp the stem in a vise and gently tap the
body with a hammer. You can use a twisting
motion between the body and stems to easily
remove the stems

Figure 3-11. Butterfly Valve on the Unit

STEP 02 Remove the upper and lower roll

pins with a drift pin or pin punch and hammer.

Figure 3-14. Pull Stems

Figure 3-12. Roll Pin Location

Figure 3-15. Screwdriver Groove

STEP 04 Remove the disc from the seat.

14  |  Low-Pressure Treating Equipment

Figure 3-16. Remove Disc Figure 3-18. O-Ring Location

STEP 05 Remove the seat from the body. Step 03 Lightly but thoroughly lubricate the
The seat may have to be tapped lightly and seat and O-rings to facilitate assembly. Spread
evenly around the edge from one end. Be the lubricant on the inside diameter (ID) of the
careful not to damage the inside of the body. seat.

Figure 3-17. Remove Seat

3.2.3.2 Butterfly valve maintenance

Step 01 Inspect the disc and stems. If
worn or pitted, substitute with new ones.

Step 02 When replacing the seat, install

new O-rings.

JET 01 - Treating Equipment   |  15

3.2.3.3 Butterfly valve assembly

Screw
Handle

Retainer pin
Label here

Handle
O-ring

Upper stem

Release spring
Bolts

Handle release
Lock nuts
Retainer pin

Nuts
Body
Bolts

Seat
Retainer pin

Disk

Lower stem

O-ring

Figure 3-19. Butterfly Valve Diagram

16  |  Low-Pressure Treating Equipment

STEP 01 Place the well-lubricated O-rings STEP 03 Slide the disc into the seat.
into the top and bottom holes of the seat.

Figure 3-20. Insert Lubricated O-rings Figure 3-22. Insert Disc

STEP 02 Place the seat in a vise with the STEP 04 Center the disc by inserting the
stem holes parallel to the vise jaws. upper and lower stems.

Figure 3-21. Seat in Vise Figure 3-23. Remove Seat

Note: STEP 05 Remove the seat/disc sub-

Use smooth jaws to protect the seat assembly from the vise.
from damage. Apply slight pressure
to distort the seat. STEP 06 Using the upper stem, rotate the
disc to the partially closed position.

Warning:
Excessive pressure damages the
seat.

JET 01 - Treating Equipment   |  17

Figure 3-24. Close Disc in Seat
STEP 07 Remove the upper stem.
STEP 08 Lubricate the body ID with silicon
spray. Using the lower stem, lay the seat/disc
assembly on top of the body using a right angle
alignment fixture to align the stems.
Figure 3-25. Seat on Body
STEP 09 Insert the seat enough to get
started and then remove the lower stem. Using
slight pressure, complete inserting the seat/disc
assembly into the body.
18  |  Low-Pressure Treating Equipment
Figure 3-26. Seat in Body
STEP 10 Lubricate the upper and lower
stems. Place the third O-ring on the upper
stem.
Figure 3-27. Upper STEM
STEP 11 Install the lower stem into the
body.
Note:
The lower stem is in the correct
position when the roll pinhole in the
body is aligned with the groove in
the stem.
Figure 3-28. Groove Figure 3-29. Indicator Groove on Stem Aligned With Disc

STEP 12 Align the indicator groove on top STEP 14 Install the handle on the valve so
of the upper stem so that it is parallel with the that it aligns with the disc.
disc.

STEP 13 Install the upper stem into the

body by pushing the stem while slightly turning
back and forth to allow the stem to align with
the disc hex.

Note:
The upper stem is in the correct
position when the roll pinhole is
aligned with the groove in the stem. Figure 3-30. Attach Handle

STEP 15 Install the cap screw and washer

to retain the handle.

Figure 3-31. Handle Screws

JET 01 - Treating Equipment   |  19

3.2.3.4 Butterfly valve installation with
flanges
Valves should be closed for installation and
not opened until the flanges are pulled up
tight. Use the outer dimension (OD) of the
valve’s body to center the valve between
the flanges. Damage to the disc may occur
if the valve is opened before the flanges
are pulled up tight. Disc position can be
determined by a slot in the top of the square
shafts or by the keyway in the keyed shafts.

Figure 3-32. Flange

Important:
Always make sure that the handle
is aligned with the disc to indicate
valve position.

20  |  Low-Pressure Treating Equipment

 4.0  High-Pressure Treating Equipment

High pressure treating equipment is hooked up

from a positive displacement pump to pump into
a wellhead or other high-pressure systems.
Note:
WSS Standard 9 and 11 define
High pressure treating equipment includes exceptions to these rates. Any
treating lines, connections, loops, swivels, deviation to the pump rates listed
check valves, bleed-off valves, tees, etc. must have an exemption. Refer to
the OFS QHSE Standard S10.
Treating equipment physical limitations,
such as type of treatment, pressure limits,
and volume and flow rates, relative to the ID Table 4-1. Standard Piping
must be considered in every application.
Standard Piping
The following section explains in detail the Inside
Working Maximum
various high-pressure treating equipment. Treating Pipe Diameter
Pressure (BPM)
(ID)
2-in treating pipe
4.1 High-pressure iron (primarily used in
cementing)
1.875 in 15,000 psi 8.5

3-in treating pipe

4.1.1 Treating iron limitations (primarily used in frac)
2.75 in 15,000 psi 20

Flow rate is the maximum acceptable flow (in 4-in treating pipe
3.75 in 10,000 psi 40
(primarily used in frac)
barrels per minute, bbl/min) that is set by Well
5-in treating pipe
Services for the various piping sizes used in (primarily used in frac)
4.89 in 5,500 psi 60
treating lines (see Table 4-1). The maximum
allowable rate is based on the velocity of
the fluid being pumped through the lines.

Data collected from internal testing and

industry data shows that erosion caused
by sand-laden fluid pumped with a rate
above 45 ft/sec increases significantly.

The following table lists the maximum

rates for the various pipes as shown in
Well Services Safety Standard (WSS) 5.

Figure 4-1. Operational Zone and Failure Zone

JET 01 - Treating Equipment   |  21


Did you know?
Velocity is used to control the pump
rate because it is directly related to
the potential erosional damage to
the pipe ID.
Figure 4-2. Wear Graph
4.2 Treating line and unions
Treating line and unions
Straight
Lateral
Plug valve
Tee
Figure 4-3. Treating Line and Unions
22  |  High-Pressure Treating Equipment
4.2.1 Stand pipe
A stand pipe is a vertical pipe located on the
side of a drilling rig and is used for pumping
fluids from the ground level to the rig floor level.
In many cases, Well Services is required to
tie into this line when pumping cement jobs.
Figure 4-4. Stand Pipe
4.2.2 Unions
A union is the assembly that couples
the components of a treating line.
Swivel
Figure 4-5. Complete Union
The complete union consists of:
1 Female half
Female half is the part of a union where the
threads are visible on the OD of the union.
It includes a recess that holds the rubber
seal and provides a guide for the male half
nose to properly seat on the rubber seal.

Figure 4-8. Male Half

4 Wing nut
Wing nut is the part of the complete union that
slips over the male half and screws onto the
female half. The wing nut is internally threaded
with a thread that matches with the union.

Wing nut lug

Figure 4-6. Female Half This is the portion of the wing nut that the
hammer strikes to tighten and loosen the union.
2 Rubber seal
A rubber seal provides a pressure seal Wing nut lug
between the male and female parts of
the union and does not allow fluids to
come in contact with the threads.

Note the rim on the OD of the rubber seal

element fits in the groove in the recessed
part of the female half of the Union.
Figure 4-9. Wing Nut

The wing nuts can be installed in two

configurations: segmented and non-segmented,
except on 4-in union.

Nonsegmented male half

Primarily used on long joints. The wing nut
Figure 4-7. Rubber Seal
must be installed during manufacturing.
3 Male half
This is the portion of the union
that the wing nut slips over.

JET 01 - Treating Equipment   |  23

Figure 4-10. Threaded Wing Nut
Segmented male half
The segmented male half has a smaller OD
shoulder that allows the nut to slip over it.
The shoulder is also thinner than the
standard non-segmented male half.
Figure 4-11. Segmented Male Half
5 Retaining segments
Retaining segment is used to secure the wing
nut to the male half. When put together, the
three segment pieces form a 360-degree ring.
24  |  High-Pressure Treating Equipment
Figure 4-12. Segments
6 Retaining ring for segments
This is a ring that holds the three
segments together to prevent slipping
from under the wing nut.
Union connections
Within Well Services, 1502 Weco unions are
installed, attached, or machined onto the
equipment using one of two methods: NPST
(non-pressure thread seal) or Integral:
NPST connection
The 1502 Weco non-pressurized seal thread
union is a threaded connection where the
threads are screwed into the female and
male part of the unions and then machined-
off to become flush with the sealing
surface and to eliminate pressure on the
threads. The maximum working pressure
for NPST connection is 15,000 psi.
Figure 4-13. NPST Connections Figure 4-15. Banned Threaded Connection

Integral connection Different Wing fittings

The 1502 Weco integral union is a one-
piece construction with no threads attaching
the unions to the connection piece. The
maximum working pressure is 15,000 psi.
The number designation (602, 1002,
1502, etc.) describes two features of
the component (see Table 4-2):
• maximum working pressure
• union configuration.
Table 4-2. Pressure Application Table

Pressure Application Table

Working
Configuration Size Pressure
(psi)
206 1 in to 10 in 2,000 psi
207 1 in to 10 in 2,000 psi
1002† 2 in, 3 in, and 4 in 10,000 psi
1502 2 in and 3 in 15,000 psi
2002 2 in and 3 in 20,000 psi
Figure 4-14. Integral Connection 2202‡ 2 in and 3 in 15,000 psi
† Only exception is that 4-in 1002 is approved for use in SLB
Threaded connection ‡ See information under H2S equipment for more information

The technique of screwing a union half

onto an adapter that has the desired
tubing, casing, or drill pipe thread is
referred to as a “threaded connection.”
This method is not approved for service in
Well Services. Refer to Safety Standard 5,
Location Safety for more information.
Pressure Rating
One of the most important aspects of
component identification is its pressure rating.
Pressure rating communicates the working
pressure (WP) or cold working pressure (CWP)
at which the component can be used regularly.

JET 01 - Treating Equipment   |  25

Test pressure (TP) is a one-time test
performed by the manufacturer during the
final assembly process. It is tested at a rate
of 1.5 times the rated working pressure.

In day-to-day jobs, Well Services will

NEVER use a component at test pressure.
If it is required that a component be used
at TP, an exemption must be obtained
per OFS QHSE Standard S10.
Figure 4-18. Example: 2-in 1502 female to a 3-in 1502 male

Union compatibility

Warning:
The male and female union halves
(Fig. 4-19) must be compatible
and of the same type to be used
together in a treating line. The most
common problem is using a 1502
wing nut on a 602/1002 thread half.
On a 2‑in union, the wing nut will
Figure 4-16. Types of Components separate from the thread half even
when it is used at a low pressure.

Important:
Standard 23 requires that all 2-in
1502 wing nuts stamped TEST to
be removed from service.

Adapters
Adapters are changeover connections from
one type of connection or union to another.

Figure 4-19. Male and Femal Union Halves

Figure 4-17. Example: 2-in 1502 female to a 3-in 1502 male

26  |  High-Pressure Treating Equipment

Figure 4-20. 1502 Wing Nut on a 602/1002 Thread Half

Flange connection
Flange connection is a common method of Figure 4-22. Flange Connection
connecting to a wellhead. There are a variety
of flanged configurations controlled by API
4.2.3 2-in loops
Standard 6A. All flanges used within Well
Services are designed and manufactured to Loops handle a range of fluids at a cold
API 6A requirements. All flanges are marked working pressure of up to 15,000 psi. Loops
in accordance with the requirements of Safety are mainly used in cement and acidizing lines.
Standard 23.

Wellhead connections that require a flange

by a 1002, 1502, or 2002 union half must be
manufactured by an approved Well Services
supplier.

Figure 4-23. Loop

Warning:
Never use any type of swivel joint in
a bleed-off line.

Figure 4-21. Flange

When handling these flanges, ensure that

the machined, sealing surface, especially
the recess for the ring gasket does not
become damaged. Protect the flange with
wood and cloth and place it on its side.

JET 01 - Treating Equipment   |  27

4.2.4 Chiksan swivel joint
Swivels or chiksans (as they are more
commonly called) are used for their ability to
change directions and absorb shock in treating
lines. They are most commonly 2 or 3-inch in
diameter.

Swivels may be either 2-way or 3-way. 2-in swivels

use 24 3/8-in balls per race, while 3-in swivels
use 33 1/2-in balls per race. Regardless of size, all
swivels made since 1984 have 3 raceways.

Figure 4-25. Chiksan

Figure 4-24. Chiksan in Rack

Based on erosion studies on the Chiksan,

the wing on treating iron should face the
well. With the wing to the well, the flow has
a few more inches to straighten out after
it has flown through the elbow and before
passing the joint on the inside of the chiksan.
Figure 4-26. Crossection of Chiksan
When to use 2-way or 3-way
To increase the life of treating iron, we need to
minimize the wear and tear on our equipment.

During pump operations, the treating line is

Did you know?
Have you ever wondered where
the word “Chiksan” came from?
Chiksan is actually a Korean word,
which means “gold mountain.” The
American company mining for gold in
Korea kept its name on its return to
U.S.A. and branched out into making
swivels.
subject to vibration; therefore, swivel joints
are installed to make a bridge that allows line
flexibility. Install 2- way or 3-way chiksan as
follows:
• When changing elevation, use a 3-way
chiksan (style 10) configuration.
• When changing direction, use a 2-way
chiksan (Style 50) configuration.

28  |  High-Pressure Treating Equipment

Figure 4-27. 2-Way – Two Degrees of Motion

Figure 4-30. 3-Way Allows Line To Swivel; Can Vibrate Loose

Figure 4-28. 3-Way – Three Degrees of Motion

Good practice summary

• Pump through treating iron with wing to the
well head to reduce erosion. Figure 4-31. 2-Way Prevents Swivel in Line Due to Vibrations

• Use a bridge for every five joints.

Figure 4-29. Bridge – Allows Flexibility

JET 01 - Treating Equipment   |  29

4.2.4.1 Chiksan swivel joint disassembly

Figure 4-32. Chiksan Swivel Joint Disassembly

Truarc pliers, awl or similar pointed tool, vise,

screwdriver, pipe wrench

Figure 4-33. Innards

30  |  High-Pressure Treating Equipment

Figure 4-34. Chiksan Tools
STEP 01 Place the swivel joint in an
appropriate position so that the female portion
of the joint is secure and the male portion is
free to rotate.
STEP 02 Remove the ball plug snap rings
using Truarc pliers.
Figure 4-35. Remove Snap Ring
STEP 03 Remove the ball plugs using an
awl.
Figure 4-36. Remove Ball Plug
STEP 04 Secure the female component
in a vise with the ball plug holes positioned
downward over a suitable container.
STEP 05 Rotate the male component. Ball
bearings should drop out.
Note:
It may be necessary to thin
hardened lubricant with petroleum
solvent in order to remove the balls.
Figure 4-37. Remove Balls
JET 01 - Treating Equipment   |  31
STEP 06 Separate the male and female
components after removing the ball bearings.

Warning:
Do not damage machined surfaces
when separating components.
Protect sealing surfaces at all
times.

Figure 4-39. Remove Packer

STEP 08 Remove the O-ring from the

female component.

STEP 09 Remove the grease retainer from

the male component.

Figure 4-38. Seperate Male and Female Components

Note:
on older style chiksans, the ball
STEP 07 Carefully remove the old packing
races are even and have a grease
from the female packing chamber using a
retainer. On newer style chiksans,
screwdriver.
the ball races are stepped and
have an O-ring instead of a grease
retainer.
Warning:
Use extreme care when removing
old packing to prevent damage to
sealing surfaces.

Figure 4-40. Remove O-Rings

32  |  High-Pressure Treating Equipment

STEP 10 Clean all parts with any available
solvent.
4.2.4.2 Chiksan swivel joint maintenance
STEP 01 Inspect parts for excessive wear,
corrosion, and other damage.
STEP 02 Inspect the ball races for dents or
grooves.
STEP 03 Check the male and female
components for excessive erosion or corrosion.
STEP 07 Apply a thin coat of lubricant to
the ball races, sealing surfaces, new packing,
and O-ring.
4.2.4.3 Chiksan swivel joint assembly
STEP 01 Install new packing in the female
component and O-ring as required.
Caution:
Anti-extrusion ring must face
outward toward the ball races.

STEP 04 Carefully inspect the inside

surfaces of elbows for evidence of erosion or
corrosion.

Warning:
Replace all parts when visual,
ultrasonic, or other inspection
method indicates wall section
wearing or thinning in elbows or
straight sections. Such damage
severely reduces pressure and
structural capacity. See Safety Figure 4-41. Install New Packing in the Female Component
Standard 23 - Safety and Loss
Prevention.
STEP 02 Place the grease retainer or
Replace any parts that show O‑ring on the male component and position it
evidence of damage in the ball at the extreme end of the machined surface so
races packing seal surfaces or that it is clear of the female end when parts are
other areas. initially assembled.

Caution:
STEP 05 Sealing surfaces must be The lip on the grease retainer ID
completely smooth. Remove any minor must face away from the ball races
scratches or pitting by polishing with fine when installed.
abrasive or wire brush.

STEP 06 Clean all parts after polishing to

remove metal particles and foreign matter.

JET 01 - Treating Equipment   |  33

 STEP 05 Look through the ball plug holes
to align the ball races.

Figure 4-42. Remove O-Ring

STEP 03 Secure the female component in a

Figure 4-45. Align Ball Races
vise with the ball plug holes on top.

STEP 06 Insert the balls into the races.

Rotate the male component and add balls until
the races are filled.

Warning:
Count the number of balls installed
in each race to ensure that only
the specified number is installed.
Incorrect number causes excessive
Figure 4-43. Install Female Component in Vise wear and reduces pressure and
structural capacity.
STEP 04 Insert the male component into
the female component.

Figure 4-44. Male Component into the Female Component

34  |  High-Pressure Treating Equipment

Figure 4-46. Insert Balls Figure 4-48. Insert Snap

STEP 07 Install the grease retainer or STEP 10 Lubricate the bearings as follows:
O‑ring into the groove of the female component
using a screwdriver. Ensure that the lip on the 1. Remove the lube fitting plug and install
retainer ID faces outward when installed. the grease fitting.

2. Use small, hand-held grease gun

STEP 08 Insert the ball plugs.
to force a small amount of lubricant
through the fitting.

3. Rotate the male component 90 degrees

and add grease.

4. Repeat step “3” twice, lubricating at

each quarter turn.

5. Check smoothness of rotation.

Figure 4-47. Install Plug

STEP 09 Insert the ball plug snap rings.

JET 01 - Treating Equipment   |  35


Caution:
Use only enough lubricant to obtain
smooth rotation. If the swivel is
difficult to rotate after greasing;
or the lubricant is detected inside
the primary packing; or distortion
of packing is noted in the ID,
disassemble and inspect the joint.
Replace any damaged parts.
Excessive lubrication may bind
the swivel joint, distort the anti-
extrusion ring, and displace the
packing.
Figure 4-49. Lubricate Swivel
STEP 11 Remove the grease fitting and
reinstall the lube plug.
Figure 4-50. Install Lube Plug
36  |  High-Pressure Treating Equipment
4.2.5 Plug valve
Description and function sizes
Well Services uses plug valves to control flow
on high-pressure discharge manifolds of units
and treating lines. They come in four sizes:
• 3x3
• 2x2
• 4x4
• 1x2.
Note:
Manifold is an arrangement of
piping or valves designed to
control, distribute, and often
monitor fluid flow.
Figure 4-51. Plug Valve
2 x 2 plug valves have a maximum flow rate of
8.5 bbl/min and are used for pumping purposes
because they have the same ID as our treating
lines.
 4.2.5.1 Plug valve disassembly

Figure 4-52. Details of Open Plug Valve

Figure 4-53. Details of Close Plug Valve

1 x 2 plug valves are used mostly to bleed off

pressure. Valves with female line pipe thread
boxes at both ends are used for cement
head and pump unit (CPT, CPS) manifolds.

Follow these guidelines when working with plug

valves:

• Valve bars should never be left in valves.

• Leave plug valves open when not in use.
• Before pressurizing a system, double check
the valve position.
• Plug valves should be lubricated after each
use.
Figure 4-54. Plug Valve Disassembly
• Never use a plug valve for throttling or
chocking a flow.
Body cap wrench, 400 grit sand paper, soft
• NEVER leave a bar in a Plug valve as it
face mallet
can close a valve by vibration or injure a
person if the line suddenly jerks.

JET 01 - Treating Equipment   |  37

Figure 4-55. Body Cap Wrench

STEP 01 Remove the plug cap or actuator/

operator and mounting bracket.
Figure 4-57. Remove Body Cap

STEP 03 Remove the plug by pulling while

twisting it back and forth with a wrench.

Note:
If necessary, hammer the plug out
by placing a punch through the
bottom hole of the valve’s body;
however, this may damage the
Figure 4-56. Remove Plug Cap plug.

STEP 02 Remove the body cap using a

body cap wrench.

Note:
If the valve has a threaded end,
fasten a large washer using the
plug cap nut to hold the body cap
wrench in place.

Figure 4-58. Punch Valve

STEP 04 Remove the side segments by

prying them away from body cavity wall using a
screwdriver.

38  |  High-Pressure Treating Equipment


Figure 4-59. Remove Side Segments
STEP 05 Remove the seal segments.
Figure 4-60. Remove Seal Segments
Note:
If the seal segments must be pried
loose, be careful not to score or
dent the cavity wall of the body.
STEP 06 Remove bad grease fittings and
worn out seals.
Figure 4-61. Seal and Grease
STEP 07 Remove old grease from the valve
components. Some solvents and detergent
solutions will soften or partially dissolve the
grease allowing it to be wiped away with a rag.
Note:
Do not soak the O-rings or seals in
solvents.
4.2.5.2 Plug valve maintenance
INSPECT 01 Re-grease valves as
follows:
1. Grease the valve in the open position
until grease comes through the bore of
the valve.
2. Cycle the valve from the closed to the
open position and then pump grease
into the valve.
3. If the valve is part of a manifold, grease
the valve with a moderate amount until
maximum grease pressure is attained,
then cycle the valve and re-grease.
INSPECT 02 Re-grease valves
immediately after pumping solvents through
them.
JET 01 - Treating Equipment   |  39
INSPECT 03 Thoroughly flush valves
with clean water after each use to wash away
any cement or acids that may have been left in
the valve (if applicable).
INSPECT 04 Spray rust preventative oil
over exposed threads to prevent rusting during
storage.
INSPECT 05 Store the valve in the open
position to prevent plug corrosion.
INSPECT 06 Replace damaged grease
fittings to prevent leaks and allow proper
greasing of the valve.
Figure 4-62. Giant Button Head Grease Fitting
INSPECT 07 Disassemble the valves
and replace worn parts on a routine basis to
prevent corrosion and erosion of the valve’s
body and to remove old grease.
Note:
Plug valve grease will become
oxidized or contaminated during
normal use. Re-greasing the valve
will not displace all old grease. The
valve must be disassembled to
completely remove old grease.
40  |  High-Pressure Treating Equipment
4.2.5.3 Plug valve repair
STEP 01 After degreasing the parts,
visually inspect them for wear and corrosion.
Note:
Ensure that the portion of the body
that contacts the seal segment,
plug, body, and body surfaces is
smooth.
STEP 02 Use sandpaper to remove dents
and rust from the side segments that may score
the seal, and to remove rust and deposits from
the center portion of the seal segment that
contacts the body.
Figure 4-63. Rusty Seal
STEP 03 Use 400-grit sandpaper to clean
all other seal surfaces.
Important:
Replace parts with sealing surfaces
that cannot be smoothed out with
400-grit sandpaper.
4.2.5.4 Plug valve assembly
STEP 01 Inspect all new and used parts
and remove dirt and rust. Clean grease
passageway in plugs if the valve is greased
through the plug.
STEP 02 Apply a very thin film of plug
valve grease to the seal segments surface that
contacts the body cavity.
STEP 03 Install the seals in the seal
segment grooves.
Figure 4-64. Seals and Seal Segment Grooves
STEP 04 Install both seal segments in the
valve body.
Figure 4-65. Install Segments in body
STEP 05 Apply a thin coat of plug valve
grease to exposed surfaces of the seal
segments and to the portion of the body cavity
that contacts the side segments.
STEP 06 On valves designed with grease
fitting in the plug, install grease fitting into the
plug. Tighten 0.375-in NPT fittings to 50 to
60 ft.lbf, 0.5-in NPT fittings to 80 to 90 ft.lbf.
STEP 07 Apply a thin coat of plug valve
grease to the plug OD.
STEP 08 Place the plug stem seals and
nylon packing on the top and bottom of the
plug.
Figure 4-66. Valve
STEP 09 Apply a thin coat of plug valve
grease to the side segments and install them on
the body so that one half their height remains
above the top of the body cavity.
JET 01 - Treating Equipment   |  41

Figure 4-67. Segments Half Way
STEP 10 Install the plug using the side
segments as a guide. After the plug is partially
installed by hand, use a soft face mallet to
drive the plug the remaining distance inside the
valve.
Note:
Apply firm pressure to the plug
after aligning the plug chambers
and the seal segments.
Figure 4-68. Valves Together
Caution:
Hammering the plug before proper
starting chips the plug leading edge
and scores the seal segments.
42  |  High-Pressure Treating Equipment
STEP 11 Inspect the seal segment to
ensure that they are still in groove in the seal
segment. Excess grease between the seal
segment and body causes the segment to pop
out of its groove when the installation of the
plug forces the seal segments closer to the
body. If the seal pops out, remove the plug and
some of the grease, then reinstall the plug.
STEP 12 Push the side segments into the
body cavity until they touch the bottom.
Figure 4-69. Grease Fitting
STEP 13 Install the O-ring on the body cap.
The O-ring should fit firmly in the body cap
groove. Replace swelled or stretched O‑rings.
On 2-in DR150 valves, install a backup ring
above the O-ring with its concave surface
touching the O-ring.
Figure 4-70. O-Rings
STEP 14 Remove excess grease from body
cap shoulder area of body. This area should be
free of foreign particles.
STEP 15 Apply anti-seize compound to the STEP 18 Re-grease the valve in the open
body cap threads and install it into the body. position until grease flows through the bore.
Minimum torque is required to properly seal
the valve. Maximum torque is preferred. When
using hammer wrenches, hit the wrench at least
a few times after the body cap is inserted in the
body with at least a 5 lb. hammer or mallet.

Figure 4-73. Regrease

4.2.6 Check valve

Check valves are used on all types of service
jobs except cementing.

Check valves prevent well flow back to the

Figure 4-71. Install Cap
STEP 16 Replace the plug cap and tighten
the stop nut until snug (if applicable).
pump unit. To be effective, bleed-off from
the check valve must be between the check
valve and the well master valve. To facilitate
this, the check valve should be placed on
the ground as close to the well as possible.

STEP 17 If the valve uses an actuator or

operator, bolt it back on the valve and check if
the valve fully opens and closes fully. Adjust the
limit stops if necessary.

Figure 4-74. Check Valve

4.2.6.1 Check valve disassembly

STEP 01 Remove the cap screw that
attaches the check valve base to the body.

Figure 4-72. Install Cap Nut

JET 01 - Treating Equipment   |  43


Figure 4-75. Remove Screws
STEP 02 Remove the six set screws in
the body that lock the body and body adapter
together.
Figure 4-76. Set Screws
STEP 03 Secure the body adapter in a vise.
Be careful not to damage the end connections.
Clamp the body adapter only so that you can
rotate the body.
44  |  High-Pressure Treating Equipment
Figure 4-77. Check in a Vise
STEP 04 With a pipe or chain wrench
wrapped around the body end connection neck,
turn the body counter clockwise to loosen and
then remove the body.
Figure 4-78. Remove Body
STEP 05 Insert a mallet handle or wooden
stick into the body end connection bore so that
it rests on the back of the flapper and closes
the flapper against the seat. Gently tap the stick
to force the flapper/seat assembly out of the
body. Do not let the flapper/seat assembly fall
out of the body.
Figure 4-79. Remove Flapper

STEP 06 Remove the hinge pin from the

seat and flapper using a punch if necessary. Figure 4-81. Remove Alignment Pin
Separate the flapper and seat.
STEP 08 Clean and inspect all parts.

Note:
Do not soak elastomers in solvents

STEP 09 Inspect the body and body

adapter for corrosion and erosion. Inspect the
seat for pitting or signs of erosion. Inspect the
flapper for signs of rubber disbond or erosion.
Replace all elastomers and any parts that
Figure 4-80. Remove Pin
indicate excessive wear or damage.

STEP 07 If the seat is not to be reused,

remove the alignment pin from the seat using
pliers.

Figure 4-82. Check Valve Disassembly

JET 01 - Treating Equipment   |  45

4.2.6.2 Check valve maintenance
INSPECT 01 Visually inspect all valves
for erosion, cracks, and damaged threads.
Disassemble the valve to check and repair the
sealing mechanism as necessary. Pressure test
the unit to the working pressure.
4.2.6.3 Check valve assembly
STEP 02 Align the flapper between the seat
hinges and insert the pivot pin into the seat and
flapper. The pin slides through the seat and
flapper with a loose fit.
STEP 03 Inspect the seat and flapper
interface for proper seating. Ensure that there
are no gaps between the seat and flapper by
rotating the flapper 90 degrees.

Figure 4-83. Check Valve Assembly

STEP 01 Clean and inspect all parts for

nicks or burrs.

46  |  High-Pressure Treating Equipment

 the face seal groove. Apply an even load to
avoid cocking the seat or nipping the O-ring.

Note:
When properly installed, the seat
should extend 1/32 to l/16 of an
inch out of the body.

STEP 08 Clean the face seal groove, then

lubricate and install the face O-ring into the
seat.
Figure 4-84. Flapper Rotated

STEP 04 Insert the Alignment pin into the

seat.

Groove

Figure 4-86. Line Up Groove

STEP 09 Lubricate and install the

environmental O-ring over the body threads
Figure 4-85. Insert Pin
and set screw relief, taking care not to nick the
seal.
STEP 05 Situate the body on its end so
that you are looking into the body cavity. Align
the seat assembly with the body by rotating the
seat assembly. The alignment pin should slide
into the milled slot in the bottom of the body.

STEP 06 Ensure that the pivot pin holding

the flapper is centered. Place the seat into the
body up to the seat O-ring.

STEP 07 Drive the seat in using a rubber

mallet or equivalent. Be careful not to damage

JET 01 - Treating Equipment   |  47

 STEP 12 Align the set screw holes in the
body with the body adapter set screw holes.
Inspect the screws to make sure they have
nylock feature then install them. Tighten the
screws. The top of the screws should be flush
to the body adapter.

Figure 4-87. Environmental O-Ring

STEP 10 Lightly lubricate the body acme

threads with anti-seize or equivalent. Figure 4-89. Align and Install Set Screws

STEP 11 Install the body adapter on STEP 13 Align the base hole with the
the body. Make up the body adapter end matching body hole then Insert and tighten the
connection and secure it in a vise. Using a flat head socket cap screw.
wrench and cheater bar, apply a 1,000 ft.lbf
make up torque between the body and body
adapter end connection. Ensure that the seat is
completely inserted into the body.

Note:
Ensure that there is 0.03 to 0.06-in
gap between the body and adapter.

Figure 4-90. Screw Underneath

STEP 14 Install the detachable nut with

retainer segments and ring on the male sub
end.

Figure 4-88. Gap Between the Body and Adapter

48  |  High-Pressure Treating Equipment


Figure 4-91. Install Seal Ring
STEP 15 Install the seal ring into the female
sub end.
Important:
Perform a pressure test to full
working pressure on all rebuilt
check valves to ensure proper
operation and seal integrity.
Figure 4-92. Thread
4.2.7 Cement head
Purpose of using a cement head
Cement head is a device fitted to the top
joint of a casing string to hold the cement
plugs that will be launched during the
cementing operation. A manifold incorporated
into the cement head assembly allows
connection of a fluid circulation line.
Cement head configuration
Well Services approved cement heads
come in two configurations: fabricated
and integral (see Table 4-3).
Fabricated cement heads
Fabricated heads can be used up to a
maximum of 5,000 psi depending on the
size of the head. The fabricated head is of
an approved welded construction and the
manifold is an approved threaded design.
Integral cement heads
The integral cement head is machined out
of one piece of stock steel. Integral heads
can be used up to a maximum of 7,500 psi
depending on the size of the head.
Integral heads have higher pressure
ratings than fabricated heads and therefore
require extra caution when used.
JET 01 - Treating Equipment   |  49
Table 4-3. Integral and Fabricated Cement Heads

Integral vs. Fabricated Cement Heads

Fabricated Integrated
Cement Head Cement Head
Body machined from one piece •
Vertical manifold machined from one
• •
piece
Control valves - 15,000 psi WP •
Control valves - 5,000 psi WP •
Manifold attachment welded to body •
Manifold attachment machines into
•
integral body
Pull pin plug release system • •
Body OD has 2 or 3 raised machined
• Figure 4-94. Integral Cement Head
surfaces
Body OD has no raised machined
•
surfaces
Can attach Quick Coupler • •

Figure 4-95. Cement Head Crossection

Figure 4-93. Fabricated Cement Head

Figure 4-96. Cement Head Crossection (detail)

50  |  High-Pressure Treating Equipment


Note:
Any other plug release system
should not be used in conventional
cement heads. If a different plug
release system is being considered,
an exemption from Sugar Land HQ
is required.
4.3 Treating iron tips
• Always follow the rig-up procedures
described in Location Safety Standards 5,
9, and 11 to provide maximum safety.
• Always clean and lubricate connections
before making up unions.
Figure 4-97. Clean and Lubricate Connections
• Do not use pipe wrenches on pipes if
possible because the bite marks may
create cracks.
• Use Well Services approved connections
only.
• All connections in the treating line should
be of the same ID as the treating lines.
• On multiple pump jobs, the pump discharge
and suction lines must be equipped with an
isolating valve and a bleed connection.
• Double Chiksan connections should
use 3-way and 2-way Chiksan bridge
configuration.
• Inspect all new treating connections upon
receipt at your station.
• Do not exceed 2.5 BPM through a 1 x2
plug valve. They are used extensively
in multiple unit rig-ups to allow priming/
bleeding off units especially when check
valves are installed in a line at each pump.
The only exception would be when priming
up frac units.
• 1x2 plug valves should not be used in
place of a choke. Either fixed or adjustable
chokes should be installed if the situation
requires a combination of choking and
bleed-off operation. As a main bleed line,
always use two 2x1 valves back to back.
4.4 High-pressure hoses
The working pressure of a hose is related
and controlled by the following:
• manufacturer
• design
• size
• application.
Unlike treating iron, the type of unions on
the hose ends cannot be used to confirm
the working pressure of the hose.
The working pressure of high-pressure
hose depends on the following factors:
• manufacturer specifications
• application
• working pressure indication.
When determining the appropriate working
pressure or application of a hose for a
Well Services job, consult the Treating
Equipment Manual or InTouchSupport.com.
JET 01 - Treating Equipment   |  51
In certain situations in the field, using
conventional treating pipe does not offer
the best alternative with respect to safety
and service quality. In these situations,
alternatives have been developed
and approved for use, such as
• offshore cementing and stimulation boats
• industrial work in chemical plants
• low tier cementing work in certain
geographical areas
• nitrogen industrial and pipeline work
• applications that have been approved
through an exemption from
• Sugar Land HQ.
4.4.1 Coflexip
Coflexip hoses are primarily used in offshore
applications on stimulation or cementing
vessels. The coflexip is used to make the
elevation change between the boat and the
rig deck. The hose also compensates for the
movement of the boat while tied to the rig.
Figure 4-98. Coflexip Crossection
52  |  High-Pressure Treating Equipment
Well Services uses hoses with 10,000 psi and
15,000 psi working pressure ratings in 2, 3, and
4-in sizes. It has interlocking steel banding that
runs the entire length of the hose and looks like
it is wrapped in steel banding approximately
½‑in wide.
Figure 4-99. Coflexip Hose
Hammer unions are connected to the
end of the hose using a Grayloc type
connection. This allows for the removal and
replacement of damaged unions and hoses.
In most applications, coflexip hoses are
coiled on a large drum on the rear of
the vessel. Because the hose is heavy,
expensive, and difficult to handle, it
must be moved using a crane.
The hose uses union end connections
designed and manufactured by Coflexip.
Grayloc type connection
The Grayloc connection is used mainly in coiled
tubing and stimulation applications. A metal
seal ring is located between the Grayloc hubs.
The hubs are held together using two clamps.

Figure 4-100. Grayloc Disassembly
4.4.2 CemSTREAK
The Dayco hose is used ONLY on the
CemSTREAK* cementing units. The hose
is coiled on a large reel and mounted
behind the cabin on cementing unit.
CemSTREAK hoses have different working
pressure than the unions attached to the
ends. Since the hose is certified for use on the
ground only, it can be connected to standard
piping, cement heads, or rig standpipes.
Figure 4-101. CemSTREAK
4.4.3 Parker Hannafin hose
Parker Hannafin hose is used to:
• Reduce risks associated with trying to
handle hard piping in elevation changes in
industrial application.
• Reduce the weight being suspended from
connections.
• Connect pipe lines where the distance or
complexity makes it impractical to use hard
piping.
This type of hoses is used for acid and
cementing applications, industrial plant work,
and pipeline purging where hard piping does not
offer the best safety or service quality options.
4.5 Industry terminology
American Petroleum Institute (API):
An internationally recognized organization that
sets standards for the oilfield industry. One of
the primary API standards is API 6A, which
controls the design of wellhead equipment.
Figure 4-102. American Petroleum Institute
JET 01 - Treating Equipment   |  53
Certified component
A general reference that indicates a component
was made in accordance to a recognized
standard such as API, ASME, or DNV. When
communicating that a component is certified
or to be certified, the actual certification and
documentation requirements must be defined.

4.6 Identification
When making a decision to use a component
in a high-pressure treating line, consider the
following:

• Was it made by a Well Services approved

supplier?
• Is it capable of meeting the projected
pressure requirements?
• Is it current on its annual inspection?
• Are the unions on the component
fit‑for‑purpose?
Within the industry, there is an identification
system that is “generally” consistent worldwide.
The term generally is used because there are a
number of small manufacturing companies that
are under no national or international standards
to conform to the accepted convention.

Deviations from the generally accepted

standards can fall into areas like the following:

• dimensional tolerance to which the

component is machined
• material selection
• mechanical properties of the material
selected
• marking of the component.

54  |  High-Pressure Treating Equipment

 5.0  Do’s and Don’ts

5.1 Do • Don’t use standard treating iron as flow-

back iron. Refer to location management
• The wing on treating iron should face the for correct iron.
well.
• Lubricate plug valves after every job.
• Select only appropriate product and
materials for the intended service.
• If any leakage is detected from FMC
products, remove them from service
immediately to prevent potential damage
and personal injury.

5.2 Don’t
• Don’t use 2x2 valve to bleed off pressure.
• Don’t use threaded connection.
• Don’t use 2-in 1502 wing nuts stamped
TEST.
• Don’t mix or assemble components, parts
or end connections with different pressure
ratings. Mismatched parts may fail under
pressure.
• Don’t use or substitute non FMC
components or parts in FMC products and
assemblies.
• Don’t strike, tighten or loosen pressurized
components or connections.
• Don’t exceed the rated working pressure of
the product.
• Don’t use any worn, eroded or corroded
products.
• Don’t expose standard service products to
sour gas fluids. Refer to NACE MR-0175.
• Don’t interchange sour gas components
with standard service components.

JET 01 - Treating Equipment   |  55

 This page left intentionally blank

56  |  Do’s and Don’ts

 6.0  References

Suppliers
There are many different suppliers that
manufacture components used in treating
lines (see Table 6-1). Well Services has taken
great measures in developing an “Approved
Supplier” list after carefully reviewing the quality
control systems, engineering design, and the
material selection of many different vendors.
(http://www.intouchsupport.com/intouch/
MethodInvokerpage.cfm?caseid=InTouch
Content ID# 3313683)
Well Services Safety Standard 11 - Pumping
Nitrogen
(http://www.intouchsupport.com/intouch/
MethodInvokerpage.cfm?caseid=InTouch
Content ID# 3313684)

Note: Table 6-1. Approved Standard Piping and Connections

Only Well Services-approved
Approved Standard Piping and Connections
suppliers can provide high-pressure
treating equipment components. Standard Piping and Connections Supplier
For a complete listing of Well 1-in, 1.5-in, 2-in, and 3-in (15kpsi) treating iron and
FMC, Wood
connection
Services-approved suppliers, refer
4-in (10k) treating iron and connections FMC, Wood
to Standard 5.
2-in and 3-in (20k) treating iron and
FMC, Wood
connections
Casing swages and drill pins FMC, Wood, IRI, Argus
FMC Fluid Control Cement heads iri, Argus

(http://www.intouchsupport.com/intouch/ Cement quick coupler FMC fast latch

MethodInvokerpage.cfm?caseid=InTouch Cement quick coupler IRI
Content ID# 3380168) Relief valves (spring or gas operated) FMC, Wood
Tubing swage FMC, Wood
Treating Equipment Manual Chock nipple FMC, Wood
Ball injectors Wood, GN
(http://www.intouchsupport.com/intouch/
MethodInvokerpage.cfm?caseid=InTouch Dart check valves Grant, FMC

Content ID# 3013931) Flapper check valves FMC, Wood

Hoses used on the discharge of the triplex
Parker-Hannifin
(cement and acid)
Well Services Safety Standard 5 - Location
Hoses used on the discharge of the triplex
Safety (frac, cement, and acid)
Coflexip

Hoses used on the discharge of the triplex

(http://www.intouchsupport.com/intouch/ (CemSTREAK only)
Dayco
MethodInvokerpage.cfm?caseid=InTouch †Where client/contract specifically requires use of UIE equipment
Content ID# 3313681)

Well Services Safety Standard 9 - Pumping

Carbon Dioxide

JET 01 - Treating Equipment  |  57

 This page left intentionally blank

58  | References
 7.0  Check Your Understanding

1. Can you put a suction hose on the 5. What is the maximum pressure of a FMC
discharge side of a centrifugal pump? butterfly valve?
a. yes a. 175 psi.
b. no b. 100 psi
c. maybe c. 200 psi
d. all the time d. 50 psi
E. none of the above
2. Hard hoses (4-in) may be used in the
discharge side under the following 6. High-pressure treating equipment is
circumstances. hooked up from a positive displacement
a. In an emergency when no hoses are pump to pump into a wellhead or other
available high-pressure systems?
b. OK if the discharge pressure is low a. true
enough B. false
C. Not allowed under any circumstances
D. Only if used as discharge in cement 7. When not in use, hoses should be stored
bulk plant in __________.
a. cool places
3. What is Well Services iron tested to? b. dark places
A. 2 times the working pressure c. away from electrical equipment
B. 1.25 times the working pressure d. away from direct sunlight
C. to the working pressure E. all of the above
D. 1.5 times the working pressure F. none of the above
E. not tested
8. __________ is the nominal ID of 2-in
4. What is the maximum pressure of a 4 in 15,000 WP treating pipe.
discharge hose? a. 1.625 in
A. 60 to 80 psi b. 1.875 in
B. 100 to 125 psi c. 1.995 in
C. 50 to 150 psi d. 2.015 in
D. none of the above

JET 01- Treating Equipment  |  59

9. In an 2-in FMC Chiksan, the number of 14. When changing elevation, use a
steel balls per race is __________. __________ Chiksan configuration.
a. 12 a. 1-way
b. 24 b. 2-way
C. 48 c. 3-way
D. none of the above d. 4-way

10. An important use of the 1x2 plug valve is 15. When changing direction, use a
__________. __________ Chiksan configuration.
A. backup valve to the 2x2 plug valve a. 1-way
B. main pressure control valve b. 2-way
C. master valve on a tree saver c. 3-way
D. bleed off valve on the treating line d. 4-way

11. How many seal segments are there on a 16. All connections in the treating line should
2-in plug valve.? be of the same ID as the treating lines.
A. 2 a. true
B. 4 b. false
C. 6
D. 8 17. 1x2 plug valves can be used in place of a
choke.
12. Safety Standard 23 requires that all 2-in A. true
1502 wing nuts stamped __________ to B. false
be removed from service.
A. safe 18. Gray-lock connection is used on
b. test __________ and __________
c. well applications.
d. cracked A. cementing
B. coiled Tubing
13. Based on erosion studies on the Chiksan, C. stimulation
the wing on treating iron should face the
__________. 19. Which of the following is not high pressure
a. well treating equipment?
b. south a. plug valve
c. earth b. Chiksan swivel ioint
d. door c. butterfly valve
d. coflexip hoses
E. check valve

60  |  Check Your Understanding