YEAR AUTHOR TITLE JOURNAL NAME ABSTRACT INFORMATION

The effects of paste volume, water content and precursor blend on consistency, setting time and
compressive strength of alkali activated concrete (AAC) produced with fly ash (FA) and ground
granulated blastfurnace slag (GGBS) have been investigated with the aim of developing a
suitable mix design procedure.Paste volumes in the range 30–33% were found not to influence
the compressive strength but did influence the consistency of the mixes. The water-to-solid ratio
was found to influence compressive strength and setting time. Increasing GGBS content in the
binder blend resulted in an increase of the compressive strength, but higher GGBS content
caused also early setting which may be undesirable. A mix design procedure has been developed
and has been used to determine the constituent mix proportions for three classes of concretes,
i.e. (a) a ready-mix concrete with nominal strength 35 MPa, (b) a typical structural concrete with
nominal strength 50 MPa, and (c) a high strength concrete for precast applications with nominal
strength 70 MPa. Cost analysis was carried out to compare the AAC with Portland cement
concretes with similar properties. Normal strength Portland cement concrete (PC), as typically
Ali Rafeet, used in ready mix industry has been shown to be less expensive than AAC. However, alkali
Raffaele Vinai, activated concrete can be competitively priced for high strength concretes. An empirical step-
Marios Soutsos, Guidelines for mix proportioning of fly ash/GGBS based alkali by-step procedure is presented for selecting trial mix proportions for concretes with a range of
2017 Wei Sha activated concretes Construction and Building Materials consistency values, setting times and cubecompressive strengths.
The aim of this paper was to investigate the effects of binary and ternary cementitious systems
including Portland Cement (PC), F-Class fly ash (FA) and limestone powder (LSP) to suppress
expansion caused by alkali-silica reaction (ASR). Mortar prisms were prepared with potentially
deleterious aggregates and tested by using Mortar-Bar Method according to ASTM C 1260. To
evaluate the effect of FA and LSP on the suppression of ASR in mortar, ten different types of
mortar were cast with combination of different dosages of FA and LSP as binary and ternary
blend systems (partial replacement of PC) while the control
mortar consisted of only PC as binder. Moreover, the Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was
Kazim Turk a, carried out to interpret the microstructure. It was found that the reduction of ASR expansion
Ceren Kina a,⇑, rate due to increase in LSP content was more prominent compared to the increase of FA content
Mahmut Use of binary and ternary cementitious blends of F-Class fly-ash and in the binary blends system.Finally, the mixture containing ternary blends of 20% FA/LSP were in
2017 Bagdiken b limestone powder to mitigate alkali-silica reaction risk Construction and Building Materials general more effective to mitigatethe ASR risk for 14 days compared to all mortars.
This paper presents the multiple influences of internal curing (IC) and supplementary
cementitious materials(SCM) on the shrinkage and microstructure development of reefs
aggregate concrete (RAC). Different RAC are produced based on reefs aggregate (RA) with
different water content, namely dry aggregates (0%)and saturated aggregates (100%). The
shrinkage characteristics of RAC are evaluated by measuring drying shrinkage and autogenous
shrinkage. Additionally, the compressive strength, chloride permeability and
microstructure of RAC are also characterized. The obtained results indicate that the RAC
composed bydrying reefs aggregates and SCM exhibits higher autogenous shrinkage and drying
shrinkage than that of RAC without any SCM. However, the internal curing originated from the
Shukai Cheng a, saturated reefs aggregate can effectively decrease both autogenous shrinkage and drying
Zhonghe Shui a, shrinkage of RAC with the incorporation of SCM. The combinations of SCM (pozzolanic reaction)
Rui Yu a,⇑, Tao Multiple influences of internal curing and supplementary and saturated reefs aggregate (internal curing) can provide a refined pore size distribution and
Sun a,b, Xiao cementitiousmaterials on the shrinkage and microstructure optimistic microstructure of ITZ in RAC, which simultaneously
2017 Zhang development of reefs aggregate concrete Construction and Building Materials can improve its compressive strength and chloride permeability.
The compressive strength and durability potentials of hybrid cementitious composites (HCC)
that contain metakaolin (MK), produced in the laboratory using raw kaolin, nanosilica and epoxy
resin was the main focus of this research study. The HCC specimens contain 10% metakaolin
(MK), 1% colloidal nanosilica (CNS) and 1% epoxy resins and the specimens were examined for
early ages of 7, 28, and 90 days of exposure in both water and seawater. The durability
properties investigated in this research study comprise of water absorption, intrinsic air
permeability, chloride penetration and porosity. All tests were conducted
to assess the influence of MK, CNS and epoxy on the compressive strength and the durability
properties of the HCC specimens. The result showed that HCC specimens with 10% MK, 1% CNS
was durable relative toall the properties. Nevertheless, the addition of both natural fibers
O. Richard (coconut and oil palm fruit bunch fibers) and synthetic fiber (bar chip fiber) has a slight negative
Alonge a,⇑, impact on the durability properties of HCC specimens. Conclusively, the results showed that the
Mahyuddin B. menace of water, liquid and gas transportation
Ramli a, T. John Properties of hybrid cementitious composite with metakaolin, by water absorption, capillary suction, porosity, chloride penetration, and intrinsic air
2017 Lawalson nanosilica and epoxy Construction and Building Materials permeability of HCC were lesser than that of control specimen.
The production of reactivated cementitious materials is an option for the recycling of
hydrated-cementrich fines discarded during recycled aggregate production.
Reactivation is based on a thermal process where calcium silicate hydrates present in
the fines decompose forming new hydraulic compounds. In the reported study,
materials reactivated at temperatures between 660 C and 940 C were characterized
using X-Ray diffraction and particle size analysis, and evaluated as binders using a
central composite experiment to model the effects of reactivation temperature and
reactivated material substitution level on the flowability, compressive strength and
expansion of mortar mixtures. Reactivation temperature effects correlated with the
drop weight impact test (ACI committee 544).
relative concentration of reactive phases, particularly a stabilized form of
Statical parameters were compared with reported variation in
alpha'-C2S identified in the materials. Substitution effects depended on the impact resistance (carbon and steel fiber).
supplementary material tested, and lacked significant interaction with reactivation This study highlighted the need for modifying this test in such
Ricardo Serpell, Properties of mortars produced with reactivated cementitious temperature. In the region explored, mortars based on materials produced at 800 C, a way as to increase its accuracy and reduce the large
2015 Mauricio Lopez* materials Cement and Concrete Composites 40% substituted by silica fume, achieved highest strength butlowest flowability.. variation in results.
Extensive research work for decades also in progress throughout the globe in concrete
technology in finding alternative materials which can partially replace ordinary Portland cement
(OPC) and which can also meet the requirements of strength and durability performance of
industrial by products like Micro silica, ground granulated blast furnace slag, flyash, metakaolin,
rice husk ash etc. now termed as complimentary cementitious materials(CCM) are quite
promising. Subsequently these have led to the development of binary, ternary and
quaternaryblended concretes depending on the number of CCM and their combinations used as
partial replacement materials.The Present experimental investigation is carried out in the
optimization of a Ternary Blended Cementitious system based on Ordinary Portland Cement
(OPC)/ GGBS / Micro Silica for the development of Ternary Blended Concrete.Compressive
S. Strength of Ternary Blended Concrete at the ages of 7, 28, 60, 90 days for various combinations
VijayaBhaskarRe ofMicro Silica and GGBS mixes were investigated. Micro Silica of 0%, 5%, and 10% and15% along
ddya, Dr.P. Experimental studies on compressive strength of ternary blended with GGBS was
2016 Srinivasa Raob concretes at different levels of micro silica and ggbs ScienceDirect replaced by 20%, 30% 40% and 50%. All the mixes were studied at water cement ratio of 0.45.
This article analyzes the effects of the addition of limestone filler on the hydration rate,setting
times and early-age mechanical properties ofbinary and ternary-binder mortars containing
Portland cement, blast furnace slag (BFS) and fly ash (FA), with various substitution rates of
cement withmineral additions going up to 50%. Vicat needle penetration tests and
measurements of heat flow of reaction, compressive strength and dynamic Young’s modulus
were carried out on 14 mortars prepared with binary and ternary binders, at 20 C. The results
obtained on the mortars containing binary binders, show that their loss of mechanical strength
Pierre at early age is not caused by a deceleration of the reactions of cement in the presence of
Mounanga , mineral additions, but is mainly explained by the dilution effect related to the reduction in
Muhammad cement content. A moderate addition of
Irfan Ahmad limestone filler (8–17%) makes it possible to obtain ternary binders with early-age reactivity
Khokhar, equal or even higher than that of Portland cement, and with 28-days mechanical resistance
Rana El Hachem, Improvement of the early-age reactivity of fly ash and blast close to those of the binary-binder mortars. This accelerating effect of limestone filler is
2011 Ahmed Loukili furnace slag cementitious systems using limestone filler materials and structures particularly sensitive in the case of mortars containing FA.

Fly ash is frequently used to replace cement in concrete, but it is difficult to predict performance
based only on the oxide composition, which is typically the only compositional information
available. In order to better utilize fly ash in concrete, it is important to develop more
meaningful characterization methods and correlate these with performance. The research
presented here uses a combination of analytical methods, including X-ray powder diffraction,
scanning electron microscopy coupled with multispectral image analysis, and solution analysis to
determine the compositions of the glassy phases in a specific fly ash and to examine the fly ash’s
reactivity in late- and early-age cement pore solutions, ultrapure water, and sodium hydroxide.
Katherine L. The dissolution of individual glassy phases in the fly ash was tracked over time and the
Aughenbaugh , precipitation of reaction products monitored.A high-calcium aluminosilicate glass was the most
Ryan T. Chancey reactive, a low-calcium aluminosilicate glass was of intermediate reactivity and a medium-
Paul Stutzman , calcium aluminosilicate glass had the lowest reactivity in the solutions tested for a specific fly
Maria C. Juenger An examination of the reactivity of fly ash in cementitious ash. This result suggests the glass composition has a strong effect onreactivity, but that that
2013 David W. Fowler pore solutions Materials and Structures there is not a strict correlationbetween calcium content and glass reactivity.
The main supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) that are used today are industrial by-
Eleni C. Arvaniti , products. In most cases the quality of these materials cannot be controlled during their
Maria C. G. production, resulting in materials with varied characteristics. The adequate physical
Juenger , Susan characterization of SCMs is importantto better predict their performance and optimize their use
A. Bernal , in concretes production. There are standardized methods used to determine the particle
Jose´e Duchesne characteristics for Portland cements that are usually adopted to characterize SCMs; however,
, Luc Courard , these methods may not be as accurate when applied to SCMs. This paper is an overview of the
Sophie Leroy , techniques that are currently used for the determination of the density, particle size
John L. Provis , distribution, surface area and shape of SCMs. The main principles of each method are
Agnieszka presented. The limitations that occur for the SCMs measurements are also discussed. This paper
Klemm ,Nele De Physical characterization methods for supplementary is an output from the work of the RILEM Technical Committee on Hydration and Microstructure
2015 Belie. cementitious materials Materials and Structures of Concrete with Supplementary Cementitious Materials (TC-238-SCM)..
 In this research, four types of waste seashells, including short-necked clam, green mussel,
oyster, and cockle, were investigated experimentally to develop a cement product for masonry
and plastering. The parameters studied included water demand, setting time, compressive
strength, drying shrinkage and thermal conductivity of the mortars. These properties were
compared with those of a control mortar that was made of a conventional Portland cement. The
main parameter of this study was the proportion of ground seashells used as cement
replacement (5%, 10%, 15%, or 20% by weight). Incorporation of ground seashells resulted in
reduced water demand and extended setting times of the mortars, which are advantages for
Pusit rendering and plastering in hot climates. All mortars containing ground seashells yielded
Lertwattanaruk adequate strength, less shrinkage with drying and lower thermal conductivity compared to the
a, Natt Makul b, conventional cement. The results indicate that ground seashells can be applied as a cement
Chalothorn Utilization of ground waste seashells in cement mortars for masonry replacement in mortar mixes and may improve the workability of rendering and plastering
2012 Siripattaraprava and plastering Journal of Environmental Management mortar.
Rodrigo C.
Kanning a, The worldwide productions of banana were bigger than 95 million tons, which resemble to,
Kleber F. Portella approximately,10.22 million tons of ashes. Additions of these residues or banana leaf ash (BLA)
b,⇑, Mariana O. in mortars were investigated by ratios of 0–10% in replacement to weight of the Portland
G.P. Bragança b, cement as pozzolanic materials.The products were characterized by chemical compositions,
Marcelle M. SEM, rheology and pozzolanic activity index. Hardened materials were characterized by tearing
Bonato a, it in walls. The mechanical and chemical resistance performances of 10% and 20% BLA concrete
Jeannette C.M. Banana leaves ashes as pozzolan for concrete and mortar of Portland samples were also evaluated by artificial ageing chambers.
2013 dos Santos c cement Construction and Building Materials The BLA was considered a pozzolan material.

Daniel da Silva
Andrade a, João This paper, for the first time, focuses on the characterization of the chemical and mechanical
Henrique da properties of ternary cement pastes with the addition of up to 18% of metakaolin and colloidal
Silva Rêgo a,⇑, nanosilica. The paste containing 15% of metakaolin and 3% of nanosilica presented an increase
Paulo Cesar of 44% on the compressive strength and a reduction of 66% on the average pore diameter at the
Morais b,c, age of 91 days, in comparison with the reference paste. Results obtained remark the high
Moisés Frías Chemical and mechanical characterization of ternary cement pastes potential of ternary cement mixes produced with the combination of metakaolin and nanosilica
2017 Rojas d containing metakaolin and nanosilica Construction and Building Materials for the production of high performance cementitious materials.
The compressive strength, free and restrained drying shrinkage and cracking resistance of
concrete under drying condition were investigated for ternary cementitious systems containing
Xiang Hua,b, Portland cement, slag and fly ash. The restrained shrinkage test (ring test) was carried out
Zhenguo Shi a,c, following ASTM C1581. The results showed that the increased replacement level of slag or fly
⇑, Caijun Shi a,⇑, ash from 0 to 50% led to a gradual decrease in 28d compressive strength of concrete. The free
Zemei Wua, drying shrinkage increased with the increase of slag content, but reduced with the fly ash
Baihui Tong a, content. The cracking resistance was well related to the free drying shrinkage of concrete, other
Zhihua Oud, factors such as strength also showed certain effects on cracking resistance of concrete. The
Geert de Drying shrinkage and cracking resistance of concrete made with cracking resistance of concrete was enhanced with the addition of fly ash while weakened with
2017 Schutter b ternary cementitious components Construction and Building Materials the slag replacement level up to 50%.
Different types and dosages of gypsums are selected in compound cementitous material
compounded with clinker and limestone powder and coal ash. It is found that the flexural and
compressive strength of compound cementitous material adding calcium sulfate dihydrate
containing 46% SO3 at different age is higher than that of compound cementitous material
adding plaster stone containing 33% SO3 when the mixture dosage and gypsum dosage are the
same. The flexural and compressive strength of compound cementitous material including 3.2%
SO3 at different age is higher than that of compound cementitous material including less SO3
Effect of Gypsum on Mortar Strength of Compound when the mixture dosage and type of gypsum are the same. Sufficient content of SO3 is key
Hou Yun-fen Cementitous Material Compounded with Clinker and point when compound cementitous material including plenty of mixture is prepared. Types
2011 Huang Tian-yong Limestone Powder and Coal Ash anddosages of gypsum should be selected carefully.

The effect of temperature on fresh mortar and cement paste was evaluated by simulating the
curing conditions of external buildings plastering applied under extremely hot weather. The
specimens were heated at controlled temperatures in the 40−80 °C range by exposure to IR
radiation over short periods. The effect of soaking for a short time was also examined. The
results of compressive strength tests, scanning electron microscopy, infrared spectroscopy and
mercury porosimetry helped to characterize the mechanical and physico-chemical properties of
the studied sample. Early age behaviour (28 days) in neat cement was barely affected by the
P. Ballester a, A. temperature. By contrast, exposure to high temperatures caused significant microstructural
Hidalgo b, I. changes in the mortar. However, successive soaking over short periods was found to reactivate
Mármol a, J. the mechanism of curing and restore the expected mechanical properties. Based on the results,
Morales c, L. Effect of brief heat-curing on microstructure and mechanical application of cement based mortar at high temperatures is effective when followed by a short,
2009 Sánchez c,. properties in fresh cement based mortars Cement and Concrete Research specific soaking process.

An innovative research on preparation of super early strength grouts is presented. A ternary

complex system of sulphoaluminate cement, aluminate cement and gypsum was used in the
grouts combined with a variety of additives. The effect of mortar ratio on the properties of
grouts was studied, and the microstructure was observed. The results show that high mortar
ratio can prepare super early strength grouts; 2 h and 90 d compressive strength of the grouts is
Xianjun Li a,⇑, Effects of mortar ratio on the properties of super early strength 42.6 and 105.6 MPa, respectively. Furthermore, the grouting material has no retraction of late
2017 Jianying Haos grouting materials by ternary complex system Construction and Building Materials strength and possesses micro-expansion property, which attribute to the formation of ettringite.
the effect of the weave architecture on the tensile and impact
This work describes the study of the potential use of the sludge generated in potable water behaviour of ductile stainless steel fibre/PP composites is
filtration/cleaning operations (waste material) as workability-aid in rendering/plastering investigated.
mortars. A commercial mortar was used as reference and several formulations were compared: a quasi-unidirectional weave, a basket weave and
investigated, containing sodium phosphate enrichedwaste material instead of the enriched a satin weave.
bentonite traditionally used asworkability-aid and setting retarder in cement-based The tensile test results show that all weave architectures show
compositions. Fresh mortars were characterised in terms of plasticity as a function of elapsed the same composite strain-to-failure, despite the difference in
time. Rheological behaviourwas studied with a specific rheometer. The same setting delay can crimp. The composite with the basket weave (high crimp) has
F. Raupp-Pereira be obtained with the use of the enriched sludge even by using lower contents of the additive much lower stiffness and yield stress in comparison with the
a, L. Silva b, A.M. (0.25%), but the workability window tends to be narrower. Fluidity assured by the tested other two composites.
Segad˜aes a, H. admixtures is mostly controlled by changes in yield stress values of the paste.The replacement The penetration impact results show that the high ductility of
Paivac, J.A. Effects of potable water filtration sludge on the rheological of bentonite by an equivalent amount of sodium phosphate-added waste material (ca. 0.25 stainless steel fibre composites in tensile tests is transferred
2007 Labrincha a,t behaviour of one-coat plastering mortars∗ Journal of Materials Processing Technology wt.%) is technically feasible. into excellent impact performance.
This study was carried out to test the suitability of marble waste as a fine aggregate in lean
mortar mixes.Marble waste was crushed in the form of fine aggregate, then it was substituted in
place of river sand from 0% to 100% by volume. It was found that by incorporation of marble
waste from 25% to 50%, maximum benefits could be derived in terms of reduced water
requirement, improved mechanical performance and enhanced durability. At 50% substitution
the water requirement to attain the required workability fell by 6% and compressive strength
Rajendra Kumar increased from 2.84 MPa to 7.04 MPa. When exposed to 5% sodium sulphate and sulphuric acid
Khyaliya, K.I. solutions, the mortar mix with 25% marble waste and 75% of river sand performed at par with
Syed Ahmed control mortar. In view of these results it was concluded that marble waste can be safely used in
Kabeer ⇑, Ashok Evaluation of strength and durability of lean mortar mixes containing both aggressive and non-aggressive environments by replacing river sand by 25% and 50%
2017 Kumar Vyas marble waste Construction and Building Materials respectively in lean mortar mixes.
 Due to the 1999 Athens earthquake, both the masonry structure and the mosaics of the
Katholikon of Dafni’s Monastery have suffered severe damages. In order to design the
appropriate intervention scheme for mosaic conservation, first for the detection and mapping of
delaminated mosaic’s areas, and second for the monitoring the movement of the grout during
injection, using a non-destructive testing such as groundpenetrating radar, presents a great
interest. Two experimental studies have been realized on the mosaics. The first one concerns
GPR mapping on some mosaics in-situ, in order to find out the exact location of doubtful zones
including delamination, changes of structures (i.e. recent repairs) or buried heterogeneities. The
second one is focused on the GPR monitoring of mosaic grouting. Thus, a physical model has
been built with old pieces of thick lime plaster put together with lime mortar, including known
voids in order to develop the survey methodology and define the performances and limits that
A. Miltiadou- one can expect. Results show that one can follow the grouting spreading inside the physical
Fezans Expected Performances for Mosaic-Grouting Teritlz International Conference 011 Ground model. This point enables us to forecast a methodology of grouting evaluation, in terms of
2004 X. Derobert, Monitoring by GPR Penetrntirig Radar, quality, extension and quantity, for the ancient mosaics in-situ.
Although Engineered Cementitious Composites (ECC) offer a number of advantages over
ordinary and fiber reinforced concrete in many respects, it is not cost-effective to build a whole
structure with ECC, currently. Thus, ECC can potentially be used in repair systems or in bi-
material systems which require it to be used together with a dimensionally stable material. High
Suleyman shrinkage, together with the restraining effect brings about cracking a critical phenomenon for
Bahadir Keskin, ECC. In this study, along with the mechanical properties of ECC, viscoelastic properties like
Mustafa autogenous shrinkage, drying shrinkage and tensile creep which were used to calculate ECC’s
Sahmaran, Ismail cracking potential were studied. At the same time, the tendency of ECC mixtures to crack under
Ozgur Yaman, restrained shrinkage conditions was also investigated using restrained shrinkage rings. It was
Mohamed Correlation between the viscoelastic properties and cracking concluded that creep, elastic properties, and shrinkage data should be together used to evaluate
2014 Lachemi. potential of engineered cementitious composites Construction and Building Materials the dimensional compatibility.
This paper proposes a methodology for improvement of energy efficiency in buildings through
the innovative simultaneous incorporation of three distinct phase change materials (here
termed as hybrid PCM) in plastering mortars for façade walls. The thermal performance of a
hybrid PCM mortar was experimentally evaluated by comparing the behaviour of a prototype
test cell (including hybrid PCM plastering mortar) subjected to realistic daily temperature
Mohammad profiles, with the behaviour of a similar prototype test cell, in which no PCM was added. A
Kheradmand a, numerical simulation model was employed (using ANSYS-FLUENT) to validate the capacity of
Miguel Azenha simulating temperature evolution within the prototype containing hybrid PCM, as well as to
b, Jos e L.B. de understand the contribution of hybrid PCM to energy efficiency. Incorporation of hybrid PCM
Aguiar a, into plastering mortars was found to have the potential to significantly\ reduce heating/cooling
Joao Castro- Experimental and numerical studies of hybrid PCM embedded in temperature demands for maintaining the interior temperature within comfort levels when
2015 Gomes c, plastering mortar for enhanced thermal behaviour of buildings Energy compared to normal mortars (without PCM), or even mortars comprising single type of PCM.
Lightweight concrete (LAWC) has numerous advantages over normal weight concrete (NWC),
such as less dead load and construction costs. Using lightweight aggregates (LWA) is one of the
most typical methods of fabricating structural LWAC. This paper studies the possibility of LAWC
production by agricultural solid waste, specifically oil palm shell (OPS) and also by replacing
ordinary Portland cement (OPC) with rice husk ash (RHA) and fly ash (FA) up to 50%. The effect
of cement replacement with 0%, 10%, 20% and 30% of RHA (binary blended cement) and with
15%FA/15%RHA and 25%FA/25%RHA (ternary blended cement) on several engineering
properties (workability, density, compressive strength, flexural strength, water absorption,
drying shrinkage and ultrasonic pulse velocity) of OPS concrete was analyzed. The impact of 2, 4,
and 6 days of water curing on 28-day compressive strength was examined as well. This study
proved the possibility of fabricating sustainable LAWC made of high volume agricultural and
Javad Nodeh industrial waste materials. Although the high amount of RHA in OPS Concrete caused reduction
Farahani a, of compressive strength and workability, incorporating FA along with RHA addressed this issue. ECCs with local ingredients, including domestic PVA fibers, fly
Payam Shafigh b, OPS concrete showed to be more sensitive to curing and only 4-day initial curing decreased the ash and crumb rubber, were developed under the guidance of
Belal Alsubari a, strength reduction up to 26% compare to air dry curing. Grades 30 (with OPC content of 350 micromechanics model for ECC.
Sheida kg/m3) and 25 (with OPC content of 250 kg/m3) green LAWC were successfully produced by cost-effective ductile ECCs can be designed successfully using
Shahnazar d, incorporating 30% and 50% of RHA/FA respectively. In addition,significant CO2 reduction, as local material ingredients. These composites show an ultimate
Hilmi Bin Engineering properties of lightweight aggregate concrete containing high as 41%, is calculated in this work to be emitted for manufacturing studied sustainable tensile strength of 4–5 MPa and tensile strain capacity of 3–
2017 Mahmud a binary and ternary blended cement Journal of Cleaner Production concretes. 6%.
Self-compacting concrete (SCC) has experienced significant development in the light of results
obtained from numerous studies due to a series of advantages that it offers. The use of mineral
admixtures at microscale and recently at nanoscale has permitted high-performance SCC to be
obtained. Over the past few years, micro silica (mSi) and nano silica (nSi) have been the most
used admixtures in continuing research into the areas of civil and agricultural engineering. This
paper examines the behavior of 10 mixtures of SCC prepared with binary and ternary dosages
through use of Portland cement (CEM I 52.5 R), mSi and nSi. As a reference, a SCC was designed
which used no mineral admixtures, with the rest of the dosages using different percentages of
mSi and nSi. Three were made with 2.5%, 5% and 7.5% of nSi; three more with 2.5%, 5% and
7.5% of mSi, and the remaining three by using both admixtures (ternary mixtures) mSi and nSi,
with percentages of 2.5%/2.5%, 5%/2.5% and 2.5%/5%. The properties studied are rheological
(flow test, funnel test and box test), mechanical (compressive strength, tensile strength and
modulus of elasticity), and microstructural (hydration composites). According to the results preventing water and harmful chemicals from penetrating by
obtained, all the concretes meet the requirements to be classified as SCCs by monitoring the sealing existing cracks and regaining original mechanical and
quantity of superplasticizer additive according to the type and quantity of mineral admixture durability properties through self-healing. This promises to
used. The higher compressive strength value was obtained by the ternary mixture with 2.5%/2. contribute to the development of a new generation of highly
5% of mSi and nSi both at 28 and 90 days. Ternary mixtures of 2.5%/5% and 5%/2.5% reach durable, damage-tolerant structures.
J. Bernal a,⇑, E. values similar to those obtained by the mixture with 7.5% of nSi. Based on these results, it is This paper details the parameters governing self-healing
Reyes b, J. possible to say that the compressive strength depends on the particle size and the amount of efficiency and the effect of self-healing on the residual
Massana c, N. the admixture, and the particle-size distribution of the resulting mixture. This allows the mechanical and transport properties of cementitious
León b, E. Fresh and mechanical behavior of a self-compacting concrete with advantage of obtaining considerably high compressive strength by using lower amounts both of composites. Test methods measuring the effect of these
2017 Sánchez additions of nano-silica, silica fume and ternary mixtures Construction and Building Materials nSi and of mSi and, therefore, of SP. parameters on healing efficiency are also described.

The use of ternary systems composed of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) and two pozzolanic
mineral admixtures could supply several advantages in terms of the properties in both fresh and
hardened states. Fly ash (FA) and spent fluid catalytic cracking catalyst (FCC) were combined to
produce high strength mortars due to a synergic effect. OPC/FA systems (70%/30%) and
OPC/FA/FCC systems (70%/20%/10%) were analyzed by thermogravimetric and SEM techniques.
Mortars with different binder/sand ratios were prepared in order to yield high compressive
strength values. On the one hand, fly ash particles act as nucleation sites that favour the
hydration of Portland cement particles: at early stages (7 days), the calculated fixed hydrated
lime values were negative, suggestive of a nucleating effect. For a longer curing period (90 days),
the pozzolanic effect develops, as can be noted in terms of its compressive strength behaviour.
The 90-days curing strength for OPC/FA mortars ranged between 96 and 98 MPa. In ternary
mixtures (OPC/FA/FCC), FCC act as pozzolan during the initial 7 days period; the presence of fly
ash particles favoured the presence of more portlandite by means of the nucleation effect. For
longer curing times, fly ash particles also contribute to strength development, producing a
L. Soriano a, J. synergic effect with FCC. The 90 days curing strength for OPC/FA/FCC mortars ranged between
Payá a,⇑, J. 103 and 106 MPa. Binary and ternary mortars reached strength activity index values equal or
Monzó a, M.V. higher to the unit. Contributions to the strength (i.e. hydration of cement, the nucleation effect,
Borrachero a, M. High strength mortars using ordinary Portland cement–fly ash–fluid and early and long term pozzolanic effects) have been calculated for 7 and 90 curing days
2015 M. Tashima b catalytic cracking catalyst residue ternary system (OPC/FA/FCC) Construction and Building Materials pozzolan-containing mortars.
 Dongyeop Han,
Kyoung-Min Kim,
Gun-Cheol Lee,
Jung-Gu Choi, Influence of steel fiber content and aspect ratio on the strength of
2015 Gyung-Taeg Koh. high strength concrete

Alireza
Gholamhoseini,
Amir Khanlou,
Gregory
MacRae, Allan
Scott, Stephen An experimental study on strength and serviceability of reinforced
Hicks, Roberto and steel fibre reinforced concrete (SFRC) continuous composite
2016 Leon. slabs