International Journal of Innovation, Management and Technology, Vol. 4, No.

6, December 2013

Macroergonomic Approach for Improving the Municipal

Waste Management System in Jakarta
Amalia Suzianti, Siti Humaira, and Shabila Anjani


A. Defining the Design Framework of the System,
Abstract—To solve the complex problem of the waste
management system in Jakarta, there needs to be a Environment and Organization
comprehensive approach to the system. One of the approaches The current waste management system in Jakarta is
that could be used to solve this problem is the macro- shown in Fig. 1, which consists of input, process, and
ergonomic approach, where Macro Ergonomic Analysis and output.
Design (MEAD) is one of its methods. Through this approach,
it is known that the main problem of this system is human
error in disposing waste. Improving rubbish bins is a solution External Factors:
that could help the problem technically, where New Product Climate
Location
Development Processes (NPD Processes) is implemented to
develop the rubbish bin. The new design of rubbish bin has
some additional features that would decrease human error in
Input Process Output
disposing waste. This paper will discuss the color coding, signs
of waste segregation, differentiation in locating disposal holes,
different types of container lids, types of trash bag hooks, the Organic Waste Waste is generated by the citizens Compost
swing feature of the bin, and the ideal information media of a of Jakarta
Non Organic Waste Electricity
rubbish bin.
Waste is collected at dumpsters
Recycled goods
(Tempat Pembuangan Sementara/
Index Terms—Recycle bin, MEAD, re-design, TPS) in each district
macroergonomic, new product development processes.
Waste is transported to the In-
Between Station (Stasiun Peralihan
I. INTRODUCTION Sementara/SPA) in Sunter

Collecting household disposals and industrial waste is

one of the most difficult operational problems faced by
local authorities in any large city. This problem is also
faced by Jakarta, the capital city of Indonesia. With an
increasing number of populations due to the rising number
of urbanization every year, Jakarta’s waste volume is
rapidly increasing. The volume of waste generated in
Jakarta could reach up to 6500 tons per day.
To keep the city clean, the government’s Cleaning and
Landscaping Agency faced some major waste disposal
problems, such as public awareness about cleanness, waste-
handling facilities, human resources, legacy, periodic
targets, and other problems related to open dumping. A
solution is needed to overcome this complex problem. This
research is done by redesigning the rubbish bin used in
Jakarta, as an effective solution for improving Jakarta’s
waste handling system,
II. METHODOLOGY
This research will be using stages of Macro Ergonomic
Analysis and Design (MEAD). MEAD is one of the macro
ergonomic methods that consist of ten stages used for
assessing and improving the work systems [1].
Manuscript received May 5, 2013; revised August 11, 2013.
The authors are with Industrial Engineering Department, Faculty of
Engineering, Universitas Indonesia (e-mail: amalia.suzianti@alumni.TU-
Berlin.DE, Humaira.siti@gmail.com)
Waste is compacted in SPA Sunter
Waste is transported to the Landfill
(Tempat Pengelolaan Sampah
Terpadu/TPST) in Bantar Gebang
Waste is processed and turned into
the final output
Fig. 1. Waste handling system in Jakarta.
B. Defining the Type and Setting the Performance
Expectation of the Work System
It is found that the problems faced by the Cleaning and
Landscaping Agency affects the performance of this work
system. These problems are as following:
1) Transportation Facilities: This is measured by the
calculating the availability rate of transport facilities.
Table I describes the detailed condition of transport
facilities belonged to Cleaning and Landscaping
Agency of Jakarta.
2) Human resource: The current number of workers is
much lower than the number of workers 20 years ago,
which reached up to 6000 people. This workforce
reduction is more on operational workers, such as
drivers, garbage collector, and trash sweeper.
3) The total of collected waste: Fig. 2 shows a graph that
describes the waste collection from 2005 to 2010.
From this graph, it is seen that from 2007 to 2010,
there is an increasing number of waste that is not
collected

DOI: 10.7763/IJIMT.2013.V4.461 560

 International Journal of Innovation, Management and Technology, Vol. 4, No. 6, December 2013

TABLE I: TRANSPORTATION CONDITION

No. Age of Transportation

Capacity
≤15 years >15 years
Type of Transportation Number of units (m3)
1. Small Arm Roll 55 75 130 6

2. Big Arm Roll 79 95 174 10

3. Small Typer 96 77 173 10

4. Big Typer 90 102 192 20

5. Small Compactor 60 13 73 12

6. Big Compactor 50 5 55 24

7. Motor Cart 300 0 300 1

Total 730 367 1097

Quality Function Deployment (QFD) [2].

Based on matrix in Table II, it is found that the key
variance that has the most effect among other variances is
“the human error to dispose the waste into the proper bin”
because it has the highest value among all variances.
F. Creating the Key-Variance Control Table and Role
Network
The Key-Variance Control table of human error in
disposing waste into the proper bin is shown in Table III.

Fig. 2. Numbers of collected waste. III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4) Budget: Funding for all the waste management
activities only relies on regional budget.
5) Citizen participation: Some citizens are still not able to
keep the city clean.
6) Law enforcement: There is no law enforcement for
violators due to the lack of human resources that are
specifically tasked to enforce cleanliness in the city.
C. Define Operation Units and Work Process
Fig. 3 shows the operation units and the details of the
work processes, actors, goals, and facilities used for each
operation units.
The operations units of waste management are divided
into six units, namely:
1) Public waste
2) Trash collected at TPS
3) Waste transported to the SPA in Sunter
4) Waste compactized in SPA Sunter
5) Waste transported to TPST in Bantar Gebang
6) Waste processed in TPST Bantar Gebangtar Gebang.
D. Identifying Variances
At this stage, all the data is evaluated while the input
variance and throughput variance for each unit operation is
determined.
E. Creating the Variance Matrix
In this stage, the variances determined in the previous
stage are put in the variance matrix, thus it is seen how
much the relationship between these variances. Each
variance is given weight by the level of urgency. The
relationship between variances is weighted by using crisp
number (1, 3, 9) which is usually used in conventional
MEAD method used in data collection is proven to be
able to assess work systems starting form macro-scale [3],
in this case is waste management system. It also then
suggests an effective solution that could be done in micro-
scale, which in this case is redesigning the rubbish bin. The
stages in NPD Processes [4] assures that the new design of
the rubbish bin is effective and innovative, which also
solves the needs of Citizens in Jakarta
The rubbish bin design follows the prevailing standards in
Indonesia [5] and is modified according to other existing
development done in other countries [6]. The design of the
three-dimensional rubbish bin is made using the Autodesk
Inventor® 2013 Software.
The re-designed rubbish bin, has three different
containers according to its waste group, namely:
1) Organic Waste
2) Recycle Waste
3) Residue
Where it uses a colour code to distinguish each group of
waste.
Organic waste is represented by the colour green,
recyclable waste is represented in blue, while the residue is
represented by the yellow colour. The colours used are basic
colors shown in Fig. 4 which also makes it easy to
distinguish one another.
The holes of the rubbish bins are also different according
to its waste segregation (Fig. 5). The organic waste
container has a semicircular hole, the recyclable waste
container has an oval-shaped hole, while the residue waste
container has rectangular-shaped hole. On the upper side of
the rubbish bin could be seen signs that represent waste
segregation. Fig. 6 clearly shows signs used in this rubbish
bin.

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 International Journal of Innovation, Management and Technology, Vol. 4, No. 6, December 2013

Input : Any kind of waste

Outpur : Waste collected

Citizens dispose their

waste The waste is collected
Subject in the dumpster (TPS)
Input : Waste
Citizens of DKI The waste is Outpur : Compacted waste
Subject transported to SPA
Jakarta Janitor in each district The waste is
Input :Compacted waste
Subject compacted in SPA Outpur : Compost, electricity,
Objective
Officers of the Sunter The waste is recycled goods
The disposal of the
Objective Cleaning and Subject transported to landfill
waste Waste collection The waste is processed
Landscaping agency in SPA Officers in Bantar Gebang
Subject
Facility each municipality
Facility Objective City’s UTPST
Rubbish bin Subject
Cart, motor cart, and Objective To do the waste The Cleaning Agency Regional UTPST
· The rubbish bin is broom Transporting the waste compacting and of Jakarta The Cleaning Agency
provided
· The waste in the to SPA Sunter handling closer to its of Jakarta
· Citizens make a source and decrease
Objective
rubbish bin is Transporting the waste
mistakes in Facility the transportation Objective
transported with a to landfill/TPST in
segregating waste Typer and Arm Roll needed to carry the Transforming waste
cart or a motor cart
· Not all citizens that ·
Bantar Gebang
· The waste on the The waste in the waste to landfill into compost,
put their waste in dumpster is Facility electricity, and
road is collected Facility
the rubbish bin transported with a Compactor or tractor recycled goods
with a broom
· Scavengers and Compact machine
· The waste is typer and an arm roll head
recyclers collect the · The waste is Facility
transported to the · The waste is then · The waste in the
useful waste received in SPA, Landfill, gasification,
dumpster (TPS) in transported to SPA SPA is transported
then is pondered machine and turbine.
each district Sunter with a compactor
· The waste is put into · The waste is
· Scavengers and or a tractor head
a hole, pressed and received in the
recyclers collect · The waste is then
compacted TPST
useful waste transported to the
· The compacted · The compacted
landfill/TPST in
waste is put into a waste is stored in the
Bantar Gebang
compactor or a landfill
tractor head · The waste is being
processed to
generate compost
and electricity
· Scavengers and
recyclers collect the
useful waste
Fig. 3. The Flow process of waste handling system in Jakarta.

TABLE II: VARIANCE MATRIX

Variance Weight a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Total

a Failure in waste segregation 12.5%          3.375

Damage waste quality due to failure in
b 10.0%   1.8
waste segregation
c The waste is not disposed in the bin 12.5%    1.375

d Not all waste is collected 10.0%    1.1

The waste disposal is not following the
e 7.5%         1.5
segregation shown in the provided bin
f Delay in waste collection 5.0%  0.45

g Cumulating amount of waste in TPS 5.0%   0.5

The waste that comes to the SPA has
h 5.0%      0.95
not being segregated
i Non-organic waste is compacted 5.0%      1.25
Not all waste that come to TPST is
j 5.0%   0.6
compacted
The processing capacity is lower than
k 7.5%   1.35
the amount of waste generated
Scavangers could not segregate the
l 5.0%      1.25
compacted waste
Non-organic waste is processed in
m 2.5%      0.525
GALFAD system
n Expansion of landfill 7.5%   0.9

Crisp code : =1 =3 =9

TABLE III: KEY-VARIANCE CONTROL

Controlled Key Variance Controlled Aspects
Key Variance Failure in waste segregation
Operation Unit Citizens whom dispose their waste
Responsible Party Citizens of Jakarta obeying the regulations made by the Cleaning and Landscaping Agency of
Jakarta with other private parties.
Control Task Education and 3R campaign
Technical Support Rubbish bin
Social Support 3R community

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 International Journal of Innovation, Management and Technology, Vol. 4, No. 6, December 2013
Fig. 4. Design of rubbish bin.
Fig. 5. Differentiations in holes and color.
Fig. 6. Top view of rubbish bin.
Each container is equipped with lids (Fig. 7) that consist
of two parts that could be folded twice. The function of
these lids are to keep trash inside the container, to keep the
waste safe from from outside objects and also to prevent an
unpleasant smell outside the container.
Fig. 7. Lids in containers.
The swing feature of this bin (Fig. 8) is an additional
feature to facilitate in collecting garbage.
Fig. 8. Swing feature in container.
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This bin is equipped with a plastic bag to make it easier
for operator to gather and collect garbage. Therefore, the bin
is equipped with a hook (Fig. 9) on the inside to make it
easy to hook the trash bag in position.
Fig. 9. Hooks inside the container.
In addition, the front of the container could be used as an
educational media and also for advertising. Advertisements,
posters, campaign media, and others signs could be put on
the side of the rubbish bin shown in Fig. 10.
Fig. 10. Front view of rubbish bin.
The container and the lid of this rubbish bin is designed
to use High Density Polyethylene (HDPE), while the main
frame is designed to use cast iron. HDPE is chosen as trash
containers because it is light, strong, durable, and also
recyclable.
IV. CONCLUSION
The habit of the citizen of Jakarta is the major cause of
the waste handling system. This is because the citizens of
Jakarta are not able to put their garbage in the proper places.
One of the solutions for this problem is by improving its
technical support, in this case the rubbish bin. Using the
Stage-Gate Model, a new improved rubbish bin is made to
solve the needs of Jakarta. With some additional features,
such as the color coding, signs of waste segregation,
differentiation in locating disposal holes, different types of
container lids, types of trash bag hooks, the swing feature of
the bin, and the ideal information media of a rubbish bin,
this re-designed rubbish bin is suitable for improving the
municipal waste management system in Jakarta
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This research was made possible by the support and
assistance of a number of people whom we would like to
thank. We are very grateful to the anonymous referees for
their valuable comments and constructive suggestions. We
would like to thank for their valuable opinions.
 International Journal of Innovation, Management and Technology, Vol. 4, No. 6, December 2013

REFERENCES Amalia Suzianti is a senior researcher in the

[1] H. W. Hendrick and B. M. Kleiner, “Macroergonomics: An
introduction to work system design,” Human Factors and
Ergonomics Society, Santa Monica, CA.
[2] S. K. Amponsah and S. Salhi, “The investigation of a class of
capacitated arc routing problems: The collection of garbage in
developing countries,” Waste Management, pp. 711-721.
[3] B. M. Kleiner, “Macroergonomic: Worksystem analysis and design,”
Human Factor: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomic
Society.
[4] J. A. Bers, J. P. Dismukes, D. Mehserle, and C. Rowe, “Extending the
Stage-Gate-System model to radical innovation: The accelerated
radical innovation model,” IEEE, 2011.
[5] B. S. Nasional, Tata Cara Teknik Operasional Pengelolaan Sampah
Perkotaan, Indonesia.
[6] L. Hickman, “Garbage: Bin there, done that,” The American City and
Country, pp. 60-67.
Department of Industrial Engineering, Universitas
Indonesia. She holds a PhD in Innovation System
Design from TU Berlin, Germany and University of
Luxembourg, and a Master of Science in Technology
and Innovation Management from BTU Cottbus,
Germany.
Prior joining Universitas Indonesia, she has acquired
international academic and professional work experiences, mainly in
Europe, Asia and Latin America. Her research interests lies in the fields of
Technology and Innovation Management, Technology Policy, and New
Product Development. She is also a member of Product Development and
Management Association (PDMA) and Design Research Society (DS).
Dr. Amalia Suzianti’s papers have been presented in various
international conferences in Germany, Switzerland, UK, and Argentina.
Currently, she contributes actively in preparing community engagement
research projects based on technology and innovation methodologies.

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