Lab Scale Studies On Pore Clogging Nature of Flyash Mixed Soil With Various

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CIVIL AND STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
Volume 1, No 1, 2010
© Copyright 2010 All rights reserved Integrated Publishing services
Research Article ISSN 0976 – 4399
Lab Scale Studies on Pore Clogging Nature of Flyash Mixed Soil With Various
Geotextiles A Study on Soils from Dindigul District
R.Gobinath 1 , K.Rajeshkumar 2 N.Mahendran 3
1 Lecturer 2 Lecturer 3 Professor and Head
Department of Civil Engineering,
PSNA College of Engineering and Technology, Dindigul
Email: gobinathdpi@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
Geotextiles are increasingly being used in transportation applications due their ease of
construction and economy over traditional methods. Geotextiles are often used in embankment
constructions; their two most important roles being the reinforcement of the foundation and
separation of the embankment fill from the foundation soil. In addition to these roles, geotextiles
provide lateral drainage of percolation water and prevent the buildup of excess pore water
pressure. The current design of GC drains and geotextile drains is primarily dependent on their
flow rate capacities. However, the hydraulic compatibility of a geotextile with the contact soil is
an important issue and should be considered in design procedures. This compatibility is usually
analyzed through laboratory soil filtration tests. The first main requirement for ensuring this
hydraulic compatibility is that the drain should not be clogged throughout the life of the structure.
The second requirement is that the soil piped through the geotextile should be minimal, so that
the internal stability and modulus of the soil are not adversely affected. reported excessive
clogging of GC drains in two different projects. The drain was completely clogged due to
accumulation of soil fines at the surface and inside the geotextile (blinding and clogging
phenomenon, respectively), resulting in excess pore water pressure buildup under the pavement.
Similar problems, excessive clogging of geotextile component of GC drains with finegrained
soils, were also reported by. These failures indicate that the hydraulic compatibility of contact
soil with the geotextile component of a drain is an important issue, requiring consideration
during pavement drainage system design. The problem of fine particle clogging becomes more
cumbersome when industrial byproducts are in contact with geotextiles in pavement drainage
systems. The nature of these geomaterials is different than regular soils, often consisting of
significant amounts of fines. The existing geotextile selection criteria may not be directly
applicable to these materials and, in most cases, their filtration or drainage performance with
geotextiles should be investigated by conducting laboratory tests. In this study Geosynthetics
was tested with varying fly ash content with soil samples taken from Dindigul district and their
hydraulic conductivity is measured to check the viability of using Geosynthetics for highways
project carrying clayey soils.
Keywords: Geotextiles, Fly ash, Clogging, Pore size distribution.
50
1 Introduction
Geotextiles are increasingly being used in transportation applications due their ease of
construction and economy over traditional methods. Geotextiles are often used in embankment
constructions; their two most important roles being the reinforcement of the foundation and
separation of the embankment fill from the foundation soil. In addition to these roles, geotextiles
provide lateral drainage of percolation water and prevent the buildup of excess pore water
pressure. Pavement subsurface and highway edge drainage systems are other application areas in
which geocomposite (GC) drains are commonly employed. GC drains are composed of a geonet
sandwiched between two geotextile layers, and have been cost effective alternatives over
traditional drainage systems for the last two decades
The current design of GC drains and geotextile drains is primarily dependent on their
flow rate capacities. However, the hydraulic compatibility of a geotextile with the contact soil is
an important issue and should be considered in design procedures. This compatibility is usually
analyzed through laboratory soil filtration tests. The first main requirement for ensuring this
hydraulic compatibility is that the drain should not be clogged throughout the life of the structure.
The second requirement is that the soil piped through the geotextile should be minimal,

so that the internal stability and modulus of the soil are not adversely affected. reported excessive
clogging of GC drains in two different projects. The drain was completely clogged due to
accumulation of soil fines at the surface and inside the geotextile (blinding and clogging
phenomenon, respectively), resulting in excess pore water pressure buildup under the pavement.
Similar problems, excessive clogging of geotextile component of GC drains with finegrained
soils, were also reported by. These failures indicate that the hydraulic compatibility of contact
soil with the geotextile component of a drain is an important issue, requiring consideration
during pavement drainage system design.
The problem of fine particle clogging becomes more cumbersome when industrial by
products are in contact with geotextiles in pavement drainage systems. The nature of these
geomaterials is different than regular soils, often consisting of significant amounts of fines. The
existing geotextile selection criteria may not be directly applicable to these materials and, in
most cases, their filtration or drainage performance with geotextiles should be investigated by
conducting laboratory tests.
Fly ash is one of these industrial byproducts, and has increasingly being used in
transportation applications as fill materials or grout mixes for highway embankments, as well as
grout mixes for road bases .Beneficial reuse of fly ash in pavement bases has gained wide
acceptance due to its abundance. For instance, 3.5 million tons of fly ash was used in pavement
construction in the U.S in 1996.
In spite of ongoing efforts to use fly ash in highway construction, limited information is
available about its hydraulic compatibility with geotextiles. Clogging of a geotextile drain by fly
ash particles may cause significant reduction in permeability, thus reducing the flow capacity of
51
the drain. Even though, the fly ash is mixed with other aggregates (e.g sand), reduction of the
permeability will be caused as a result of movement of fly ash particles through the drain.
Therefore, the fly ash should be hydraulically compatible with the adjacent geotextile. In
order to respo0nd to this need, a series of laboratory gradient ratio tests were conducted to
investigate the clogging behavior of various geotextiles with fly ash. The retention performance
of these geotextiles was also investigated by analyzing the results obtained from the gradient
ratio tests.
2 Properties of Geotextiles
2.1 Physical Properties
a) Mass/ Unit Area
The mass per unit area is determined by cutting from a roll a minimum of 10 specimens,
each at least 100 mm square, and then weighing the specimens on an accurate balance. This
simple test is frequently used for quality control and can help identify the material. It is an
important property to measure as fabric cost is directly related to mass/ unit area.
b) Nominal Thickness/ Dimensions
The nominal thickness is determined by placing a sample of the geotextile on a plane
reference plate and applying a pressure of 2 kN/m 2 through a circular pressure plate with a cross
sectional area of 2500mm 2 . A vernier gauge measures the distance between the reference plate
and pressure plate. The test is useful for quality control and classification of geotextiles.
c) Apparent Pore Size Distribution by Dry Sieving
The pore size distribution of the fabric is determined by sieving dry spherical solid glass
beads for a specified time at a specified frequency of vibration and then measuring the amount
retained by the fabric sample. The test is carried out on a range of sizes of glass beads. The
apparent pore size distribution is presented on a graph using scales compatible with soil grading
curves. In addition, the apparent opening size (090) is determined, this being the pore size at
which 90% of the glass beads are retained on and within the fabric. This test provides
information on the pore size distribution which is an important parameter to be used in assessing
a geotextile’s soil filtration capability
d) Percent Open Area Determination for Woven Geotextiles
A small section of the fabric is held within a standard slide cover, inserted into a
projector and the magnified image traced on to a sheet of paper. Using a planimeter, the
magnified open spaces can be measured and expressed as a percentage of whole area. The test is
primarily applicable to monofilament woven fabrics. The test provides information on pore size
openings which is important in assessing a geotextile’s soil filtration capability.
52
2.2 Mechanical Properties
a) Tensile Properties Using a Wide Width Strip
A specimen of the geotextile, at least 200 mm wide, is clamped within the compressive
jaws of a tensile testing machine which is capable of applying the load at a constant rate of strain.
During loading, a load – strain curve is plotted and, from this, the maximum load, breaking load
and the secant modulus at any specified strain may be determined.
The tensile strength of geotextiles and related materials is a very important property as
virtually all applications rely on it either as the primary or secondary function. This test is useful
for quality control and can also be used for design purposes.
b) Puncture Strength of Geotextiles
A specimen of the fabric is clamped, without tension, over an empty cylinder, and a solid
steel rod is pushed through the fabric. A load indicator attached to the rod measures the force
required to cause rupture. A CBR(soil) testing apparatus may be modified for this purpose. This
is a common test used for quality control. The results of this test can also be used to assess the
fabric’s resistance to aggregate penetration, particularly in separation applications.
c) Soil – Fabric Friction Tests
The test is useful for quality control and may be used to compare different geotextiles. It
is not a suitable test for assessing the parameters to be used for the analysis for reinforced soil.
For reinforced soil applications the proposed fill material should be used in the test.
2.3 Hydraulic Properties
a) Water Permeability of Geotextiles – Permittivity Method
This test measures the quantity of water which can pass through a geotextile (normal to
the plane) in an isolated condition. The permeability may be measured either in a constant head
or falling head test, although constant head testing is more common due to the high flow rates
through geotextiles. Since there are geotextiles of various thicknesses available it is better to
evaluate them in terms of permittivity, which relates the quantity of water passing through a
geotextile under a given head over a particular cross – sectional area.
This test is useful in classifying geotextiles and for comparing the inisolation water
permeability of geotextiles. However, in drainage and filtration applications, the influence of in
soil confinement should be establishment prior to selection a geotextile.
53
b) Constant Head Hydraulic Transmissivity
This method may be used to estimate the inplane permeability of a geotextile or a
composite drain. The sample is confined, at varying normal stresses, and the flow under a
constant head is measured.
This test is useful for classifying geotextiles and geocomposite drains and will provide
information to allow comparisons of inplane permeability to be made. However, in drainage
application, the influence of insoil confinement should be established.
c) International Testing Standards for Geotextiles
British Standards (BS), European Norm (EN), International Standards Organisation (ISO)
and American Society of Testing Materials (ASTM) all provide testing methods for geotextiles
and related products. Some of these test methods with respect to the tests discussed in the
previous section are given for reference as follows. (cross references for different standards are
given in the bracket).
3 Fly Ash
Around 110 million tones of fly ash get accumulated every year at the thermal power
stations in India. Internationally fly ash is considered as a byproduct which can be used for many
applications. Fly Ash Missions was initiated in 1994 to promote gainful and environment
friendly utilization of the material. One of the areas identified for its bulk utilization was in
construction of roads and embankments. Central Road Research Institute (CRRI), New Delhi,
chosen as the ‘Nodal Agency’ for this activity, has undertaken many demonstration projects.
Some of these are jointly with Fly Ash Mission (Presently Fly Ash Utilisation Programme). As a
result of experience gained through these projects, specifications for construction of road
embankments and guidelines for use of fly ash for rural roads were compiled and have since
been published by the Indian Roads Congress. Fly ash utilization in the country rose from 3 per
cent (of 40 million tonnes) of fly ash produced annually in 1990s to about 32 per cent (of 110
million tones) of fly ash generated annually now. Out of this total utilization, about 22 per cent,
amounting to 7.75 million tones, was used in the area of roads and embankments last year.
3.1 Advantages of Flyash
3.1.1 Advantages of using fly ash for road construction
· Fly ash is a lightweight material, as compared to commonly used fill material
(local soils), therefore, causes lesser settlements. It is especially attractive for
embankment construction over weak subgrade such as alluvial clay or silt where
excessive weight could cause failure.
· Fly ash embankments can be compacted over a wide range of moisture content,
and therefore, results in less variation in density with changes in moisture content.
Easy to handle and compact because the material is light and there are no large
54
lumps to be broken down. Can be compacted using either vibratory or static
rollers.
· High permeability ensures free and efficient drainage. After rainfall, water gets
drained out freely ensuring better workability than soil. Work on fly ash fills/
embankments can be restarted within a few hours after rainfall, while in case of
soil it requires much longer period.
· Considerable low compressibility results in negligible subsequent settlement
within the fill.
· Conserves good earth, which is precious topsoil, thereby protecting the
environment.
· Higher value of California Bearing Ratio as compared to soil provides for a more
efficient design of road pavement.
· Pozzolanic hardening property imparts additional strength to the road pavements/
embankments and decreases the post construction horizontal pressure on
retaining walls.
· Amenable to stabilization with lime and cement.
· Can replace a part of cement and sand in concrete pavements thus making them
more economical than roads constructed using conventional materials.
· Fly ash admixed concrete can be prepared with zero slump making it amenable
for use as roller compacted concrete.
· Considering all these advantages, it is extremely essential to promote use of fly
ash for construction of roads and embankments.
3.1.2 Economy in use of fly ash
Use of fly ash in road works results in reduction in construction cost by about 10 to 20

per cent. Typically cost of borrow soil varies from about Rs. 100 to 200 per cubic meter. Fly ash
is available free of cost at the power plant and hence only transportation cost, laying and rolling
cost are there in case of fly ash. Hence, when fly ash is used as a fill material, the economy
achieved is directly related to transportation cost of fly ash. If the lead distance is less,
considerable savings in construction cost can be achieved. Similarly, the use of fly ash in
pavement construction results in significant savings due to savings in cost of road aggregates. If
environmental degradation costs due to use of precious top soil and aggregates from borrow
areas quarry sources and loss of fertile agricultural land due to ash deposition etc. the actual
savings achieved will be much higher and fly ash use will be justified even for lead distances up
to say 100 km.
3.1.3 Environmental Impact of Fly ash Use
Utilization of fly ash will not only minimize the disposal problem but will also help in
utilizing precious land in a better way. Construction of road embankments using fly ash, involves
encapsulation of fly ash in earthen core or with RCC facing panels. Since there is no seepage of
rain water into the fly ash core, leaching of heavy metals is also prevented. When fly ash is used
in concrete, it chemically reacts with cement and reduces any leaching effect. Even when it is
55
used in stabilization work, a similar chemical reaction takes place which binds fly ash particles.
Hence chances of pollution due to use of fly ash in road works are negligible.
3.1.4 Characterisation of Fly Ash
Engineering and chemical properties of Indian ashes of various power plants tested at
CRRI have been found to be favourable to construction or roads and embankments. Properties of
fly ash from different power plants vary and therefore it is recommended that characterization of
ash proposed to be used should be conducted to establish the design parameters. The properties
of ash depend primarily on type of coal and its pulverization, burning rate and temperature,
method of collection, etc. The significant properties of fly ash that must be considered when it is
used for construction of road embankments are gradation, compaction characteristics, shear
strength, compressibility and permeability properties.
Individual fly ash particles are spherical in shape, generally solid, though some times
hollow. Fly ash possesses a silty texture and its specific gravity would be in the range of 2.2 to
2.4, which is less than natural soils. Fly ash is a nonplastic material. Typical propertie3s of
Indian fly ash compared to different types of soil are given in the following table:
Table 1.1 : Characterization of fly ash compared to other soil
Parameter Gravel Sand Silt Clay Fly ash

Specific gravity 2.652.67 2.652.67 2.672.70 2.702.80 1.902.55
Plasticity Index NP NP 1%17% >17% NP
Maximum Dry Density 1.762.27 1.761.84 1.522.08 1.441.84 0.91.60

(g/cc)
Optimum Moisture 718 915 1020 1530 1838
Content (%)
Cohesion (kN/m2) 0 0 6 >6 Negligible
Angle of Internal 35 o 50 o 27.5 o 45 o 27 o 35 o 0 o 6 o 30 o 40 o
Friction (f)
Coefficient of 5 x 10 3 0.001 – 1.75x10 5
Consolidation Cv 2x10 4 – 2.01x10
3
(cm2/sec)
Compression Index 0.01 – 0.05 0.05 – 0.15 0.21 – 2.6 0.05 – 0.4
Permeability (cm/sec) 1 10 1 – 10 3 10 5 – 10 7 10 7 & less 8x10 6 –

7x10 4
Coefficient of >4 >6 3.1 – 10.7
Uniformity
56
3.1 Objectives
To determine the hydraulic characteristic features of reinforced soil behaving with fly ash
and geotextile. So far the soil stress has been analyzed in order to perform hydraulic property we
had ensure had two tests,
a. Long term flow test
b. Gradient ratio test
3.2 Materials Used
1) Sand
2) Fly ash
3) Geotextiles
3.3 Methods
3.3.1 Long term flow test
Filtration was developed by Ecole Polytechnique of Montreal (EPM) in which flow rate
of soil geotextile system is measured at a constant head. The US corps of Engineers established a
direct measure of geotextile clogging potential with a gradient ratio apparatus.
This long term filtration determines the long term flow as described by EPM. Soil can be
compacted to a specified density in this apparatus with a proctor hammer to represent the field
density.
· Takes long time to establish transition time to stable or clogged flow
· Potential for bacterial clogging
· Deaired/ deionized water needed
3.3.2 Gradient Ratio Test
Geotextiles are increasingly being used as a filter layer in place of graded filter in a
variety of civil engineering situations. They retain erodible soil particles and provide sufficient
hydraulic conductivity to permit the free low of water. It is estimated that the hydraulic
properties of geotextiles along differ markedly from that of soilgeotextile system, the hydraulic
behavior of combined soil geotextile influence the filtration ability of the geotextile in the long
term flow situation, the flow rate of the soil geotextile system decreases as the pores of
geotextiles get clogged. It is therefore, imperative that the clogging resistance of geotextiles be
evaluated to ensure adequate long term filtration performance. Two type of resisting viz.
filtration test and gradient ratio test are presently being used.
57
The US corps of engineers established a direct measure of geotextiles clogging potential
with a gradient ratio apparatus.
The gradient ratio is defined as the hydraulic gradient through the geotextiles plus 25 mm
of the soil divided by the hydraulic gradient through the adjacent 50 mm of the soil.
The gradient ratio test specified by the US corps of engineers. Soil can be compacted to a
specified density in this apparatus with a protector hammer to represent the field density.
3.3.3 Mix Proportion of Samples
TABLE 2.1: Sand Vs Fly Ash proportion
SAND IN % FLY ASH IN %
100 0
80 20
60 40
40 60
20 80
0 100
3.3.4 Apparatus Setup
· Soil – Geotextile permeameter equipped with support stand, soilgeotextile
support screen, piping barriers (caulk), claming brackets, and plastic tubing.
· Use of 100mm and 150mm dia permeameter is described
· Two constant water head devices, one mounted on a jack stand (adjustable) and
one stationary
· Need of soil leveling device
· Manometer Board, of parallel glass tubes and measuring rulers
· Two soil support screens. Of approximately 5mm mesh ahs been used
· Soil support cloth, of 150µm (No.100) mesh, or equivalent geotextile
· Use of thermometer (0 to 50±1 0 C)
· Graduated Cylinder, 100±1cm 3 capacity
· Stop Watch
58
· Balance, or scale of at least 2kg capacity and accurate to =1g
· Carbon Dioxide, (CO2), gas supply and regulator
· Geotextile
· Water Recirculation System
· Water Dearing System, with a capacity of approximately 1700 L/day (500
gal/day)
· Algae Inhibitor, or micro screen
· 150µm Mesh Screen, (No.100), or equivalent geotextile for manometer ports
· Soil Sample Splitter (optional)
· Pan, for drying soil
4 Test Procedure
4.1 Long Term Flow Test
1. Cut a geotextile specimen of 116mm diameter
2. Saturate geotextile specimen by soaking in distilled water for 24 hours
3. Place cylindrical metallic mould on metallic base and attach it with metallic collar
4. Compact soil in three layers with proctor hammer to give specified density (soil
compaction behaviour is predetermined)
5. Remove the collar and level off the surface
6. Weigh the cylindrical mould and compacted soil
7. Determine soil moisture content
8. Place the saturated geotextile specimen on the cylindrical metallic base which is
filled with water. Close the outlet tube
9. Place Orings
10. Place the cylindrical metallic mould with compacted soil over geotextile specimen
and the cylindrical metallic base carefully and clamp with nuts and bolts.
Geotextile specimen should be stretched or slacked
11. Place the cylindrical PVC pipe over the cylindrical metallic mould
12. Pour water slowly op top of the soil specimen till a constant head is attained.
Connected the inlet of the cylindrical PVC pipe to water reservoir
13. Saturate the soil specimen till all the pezionmetric heads show constancy
14. To start filtration test, open outlet, measure the flow rate with measuring cylinder
15. Measure flow rate at 15 min, 30 min, 60 min, 2 hrs, 4 hrs, 8 hrs etc..,
4.2 Gradient Ratio Test
1. Cut a geotextile specimen of 116mm diameter
2. Saturate geotextile specimen by soaking in distilled water for 24 hours
3. Place cylindrical metallic mould on metallic base and attach it with metallic collar
4. Compact soil in three layers with proctor hammer to give specified density (soil
compaction behaviour is predetermined)
5. Remove the collar and level off the surface
59
6. Weigh the cylindrical mould and compacted soil
7. Determine soil moisture content
8. Place the saturated geotextile specimen on the cylindrical metallic base which is
filled with water. Close the outlet tube
9. Place Orings
10. Place the cylindrical metallic mould with compacted soil over geotextile specimen
and the cylindrical metallic base carefully and clamp with nuts and bolts.
Geotextile specimen should be stretched or slacked.
11. Place the cylindrical PVC pipe over the cylindrical metallic mould
12. Pour water slowly on top of the soil specimen till a constant head is attained.
Connected the inlet of the cylindrical PVC pipe to water reservoir.
13. Saturate the soil specimen till all the peziometric heads show constancy
14. To start filtration test, open outlet. Measure the flow rate with measuring cylinder
15. Read peizometric levels H1, H2 and H3 till a stabilized flow rate attained.
5 Results and Discussion
5.1 Long Term Flow Test
SPECIFICATION :
SPECIMEN : Geotextile
SAND : 20%
FLY ASH : 80%
SPCIMEN DIA : 116mm
MOULD OF
COMPACTION SOIL: 101.6mm dia X 114.3mm dia
HEAD OF WATER : 375mm
Table 2.1 Table showing flow rate through soil mixed with flyash in varying proportion
Sand 20% Sand 60% Sand 80% Sand 100% Sand 0%
Fly ash 80% Fly ash 40% Fly ash 20% Fly ash 0% Fly ash 100%
Ti Collecti Flow Collecti Flow Collecti Flow Collecti Flow Collecti Flow
me ng Rate ng Rate ng Rate ng Rate ng Rate
in Water in Water in Water in Water in Water in
hrs in ml ml/m in mi ml/m in mi ml/m in mi ml/m in mi ml/m
(t) (V) in (V) in (V) in (V) in (V) in
(Q) (Q) (Q) (Q) (Q)
.25 50 3.33 60 4 100 6.67 8850 570 40 2.67
.5 80 2.66 100 3.33 200 6.67 17250 575 70 2.33
1 150 2.50 170 2.83 380 6.33 33750 562.5 120 2
2 250 2.08 320 2.67 740 6.16 60100 500.8 230 1.91
3
3 340 1.88 420 2.33 1060 5.89 84950 471.9 320 1.78
4
4 430 1.79 550 2.92 1280 5.33 105600 440 420 1.75
5 510 1.70 650 2.16 1450 4.83 125850 419.5 500 1.67
6 580 1.61 750 2.08 1610 4.47 143500 398.6 580 1.61
60
1
5.2 Gradient Ratio Test
SPECIFICATION:
SPECIMEN : Geotextile
SAND : 20%
FLYASH : 80%
SPECIMEN DIA : 116mm
MOULD OF
COMPACTION SOIL: 101.6mm dia X 114.3mm dia
HEAD OF WATER : 375mm
Table 2.2Table showing gradient ratio through soil mixed with flyash in varying
proportion
Ti Sand 20% Sand 40% Sand 60% Sand 80% Sand 100% Sand 0%

m Fly ash 80% Fly ash 60% Fly ash 40% Fly ash 20% Fly ash 0% Fly ash 100%
e PIEZOMETR GRA PIEZOMETR GRA PIEZOMETR GRA PIEZOMETR GRA PIEZOMETR GRA PIEZOMETR GRA
in IC LEVELS DIE IC LEVELS DIE IC LEVELS DIE IC LEVELS DIE IC LEVELS DIE IC LEVELS DIE
hr IN cm NT IN cm NT IN cm NT IN cm NT IN cm NT IN cm NT
s H H H RAT H H H RAT H H H RAT H H H RAT H H H RAT H H H RAT
(t) 1 2 3 IO 1 2 3 IO 1 2 3 IO 1 2 3 IO 1 2 3 IO 1 2 3 IO
GR= GR= GR= GR= GR= GR=
(H2 (H2 (H2 (H2 (H2 (H2
H1)/[ H1)/[ H1)/[ H1)/[ H1)/[ H1)/[
(H3 (H3 (H3 (H3 (H3 (H3
H2)/ H2)/ H2)/ H2)/ H2)/ H2)/
2] 2] 2] 2] 2] 2]
H1
0. 9. 3 4 4.87 2 3 4 2.37 1 3 4 20.5 1 1 2 0.72 2 3 1 9 2 4 1.16
2 7 6 6 5 6 6 2 9 2 9 4 8 9 7 6 3 0.79 4 9
5 . . . . . . . . . .
8 5 8 3 8 5 3 4 4 7
0. 1 3 4 4.85 2 3 4 2.31 1 4 4 13.1 1 2 3 0.73 2 3 1 1 2 5 1.31
5 0 6 7 6 7 6 2 0 4 1 7 2 4 8 8 4 0.85 1 6 0
. . . . . . . . .
2 5 2 5 6 5 3 8 4
1 1 3 4 4.71 2 3 4 2.43 1 3 4 7.64 2 3 4 1.39 2 3 1 1 3 5 1.80
1. 6 7 6 7 6 3 9 6 2 1 4 7 7 7 0.95 4 1 0
3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5 2 1 3 5 2 2 2 4 6 7 4 4 7
2 1 3 4 4.62 2 3 4 2.49 1 3 4 6.76 2 3 4 1.58 2 3 2 1 3 5 2.15
2. 6 7 6 7 6 4 9 6 5 5 7 7 8 0 1.20 7 4 0
4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9 5 2 3 2 8 5 8 5 6 7 3 6 9
3 1 3 4 4.12 2 3 4 2.52 1 4 4 6.41 2 3 4 1.62 2 3 2 1 3 5 2.57
4. 7 7 6 7 6 8 0 6 5 5 7 7 8 2 1.39 9 7 1
5 . . . . . . . . . . .
9 2 3 1 2 8 8 3 6 7 8
4 1 3 4 4.02 2 3 4 2.85 2 4 4 5.50 2 3 4 2.44 2 3 2 2 3 5 2.78
7 7 7 5 7 5 1 0 7 5 6 4 7 8 4 1.56 0 8 1
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3 4 3 2 2 2 1 5 6 6 7 5 6 3
5 1 3 4 4.00 2 3 4 2.97 2 4 4 5.20 2 3 4 2.47 2 3 2 2 3 5 2.26
9. 7 7 5 7 5 2 0 7 6 7 6 6 7 6 1.98 2 7 1
4 . . . . . . . . . . .
8 1 2 4 4 4 6 8 4 7 4
6 2 3 4 3.57 2 3 4 2.92 2 4 4 5.15 2 3 4 1.96 2 3 2 2 3 5 2.02
1. 7 6 4 6 5 2 0 7 6 6 7 5 6 8 2.88 2 7 1
61
5 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6 6 8 8 4 7 8 8 8 3 7 8 8
The studies were conducted with soils available in the stretch of Palani to Dindigul which
contains mostly black cotton soil, red soil, a small amount of murum in certain areas. The soil
sample is prepared as well graded with sieves, the thickness of the soil sample used for the study
is as per ASTM standards.
6 Conclusion
1. The flow rate for pure sand is very high and is equal to 570ml/min. When flyash
is mixed, even for 20% fly ash, which is the least proportion tried in the project,
the maximum flow rate at the beginning is only 6ml/min. This is a huge reduction
in the flow rate. Hence addition of fly ash with sand reduces the flow rate largely
and brings the flow rate to 1/100 th of the flow are for pure sand.
2. Percentage reduction in the flow rate for pure sand after 6 hours is about 30%. But
for fly ash mixes, the maximum reduction % is 52 and that is for 80% fly ash. For
entire replacement of sand with fly ash, the % reduction in flow rate is only 40%.
Hence the grain size distributions of fly ash and sand are such a way that there is
maximum reduction in flow rate at 80% replacement.
3. Flow rate is decreasing continuously with time for all mixes. At the initial stages,
(i.e) upto t = 1 hour, the reduction in flow rate is fast. After t = 1 hr, the reduction
is less and the slope of the curve becomes gentle. Then the curve becomes almost
flat showing steady unclogged flow.
4. As the % of replacement increases, the flow rate also decreases. When compared
to the flow rate for pure sand, the effect of % of flyash on flow rate seems to
insignificant. Even then relatively, the flow rate reduces as the flyash content
increases.
5. The preferable ratio of flyash is 20% from Gradient ratio point of view. Gradient
ratio for this mix is the least among all the mixes.
6. There is no significant change in the gradient ratio with time for various mixes.
7. Generally as an average, the gradient ratio increases with time. This means
resistance to flow increases with time.
8. As the % of flyash increases beyond 20%, the flow rate decreases more
9. At all the time intervals, for 40% flyash mix, the values of gradient ratio are high
indicating more resistance to flow. Further analysis on the grain size distributions
of flyash and sand is to be made to understand this behavior. For other mixes
except 40% flyash mix, the difference in gradient ratio is less.
7. References
1. R M Koerner. ‘Designing with Geosynthetics.’ 4th edition, PrenticeHall Inc, 1999.
2. Swami Saran. ‘ Reinforced soil and its applications’ IBH publications, 2004.
3. Mitchell, J.K. (1976). Fundamentals of Soil Behaviour, John Wiley and Sons, New
York.
4. IS: 2720 (Part 4) – 1985, “Methods of Test for Soils Part 4 Grain Size Analysis”, BIS,
New Delhi, India.
62
5. L.Manjesh, (2006) “Studies on the Performance of FlyAsh Stabilized Soils under
Fatigue Loading”. A thesis submitted to Bangalore University for Degree of Doctor
of Philosophy in Civil engineering.
6. Palit, K. Sudhakar Reddy and Pandey, B.B., “Development of a Test SetUp for
the Evaluation of Pavement materials under Repeated Load Conditions” Technical Papers
Published in 62nd Session at Kochi.
7. Pavate T.V and Vishwesswaraiya T.G (1972), “Stabilization of Lateritic soils”,
Proceedings of the symposium on strength and deformation behavior of soils,
vol.1. Bangalore, India.
8. A.A.AlRawas, A.W.Hago, H.ASarmi(2005), “Effect of lime, cement and Sarooj
(artificial pozzolana) on the swelling potential of an expansive soil from Oman.
Building and Environment”,vol 40, pp. 68 1–687.
9. G.Rajasekaran, S.Narasimha Rao, (1996), “Lime stabilization technique for the
improvement of marine clay”, Soils and Foundations vol 37, pp 94–104.
10. S.Narasimha Rao, G.Rajasekaran, (1996), “Reaction products formed in limestabilized
marine clays”, Journal of Geotechnial Engineering, ASCE 122, pp 329–336.
63

Lab Scale Studies On Pore Clogging Nature of Flyash Mixed Soil With Various

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CIVIL AND STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING

The second requirement is that the soil piped through the geotextile should be minimal,

c) Soil – Fabric Friction Tests

Use of fly ash in road works results in reduction in construction cost by about 10 to 20

Parameter Gravel Sand Silt Clay Fly ash

Plasticity Index NP NP 1%17% >17% NP

Maximum Dry Density 1.762.27 1.761.84 1.522.08 1.441.84 0.91.60

Permeability (cm/sec) 1 10 1 – 10 3 10 5 – 10 7 10 7 & less 8x10 6 –

Ti Sand 20% Sand 40% Sand 60% Sand 80% Sand 100% Sand 0%

You might also like

Lab Scale Studies On Pore Clogging Nature of Flyash Mixed Soil With Various

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Copyright

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Lab Scale Studies On Pore Clogging Nature of Flyash Mixed Soil With Various

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CIVIL AND STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING

The second requirement is that the soil piped through the geotextile should be minimal,

c) Soil – Fabric Friction Tests

Use of fly ash in road works results in reduction in construction cost by about 10 to 20

Parameter Gravel Sand Silt Clay Fly ash

Plasticity Index NP NP 1%­17% >17% NP

Maximum Dry Density 1.76­2.27 1.76­1.84 1.52­2.08 1.44­1.84 0.9­1.60

Permeability (cm/sec) 1 10 ­1 – 10 ­3 10 ­5 – 10 ­7 10 ­7 & less 8x10 ­6 –

Ti Sand 20% Sand 40% Sand 60% Sand 80% Sand 100% Sand 0%

You might also like

Plasticity Index NP NP 1%17% >17% NP

Maximum Dry Density 1.762.27 1.761.84 1.522.08 1.441.84 0.91.60

Permeability (cm/sec) 1 10 1 – 10 3 10 5 – 10 7 10 7 & less 8x10 6 –